Hive Business Proposal

HIVE

B R A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S D E S N 3 76 5 Katie Proctor - 201219511 Xingtong Shen - 201373085 Shriya Pankhania - 201161990 Fleur Robinson - 201127390

BRAND PROPOSAL

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Executive Summary This proposal is commissioned to provide an overview of the novel business concept that is Hive. Informed by research undertaken into the external environment and the analysis of current companies operating within this industry; a strategic and creative response has been formulated to fulfil an identified gap within the market. This proposal will provide a guide to the theoretical and creative process adopted in the formulation of the business ‘Hive’.

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Contents RESEARCH INSIGHTS Market Overview ......................................

Key Trends .................................................

Current Market & Competitors .................

Visual Research ...........................................

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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Concept Overview ..................................... 9 Target Audience ......................................... 10 Initial Visual Ideas ..................................... 11 CON CEPT EXPLORATION Nomenclature ........................................... 12 Final Brand Identity .................................. 13 Illustrations ................................................. 14 BRAND TOUCHPOINTS Van Design .................................................

Marketing Campaigns ..............................

Social Media .............................................

Website ......................................................

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BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

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Market Overview The market sector and influence of the external environment must first be researched and analysed in order to develop a deeper understanding of the courier service industry and thus signify the opportunities within this market.

MARKET OVERVIEW By definition a courier service allows someone to send a parcel or consignment from one location to another (Parcel2Go, 2020). Within the UK, the courier service market is recognised as flooded, with large players such as Royal Mail, Hermes and Yodel retaining 66% of the market share (Statista, 2020). The UK postal service on average, generates over £22 million in turnover each year (Mazareanu, 2020). However, as a result of the Coronavirus pandemic the UK has seen an increase in B2C activity due to mass online shopping, it is therefore expected that by the end of 2020 this figure will have climbed (Apex Insights, 2020). Carriers reporting increased volumes due to B2C growth include Amazon, DHL, Hermes and DPD (Apex Insights, 2020).

THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT The courier service is deeply affected by structural changes in the macro environment, meaning over the last decade, external changes have greatly altered the industry (Mazareanu, 2020). While “the introduction of e-mail and instant messaging have seen mail volumes decline steadily in the past two decades, e-commerce has become the greatest contributing factor to a growth in parcel shipments” (Mazareanu, 2020). The external environment must influence the marketing strategy of the novel entity Hive, in order to ensure responsiveness to the changing factors that externally control the performance and operation of a business (Bush, 2016).

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BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Key Trends C O R O N AV I R U S

SHOP SMALL: SUPPORTING SMALL BUSINESSES

According to a recent survey conducted by Statista among online shoppers in the UK, “being kept informed about their online deliveries was the most important factor for the customers both in lockdown and post-lockdown conditions” (Sabanoglu, 2020). Consumers desire a courier service that provides updates on delivery; offering greater customer service and communication, particularly throughout the pandemic whereby the demand for online shopping and faster delivery significantly increased. The desire for free delivery and a specified delivery window also reportedly increased amongst online consumers in the UK (Sabanoglu, 2020).

This year, Coronavirus has completely upended the shopping industry with smaller retailers being hit particularly hard (Horvath, 2020). In response to this, there has been a greater movement and encouragement to shop small: to support independent retailers following the ramifications of Coronavirus. Earlier this year it was revealed in a study that 82% of people will pay more to support small businesses (Haileyesus, 2020). Smaller, independent businesses have also been found to offer a warmer, family-like atmosphere compared to larger chains, meaning that price premiums are often justified (First Bank, 2020) .

GREEN DELIVERY Today, global warming and climate change are the most formidable global challenges of our time, “As a primary emitter of greenhouse gasses, the transport and logistics industry has a key responsibility to help tackle this issue” (City Spirit, no date). The greatest challenge for this industry however, is the carbon footprint, as E-commerce continues to increase, more planes and vans are required to fulfil the delivery of these orders, leading to further negative consequences for the environment. The use of electric vehicles to deliver goods, will no doubt lower emissions as less petrol and diesel is required to fuel each vehicle. Since 2005, Royal Mail have reduced carbon emissions by 29% with the help of a fleet of 100 electric powered vehicles (Brown, 2019). In recent years, electric vehicles have proven to be an extremely effective way for the courier sector to drastically reduce its carbon footprint, an idea so simple yet only adopted by very few key players within the industry. As Brown (2019) states, “we really need to see green deliveries becoming the norm”, in order to prevent further irreversible environmental degradation.

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RESEARCH INSIGHTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Key Trends

In May 2020 e-commerce accounted for a third of all retail in the UK (Chaffey, 2020).

The courier sector’s market value is forecast to increase by 92% between 2019 and 2024 to reach £21 billion in the UK alone, yet remains one of the most polluting industries to exist (Mintel, 2020).

75% of people feel more compelled to support small business as a result of the pandemic (Horvath, 2020).

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Competitors

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MARKET COMPETITORS The courier industry in the UK is a flooded market with many key players operating as mass market service providers. The companies holding the largest market share in the Courier Activities in the UK industry include UPS, DPD and Hermes (IBIS world, 2020). Royal Mail is also a key player in the postal service of the UK. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE Hive adopts core values that differentiate its market positioning from core competitors. Royal Mail is a primary competitor within the courier industry, referred to as “the most trusted national delivery company” (Royal Mail, 2020) and in recent years have placed a greater focus on environmental responsibility. Today the Royal Mail group operates a fleet of 100 electric vehicles which have helped to reduce carbon emissions by 29% since 2005 (Brown, 2019), however with a total network of 90,000 postmen and women (Brown, 2019), the company still remains behind in the drive for a carbon neutral courier service. Other competitors including Yodel and DPD are also making adjustments to business practice, making “significant investments to reduce carbon footprints” (Brown, 2019).

A NICHE OFFERING Hive aims to target a niche market of small businesses, whereby competition is within this sector is significantly lower. Evo logistics is an example of a courier service which aims to serve small businesses, however still operate as a large company; “because we offer personal service, you’d be forgiven for thinking we’re a small company” (Evo logistics, 2020), however the large network and extensive fleet make Evo Logistics a less personalised service, lacking the community values that Hive offer. Furthermore, sustainability is certainly not ingrained within Evo Logistics, with no mention of environmental responsibility within their core values, another characteristic that stands Hive apart from this competition (Evo Logistics, 2020).

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RESEARCH INSIGHTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

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Visual Research Visual research has been conducted to inform the brand identity of the business concept. This visual research enables an understanding of the current design zeitgeist which is then used to inspire the brand identity of the developed business concept.

EXISTING DESIGN It was important to recognise the current design trends within the courier service industry, looking primarily at the leading competitors such as Hermes and Royal Mail. It was concluded that visually, the branding of these companies appeared to be very corporate in order to attract and appeal to a wider, unisex audience. In-depth research was conducted into the specific design features exploited by existing courier services, and these were the findings: - Primarily sans-serif, modern typefaces - One signature colour

- Strong iconography - Overall, they have a modern, distinct and unisex appearance.

BRANDING DIRECTION OF HIVE

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While researching the branding of leading competitors in the industry was valuable, it was also imperative to understand that Hive is attempting to appeal to a more niche audience, and therefore requires more a personal design approach. Not only were more niche brands within the courier industry, such as Hello Fresh, analysed, but also brands outside of the sector, allowing for a more rounded guidance of how to best approach small businesses. It was concluded that in order to gain a more authentic and playful image, it would be neccesary to use more script fonts and an illustrative style, as well as a more vibrant colour palette.

RESEARCH INSIGHTS

HIVE

BRAND PROPOSAL

Concept Overview Hive is the UKs first environmentally friendly courier company aimed specifically at small businesses. Hive offers a sustainable door to door delivery service with a focus on community; connecting small businesses and their clients. As stated by City Spirit (2019), for small and mediumsized businesses, offering a cost-effective yet greener delivery option is a critical decision and can be a key differentiator amongst the vast courier choice. Thus, highlighting the attractiveness of the Hive delivery service for independent businesses as a way of enhancing their own sustainability credentials.

“At Hive, we know that running a small business is not always easy.

That’s why we offer a door-to-door courier service to make the postal of your product much easier. With fully electric green vans and the offer of biodegradable sustainable packaging, we are conscious of our carbon footprint and environmentally friendly. Hive allows your business to thrive... sustainably!”

C O R E VA LU E S Within the competitive market it is pivotal that Hive communicates distinctive core values in order to stand out from its competitors. Operating as a sustainable courier service, the Hive business model embodies a distinctive unique selling point, this is also complemented by the community values of Hive, offering a more friendly and communicative approach to parcel delivery.

The core values of Hive are outlined as: - Environmental consciousness - Community and connectivity - Communication, building relationships with each consumer

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Target Audience The target audience of Hive is multi-faceted. Operating as both a B2B and B2C service, the audience of Hive are individuals and companies alike.

Hive must generate business through creating connections with independent businesses; building relationships with these small businesses to ensure they use Hive to deliver all parcels. Similarly, Hive must provide a quality service to consumers of these small businesses, in order to ensure great customer satisfaction and repeat custom from the independent businesses.

CUSTOMER PERSONA Charlotte Collins - Owner of small pottery business Pots and Dots.

Business name: Pots and Dots.

Business Stage: Pots and Dots is a startup company, built from the ground

up this year following Charlotte’s redundancy due to Coronavirus.

Sector: Pottery.

Method of sale: Predominantly e-commerce through own website.

Charlotte also owns a small boutique shop in the lanes of Brighton, she also makes from this store, however this is predominantly used as a form of ‘warehouse’ and inventory storage.

Location: Brighton, a small boutique shop where Charlotte makes each of

her products by hand.

Demand for Hive: Charlotte currently has to assign two mornings of her

week to visit the post office to post and fulfil all online orders, this is very time consuming and certainly not cost effective. Charlotte’s business is also environmentally conscious and she is concerned that the rather long trip she makes to the post office twice a week is not sustainable, she is keen to integrate new methods of operation into her business to enhance the sustainability and green credentials of Pots and Dots.

The door to door delivery service of Hive would mean Charlotte could have her orders picked up directly from her shop in Brighton and delivered faster to her consumers.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

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Certain design elements were found to be successful and were carried into the final design. The ‘hive’ icon was found to be an interesting and meaningful addition to the brand, not only to symbolise our name but also the community aspect of what we stand for. Multiple variations of this were experimented with but it was concluded that this would be more successful as an addition to the branding, rather than being at the forefront, in the primary logo. Another element that prevailed was the use of the sans-serif typeface when used for the tagline as it represented the simplicity of our business.

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The design experimentation process also came with a lot of unsuccessful elements. One of these being the use of the sans-serif typeface to display ‘Hive’. It was found that this was visually in line with the corporate direction that was trying to be avoided, and that in order to appeal more to our target audience, a less static, script font would be needed. Furthermore, as it was decided that more illustrative assets would assist the branding, it was imperative that the primary logo remain simple and easily visible. The first logo draft (top left) had a successful composition however it was decided that it was unnecessarily complicated. The tilted ‘e’ was designed to represent our sustainability promise, but this was eventually removed from the final branding in order to achieve a minimal and simplified appearance.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Bee Sustainabee Buzz A to Bee A2Bee B.Delivery

HneyB.

Bumblebee Bee B QueenB QueenBee Deliverbee

*Carrying Running Delivering Sending Helping

Move Grow Turn Shoot Thrive Hive.

Fly Bee.Delivery We can bee Busybee Honey.

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hivE HivE Hive Driving small businesses to thrive

E.B.Delivery EB.delivery E. E.Bee Delivery Connecting e-tailers E.bee Delivery

Nomenclature Initially, the names for the concept were centred around the ideology of bees; based on the biological activity of bees collecting and distributing pollen. Names such as ‘Bumblebee Delivery’ and ‘A to B Delivery’ were conceptualised, however these were later rejected due to the slightly childish sounding of them - Hive was a name generated from this ideology. A Hive, by definition is “a place in which people are busily occupied” (Collins, no date), this is reflective of the bustling of small businesses whereby the activity is contained within a smaller enterprise. Furthermore, Hive aims to provide a connection between ‘Hives’ acting as the bee pollinating or delivering parcels to other ‘Hives’.

CON CEPT EXPLORATION

HIVE

BRAND PROPOSAL

Final Brand Identity TYPOGRAPHY The use of the bold, handwritten, script font injected a fun personality element into the brand that ultimately would attract the ideal small business audience.

Hive is the business for small businesses so it was imperative that this was conveyed through the typography of the logo. As a result, the primary typeface used has a friendly demeanour and appears to be welcoming, whilst being a common design feature of small businesses. The script font is also representitive of connectivity in relation to the brand values. In addition to the script font, a sans-serif typeface was used to highlight the simplicity of Hive and how easy the service is to use.

COLOURS An analogous colour palette of yellow and green was used as this generally links to nature and as a result, produces a comfortable palette that is pleasing on the eye. Not only does this link to the simplicity and eco-friendly values of the business but provides a strong identity that is unlike any existing brands on the market. When looking into the connotations of each colour used, it is evident that green is representative of sustainability, prosperity and growth whereas yellow connoted feelings of happiness and optimism G E O M E T R I C PAT T E R N The shape of a hexagon is consistently used throughout the branding of Hive, symbolic of the generic structure of a bee hive and thus reflective of a hub of activity and the formation of a community. Similarly to the typography and colours of the branding, this pattern highlights the core values of Hive.

CON CEPT EXPLORATION

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Illustrations The series of illustrations are utilised to communicate the operations of the Hive brand and the process of using the services of the company. The simplistic copy of ‘You sell. We Deliver. You Thrive.’ is supported by illustrations to reflect the convenience of Hive and also the benefits the service can bring to other small businesses: allowing them to thrive.

The imagery contained within the hexagonal pattern aims to represent the true meaning of the word ‘Hive’ whereby people are “busily occupied”, reflective of the small businesses whom Hive serve. These illustrations also reference digital products, a way of communicating the e-commerce consumer base of the company and the ways in which these small businesses are brought to fruition through the delivery of products by Hive. The growing plants also seen within this hexagonal pattern symbolise the growth of the small businesses served by Hive whilst also echoing the core value of sustainability.

CON CEPT EXPLORATION

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Van Design The Van of Hive will be a key touch point for the brand. Essentially, the van is a free way to market the business and therefore must communicate what it is the brand stands for. Each delivery van for Hive will be electric, meaning all our vans will be carbon neutral: the van is a message of environmental care in itself. The van will also be used as a tool for promoting the spotify playlist as seen by the illustrations on the rear of the van. The QR code on the van is scannable and provides a direct link for fellow travel passengers to listen to the Hive Spotify playlist - Jive with Hive. This ideology does not condone the use of a phone whilst driving.

BRAND TOUCHPOINTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Marketing POSTERS The poster of Hive has been designed to again communicate the core values of the brand. The illustration of the Hive made from hexagons, presents the idea that Hive allows businesses to build a hub, a community of businesses and consumers each connected by the services of Hive. The illustrations also communicate the idea of thriving, whereby a busy businesses is a successful businesses, therefore complementing and reiterating the idea behind the hashtag ‘Thrive with Hive’ - #ThrivewithHive. This poster will be strategically placed in locations which are reflective of the target consumer. The poster will be placed on small billboards, such as those near bus stops or in the middle of high streets. Hive must reach its audience of independent business owners, which are likely to be located on the high street of towns and smaller cities - it is unlikely that small businesses have operations in the major city centres due to high rent prices. Therefore locations on the high street are the most fitting to communicate the Hive brand.

PODCAST The core values of Hive place great focus on community. The creation of a podcast therefore is a significant way of connecting the business with small businesses, providing a platform for interviews with small business owners and independent companies. The aim of the podcast is to place a spotlight on small businesses who utilise the Hive service, a podcast to generate conversation on both the positives and negatives of operating as an independent seller, particularly within the current climate. This podcast is available to listen to via the Apple podcast hosting app.

P L AY L I S T The spotify playlist is composed of Hives favourite songs - songs that really make us jive! This playlist will be supported and promoted by the #JivewithHive, an alteration of the core hashtag of Hive: #ThrivewithHive.

This hashtag will encourage sharing of the playlist across social media sites such as Instagram, allowing for greater exposure and audience.

BRAND TOUCHPOINTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Marketing EMAIL & DIRECT COMMUNIC ATION In order to further communicate the community values of Hive, direct email communication will be utilised to build a greater relationship with those small businesses that use and support the service of Hive. The email communication will include ‘thank you’ emails sent to each small business that signs up to use Hive as their courier. As opposed to the usual ‘Thank You’ cards often sent by many small businesses with each order, an Email will be sent. This is to reduce the waste of Hive, minimising card use and ensuring that every aspect of the company aligns with the sustainable and environmentally friendly core values.

SMALL BUSINESS TAG The social media instagram tag is designed to be screenshotted and shared amongst instagram stories, while accounts tag their favourite small businesses. This social marketing technique would not only bring the community together, as reiterated in Hive’s values, but would also help Hive to gain exposure amongst the target audience.

BRAND TOUCHPOINTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Social Media Social media will be a core channel in the advertisement of Hive as well as a space for forming connections with small businesses who also utilise social media to promote their product. Instagram is a key platform for many small businesses, referred to as a “leading platform in small business promotion” (Bose, 2018). A platform that therefore must also be exploited by Hive.

The Hive Instagram account will be used to initially raise awareness of the Brand, posting illustrative images to clearly define the brand values and overall brand concept. Instagram will also be used to engage with other small businesses, in order for these brands to become aware of the services offered. Instagram chain tags such as ‘Tag your favourite small businesses’ will be used to generate further engagement with the Hive brand. #THRIVEWITHHIVE The hashtag ‘Thrive with Hive’ will be used across Instagram as an integrated communication method. This hashtag will be used in all social media posts in order to promote the idea that by utilising the services of Hive, small businesses will be connected with their consumers - sustainably too! # D R AW W I T H H I V E Draw with Hive is an interactive social media concept whereby followers and consumers of Hive on Instagram will be encouraged to illustrate what Hive means to them, and share this via the #DrawwithHive. This is another method of raising awareness of the Hive brand, whilst also encouraging engagement as people are able to create images that will be shared by Hive.

This concept is essentially mutually beneficial for all players, small businesses who participate will be shared and promoted on the Hive Instagram page and stories, whilst Hive will gain a greater reach as the brand is shared within its consumers followers.

These hashtags aim to generate further engagement and awareness of the Hive brand. As established by Nicholson (2017), posts that include hashtags get over 12% more interaction, so “it’s no secret that hashtags can be an easy way to boost your engagement”.

BRAND TOUCHPOINTS

BRAND PROPOSAL

HIVE

Website The website of Hive will be a key touch point for the brand. The website will act as the point of sale for the Hive business, the place where transactions are made, where businesses can purchase the service of Hive and the collection of their parcels. In addition to this the website will act as an information outlet, whereby Hive can inform its consumers of its core values and operations. According to Strickley (2016), 97 percent of consumers search for products and services online, making the website an integral aspect in promoting the service of Hive as well as communicating the distinctive core values that distinguish the business from its primary competitors. The design of the Hive website aligns with that of the Instagram account and billboard, the use of the hexagonal illustrations clearly define the brand and its functions, whilst reflecting the brand identity. The website will be integrated with the Instagram of Hive whereby a direct link to the website will drive traffic from Instagram to the site itself providing more information on the brand.

BRAND TOUCHPOINTS

HIVE

BRAND PROPOSAL

References Apex insights. 2020. Is the parcels market up or down as a result of Covid? [Online].

[Accessed 30 November 2020]. Available from: https://apex-insight.com/parcelsmarket-covid/

Horvath, H. 2020. Small Business Saturday 2020: How to support local businesses. [Online].

[Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/shopping/ lifestyle/small-business-saturday-n1249106

Bose, S. 2018. 10 Reasons to Use Instagram to Promote Your Small Business.

[Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https://smallbiztrends. com/2018/03/reasons-to-use-instagram-for-business.html

IBIS World. 2020. Courier activities in the UK. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2020].

Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com/united-kingdom/market-research-reports/ courier-activities-industry/

Brown, L. 2019. Climate change: How green is your parcel? [Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/scienceenvironment-47654950

Mazareanu, E. 2020. Postal services in the UK - Statistics & Facts. [Online]. [Accessed 30 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/topics/5380/postal-servicesin-the-uk/

Bush, T. 2016. External Factors that Affect a business. [Online]. [Accessed 30 November 2020]. Available from: https://pestleanalysis.com/external-factorsaffect-business/

Mintel. 2020. Signed Sealed and Delivered: UK courier and express delivery services set to record fastest annual growth for five years. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2020].

Available from: https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/retail-press-centre/signed-sealedand-delivered-uk-courier-and-express-delivery-services-set-to-record-fastest-annual-growthfor-five-years

Chaffey, D. 2020. Forecast growth in percentage of online retail / Ecommerce sales 2017 to 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https:// www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/online-retail-sales-growth/ City Spirit. [no date]. Green courier services for urban delivery. [Online]. [Accessed 30 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.citysprint.co.uk/about-us/csr/ green Collins. [no date]. Hive. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hive Evo Logistics. 2020. Home. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2020]. Available from: https://evologistics.co.uk/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAk53-BRD0ARIsAJuNhpuV8UaSTbTOKd X3kwxC7hZIW9OTTrPuB1vpfpExu47noXfqmV9d2qwaApDLEALw_wcB First Bank. 2020. Shop Local: the Significance of a Growing Trend. [Online].

[Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https://localfirstbank.com/article/ shop-local-the-significance-of-a-growing-trend/ Haileyesus, S. 2020. 82% of Shoppers Will Pay More Now to Support Small Businesses. [Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Available from: https:// smallbiztrends.com/2020/08/red-egg-marketing-local-business-survey.html

Nicholson, C. 2017. 5 ways to organically boost engagement on Instagram. [Online].

[Accessed 6 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/5-ways-toorganically-boost-engagement-on-instagram_b_59642097e4b0deab7c646b41 Parcel2Go. 2020. What is a courier service. [Online]. [Accessed 29 September 2020].

Available from: https://www.parcel2go.com/content-hub/what-is-a-courier-service Royal Mail. 2020. Latest reports. [Online]. [Accessed 9 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.royalmail.com/business/guides-and-insights/delivery-matters-for-onlineshoppers?iid=HPM3_1_DELIVERYMATTERS Sabanoglu, T. 2020. Customer ranking of the importance of different online delivery factors during COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK) from May to June 2020.

[Online]. [Accessed 30 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/ statistics/1169783/coronavirus-effect-online-delivery-options-uk/ Statista. 2020. Distribution of courier parcel market in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017, by company. [Online]. [Accessed 24 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.statista.

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List of Illustrations 1. Sikkema, K. 2020. Hand sanitiser. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2020]. Available from: https://unsplash.com/photos/3FHp2yOPDxU 2. Schwarz, C. 2020. Courier boxes. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2020]. Available from: https://unsplash.com/photos/q8kR_ie6WnI 3. Wicaksono, H. 2018. Man and boxes. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2020].

Available from: https://unsplash.com/photos/brizG9kR6qI 4. Lion, S. 2020. Shop small. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.pexels.com/photo/crop-asian-shopper-watching-pastry-molds-instore-5709629/ 5. Lukas. [no date]. pexels-lukas-669610.jpg. [Online] [Accessed 7 December 2020].

Available at: https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-holding-blue-ballpoint-pen-onwhite-notebook-669610/ 6. Dawson, C. 2019. Royal Mail delivery. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2020].

Available from: https://tamebay.com/2019/02/how-many-letters-do-royal-maildeliver.html 7. The Financial. 2016. FedEx Declares Offer For TNT Express Unconditional. [Online].

[Accessed 7 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.finchannel.com/ business/57335-fedex-declares-offer-for-tnt-express-unconditional 8. Ecommerce News Europe. 2018. Otto Group seeks investor for Hermes. [Online] [Accessed 2 December 2020] Available from: https://ecommercenews.eu/otto-groupseeks-investor-for-hermes/ 9. Design Studio. Date Unknown. Deliveroo. [Online] [Accessed 2 December 2020] Available from: https://design.studio/work/deliveroo 10. Creative Bloq. 2020. HelloFresh rebrand is a triumph (but there’s one big problem).

[Online] [Accessed 2 December 2020] Available from: https://www.creativebloq.com/ news/hello-fresh-rebrand

11. Dribble, Amanda Staples. Date Unknown. Staples Paper Company logo. [Online] [Accessed 2 December 2020] Available from https://dribbble.com/shots/5686996Staples-Paper-Company-Logo 12. Meritt, T. Date Unknown. [Online] [Accessed 2 December 2020] Available from https://unsplash.com/photos/aoQ4DYZLE_E