3 green building ec link (3 gb23 012018) by Florian Steinberg

Green Buildings

January 2018

Principal author Florian Steinberg With contributions by Stefan Werner

EC-Link Position Paper Draft Version 1.5 EC-Link Working Papers: edited by Florian Steinberg and Li Chunyan

PREFACE China’s Commitment to Mitigate Climate Change In 2015, China was one of the first Asian countries – besides Japan and South Korea – to come out strongly with a commitment to combat climate change, and to adapt to eventual future impacts. Context. With its population of about 1,300 million people, China is one of the world’s major emitters of green house gases (GHG), and at the same time it is also one of the most vulnerable countries to the negative impacts of climate change. Commitment. In preparation for the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Meeting (COP21) in Paris, the government of China has announced that its GHG emissions will peak in 2030. Equally, it is committed to reduce by 2030 by 60-65% the intensity of its carbon usage in relationship to its gross domestic product (GDP), compared to 2005 levels. It will take on the responsibility to increase substantially its forest cover, and will ensure that by 2030 some 20% of its energy requirements will be covered by renewable energy. Actions. The country’s measures will include mitigation of its contributions to GHG emissions, and it will introduce adaptations measures to cope with negative impacts of climate change in food production, protection of its population, and in climate-proof infrastructure. China aims at biding climate change agreements under the COP21. The international community sees the proposed measures as ambitious but achievable. Since several years, China has started with low-carbon development. Today it is working towards a full-fledged program of green development of its economy.

Eco-Cities and Climate Change China’s activities to create eco-cities must be seen as part of its contributions to low-carbon development with aim to mitigate climate change. Among the various support mechanisms which exist, to support low-carbon development, the Ministry of Housing, and Urban-Rural Development (MoHURD), is being supported by the European Union (EU) through the Europe-China Eco-Cities Link Project (EC Link). Background.The main objective of the EC Link project is to serve as a support mechanism to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development to implement its sustainable lowcarbon urbanisation agenda. The project will support the Ministry in 4 strategic areas: 1) Demonstrate best approaches to implement low carbon solutions by introducing appropriate urban planning tools. Best practice low carbon planning will be identified in both Europe and China and made available nation-wide to municipal governments. Advanced planning tools will be deployed at the local level with the support of the

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project, with a view to refining proposed low-carbon planning models and to scaling them up across Chinese provinces. 2) Serve as testing ground for innovations in specific low-carbon policies (e.g. energy performance labelling for buildings, intelligent transport systems, smart cities, GIS planning tools, eco city labelling schemes) and technologies (in the 9 sectors selected by the project: compact urban development, clean energy, green buildings, green transportation, water management, solid waste treatment, urban renewal and revitalization, municipal financing, green industries). 3) Improve Chinese Municipalities' potential to finance low carbon solutions and notably their ability to attract private sector financing in the form of public private partnerships. The EC Link will support MoHURD to define innovative financial schemes, support feasibility studies and the formulation of finance and investment proposals, better coordinate and leverage investments undertaken by EU Member States, or to link projects to European financing institutions (e.g. European Investment Bank) and to European companies. 4) Establish knowledge networks and test the functionality of the support mechanism by leveraging, scaling up, and integrating transformative actions supported by the policy and technology tools developed under the project. The Knowledge Platform will demonstrate how strategic objectives have been translated at local level and how results have been integrated at national level for the definition of long-term best practices. Results will be shared via training and capacity building at local level, and via the knowledge platform set-up by the project at national and international level. The EC Link Position Papers. MoHURD and the EC Link Technical Assistance Team (TAT) have identified 9 specific sectors for the deployment of technology based tool boxes. In all of these, Europe has a lot of knowledge and best practice to contribute to support the deployment of these solutions in China. These 9 sectors include:

• • • • • • • • •

compact urban development, clean energy, green buildings, green transportation, water management, solid waste treatment, urban renewal and revitalization, municipal financing, green industries.

MoHURD’s Department of Science and Technology, EC Link’s direct counterpart, has issued targeted objectives for the deployment of policy, research and development and engineering agendas. Users and Target Groups of Position Papers. The EC Link position papers will be utilized by personnel of the cities which are covered by MoHURD’s eco-city programme. This covers Green Building – EC Link Working Papers - Draft Version 1.5

technical and managerial staff of these cities. Additionally, at central government level, MoHURD and other ministries may also make use of these position papers for the purpose of staff training and briefing. Since these position papers are also going to be published in the EC Link website (www.eclink.org), also the general public is invited to make use of these position papers. Content of Position Papers Sector overview: The EC-Link position papers provide an overview of each thematic sector (compact urban development, clean energy, green buildings, green transportation, water management, solid waste treatment, urban renewal and revitalization, municipal financing, green industries). It begins with a state-of-the-art review of the sector, and presents sector challenges as development objectives. Sector policy analysis: As part of the sector overview, the EC-Link position papers provide sector policy analysis, and a comparison of EU and Chinese sector policies. Comparison of European and Chinese experiences: The comparison of real-life EU and Chinese project experiences are used to illustrate innovations and progress in the respective sector. Both for EU and Chinese cases, there is an overview of good practices, technologies and products, performance indicators, technical standards, verification methods, and lessons learnt from best eco-city practices. Tools: This positon paper contains three primary tools. Throughout the text of this position paper there are flags are being provided to reference these primary tools ( Tool GB 1,  Tool GB 2,  Tool GB 3) At the end of the position paper there is an Annex with short summary descriptions of these primary tools. The primary tools for Green Building (GB) are: • • •

Tool GB 1: Passive Building Design. Tool GB 2: Active Building Design. Tool GB 3: Retrofitting of Buildings.

It is understood that these primary tools, do contain numerous secondary tools which cannot be elaborated in the context of this position paper.

Position Paper - a living document: This position paper will be updated based on city-level real-life project experiences in the EC-Link pilot cities.

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Possible misconceptions: These position papers shall not be mistaken for ‘cook books’, or ‘how to do’-manuals like we know them from other subject fields (car repair, computer servicing, etc.). Urban development is too complex for such an approach. Upon request of MoHURD these position papers are addressing good practices and seek to provide tools for complex issues of green urban development.

DISCLAIMER The illustration of EC Link Position Papers was only possible through the use of a wide range of published materials, most of these available online. The position papers’ authors have utilized illustrations which originate from internet sources, and these are reproduced here with proper citation and reference. The use of these materials is solely for the purpose of knowledge sharing, without any commercial use or intentions.

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CONTENTS Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 7 List of cases .......................................................................................................................... 9 List of illustrations ............................................................................................................... 10 List of tables ........................................................................................................................ 11 Glossary of Terms............................................................................................................... 12 1

THEMATIC BACKGROUND 绿色建筑背景介绍 ..................................................... 13

DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES 发展目标 .............................................................. 18

KEY ISSUES--- KEY CONCEPTS 主要问题---解决方案 ....................................... 19

PERSPECTIVES FROM EUROPE 欧洲视角 .......................................................... 20

4.1

Sector Context and Policy Analysis 行业背景 ........................................................... 20

4.2

Good Practices – Illustrations 成功案例 .................................................................... 33

4.3

Technologies and Products 技术和产品.................................................................... 62

4.4

Indicators 指标.......................................................................................................... 63

4.5

Standards 标准 ......................................................................................................... 65

4.6

Verification Methodology 测评方法 ........................................................................... 75

4.7

Lessons Learnt from projects 经验 ......................................................................... 115

4.8

Outlook 展望 ........................................................................................................... 116

PERSPECTIVES FROM CHINA 中国视角............................................................ 120

5.1

Sector Context and Policy analysis 行业背景 ......................................................... 120

5.2

Good Practices - Illustrations 优秀实践 ................................................................... 135

5.3

Technologies and Products 技术和产品.................................................................. 140

5.4 Sino-German Cooperation on Energy Efficient and Sustainable Building 中德在节能和可持续建筑领域的合作 ...................................................................................................... 151 5.5

Indicators 指标........................................................................................................ 167

5.6

Standards 标准 ....................................................................................................... 168

5.7

Verification Methodology 测评方法 ......................................................................... 172

5.8

Lessons Learnt from pilot projects 经验 .................................................................. 173

5.9

Outlook 展望 ........................................................................................................... 175

VALUE ADDED and CROSS CUTTING THEMES 附加值和跨领域主题 ............ 179

AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND TOOLS 现有资源及工具 .................................. 180

RECOMMENDED READING 推荐阅读 ................................................................ 181

ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 183 Annex 1

Tool GB 1 - Passive House Design ................................................................. 183

Annex 2

Tool GB 2 - Active House Design .................................................................... 189

Annex 3

Tool GB 3 - Retrofitting of Buildings................................................................. 193

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Abbreviations ADB

Asian development bank

BIM

Building information model

BIPV

Building integrated photovoltaic

BMUB

German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

BMZ

German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

BREEAM

British Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment (system)

BUCC

Beijing union construction company

CAG

Chinese Academy of Governance

CBD

Central business district

CCER

Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (system)

CLC

Centre for Liveable Cities

CoP

Coefficient of performance

COP21

United nations climate change meeting

CSUS

Chinese Society for Urban Studies

DENA

German energy agency

DGNB

German sustainable building council

EC Link

Europe-china eco-cities link project

EED

Eu-energy efficiency directive

EEWĂ¤rmeG

Heating regulations (in Germany)

EN/DIN

Energy sector industrial norms (in Germany)

EnEV

German Energy Efficiency Law (of Germany)

Eutrophication potential

ETICS

External thermal insulation composite system

European union

FAR

Floor area ratio

FSI

Floor space indexes

FBA

Financial Benchmarking and Analysis

FYP

Five year plan

GBES

Green Building Evaluation Standards (of China)

GBP

Green building programme

GDP

Gross domestic product

GHG

Green house gases

GIZ

German international cooperation agency

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GSHP

Ground source heat pump

GWP

Global warming potential

HQE

High quality environment

HVAC

Heating system and ventilation

IEKP

Integrated energy end climate programme

IFC

International finance corporation

KfW

German development bank

LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

MoHURD

Ministry of Housing, and Urban-Rural Development

NAMC

National Academy of Mayors of China

OECD

Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

PHI

Passive house institute

PHPP

Passivhaus planning package

NDRC

National Reform and Development Commission (of China)

SSTEC

Sino-singapore tianjin eco-city

SEED

Sustainable energy-efficient environment-friendly development

ToD

Transit-oriented development

UNDP

United nations development program

USGBC

Us green building council

WGBC

World green building council

ZEB

Zero energy building

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List of cases Case 1 Germany: “Aktivhaus” ............................................................................................. 30 Case 2 Germany: Energy-Efficient Green Building Programme .......................................... 32 Case 3 Germany: Mass-Produced Ecological Wooden Homes ........................................... 37 Case 4 Paris, France: Visions for a Paris – Green and Sustainable ................................... 37 Case 5 London, United Kingdom: Eco-District Bed-ZED ..................................................... 39 Case 6 Stockholm, Sweden: Eco-District of Hammarby ...................................................... 41 Case 7 Malmö, Sweden: Designing an Apartment Building for Bike Commuters................. 44 Case 8 Grenoble, France: Eco-Quartier De Bonne ............................................................. 45 Case 9 Helsinki, Finland: Eco-District Viikki ........................................................................ 48 Case 10 Pamplona Navarra, Spain: Sarriguren eco-city ..................................................... 50 Case 11 Malaga, Spain: Green Building in Malaga ............................................................. 53 Case 12 Freiburg, Germany: Eco-District Vauban............................................................... 54 Case 13 Heidelberg, Germany: Bahnstadt - Germany’s biggest Passivhaus district ........... 56 Case 14 London, United Kingdom: ‘The World’s Most Sustainable Residential Tower’ ....... 59 Case 15 Melbourne, Australia: “Active House” - Proposed solar-powered skyscraper would generate half of its power .................................................................................................... 61 Case 16 Rennes, France: Sustainable and Affordable Green Housing ............................... 62 Case 17 Germany: Building information modeling (BIM) ..................................................... 62 Case 18 United States: LEED ........................................................................................... 67 Case 19 United Kingdom: BREEAM ................................................................................... 67 Case 20 Germany: DGNB ................................................................................................... 67 Case 21 Germany: ¨Passivhaus¨......................................................................................... 68 Case 22 Germany: Passive House also for energy-efficiency in the tropics. ....................... 72 Case 23 France: High Quality Environmental (HQE) standard ............................................ 72 Case 24 Paris, France: Green Refurbishment of an Iconic Modern Tower Block ................ 73 Case 25 Switzerland: MINERGIE ....................................................................................... 74 Case 26 The Netherlands: GreenCalc+ .............................................................................. 75 Case 27 United States: LEED ............................................................................................. 75 Case 28 United Kingdom: BREEAM ................................................................................... 76 Case 29 London, United Kingdom: World’s Greenest Office Building .................................. 77 Case 30 London, United Kingdom: London Architect Fights Climate Change with Timber High-rises............................................................................................................................ 79 Case 31 Germany: DGNB ................................................................................................... 80 Case 32 Germany: German Federal regulation for energy savings in buildings (EnEV) ...... 82 Case 33 Germany: Energy passports for buildings ............................................................. 89 Case 34 Germany: Government assistance for energy-efficiency in buildings .................... 92 Case 35 Berlin, Germany: Greening of Facades – Passive Cooling through Natural Airconditioning......................................................................................................................... 94 Case 36 Germany: Sustainable Buildings owned by the Administration of the Federal Government of Germany..................................................................................................... 95 Case 37 Berlin, Germany: Rainwater Management Concepts: Greening and Cooling Buildings ............................................................................................................................. 97 Case 38 Berlin, Germany: Service Water Utilisation in Buildings – Innovative Water Concepts............................................................................................................................. 98 Case 39 Berlin, Germany: Promoting Rooftop Greenhouses .............................................. 99 Case 40 Germany: Protecting Property and Buildings Wisely ........................................... 100 Case 41 Switzerland: MINERGIE ...................................................................................... 102

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Case 42 Spain: Energy Rehabilitation of Buildings – Protection for Entire Buildings ......... 104 Case 43 Shanghai: Lending for Green Building ................................................................ 126 Case 44 Green Building Action Plan ................................................................................. 129 Case 45 Eco-Chic comes to China: Green Buildings by MOMA ........................................ 130 Case 46 Qinhuangdao,Hebei: The first Passive House in China ...................................... 140 Case 47 Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region: First Passive House in West China ........ 142 Case 48 Geothermal Heat Pumps..................................................................................... 142 Case 49 China: Heating Reform ....................................................................................... 143 Case 50 Shanghai: EXPO 2010 Initiative - Demonstration Eco-building ........................... 144 Case 51 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province: The Pearl River Tower ................................. 144 Case 52 Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province: Kean-Wenzhou, Passive House Design for Faculty of Architecture and Design ................................................................................................ 144 Case 53 Soul, Sourth Korea: FKI Tower, the Energy-Neutral Building ....................... 146 Case 54 Beijing: Low-carbon Renovations to Beijing homes- Retrofitting Existing Building Stock ................................................................................................................................. 148 Case 55 Sustainable Urban Development Program (SUDP) ............................................. 152 Case 56 EEEB Project: Retrofitting of Building 12# in Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District of Beijing ............................................................................................................... 154 Case 57 EEPB Project: Retrofitting of the Tianjin Zhutanzhuang Middle School ............... 157 Case 58 KEEG project：Scenario Analysis Tool to Show Incentives for Building Retrofitting ......................................................................................................................................... 160 Case 59 KABEE Project: – Training Materials on Energy Efficiency in Cities .................... 161 Case 60 Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu I) project: Retrofitting of the Zhenjiang Branch of the Peoples’ Bank of China .............................................................. 163 Case 61 Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu II) project: Integrated Energy Concept of Liberty Co., Ltd. in Jintan .................................................................... 165

List of illustrations Figure 1: Primary energy demand for a semi-detached house-heating in Germany ............ 97 Figure 2: Investment demand estimate for Green Building in the 13th Five Year Plan (20162020) ................................................................................................................................ 121 Graph 1: Investment Potential for new construction and building retrofits relative to the current sustainability level of building construction .............................................................. 16 Graph 2: Passive house concept ........................................................................................ 68 Graph 3: Heating and Cooling in Active Houses (‘Net-Zero Energy Houses) ...................... 69 Graph 4: The Parameters of the DGNB System ................................................................ 105 Graph 5: Comparison between major green building systems - DGNB, LEED and BREEAM ......................................................................................................................................... 105 Graph 6: Smart Technologies for Green Buildings ............................................................ 113 Graph 7: Energy-efficient Green Building in the Tropics .................................................... 128 Graph 8: Green Town House for Tropical Climate - Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam............... 129 Graph 9: Vertical Farms .................................................................................................... 131 Graph 10: Proposed ¨Vertical Hutong¨with a Concept of Energy Self-Sufficiency............. 177

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List of tables Table 1: Overview of ‘Eco-City’ Indicator Schemes and Frameworks .................................. 63 Table 2: Benchmarks for classification of buildings as per EnEV 2013 ................................ 89 Table 3: German Eco-Districts – a comparison ................................................................... 93 Table 4: Verification requirements for new Buildings as per BNB standards ....................... 95 Table 5: Sustainability Criteria during Use and Operation ................................................... 97 Table 6: Minergie-Standards in Comparison: Concepts for New Buildings ........................ 103 Table 7: Relationship between Smart and Green Guidelines ............................................ 122 Table 8: Green Buildings and Energy – Key Performance Indicators ................................ 169 Table 9: Proposed Green Building KPIs ............................................................................ 170 Table 10: Comparison of SSTEC GBES and National GBES for Residential Buildings ..... 172

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Glossary of Terms Active house / Aktivhaus (in German)

Energy-neutral, self-sufficient building which generates its own energy, and sells excess energy to the local electricity grid

energy – efficiency

Low-carbon usage due to technological innovations which help saving energy

energy-efficient Eco-performance

Proven performance of efficiency in energy consumption, in use of water resources, and ecological waste management

green building

Building which uses ecological building materials, and is efficient in its energy, water and waste management

green-house-gas (GHG)

Gases which cause ozone depletion and enhance global warming, such as CO2

Liveable cities

Liveable cities are characterized by their standard or quality of life.

Low-carbon development

Low-carbon development or ‘green’ development (in building, transport, energy production, water management, waste management, industries, urban renewal and other) describes activities which consume (much) less carbon than conventional development patterns. ‘Green’ or ‘clean’ technologies support low carbon development.

Passive house / Passivhaus (in German)

Energy-efficient building which minimizes energy losses and need for heating or cooling energy, through air-tight building envelope, or through passive ventilation-based cooling methods.

Retrofit

Rehabilitation of buildings (or entire neighbourhoods) through methods of energy-efficiency and ecological technologies.

Retrofitting Smart building

Application of modern ¨smart¨communication and monitoring technologies to reduce energy consumption, use of water and improved waste management.

Sustainable buildings

Buildings with a high level eco-performance

Urban resilience

Capacity to withstand negative impacts of climate change (floods, droughts, energy cuts, etc.).

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1 THEMATIC BACKGROUND 绿色建筑背景介绍 European commitment to green building. Since 2000, the European Union has a charter on Sustainable Planning, Design and Construction1 which is in pursuit of sustainable energyefficient environment-friendly development (SEED). According to the recent European Union regulation (the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive)2 all new buildings must be nearzero-emission-buildings (NZEB) by end of 2020. This gives a broad platform for current efforts in the green buildings field. Energy-efficient buildings consider both the embodied energy required to extract, process, and transport and install building materials as well as the operating energy to provide services such as heating, cooling, and powering equipment. It sets development on ‘the right path by 2020, but also to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals a decade later — and ultimately, a “net zero” world by 2050.’ 3

The design and construction of energy-efficient buildings is supported by building design standards that consider appropriate siting; solar access; water capture, reuse and treatment; improving operating efficiency; reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources; and the incorporation of alternative energy sources. Building codes ensure that minimum standards are achieved (subject to adequate enforcement). Verification and rating systems such as those issued/facilitated via green building councils 4 and systems such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), the Building Research Establishment 1

www.sustainable-construction.com/sustain/eurocharter2000.pdf European Commission. 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings (recast. http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031 3 Scruggs, G. Buildings, transport must help ensure emissions ‘turning point’ by 2020, new initiative warns, CityScope.April 11, 2017. http://citiscope.org/story/2017/buildings-transport-must-help-ensure-emissions-turningpoint-2020-new-initiative-warns?utm_source=Citiscope&utm_campaign=bae95090e6Mailchimp_2017_04_14&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_ce992dbfef-bae95090e6-118049425 4 Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) selected as global certification provider for World Bank’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) green building certification system (‘EDGE’).. https://demg42.mail.yahoo.com/neo/launch?.rand=a986mr49rd6cv#5899732318 2

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Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the German DGNB and the Passivhaus movement, and the Swiss Minergie add to this by providing assessment tools which make green building marketable. Further, the various tiers of the rating and verification system provide a market-based instrument that encourages more than just doing the minimum.5 Evolution of green building culture. The building sector in the 20th and 21st centuries has seen a dynamic evolution towards ecological and green building.6 While modernist and postmodernist architectural trends have waned, the trend towards green building has become an important feature of the building industry. 7 “Environmental architecture is now in an evolutionary stage that parallel the growth of early modernism…”8 In reflecting about green design, the pioneering Malaysian architect Ken Yeang stated that “Ecosystems have no wastes, everything is recycled within. … All emissions and products are continuously reused, recycled within, and eventually reintegrated with the natural environment. This is the fundamental premise of eco-design. Our built environment must imitate ecosystems in all respects.”9 The issue of green building is more a matter pertaining to the building industry, technologies, and vested interests, than with engineering and architectural design. Vested interests in the building industry have been pointed out using the example and case of the asbestos. Despite ample knowledge, it has taken decades to eliminate asbestos from construction markets from most countries. Unhealthy building materials, like asbestos, however, may still prevail in large quantities. For about a decade now, governments in Europe and North America have sponsored energy efficient building practices to reduce fuel consumption associated with heating or cooling. Energy efficient building design, including orientation, selection of heat reflecting materials, optimization of solar benefits, use of green roofs (and facades), water harvesting, and sustainable urban drainage have become the mainstay of new green architecture. Decentralized electricity generation, mainly through combined cooling, heat and power systems, at times linked together in decentralized neighbourhood schemes, complement innovation in building technologies. London’s Green Homes Program has financed loft and cavity insulation. In the US, the Clinton Climate Initiative has led to the Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit Program.10 Cities becoming laboratories of building green. The new eco-cities in China are set to become real laboratories of green architecture,11 and there is a new school of designers committed to developing green skyscrapers – for sustainable ‘intensive’ buildings.12 Another 5

Asian Development Bank. 2016. Green City Development Toolkit. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/173693/green-city-dev-toolkit.pdf 6 Steinberg, F. and Lindfield, M. Spatial Development and Technologies for Green Cities. In. Lindfield, M. and Steinberg, F (eds.). 2012. Green Cities. Asian Development Bank. Urban Development Series. Manila, pp. 23-107. http://www.adb.org/publications/green-cities 7 Numerous publications have appeared dealing with ‘biological’ or green building: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 October 2009. Green Building Basic Information, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm; R. Hopkins. 2002. A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture; Allen & Iano, 2008. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; J. F. Kennedy, ed. 2004. Building Without Borders – Sustainable Construction for the Global Village. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island/Canada. 8 J. Wines and P. Jodido, eds. 2000. Green Architecture. Taschen Köln et al; P. Jodido. 2009. Green Architecture Now!, Taschen. Köln et al. 9 K. Yeang. 2005. What is Green? in B. Russle and G. Olivieri. Design Does Matter, Teknion. Mt Laurel. New Jersey; P. Jodido. 2009. Green Architecture Now! Taschen. Köln et al. 10 N. Gavron. Towards a Carbon Neutral London. In R. Burdett and D. Sudjic. 2009. The Endless City. Phaidon, London et al., pp., pp.383-384. 11 X. Ruan. 2006. New China Architecture, Periplus. Singapore; P. Alcalzaren. 2010. Green Shanghai – The Shanghai Expo 2010 and its Host City Paints a Green Urban Future. Blueprint. Special Issue 2, Manila. pp. 114119; Associated Press. 2011. China Leads Push to Go Green. 9 May; S. Wang. 2011. Beyond Design. 1010 Shanghai Expo Architecture and Space Design. Azur Corporation, Tokyo. 12 K. Yeang. 1999. The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings. Munich, Prestel.

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option for governments to stimulate green building, as done in the US and Europe, is the provision of tax breaks, or conditional bonus payments for retrofitting (through energy efficiency measures; application of green building materials; passive energy designs). “The skyscrapers of tomorrow need to be smart in technology but respectful of the environment and climate in which they operate. … rethink our materials, our procedures, using the best new technology to make it environmentally sustainable and viable energetically.” 13 Tool GB 1, Tool GB 2, Tool GB 3 Surge in green buildings. There has been a big surge in energy-efficient engineering and construction technologies, and governments have taken the lead in designing tax incentives and stricter building codes for retrofitting and new construction. More so than ever, the contribution of buildings to the CO2 performance of cities is being recognized. Buildings contribute about 50% of urban CO2 emissions through the type of construction materials used—and carbon consumption in manufacturing these—their construction related cooling or heating requirements, their energy requirements for services like water supply, waste water and solid waste disposal, and their general energy efficiency. Tackling the energy demand of existing buildings is, therefore, a high priority on the path to green cities. Their conversion to greener buildings should start with the building materials and later extend to their internal infrastructure systems of water supply, cooling and heating systems, and their processing of waste water and solid wastes.14 Passive design solutions, as already proven by many innovative architectural projects, have helped to improve the energy performance of buildings. Tool GB 1 Reduction of green-house gas emissions. Based on its analysis of the buildings sector, UNEP observed that (i) the buildings sector of today has an oversized footprint and is the single largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG); (ii) constructing new green buildings and retrofitting existing energy- and resource-intensive buildings stock can achieve significant savings; (iii) greening buildings also can mean significant health and productivity benefits; (iv) greening the buildings sector can result in an increase in work opportunities; (v) developing countries have the opportunity to lay the foundation of energy-efficient building stock for decades to come; and (vi) the role of the public policy and leadership by example is vital in promoting the greening of the buildings sector. 15 Green Buildings Critical to 1.5-Degree Future16 . “Buildings have long been determined as a critically important and low cost sector for achieving significant greenhouse gas reductions. McKinsey, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the International Energy Agency (IEA) have all identified building energy efficiency as a low-cost or least-cost solution achievable with existing technology, and IEA estimated the sector’s potential for avoiding roughly 40 percent of current global fossil carbon dioxide emissions. Layer onto efficiency the opportunities for renewable energy, and buildings are a natural focus for climate mitigation efforts. … Energy efficiency and on-site renewable energy production are vital – and big pieces of the puzzle in combatting climate change. But we can’t stop there; let’s make sure we are leveraging our buildings as integrated systems optimized for climate mitigation and resilience. Especially with the investment challenge posed by the stockpile of existing buildings not yet updated, we need to reach higher with 13

Couteau, M. 2016. Are intelligent skyscrapers our salvation? How should be the skyscrapers of tomorrow? 9 November. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/intelligent-skyscrapers-salvation-how-should-tomorrow-maximecouteau 14 Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2006. Reducing Construction Waste through Green Design. 14 October. 15 UNEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, pp. 334-371. http://www.unep.org/greeneconmy 16 Source: Beardsley, L. 2016. Green Buildings Critical to 1.5-Degree Future. Insight. 28 September. http://insight.gbig.org/green-buildings-critical-to-1-5-degree-future/

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every project we touch, new or existing, to have the regenerative impact we need. … Highperforming green buildings, in particular LEED-certified buildings, provide the means to reduce with maximum effect the climate impacts of buildings and their inhabitants. … Some of the other strategies by which green building supports the climate may be less obvious. Intentionally, LEED encourages buildings to be designed and built in consideration of lifecycle carbon impacts. And, LEED’s integrative approach results in features that can actively influence inhabitants in ways that support the climate. Green buildings create the opportunity for easier – and more – composting and reduced waste – thus reducing wastehauling and potentially landfill methane production. Strategies in LEED – as well as SITES — encourage retention and creation of natural vegetated land areas and roofs and other green infrastructure to mimic the benefits of natural water systems. Given that plants and trees consume carbon dioxide, building features and strategies incorporating outside vegetation inherently help the climate.” Graph 1: Investment Potential for new construction and building retrofits relative to the current sustainability level of building construction

Source: UNEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, Nairobi. p. 343. http://www.unep.org/greeneconmy

Savings. Green buildings are estimated to save “on average 30% of electricity, 30-35 % water, and 50-90% waste discharge costs”. 17 More has been done in the developed countries, but the developing world, particularly Asia, is fast catching up. Green design and technology inspired by biological forms and resource-efficient construction are taking their inspiration even from nature. “Buildings that adapt to changing conditions is the way we have to develop if we are to mimic truly the low energy ways in biology works."18 Evolution of building codes. Building codes, mandatory energy certification, financial incentives, and support, which have had a significant and measurable impact on building performance in Europe and the US, will reach the developing world as well. Examples from Germany indicate that energy-efficient construction standards have brought down average energy consumption in housing by 80%. 19 Obviously, the private sector has to lead this process, but the public sector can also set important standards and examples by converting Yannik Millet of the Viet Nam Green Building Council, quoted by N. Bao. 2011, Green Construction – Key to Energy Savings. Vietnam Economic News, no. 46, p. 10. 18 M. Pawlyn, quoted in P. Miles. 2011. Inspired Naturally – Paul Miles Discovers how spiders, termites and blue mussles are revolutionizing our design for living. Financial Times, House & Home Supplement, 13-14 August. London; see also: P. Miles. 2011. Biomimicry in Architecture, RIBA Publishing. London. 19 E. Von Weizsäcker, K. Hargroves, M. H. Smith, C. Desha and P. Stasinopoulos. 2009. Factor Five. Earthscan. London et al. 17

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its own publicly–owned building stock into exemplary cases of green and energy-efficient buildings. The US-based certification methodology of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is fast evolving as the new benchmark for smart buildings, and across Asia the first built examples are being registered. 20 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) – the American Green Building Rating System. LEED is a voluntary, consensus-based national rating system under the US Green Building Council (USGBC) that promotes a “whole-building approach” to sustainability. The rating system was created to transform the built environment to sustainability. The system is developed and continuously refined via an open, consensusbased process that has made LEED the most used green-building standard. The first step to LEED certification is to register a project. To earn certification, a building project must meet certain prerequisites and performance benchmarks (“credits”) within each category. Projects are awarded silver, gold, or platinum certification, depending on the number of credits they achieve. LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest performance standards. LEED-certified buildings are leading the transformation of the built environment, have lower operating costs and increased asset value, reduce waste sent to landfills, conserve energy and water, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Often they qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances, and other incentives.

Jean-Baptiste Coumau, J-B. , Furuhashi, H. and Hugo Sarrazin. H. 2016. A smart home is where the bot is. McKinsey. http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/a-smart-home-is-wherethe-bot-is?cid=reinventing-eml-alt-mkq-mck-oth-1701

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2 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES 发展目标 City level. Key to the green city is the relationship/interaction of an area’s spatial extent, built form including methods and materials, transport planning, and infrastructure provision. City structure and form greatly influence energy consumption, transport modes, and overall quality of life. Urban form also influences residents’ access to employment opportunities and livelihood choices (including the informal sector) based on proximity of other land uses, services, markets, and prevailing environmental conditions. Urban densities, land use planning (risk based), open space (network) planning, transport planning, and provision of service infrastructure (integrated land use planning) impact how green and sustainable principles are achieved and require control at two levels. At the macro level or city level, there must be consideration to supply, demand and capacity as well as how all the composite parts of city interact (or don’t) with one another and at the site level whereby more detailed guidance is required. 21 Building level. At an individual site or building level, orientation; disaster risk; water capture, treatment, and reuse; energy efficiency targets and use of renewable energy; incorporation of green roofs; living walls and provision of green space (including connection to wider network); proximity to public transport; and strengthening connectivity via walkways and cycleway or secondary public transport links must all be considered. Such requirements are generally supported via planning and building ordinances or similar. At the macro-level strategic planning, which considers where development is sited based on risk exposure and vulnerability, access to transport infrastructure and the provision of basic urban services, as well as economic activity and open space, provide the overarching framework that will influence energy demand, GHG emissions, congestion, and, more broadly, the quality of the urban environment. Green buildings as resilient buildings. Intrinsically linked to green cities are resilient buildings, particularly those located along coastlines and floodplains. Resilient buildings are part of the overall package of development that cities need to consider in order to be prepared and be able to respond to particular events. The relationship of buildings to the infrastructure system and services as a whole and its ability to cope with particular events is often referred to as urban resilience. Individually and combined, the principal considerations relate to siting and potential exposure and risk. Green city development integrates these considerations into the overall planning process—strategic and detailed.22 Ensuring green outcomes. In Asian cities, the planning framework may not be sufficiently advanced, robust, or enforced to secure green and sustainable outcomes. Steps to improve such a situation will need to be taken through policy reform, technical support, and capacity building. However, at the same time, individual projects may provide an opportunity to act as demonstration project(s) to highlight good practice and principles of green and sustainable development, fulfilling two functions: improving green and promoting sustainable outcomes and capacity. Green infrastructure a complementary requirement. Green infrastructure is an integral element in the development of a sustainable built environment. While a relatively new concept for Asian cities, the opportunity for retrofitting and implementation of green infrastructure is great. In the context of Asian cities, green infrastructure provides a mechanism for improving resilience through measures such as improved drainage systems and open space networks. Similarly, green infrastructure considers energy use and the various ways by which efficiency can be improved, leading to reduced reliance on nonrenewable sources. 21

Asian Development Bank. 2016. Green City Development Toolkit, Manila. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/173693/green-city-dev-toolkit.pdf 22 Becque, R. et al. 2016. Accelerating Building Efficiency – Eight Actions for Urban Leaders. World Resources Institute – Ross Centre for Sustainable Cities. Washington. www.wri.org/buildingefficiency

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KEY ISSUES--- KEY CONCEPTS 主要问题---解决方案

Key issues to be addressed Energy-efficiency of green buildings

Key concepts recommended Integration with green infrastructure and ecosystems

Use of low-carbon technology for heating or cooling

Smart management of eco-systems

Use of construction materials low in carbon content

Land availability, access and orientation of buildings

Application of green building standards

Retrofitting of older buildings to achieve better eco-performance

Development control and compliance with green building standards

Complementarity to compact urban development

Passive heating or cooling considerations

Resilience of buildings, adaptive capacity

Greening of facades and roofs for additional energy performance

CO2 absorption (´sequestration´) through green facades and roofs

Monitoring and eco-performance assessment

Affordability

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4 PERSPECTIVES FROM EUROPE 欧洲视角 4.1 Sector Context and Policy Analysis 行业背景 Policy context. On 19 May 2010, the European Union adopted a Directive stipulating that by the end of 2020, Member States must ensure that all newly constructed buildings consume ‘nearly zero’ energy. European Union member countries have adopted through this EU-Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) “20-20-20” targets that call for 20% reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, the increase of renewables to 20% of total energy use, and 20% cuts in overall energy consumption. 23 Representing one of the world’s most ambitious climate change-related initiatives, these goals have strong implications for the increased adoption of energy efficiency measures in commercial buildings across the continent. The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of total energy consumption in the region. According to Pike Research, these policy goals will help increase the amount of certified green building space in Europe by nearly four-fold, to 687 million square meters, by 2016.24 Spending on energy-efficient buildings in Europe is expected to total nearly $800 billion from 2014 through to 2023. Revenues from green buildings in Europe are expected to reach 109 billion annually by 2023.25 Europe a global market leader. The rapid growth in the European green market shows that Europe is much more advanced than the other regions. Europe accounts for 73% of the total world market for green buildings. 26 The goals of green buildings are: carbon-neutral construction, water-neutral, use of sustainable materials, flexible design to adapt to possible impacts of future climate change. Green buildings shall make a positive contribution to the local community and represent sustainable operations. The greenest new buildings are located in London, Frankfurt and Amsterdam. The European green buildings use 50% to 70% less energy than certified green projects in U.S. European market leaders. EU policy level initiatives provide important market incentives, the primary drivers for the spread of energy-efficient buildings are the reduction of energy costs. Energy costs have remained high, and future carbon legislation which will emphasis carbon reductions, present significant risks for those who stick to conventional energy utilization. Resulting from this, the percentage of building space which is certified as green will increase from less than 1% in 2010 to more than 2% in 2016, and further more exponential growth expected later. The Largest markets are Germany and France, representing a market as big as the rest of Europe (including Eastern Europe and Russia). Germany´s shift away from the nuclear energy and the subsequent shift to renewable energy has accelerated the push to energy-efficiency in buildings. Many home-owners feel stimulated to install solar energy since (i) the government subsidizes its installation, (ii) it will amortize quickly through savings in energy costs, and (iii) energy surplus can now be sold to the local electricity grid. France, has established a national energy plan (¨Grenelle de l´Environnement¨) which has the ambition to establish France as the least carbon intensive country in the European Union. In Germany, the cities now require energy-efficient construction (¨Passive House¨) in all new public buildings. A study on energy-efficient buildings in Europe examines market opportunities related to energy-efficiency in Europe. 27 The study provide in-depth, country-level analysis of public policy, regulatory issues, energy 23

European Union. 2012. EU-Energy Efficieny Directive (EED), Brussels. www.eedguidebook.energycoalition.eu 24 http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111006005414/en/European-Green-Building-Space-Quadruple2016-Forecasts#.VObsXVN2xD8 25 http://www.digitimes.com/newsshow/comment.asp?datePublish=2014/11/24&pages=PR&seq=200 26 www.theresearchpedia.com/research-articles/green-buildings-in-europe; see also: When it comes to designing buildings that are good for the environment. Europe has made green architecture an everyday reality. In: New York Times. 20 may 2007. www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/magazine/20europe-t.html 27 Pike. 2014. Energy Efficient Buildings: Europe, Navigant. www.pikeresearch.com

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service companies, performance contracting, green building certification, the economics and financing behind energy retrofits, and market forecasts. All major leading European architectural firms today are involved in green building, and so are major service companies. 28

Key technologies. Some of the key technologies and methods used in green building design in Europe include: (i) low carbon design; (ii) use of earth tubes; (iii) active solar control systems; (iv) moveable shades and shutters; (v) advanced heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)29; (vi) radiant heating and cooling; (vii) active facades and building system user interface and system integration. Networking. The World Green Building Council (WGBC) Europe Regional Network brings together bodies representing the green building industry from across the world, including a large number of European countries. The action plan for sustainable construction consists of a comprehensive list of measures to further stimulate a market for products and services in sustainable construction in Europe. These measures endeavor to build a coherent basis for progressive step changes to regulation, standardization and public procurement practices fostering innovation and sustainability in construction. EU Green Building Programme. In 2004, the European Commission initiated the Green Building Programme (GBP). This programme aims at improving the energy efficiency and expanding the integration of the renewable energies in the non-residential buildings in Europe on a voluntary basis. As a pilot phase in 2005-2006, the green building infrastructure was set up in ten European countries. The ¨Passivhaus¨ scheme in Germany and the MINERGIE standards in Switzerland provided certification. The European Commission’s Energy Efficiency Plan published the proposal that required the public authorities to improve the energy efficiency of at least 3% of their new buildings each year (as of March 2011). 30 Europe’s Green Building Standards typically exceed the requirements of LEED of the US. Their projects put more emphasis on the energy use performance of the building. There is more of focus on Passive Design and building envelope configuration. Another perhaps better requirement, is that a buildings rating must wait for detailed energy use analysis after a year of occupancy. The implementation of the EU “Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (2002/91/EC), as from 2006, will permit a gain estimated at some 40 Mtoe (Megatons of oil equivalent) between now and 2013. The Commission must therefore monitor the rigorous application of the Directive.” 31 The policy dialogue on EU Green building is a continuous effort. In 2016, the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency published an important working paper: ¨Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings – A Guide for Policy-Makers and Experts.¨32 The Work represents an 28

Foster and Partners, Ove Arup and Partners and Atelier Ten. Various well-known suppliers working these are Dadanco, Halton, KaRo Systems, Proter Imex, Sabiana, Swegon, Trox Technik, Uponor, Zehnder group, Elero, Comar and Somfy, Automated Logic Corporation, Delta Controls, GridLogix, Richards Zeta, Honeywell, KMC Controls, Johnson Controls, Reliable Controls, Siemens Building Technologies, TAC and Trane. 29 HVAC technology provides for indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. 30 The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee published a report on the implementation of green building standards in design and construction of Olympic facilities. The report also examines the process of implementing green building standards for the design and construction of Olympic facilities through the prism of their impact on sustainable development in the region of the Games. www.simplegreendesign.com/green-building/europesgreen-building-standards. 31 Commission of the European Communities. 2005. Green paper on Energy Efficiency or Doing More with less. Brussels. pp.21-22. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52005DC0265&qid=1433829090272&from=EN 32 Petrichenko, K., Aden, N., Tsakiris, A. 2016. Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings – A Guide for PolicyMakers and Experts. Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency. United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). http://kms.energyefficiencycentre.org/sites/default/files/2016_11_Tools%20Energy%20Efficient%20Buildings.pdf

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effort to map the vast amount of work already done, and still required in the development of tools. The document contains a detailed catalogue of tools.

Tool Snapshot under the Cities Leading through Energy Analysis and Planning Program.

Source: Petrichenko, K., Aden, N., Tsakiris, A. 2016. Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Guide for Policy-Makers and Experts. Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency. United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). http://kms.energyefficiencycentre.org/sites/default/files/2016_11_Tools%20Energy%20Efficient%20Buildings.p df

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Decision Tree for Policy and Project Development at the City Level

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Catalogue of Tools

Source: Petrichenko, K., Aden, N., Tsakiris, A. 2016. Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings – A Guide for Policy-Makers and Experts. Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency. United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). http://kms.energyefficiencycentre.org/sites/default/files/2016_11_Tools%20Energy%20Efficient%20Buildings.pdf

¨Without strong and ambitious policy, the energy efficiency potential of cities is likely to remain largely untapped. Often cities have the opportunity to implement policies and

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programmes in the building sector that are complementary or even more ambitious than national activities but they need to have the right tools to do so.¨The above Copenhagen Institute on Energy Efficiency working paper ¨aims at guiding local policy-makers, technical experts and other relevant stakeholders through the key steps of the policy and project development process. It features publicly available tools and helping to navigate among various information sources on energy efficiency in buildings.¨33 International Green Building Lobby. The World Green Building Council (WGBC) The World Green Building Council is a network of national green building councils in more than ninety countries, making it the world’s largest international body dedicated to green buildings. Many European countries are presented, so is Asia (Hong Kong and Taiwan among these), the Americas and Australia. WGBC promotes the global growth of green building in almost every country, every continent. The advocacy is for green building and a global market transformation. In 2013, the WBGC has 98 national member organizations. For 2013 it reported that 140,885 buildings (a total 1.1 billion sqm totally) have been registered as green buildings. 27,000 companies are members of the WGBC, and in 2013 some 105,000 persons undertook training through national GBCs, of a total of 400,000 persons trained so far. 34 Training initiatives include multidisciplinary training on topics essential for being a professional in sustainable construction, for bankers, investors, architects, engineers, real estate consultants, government officials, academics, etc., covering contributors to the construction and property markets. The drive for energyefficiency has created new services in consulting and in construction. This is starting to create markets for new technologies that did not exist earlier when energy performance was no target. Equally, the green building certifications typically address very specific areas such as energy performance or how green the materials are for that specific building, but there are also more systemic requirements or criteria. Tool GB 1 Challenges for green building in Europe. Europe passed a number of very ambitious targets under its Europe 2020 policy. Beyond energy-efficiency, it includes a legislation on construction waste that requires up to 70 percent of construction waste to be recycled and not end on the landfill. The issue will be to ensure such ambitious European targets are actually enforced and implemented, and not watered down as deadlines come closer. The industry, or consumers, may want to apply lower standards, if targets are too ambitious and costly. The green building lobby organizations will need to address such concerns by showing economic, technical and aesthetic examples well in advance of this 2020 date. By 2016 or 2017, we need to have across-the-board success cases, so that customers are encouraged to go for full-fledged application of green building concepts. For the industry it is also important to become ready and wanting to implement these higher standards. UK Green Building Council: “Health and Wellbeing in Homes” - What is a healthy home? Today, a lot of people are thinking about how to build healthy houses once again, as we learn about the dangers from chemicals within the home and pollution without. And once again, architects people are realizing that our houses and workspaces have to do more than just provide shelter, and health is more than just physical. A great summary of this thinking is the new report by the UK Green Building Council “Health and Wellbeing in Homes” (2016). It’s a significant document because it looks at both the home itself and the community it is part of: Our home, both the location and the physical building itself, influences almost every aspect of our lives – from how well we 33

http://www.citynvest.eu/content/tools-energy-efficiency-buildings

World Green Building Council (WGBC). Annual Report 2013. www.worldgbc.org

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sleep, to how often we see friends, to how safe and secure we feel. If we want to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals, families and communities, there can hardly be a more important place to start than the home: it is where most people spend most of their life. They also stress that there is more to it than just the physical stuff that’s in our building codes: The World Health Organisation defines health not as merely the absence of illhealth but as “a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing”. Therefore, we have interpreted “health and wellbeing” to include social, psychological and physical factors. It is also about more than just a home, but also about community. Physical health can be described as the absence of disease, as well as optimal functioning of our body. Mental health is about much more than just the absence of mental illness: it encompasses positive issues such as peace of mind, contentment, confidence and social connection. Social wellbeing is determined by the strength of an individual’s relationships, and the way in which they function within their community.

© UKGBC A healthy home. Much has changed [since the start of modern building]. Today we need different approaches: • Careful placement of high quality windows that maximize view and light without risking overheating; • High levels of insulation to keep warm or cool with a minimum of mechanical intervention; • mechanical heat exchange and ventilation system that provides controlled, filtered fresh air; • Healthy materials that are easy to clean and do not emit volatile organic compound(s)(VOCs); • Resilient designs that can survive the increasingly common disruptions and changes in climate; • Simple systems that occupants can actually understand and operate themselves: Where occupants have been presented with complicated heating, lighting or ventilation controls they may struggle to maintain internal temperatures, fresh air rates and appropriate light levels – all of which can have health impacts. The consequences of residents not feeling in control of their systems can lead to homes becoming too hot or too

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cold, reduced energy efficiency… While this document has been written in the UK, most of its content is universal.” Source: Alter, L. 2016.What is a “Healthy” home? Treehugger 6 September. http://www.treehugger.com/greenarchitecture/what-healthy-home.html, See also: http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/08453%20UKGBC%20Healthy%20Homes%20Updated%2015%20Aug %20%28spreads%29.pdf

Green Building sector as an investment opportunity. Frost & Sullivan's Environmental & Building Technologies Financial Benchmarking and Analysis (FBA) service 35 presents the investment opportunities in green buildings in Europe, highlighting major market and financial trends. The markets that are expected to be influenced by the green buildings market are building controls as well as HVAC (industrial, commercial and residential), building automation products, energy efficient lighting and smart meters. Countries are still experimenting with instruments to stimulate green building investments. An interesting case is Romania which has launched property tax legislation which rewards the greenest buildings and provides a significant property tax benefit for projects that obtain a green building certificate that is recognized by the World Green Building Council, or other recognized certifications like LEED (US=, BREEAM (United Kingdom), German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB), as well as HQE (France). Investors are seeking certification for their buildings, and this has resulted in a lot of requests for new services, new technologies and new products that may exist elsewhere but are not yet present in all markets. Energy-efficient homes are cheaper in the long run, and that's what buyers want “Green, it turns out, is the most effective way to sell a home. Buyers find it more appealing to buy a home that is already efficient than a less expensive home that needs major retrofitting as well as new appliances and Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. It is still hard to show that renters will pay more for an energy-efficient apartment than for a standard one, even when they are paying for the utilities. That said, there is growing evidence that energy-efficient and green apartments rent up faster than other ones, and are experiencing less turnover, both of which drop to the bottom line. This is a trend that the apartment industry in particular needs to watch. Its market is far younger than the homebuying market, a differentiation that will continue to grow as the young members of generation Y defer homebuying into their early and middle 30s. This, the largest generation ever, is also the one most committed and sensitive to the cost and use of energy. They are, by and large, an increasingly values-driven group, and climate considerations, sustainability, and reducing the use of energy are at the heart of their values. In short, the prime market for apartments is the greenest market in U.S. history. So, where will these trends lead the industry? Inevitably, the green trend will lead to homes becoming energy net zero or net plus, linked to the grid and buying and selling as the day goes along. Green will no longer mean being a bit more efficient than before, but will mean that a home uses no net energy (net energy zero) or produces net energy (net energy plus). Homes that still draw all or most of their energy from the grid will see a marked decline in value, just as today's homes that are far from sources of public transit are losing value while homes proximate to transit are holding value. Frost & Sullivan's. 2010. Green Building – Business Opportunities. October 2010. www.frost.com/. The study includes analyses of drivers, restraints and challenges for growth, pricing, and legislation. A detailed profiling of companies, along with the relevant markets they manufacture products for, is also included in this study. 35

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Making a house or an apartment net energy zero or plus will be achieved in a variety of ways, many of which haven’t been discovered yet. Even today, very few builders are experimenting with passive housing - homes that are so air tight, insulated, and sited as to need little more heat than that provided by the bodies of the residents, and can draw cooled air from the ground. Passive and active solar will become greatly more efficient, as will geothermal and wind power. Many of the techniques will be from the past, like siting for passive solar and wind protection, shielding with trees and the like. Residences will be designed to the local environment once again … The major shift will likely begin to occur in the latter part of this decade and accelerate between 2020 and 2030. The major cause for this change is the shift in the housing market driven by the growth in generation Y households over the course of the decade and the ever-rising cost of energy.” Source: McIlwain, J.K. 2012. How Home Builders Are Selling Green. Citylab. 25 January. http://www.citylab.com/tech/2012/01/how-home-builders-are-selling-green/1048/

Eco-Chic in Milan, Italy – a new investment hotspot. The ¨Vertical Forests¨ (´bosco verticale´) project, in Italy´s fashion capital are currently being finalized. Described by the prestigious architect of this complex as a ¨symbol for sustainable living¨, this is a real trendsetter of things to come. 'The idea for a vertical forest came when we were involved in a local tree planting project,'… 'We imaged a building that allowed the landscape to enter it. 'By creating a tower that truly becomes a home for the landscape we have a powerful tool.' The project concept is designed to save on land, a precious resource in the center of a major city. 'We can provide the quality of life of expensive housing without consuming the resources that conventional housing would demand.´ … When the sky forest is completed … the structure will house the same amount of residents as 50,000 square meters of conventional urban sprawl. 36 Other parties have joined: The first zero-emissions hotel (Hotel Scale Milan) clearly banks on the ´eco-chic´wave and tries to popularize a healthier lifestyle and food. The Hotel Milano Scala is in the Brerea District, the heart of Milan's most vibrant area, rich in history and tradition. It is an example of how reconcile the concept of contemporary hospitality, passion for music, charm and sophistication of a Boutique hotel is with the sensitivity to environmental issues. Eco-chic style, classical music, Organic Green cuisine and a terrace overlooking the city: The ecological concept of the hotel are its energy concept, savings in water consumption; good insulation, green certification, and an electric car for the hotel guests.37 The 2015 Expo in Milan will highlight these new eco-trends. On top of these recent developments, there is the announcement of a mega-investment by the Qatar Investment Authority which has bought an entire neighbourhood for Euros 2 billion to build in the Porta Nova District some 30 zero-emission buildings with smart infrastructure networks, and a built-up area of 290.000 m2. This supermodern district is situated barely a kilometre from Milan's iconic Gothic cathedral, the district is home to a number of landmark buildings including the cutting-edge headquarters of Italian bank Unicredit and the ¨Verticale Forest¨ (´Bosco Verticale´), a complex of two award-winning residential skyscrapers. The acquisition is the latest in a string of eye-catching European purchases for Qatar, which already owns London department store Harrods and top French football club Paris SaintGermain, as well as holding stakes in a string of blue-chip corporations. Porta Nuova has been over a decade in the making with a huge space extending over 29 hectares (72 acres) having been reclaimed from its former use as railyards. With its pedestrian walkways and cycle paths and a large park under development, it has been a huge hit with the discerning 36

Modern Treehouses: A vertical Forest. February 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/milan-architects-build-vertical-forest-apartment-towers-a-886153.html; and Vertica Forest - Urban Context. 2015. in: Green, #10 Winter 2015. Beijing.pp. 92147.http://weibo.com/greenmagazine; and Green Pioneer, 2015. In: Green, #9 Autumn 2014. Beijing. pp. 156160. http://weibo.com/greenmagazine; see also: Alter L. 2016. Green fuzz on buildings is an admission of defeat. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/green-fuzz-buildings-admission-defeat-says-edwin-heathcote.html 37 http://www.greenpearls.com/hotels/europe/italy/hotel-milanoscala

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residents of Italy's business capital. A wave of back-to-the-city gentrification has seen property prices shoot up against a national trend of stagnation at best. Its centre is the Piazza Gae Aulenti, where the Unicredit buildings are located. Other prominent businesses to have bases there include Google and, this being Italy's fashion capital, there is no shortage of upmarket boutiques and trendy cafes. 38 The Unicredit Tower, a symbol of modern low-emission design, particularly known for its use of energy-efficient LED lighting. Vertical forests in Milan, Italy – banking A new style of uban life – living in the on ¨eco¨as the new fashion highrise forest of Milan´s Vertical Forest

Source: Modern Treehouses: A vertical Forest. 28 February 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/milanarchitects-build-vertical-forest-apartment-towers-a886153.html

Eco-Hip: The First Zero-Emissions Hotel The First Zero-Emission Office Building (Hotel Scale Milan) in Italy´s Fashion in Italy - Unicredit Tower, Milan, Italy. Capital, Milan, Italy

Source: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g187849d1735910-Reviews-Hotel_Milano_ScalaMilan_Lombardy.html#photos

Source: http://cn.bing.com/images/search?q=Unicredit+Tower +Milan&qpvt=Unicredit+Tower+Milan&qpvt=Unicredit +Tower+Milan&FORM=IQFRML

Qatar takes full control of Milan prime development. http://news.yahoo.com/qatar-takes-full-control-prime-milan-development150410702.html;_ylt=A86.J7uPvvNUgUwAkUEPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTEzcWkwNG1lBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMQRjb2 xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA1lIUzAwM18x

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Case 1 Germany: “Aktivhaus” The Aktivhaus´s Triple Zero Effect - no emissions, no waste, no energy from fossil fuels. The German Aktivhaus generates double the energy needed. The so-called ´B10´ does not require as much energy as a conventional house. This is due to green building technology and a sophisticated energy concept. The house is smart. It is connected to local weather stations so that it can adjust its energy usage based on the forecast. Thus, the house can forecast how much energy is likely to be produced under the projected weather conditions, and it knows how much energy it will need under each weather condition. This even allows to predict the energy results, the possible excess energy in later days. An underground ice storage tank also reduced energy needs by removing the need for traditional heating and air conditioning systems. The ice is used in hot seasons to cool the house. When it melts, it absorbs heat energy. In winter, it gradually freezes. When water turns into ice, a certain amount of heat energy is released, which is then used to heat the house via a heat pump, which brings the energy to a higher temperature level. But when there is no sunshine at all, the house draws on its energy reserves. This is the moment batteries with energy stored, will be utilized. It is being recognized that today’s batteries are still not as effective (and expensive). Their use is definitely a must at night tome when there is no sun. The Aktivhaus to reduce the consumption of electric energy over the night hours as much as possible. To this end, the refrigerator runs especially cold during the daytime before automatically switching off after dark, so that the contents don't spoil overnight. It turns on again when the sun rises. The current prototype of the Aktivhaus was imagined for high-density cities. In 2015, prototypes will be built in southern Argentina and Patagonia, while 2016 will see the Aktivhaus debut in Siberia and Turkey. It will soon be possible for people to order their own custom-made Aktivhaus. In 2015, the architect and a group of industrial partners will start selling the concept to consumers. The house can be ordered from a catalogue, like purchasing a car. It can be customized however. A standard model costs €3,000 ($3,500) per square meter, but Sobek says prices can exceed €10,000 ($12,000) per square meter for more luxurious models, adjustable to certain regions or tastes (and luxury finishing), or environmental specifications. The Aktivhaus is a modular and modernist home that generates two times as much energy as it consumes. It positions itself as the next step in sustainable living and architecture, thanks to a series of clever adaptations and technological advances. The current Aktivhaus prototype in Stuttgart, Germany -- nicknamed ‘B10’ -- is powered by photovoltaic thermal panels on its roof, which generate electricity that creates heat as a byproduct. Its components are fully recyclable, and take only a day to assemble; and the fact the modules can be stacked suggests they could be suited to high-density cities. It is a house that produced no emissions or waste, and derived no energy from fossil fuels -- three tenets, or the Triple Zero standard. B10 is the first to generate not only enough energy to fuel itself, but surrounding buildings too, or it can sell energy to the public grid.39 Tool GB 2

Glamorous living off the grid: Aktivhaus generates double the energy you need, CNN International Edition, London. CNN March 17, 2015. http://www.cnn.com//2015/03/17/world/gallery/aktivhaus-sustainablearchitecture/index.html

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Aktivhaus prototype in Stuttgart, Ecological Aktivhaus seeking an image Germany – aiming for mass production of glamour and new luxury

Source: http://www.cnn.com//2015/03/17/world/gallery/aktivha us-sustainable-architecture/index.html

Source: http://www.cnn.com//2015/03/17/world/gallery/aktivhau s-sustainable-architecture/index.html

As the concept of the Active House gets traction, so will the building certifications. 40 As one observer put it: Net-Zero Energy Modern House is a mix of 21st century tech and midcentury modern design. 41 Tool GB 2 Construction21 – digital networking. Construction21 is a knowledge-sharing platform for a multidisciplinary group of building practitioners. Just like the Green Building Councils pulled together, this network pulls together all of the necessary stakeholders in the building industry digitally. It was developed with five Green Building Councils and other expert organizations for energy efficiency in green buildings across Europe, and it was piloted and developed in six countries and is now entering the international phase. The platform includes a case study structure that has been designed specifically to highlight energy and environmental performance of buildings. Good practices of demonstration projects. The Living Future Europe campaign, another private sector initiative, is highlighting the work by the International Living Future Institute. This institute is working on good practices of real life or “living buildings”, demonstrating high-performance buildings which can encourage industry to accept higher standards. A qualified building must have at least one year of demonstrated performance as a positiveenergy building, so it's not about just hiring a construction, it's absolutely about performance. It actually has to perform. It also has a list of over 30 chemicals that are common to the construction industry but are not allowed [for Living Building Challenge projects] due to their inherently dangerous levels of toxicity that have been proven over time. Also, the building has to be built on brownfield sites, so it can't take new land away from very scarce land in Europe.

Alter, L. 2013. Zero Energy Building Certification finally defines what Net Zero really means. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/net-zero-energy-building-certification-finally-defines-what-net-zeroreally-means.html 41 Alter, L. 2013. Net-Zero Energy Modern House is a mix of 21st century tech and mid-century modern design. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/does-net-zero-energy-really-mean-anything-green-building.html; see also: Alter, L. 2016. Net Zero Energy isn't perfect, but it's still a pretty good idea. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/net-zero-energy-isnt-perfect-its-still-pretty-good-idea.html

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Case 2 Germany: Energy-Efficient Green Building Programme From direct subsidies to tax reductions. Germany may be the case with the most longstanding direct support to home-owners and investors into building energy-efficiency. For many years, The German government has provided subsidies on the investment of insulation, energy-efficient heating systems, solar power infrastructure, etc. This has had the effect of firmly bringing green building technologies to the mainstream of the market, it has been a major expense which the government may not be able to sustain or expand. Since 2014, the German government´s direct subsidies have been reduced to a small(er) investment subsidy, linked to the German Development Bank (KfW)´s credit schemes for new built housing or for energy retrofits. 42 At the political level the discussions have questioned whether this will be conducive for Germany to achieve the targets of the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive for 2020. In Germany, 40% of all is being energy consumed in buildings. Thus, the performance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions of 40% by 2020, and of 80-95% by 2050 depends substantially on the contributions and achievements of the green building sector. The German Development Bank (KfW) does tie its financial support to home owners to strict energy performance measurements at the design stage, and after completion. This is being applied both to new construction and to retrofit or renewal of existing older buildings. By 2016 it is expected that new green building regulations will be issued which will determine new quality standards.43 Tool GB 1 Building Energy Savings. In Germany, 42% of national energy consumption is through buildings. A large portion of Germany´s building stock is old. The ongoing building retrofit program is covering about 1% annually. Since energy costs are high building owners are motivated to retrofit and improve the energy performance of their buildings. However, families with low-incomes find the retrofit costs difficult to handle, even despite subsidies and financial help. The government´s targets are to reduce by 40% the housing related emissions by year 2020. By year 2050 this should have increased to 50%. Due to improved building insulation, the heat demand should also have gone down by 20% in 2020, and by 50% in 2050. The German government is providing financial assistance to home owners through bank loans of the German Development Bank (KFW) (see below). In 2010, minimum energy standards were issued. It is expected that in May 2015 these will be overhauled by new guidelines for new buildings and for buildings to be retrofitted. The Passivhaus seems the preferred standard, but its technology has not yet been converted into a national standard. Tool GB 1 Green Mortgages: It is expected that the banking sector will also become interested in supporting green buildings through “green mortgages” which use an energy performance certificate as a proxy for a green certification. This would reward homeowners and property developers who create greener buildings because the bank will loan them more money and provide better terms. Thus, when a mortgage is being calculated and amortization rates for the payback of the mortgage are being calculated, one should be able to receive better terms because the energy savings could actually lower the credit risk and increase the ability to pay. Green building materials. Having more eco-friendly homes is not just about the way in which people live inside them. It is also about what technology is used for its construction, or within the home itself. There are some great technological advances that really make a difference for eco-friendly homes. More often than not the solar panels you encounter will be hot water panels. These heat the water directly around the system and then pump it into 42

Germany is expected to decide soon on its National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (Nationalen Aktionsplan Energieeffizienz [NAPE]). https://www.dialog-energie-zukunft.de/energie%c2%adeffizienz-nape/ 43 https://www.kfw.de/inlandsfoerderung/Privatpersonen/Neubau/Das-KfW-Effizienzhaus/

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your hot water tank for use. There is a large range of housing insulation available that can dramatically reduce the heating bill but also your carbon footprint. Switch existing light bulbs for energy saving ones, can also contribute to important savings. They are still more expensive than regular bulbs but they last much longer and will save you money in the space of a relatively short time. Tool GB 3, Tool GB 1, Tool GB 2

4.2 Good Practices – Illustrations 成功案例 Most Sustainable Office Building, Bussumse Watertoren, The Netherlands

Source: http://www.greendiary.com/sustainable-officebuildings-world.html

Solar House, Denmark

Source: http://www.greendiary.com/best-sustainablycreative-home-designs.html

United Nations headquarters low-energy offices, which was awarded Green Building in 2011

Passive House, Germany

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital /greenbuilding-awards/index.html

http://www.cepheus.de/

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Solar Architecture in the Vauban Suburb, Freiburg, Germany

Passive House, Lodenareal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; New Housing Estate, Innsbruck, Austria

Source: http://www.solarsiedlung.de/default.asp?id=26 Source: http://www.passivehouseinternational.org/download.php?cms=1&file=architectu re_award_en.pdf

Solar Architecture in the Vauban Suburb, Freiburg, Germany

Solar Retrofit of Existing Building, Vauban, Freiburg

Source: http://www.solarsiedlung.de/default.asp?id=26

Source: Florian Steinberg

Solar Architecture in the Vauban Suburb, Freiburg, Germany

Source: Florian Steinberg Source: Florian Steinberg

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Passivhaus, Bahnstadt neighbourhood, in Heidelberg, Germany

Step-by-step building refurbishment developed under EU funded EuroPHit, for promotion of Passivhaus retrofits

Source: www.passiv.de/en/01_passivehouseinstitute/01_passi vehouseinstitute.htm

Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), London, UK

Greening of facades and roofs. Paris, France for CO2 absorption

Source: Florian Steinberg Source: www.yahoo -´zero energy buildings´

Timber Housing in Vienna, Austria

Vienna Timber Housing Storing 2,400 tons of CO2 in Construction System

Source: Stefan Lehmann

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Solar Home in France

Source: Institut Francais. 2015. L’agenda Juin. Beijing, p. 21

Greening of buildings: positive cooling effects in summer, Frankfurt, Germany

Source: Florian Steinberg

Energy-efficiency in Buildings – Frankfurt, Germany

Source: Florian Steinberg

Gironella-Spain, Spain. Energy-efficient Homes

Source: Vivienda de bajo consumo energético / Fontdevila Casajuana Arquitectes 24 December 2016. http://www.archdaily.co/co/801942/vivienda-de-bajo-consumo-energetico-fontdevila-casajuana-arquitectes

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Case 3 Germany: Mass-Produced Ecological Wooden Homes

Source: https://www.baufritz.com/de/energie-und-sicherheit/bio-plusenergiehaus/plusenergiehaus-wimmer/#site

Case 4 Paris, France: Visions for a Paris – Green and Sustainable “ … architects Vincent Callebaut's vision of a green, sustainable Paris is so gorgeous, it makes the glorious French capital looking even more magical. The 2050 Paris Smart City project was commissioned by Paris's City Hall, as it looks at ways to reduce the capital's greenhouse gas emissions by 75 per cent by 2050. With input from engineering firm Setec Bâtiment, Vincent Callebaut envision great residential towers featuring photovoltaic and thermal shields, producing electricity and heating water. Rainwater would be collected for "reversible hydro-electrical" pumps too for generating power cleanly. Other mad ideas include vertical parks with "algae bioreactors", bamboo towers with vegetable gardens and bridges that seem inspired by jellyfish. It's a drastic overhaul of the city, and one that is unlikely to ever approach reality, at least in our lifetimes. But with the designs also supporting increased population numbers, such designs will increasingly have to be taken into consideration by future city planners.

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Source: Lynch, G. 2016. Paris as a Green and Sustainable Future City Is Even More Beautiful. Gizmodo. 19 January. http://gizmodo.com/paris-as-a-green-and-sustainable-future-city-is-even-mo-1680372218

Paris, France: Proposed “Forest Tower” Tao Zhu Yin Yuan Shall Help Reduce CO2 and Air Pollution

Vincent Callebaut Architectures www.vincent.callebaut.org http://app.eltiempo.com/multimedia/fotos/internacional18/el-imponente-edificio-bosque-que-servira-paracombatir-la-contaminacion/16816541

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Case 5 London, United Kingdom: Eco-District Bed-ZED Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED). The Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) is an environmentally friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, United Kingdom. Designed to create zero carbon emissions, it was the first large scale community to do so. 44 BedZED was designed to be carbon neutral, protecting the environment and supporting a more sustainable lifestyle. The project was also pioneering by being the first construction project where a local authority sold land at below market value to make sustainable economically development viable. Buildings. The 82 homes, and 1,405 square metres (15,120 sq ft) of work space were built in 2000–2002. The apartments are finished to a high standard to attract the urban professional, and the project was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize in 2003. Through integrated building design, the elements dedicated to energy production also perform other functions. For example, there are wind turbines on the roof that, besides producing energy are also used to promote ventilation and indoor-outdoor air exchange. The houses face south to take advantage of solar gain, are triple glazed, and have high thermal insulation. Low-impact materials—Building materials were selected from renewable or recycled sources within 56 km of the site, to minimize the energy required for transportation. Heating. The project is designed to use only energy from renewable sources generated on site. There are 777 sqm of solar panels. Tree waste fuels the development's cogeneration plant (downdraft gasifier) to provide district heating and electricity. The gasifier is not being used, because of technical implementation problems, though the technology has been and is being used successfully at other sites. Biomass heaters were implemented along with solar heating. The pipes used for hot water distribution pass near the windows to maintain their heat even using the sun's rays. Performance. Monitoring conducted in 2003 found that BedZED had achieved these reductions in comparison to UK averages: (i) space-heating requirements were 88% less; (ii) hot-water consumption was 57% less; (iii) the electrical power used, at 3 Kilowatt hours per person per day, was 25% less than the UK average; 11% of this was produced by solar panels. The remainder normally would be produced by a combined-heat-and-power plant fueled by wood chips, but the installation company's financial problems have delayed use of the plant; (iv) water consumption has been reduced by 50%, or 67% compared to a powershower household, and (v) residents' car mileage is 65% less. A review of the BedZed development in 2010 drew mainly positive conclusions. Residents and neighbors were largely happy. However, a few significant failures were highlighted, for example: (i) the biomass wood chip boiler (biomass gasifier) was no longer in operation and the back-up power source, a gas boiler, was now used. The downdraft wood chip gasifier CHP (combined heat and power) had reliability problems due to technical failures and the intermittent schedule of operation (no night time operation) imposed by the local authority; (ii) the 'Living Machine' water recycling facility had been unable to clean the water sufficiently. The cost of the facility also made it unviable; (iii) the passive heating from the sunspaces had been insufficient; and (iv) despite best efforts, residents were on average still leaving an ecological footprint of 1.7 planets, which is more than the target of 1.0 planet (but much less than the UK average of 3 planets).45

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BedZED http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BedZED, see also: Ryser, J. Ecocities in Action: Sustainable Development in Europe –Lessons for and from China? in: European Union, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, et al. 2014. Eco-Cities Sharing European and Asian Best Practices and Experiences. EU-Asia Dialogue. Singapore. pp. 107-123 http://www.eu-asia.eu/publications/eco-cities/ 45

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BedZed: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://de.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A9m Ss3Ttvy9ZumMA1wszCQx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByZmVxM3N0BG NvbG8DaXIyBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw-?p=Bedzed+eco+housing&fr=ush-mailn

https://de.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A9m Ss3Ttvy9ZumMA1wszCQx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByZmVxM3N0BGN vbG8DaXIyBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw-?p=Bedzed+eco+housing&fr=ush-mailn

BedZed: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://de.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A9m Ss3Ttvy9ZumMA1wszCQx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByZmVxM3N0BG NvbG8DaXIyBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw-?p=Bedzed+eco+housing&fr=ush-mailn

https://de.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A9m Ss3Ttvy9ZumMA1wszCQx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByZmVxM3N0BGN vbG8DaXIyBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw-?p=Bedzed+eco+housing&fr=ush-mailn

Building Physics of Eco-District Bed-ZED, BedZed: Energy-efficient Buildings London

Source: http://www.eurotubieuropa.it/english/NL/2014/09/nl_09 _3.html

http://www.energysavingsecrets.co.uk/bedzed-the-uksbiggest-eco-community.html

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Beddington Zero Energy Development community in Hackbridge, London, England, is designed to create zero carbon emissions

Source: Other cities can learn from London's drive for clear air. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-03/31/content_19958465.htm

Case 6 Stockholm, Sweden: Eco-District of Hammarby Since 1995, the city of Stockholm has developed Hammarby Sjöstad (Hammarby Lake City), built on a previous industrial site at a harbor area which has been cleaned up, developed and converted into a modern and eco-friendly district. Hammarby Sjöstad is Stockholm’s largest urban development project with its own environmental programme incorporating energy supply, water and wastewater treatment and waste management. Hammarby is meant to provide 10,000 apartments for 35,000 inhabitants and it occupies 200 ha of land in Southern Stockholm. Hammarby was developed to support Stockholm´s bid for hosting the 2004 Olympic Games. Mixed forms of tenure apply throughout the district, with a 45%-55% split between tenancy and tenant ownership. Hammarby is a well-planned area with its own recycling model and local sewerage treatment plant. Energy is being produced in the district heating plant, based on renewable fuels. Combustible waste is burnt to generate heat. The integrated model for energy, waste management, water management is now known as the ¨Hammarby model¨. Sweden´s environmental code came into effect in 1999, and damands the integration of environmental concerns in all public planning activities. Today, the developemnt of Hammarsby almost complete. Environmental targets and the Hammarby model. The city council aimed to make this district two times more sustainable than other best practices of energy-efficiency in Sweden, which normally is 200kWh/m2. Other cutting edge practices produce an average annual energy use of 120kWh/m2, while Hammarby´s target is 100kWh/m2. Other environmental targets include water conservation, waste reduction, reduced hazardous materials in construction, use of renewable energy sources, and integrated transport solutions. Representatives from different key departments of the city administration were concentrated into a project team to synergize all sectors (planning, energy, waste management, real estate, traffic, water and sewerage. Jointly they developed the

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¨Hammarby model¨. The Hammarby model is a unique eco-cycle system that integrates energy, solid waste, water and wastewater for homes, offices and other activities in the area. Seen as a blueprint for city systems of the future, the cycle also includes all storm water, rainwater and meltwater. Hammarby Model of Integrated Infrastructure and Eco-Services

Source: GIZ. 2013. Technical Offer, Europe-China Eco-Cities Link Project.

The following accomplishments are being reported: Land use. Industrial brownfields have been redeveloped into attractive residential areas, with parks and green spaces. This fulfilled the city´s intention to develop the city without opening up virgin land through greenfield development, in accordance with the 1999 Stockholm City Plan. Building materials. Healthy, dry and environmentally sound materials utilized. These have been selected according to their ecological characteristics. No harmful materials allowed. All materials used - inside and outside the buildings - were carefully selected based on environmental considerations. The philosophy is to use proven, sustainable materials and products with environmental declarations, and to avoid chemical products or building materials containing hazardous substances. Water. Reduction water consumption per person by 60% has been achieved. Evaluation. Initial findings of the first cycle of development indicate a 30% of reduction in non-renewable energy (NRE) use, a 41% reduction in water use, a 29% reduction in global warming potential (GWP), a 41 % reduction in photochemical ozone creation production (POCP), and 36% reduction in acidification potential (AP), a 68% reduction in eutrophication potential (EP), and a 33% reduction in radioactive waste (RW).

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Hammarby Sjöstad: scale model

Hammarby Sjöstad: view from the air

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/ 12/hammarby-sjostad-a-new-generationof-sustainable-urban-eco-districts/ Hammarby Sjöstad: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/12/ hammarby-sjostad-a-new-generation-ofsustainable-urban-eco-districts/ Hammarby Sjöstad: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/ 12/hammarby-sjostad-a-new-generationof-sustainable-urban-eco-districts/ Hammarby Sjöstad: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/12/ hammarby-sjostad-a-new-generation-ofsustainable-urban-eco-districts/ Hammarby Sjöstad: Energy-efficient Buildings

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/ 12/hammarby-sjostad-a-new-generationof-sustainable-urban-eco-districts/

http://en.white.se/projects/hammarby-sjostad/

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Case 7 Malmö, Sweden: Designing an Apartment Building for Bike Commuters “As the car-free lifestyle grows increasingly popular, a team of architects is developing an apartment building to match it. When Cycelhuset, or “bike house,” opens in Malmö, Sweden, this December, it will be the country’s first residential complex with no parking spaces attached to it, says Anders Gustafsson, part of the team from architecture firm Hauschild + Siegel, which designed the building. Malmö, Gustafsson adds, “is becoming more and more bike-friendly while building codes are stuck in a car-centered ideology.” The city generally mandates that around one parking spot be attached to each apartment unit; with Cykelhuset, the Hauschild + Siegel team decided “to challenge the status quo by presenting an alternative,” Gustafsson says. “

… In addition to promoting a sustainable lifestyle, the architects designed the building to operate with a very shallow environmental footprint. Solar energy generates the building’s heat and hot water, and greenery watered by automatic irrigation systems dominates the façade, Gustafsson says. Large private planters line each balcony; a shared greenhouse collects rainwater and provides communal space for residents. Sustainable construction in Sweden, Gustafsson says, “has largely revolved around minimizing energy usage in the construction process, and the energy spent by inhabitants while inside the building.” Cykelhuset reimagines the role an apartment building can play in shifting the lifestyle of its residents and the city around it, and it all comes down to cycling. Even the building’s windows, Gustafsson says, take their inspiration from a bike: they’re round, in homage to the wheels that the architects hope will soon be carting everyone around Malmö.” Source: Anzilotti, E. 2016. Designing an Apartment Building for Bike Commuters - Cykelhuset in Malmö, Sweden, is engineered to support a car-free lifestyle. Citylab. September. 2016. http://www.citylab.com/navigator/2016/09/designing-an-apartment-building-for-bike-commuters/498782/

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Case 8 Grenoble, France: Eco-Quartier De Bonne Background. The eco-district (ëco-quartier¨) de Bonne got its name from the late 19th century military barracks, the Caserne de Bonne, which occupied the site until 1994. This small neighbourhood, in between the Grands Boulevards and the historic centre, is noteworthy for its cutting edge ecological features, which follow the French green building codes of the HQE (Haute qualité environnementale (French) or High Quality Environment). This special development area is France’s leading eco-district. The conversion of a former military brownfield site into a mixed-use district comprising offices, housing, a student residence and a hotel. The project broke ground in 2003 and in 2009, it received the National Grand Prize for Ecological Neighbourhoods in France awarded by the country's Ecology, Energy, and Sustainable Development Minister. This eco-district till this moment is the only one of its kind in France. It wants to demonstrate solutions to several problems of urban living and growing cities: Solar heating systems shall fulfil half of the area's hot water needs. Solar panels provide electricity for the commercial and residential buildings. The buildings' shapes are also compact to reduce urban sprawl. With 850 apartments—40 percent of which will be social housing for low-income families— the Ecological Neighbourhood is set to become one of Grenoble's most popular residential areas. The De Bonne eco-district has been planned with a comprehensive viewpoint of buildings, road networks, public parks and the orientation of the blocks in mind. Unlike other well established eco-districts in Europe and elsewhere, which were initiated based on community demand, this project was initiated from the top-down with the aim of reducing electricity, heating, promoting resource efficiency, as well as improving community awareness. Perhaps the district is too new to be assessed.46 At this moment, the following is only a reflection of work still in progress. Environmental targets. The environmental targets of this district are as follows: Energy. Reduction of energy consumption. The buildings – among other elements of the city - will follow very strict requirements for power consumption per square metre. The ecodistrict makes use of solar energy. Grenoble is member of the Energy Cities network. Transport. De Bonne is limiting private car utilization, and inciting the use of alternative mores, like public transport, cycling, and walking. It promotes the use of bicycles through bicycle paths, the presence of secure bicycle parking. Pedestrian routes allow to circulate safely. Bus stops are available throughout the eco-district. There have been considerations to prohibit private cars, as during done in ćar-freeńeighbourhoods. A critical review has stated, however, that essential bicycle parking and concrete cut-outs for trees seem to have been forgotten. Streets appeared less friendly to pedestrian uses. Vehicles seem to predominate the district streets, even with the narrow roads and one-way traffic. Water. The aim is to reduce water consumption. Stormwater is recovered and used to irrigate green spaces, to clean public roads or usage in toilets. Solid waste management. Collection target of waste is 100%. Green waste shall be composted, and composts can be used for gardens and green spaces. Outdoor spaces. The eco-district fosters biodiversity. It supports diversification of local fauna and flora.

http://www.durable.com/actualite/article_l-eco-quartier-de-grenoble-recompense_368; and http://www.ecoquartier-strasbourg.net/index.php/transition/quest-ce-quun-eco-quartier/quelquesexemples/ecoquartier-zac-de-bonne-grenoble.html; http://ecoquartiergare-trevoux.over-blog.com/article-l-exemple-de-bonne-en-france-98031281.html

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Buildings. Construction materials and sites have received special attention (ecological materials, optimized building waste management, reuse of materials where feasible). A pilot construction project experimented with the use of prefabricated wood frame structures. Environmental certification for La Caserne for outstanding performance. In 2014, an environmental performance certificate at ¨outstanding level¨ was obtained for the La Caserne shopping centre. This building applied for a certification under the British Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment (BREEAM) system. This sets a strong precedent. Energy use. In terms of energy use, the centre was designed in accordance with the principles of bioclimatic architecture (favoring natural light, orientation relative to the wind, low-E glazing). It is also built in wood in order to benefit from the thermal inertia of the material. The shopping mall is neither heated nor air conditioned. It benefits from heat provided by the shops and from natural ventilation. All of these factors help to significantly reduce the centre’s energy consumption, limited primarily to lighting. The centre’s shops are provided with heat via the city’s district heating system. Fresh air is supplied through a geothermal system, using a groundwater pumping mechanism. In the event of severe heat, an ammonia-based cooling unit is used to provide air conditioning for shops.47 48 Residents´ participation. Residents are involved in the design of the eco-district, and particular importance is attached to socio-economic, cultural and generational diversity. Many diverse actors need to come together. At the city levels there is a multidisciplinary project team (planners, landscape designers, architects, sociologists, consultants in environment) structuring this dialogue with the citizens. Private sector participation. Other actors required are the developers, investors and managers of infrastructure networks. Landlords do have an interest in seeing energy bills decrease, and they can be important partners. The participation of the inhabitants must be very upstream of the construction or renovation of the eco-district. By taking part in the design of their future place of life, people are encouraged to respect the principles of operation, becoming part of the success of their district. Specific media of communication (intranet network in the neighbourhood, internet forum, publication of journal of neighbourhood, debates, seminars, exhibitions) are relevant for interaction. Environmental associations are closely involved. Recreational activities. The eco-district provides easy access to sports and cultural activities. From the economic point of view, services and businesses will want multifunctional. Social action and health. Intergenerational, cultural and socio-economic diversity is a priority in the development of a sustainable district.

http://www.breeam.org/podpage.jsp?id=765 This “urban recycling” development project, with high environmental aims, has been selected as the pilot project for the EU’s Concerto initiative. 48

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De Bonne: Passive Buildings

http://www.casaeclima.com/ar_9406__PRO GETTI-Riqualificazioni-jean-paul-viguier-grenoble--complesso-uso-misto-Grenoble-ilcomplesso-ad-uso-misto-di-Viguier.html De Bonne: Passive Buildings

http://www.energycities.eu/IMG/pdf/37_from_buildings_to_sma rt_cities_grenoble_xavier-normand.pdf De Bonne: Passive Buildings

http://www.energycities.eu/IMG/pdf/37_from_buildings_to_sma rt_cities_grenoble_xavier-normand.pdf

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Case 9 Helsinki, Finland: Eco-District Viikki Background. The eco-district in Viikki, Finland is the result of long-term work aimed at putting ecological principles into practice in actual buildings. Two design competitions were organised for the area and a number of seminars and debates. The master plan competition was won by a proposal based on a finger-like structure with alternating buildings and green open spaces. The layout permits functions to be combined naturally, nutrients and water to be recycled (composting, allotments, collecting surface water runoff), and the utilisation of solar energy. Another competition was organised for the first blocks. The proposals were evaluated using eco-criteria drawn up by an interdisciplinary working group. The eco-criteria defined levels of five different aspects: pollution, natural resources, health, bio-diversity and urban agriculture. An environment profile was calculated for each competition proposal. In this system, points for those five aspects are added up. A zero-points scheme fulfils the strictest minimum criteria for conventional residential building. A ten-point design represents an ecologically excellent scheme and to exceed twenty points requires exceptional innovations. 49 Eco-Viikki is part of the sustainable cities of Europe initiative. In December 1998, the Government approved a programme of ecologically sustainable development for the construction and property sector, which focuses partly on arriving at models of good practice. In 1998-2000, a special subsidy for pilot projects in line with the principle of sustainability was linked with the Government experimental building programme. During the period 1998 to 2002, an experimental area of ecological building of international importance is being constructed at Viikki, a district to the Northeast of the centre of Helsinki. Viikki is situated 7 kilometres from the heart of Helsinki. Buses began running between Viikki and the city centre in autumn 1999. In the future the area will also be served by the new orbital 'Jokeri' line, running across the Helsinki Metropolitan area. Since 2010, Viikki residential district is completed, with a Science Park nearby. The Science Park is an international centre of excellence evolving as part of the University of Helsinki situated in Viikki which specialises in biology and biotechnology. Viikki will provide 6,000 jobs, places for 6,000 students and homes for 13,000 people. Housing. The Viikki eco-neighbourhood blocks are the result of long-term work aimed at putting ecological principles into practice in actual building. Two design competitions were organised for the area and a number of seminars and debates. The master plan competition was won by a proposal based on a finger-like structure with alternating buildings and green open spaces. The layout permits functions to be combined naturally, nutrients and water to be recycled (composting, allotments, collecting surface water runoff), and the utilisation of solar energy. Another competition was organised for the first blocks. The proposals were evaluated using eco-criteria drawn up by an interdisciplinary working group. The eco-criteria define levels of five different aspects: pollution, natural resources, health, bio-diversity and growing food. An environment profile was calculated for each competition proposal. In this system, points for those five aspects are added up. A zero-points scheme fulfils the strictest minimum criteria for conventional residential building. A ten-point design represents an ecologically excellent scheme and to exceed twenty points requires exceptional innovation. Internal evaluation. The housing blocks are considered an ecologically excellent scheme, 49

http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/archi/programmes/cost8/case/holistic/viikki.html; see also: The Finnish Association of Architects. 2000. Towards a Sustainable City. The Viikki Eco Neighbourhood Blocks. Eco Community Project. Helsinki; Helsinki City. 1998. Ecological building criteria for Viikki. Helsinki City planning Publications 1998:6; Helsinki City. 1999. Viikki. A Science Park at the Centre of a New University District. City of Helsinki, City Planning Department.

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but do not show any exceptional innovations. Plenty of data is available based on detailed evaluation of the plans and construction.50 In the Viikki projects, carbon dioxide emissions are expected to be cut at least by 20% in relation to conventional building and consumption of pure water by more than 20%. Waste during construction is 10% less than normal and, when the buildings are in use, the amount of mixed refuse (max. 160 kg/person/year) is aimed to be 20% less than normal. The use of non-renewable fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions are prevented by cutting energy consumption. A good 60% of normal heating energy is used (105 kWh/m2/year) and 45 kWh/m2/year of electricity. Consumption of primary energy (energy bound up to materials) also has been reduced by one fifth that of conventional building. Emission targets over a 50 year lifespan are 2,575 kg/gross sqm which is approximately 30% less than in conventional buildings. Water efficiency is calculated at 126 l/person/day, or 22% less than without water-efficient fixtures. Domestic recycling of solid waste reduces the available wastes to 160 kg/resident/year which is about 20% than in conventional settlements. Lessons. More data will need to be collected. There exists a preoccupation concerning the location of Viikki, since the area too far from the existing services. Since there is no investment in public transport as an alternative to private motorised transport, whether continued private car use will eliminated the benefits of residential energy efficiency. This matter needs to be assessed. The solar heating project included in Viikki schemes has been approved for funding under the EU Thermie Programme. Eco-District Viikki, Helsinki, Finland

Low-rise apartment buildings, Eco-District Viikki, Finland

Source: GIZ. 2013. Technical Offer, Europe-China Eco-Cities Link Project.

Source: http://skanska-sustainability-casestudies.com/pdfs/39/39_Eko_v001.pdf

Skanska.2008. Eco-Viikki, Finland. http://group.skanska.com/Global/About%20Skanska/Our_Green_Initiative/The_Green_City/Casestudies/Eko_Vii kki_cs.pdf

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Housing with solar heating in Viikki, Finland

Source: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/archi/programmes/cost8/cas e/holistic/viikki.html

Site plan of Eco-District Viikki, Finland

Source: http://www.hel.fi/ksv/english/projects/vikki_kivikko/lat okartano/#

Housing with solar heating in Viikki, Finland

Source: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/archi/programmes/cost8/case/h olistic/viikki.html

Low-rise apartment buildings, Eco-District Viikki, Finland

Source: http://skanska-sustainability-casestudies.com/pdfs/39/39_Eko_v001.pdf

Case 10 Pamplona Navarra, Spain: Sarriguren eco-city Background. Sarriguren is Spain´s first eco-city, planned as an expansion of the city of Pamplona, located 3 kms from the city. The eco-city of Sarriguren was promoted by the Navarre Government Department of the Environment, Spatial Planning and Housing, and was designed by Fundación Metropoli. It follows ten principles devised in terms of performance specifications, with specific emphasis on the protection of natural areas, energy saving, integration of renewable energies and healthy construction. In 2014, Sarriguren had some 13,000 inhabitants. Award. In 2008 it won the 7th European Urban Regional planning Award of the European Council of Spatial Planners. These eco-urbanism criteria are: Nature as integral part of urban design, conservation of rural settlement structure, priority of public transport, cycling and walking, diversity of housing, integration between housing and workplaces, high quality and diversity of public realm, bioclimatic architectural design, commitment to innovation, and high-quality natural environment, with a well-confined physical framework for the eco-city. Master Plan. The master plan for Sarriguren eco-city identified strategies for the reduction

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of green house gas emissions, and proposed innovative eco-measures. The eco-city plan devised eco-design criteria which guided the practical design. Sarriguren became an extension of the existing innovation corridors where high-tech firms are located. Ecoboulevards with sustainable public transport connect the eco-city with the existing urban fabric of Pamplona. The transports system provides for cycle lanes and footpaths to the surrounding nature. Buildings. Sarriguren is to occupy a total surface area of 1,501,906 m2 and some 5,207 homes have been built, 56.81% subsidised housing and 40.81% with controlled housing prices. This social housing has been built by the local housing corporation. It includes a wide range of types and tenure modalities to promote social inclusiveness. Specifications were elaborated in a Municipal Impact Sector Plan (PSIS) related to urban infrastructure. The PSIS adopts a firm commitment to the achievement of energy savings and to maximum energy utilization at two levels: spatial planning and construction: (i) the building orientation must make it possible to capture direct sunlight in cold periods and to prevent shadow casting from adjacent buildings. For this reason, the height of the buildings gradually decreases towards the south and towards the eastern and western boundaries of the residential development; (ii) with regard to construction, the bioclimatic regulations make it mandatory to ensure the dual orientation of all the homes to be developed, whilst also demanding a 25% improvement in the building thermal transmission coefficient in relation to the maximum value indicated by the maximum Spanish standard in force at the plan drafting time. Thus, the buildings were developed using passive and active energy efficiency solutions, renewable energy supply, complete water cycle and innovative smart communication technologies.These technologies were submitted to a certification process to prove their low energy consumption, and low carbon emission characteristics. The building program included refurbishment of the historic village, eco-city gates, viewing towers in the park, blocks of flats, single family houses, and live in work premises. Green areas. The eco-city has allocated a surface area of 159,734 m2 to green areas, a highlight of which is the creation of an 86,000 m2 central park and an artificial lake to permit the responsible management of the water resources and which is used for irrigation purposes, rainwater collection and the regulation of the environmental humidity. Sustainability. The following aspects can be pointed out concerning sustainability of Sarriguren eco-city: (i) financial sustainability – since the project has largely been funded by the private sector, and since it is directed at different population groups, it is foreseen that public funds will flow back, and the remaining aspects will be financed by private initiatives; (ii) social and economic sustainability – expected possible since the eco-city contemplates employment and work opportunities for its target population; (iii) cultural sustainability – seems likely since the old core of the Sarriguren village has been preserved and given added value through the investments in the eco-city; and (iv) environmental sustainability – this shall be achieved through impacts of the bio-climatic architecture, the application of renewable energy projects, the ecological corridors which connect the eco-city with the city and the hinterland. 51

http://habitat.aq.upm.es/dubai/00/bp349.html

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Sarriguren: Scale model

http://www.navarra.es/home_es/Actualidad/ Sala+de+prensa/Profesionales/Documento s/Dossieres+de+prensa/Vivienda+y+Orden acion+del+Territorio/Ecociudad+de+Sarrigu ren.htm Sarriguren: Passive, Energy-efficient Buildings in a hot climate

Sarriguren: Passive, Energy-efficient Buildings in a hot climate

http://transition.web.unc.edu/tag/urbandesign/ Sarriguren: Passive, Energy-efficient Buildings in a hot climate

European Urban Development Award 2008

http://www.apezteguia.com/en/projects/110social-dwellings-sarriguren-ecocity Sarriguren: Proposed extensions

http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/25 /suvivienda/1222354317.html

https://www.construible.es/2006/03/23/laecociudad-de-sarriguren

http://www.apezteguia.com/en/projects/110social-dwellings-sarriguren-ecocity

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Case 11 Malaga, Spain: Green Building in Malaga

Source: Sanchez, C. 2016. Low Carbon Buildings. Low Carbon Urban Planning. Powerpoint Presentation. EUChina Low Carbon Cities Conference, Date: 28-29 June, 2016. Wuhan

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Case 12 Freiburg, Germany: Eco-District Vauban Vauban is a new neighbourhood, planned for 5,000 inhabitants and 600 jobs. It is high density as per German standards with a density of 1,497 pers/sqkm. It is located 4 km south of the town center of Freiburg. It was conceived as a sustainable ¨model¨district on the site of a former French military base, and is named after Sebastian Le Prestre de Vauban, the 17th century French Marshal who built fortifications in Freiburg while the region was under French rule. Development of the Vauban eco-district began in the mid1990s. Buildings. All houses are built to a low energy consumption standard, with 100 units designed with Passivhaus ultra-low energy building standards. Other buildings are heated by a combined heat and power station burning wood chips, while many of the buildings have solar collectors or photovoltaic cells. Perhaps the most outstanding example of solar architecture is the Solar Settlement in Vauban, a PlusEnergy community of 50 dwelling units. It is the first housing community world-wide in which all the homes produce a positive energy balance. The solar energy surplus is then sold back into the city's grid for a profit on every home. The circulation planning for the eco-district shows a departure from the traditional grid and the adoption of a more complex combination grid: There are three types of circulation modes: roads (in red), local streets (in orange) and pedestrian bicycle paths (in green). The preference for walking and cycling can be partly attributed to the layout of the district. Building on previous experience, the plan departs from the simple inherited grid, and creates a network which incorporates the principle of “filtered permeability”. It means that the network geometry favours the active modes of transport and, selectively, “filters out” the car. This is accomplished by reducing the number of streets that run through the neighbourhood. Instead, most local streets are crescents and cul-de-sacs (see drawing). While they are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire neighbourhood. In addition, these paths go through or by open spaces adding to the enjoyment of the trip. The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a new comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – called the ¨fused grid¨. Lessons learnt. Vauban´s experience shows that (i) strategies for urban transformation are based on individual sector strategies. These are becoming part of the overall strategy to mitigate climate change; (ii) there is a local autonomy to decide on and adopt certain policies; and (iii) the local population plays an important role in implementing innovations.52

An Ecological Life Report from Freiburg. 2013. In: Green. #3. Beijing. pp. 134- 143; Green City Office (ed.). 2010. Vauban Quartier Freiburg – A Guided Tour, The vision of a sustainable district becomes reality, FWTM Management and Marketing for the City of Freiburg, Freiburg; Pouille, J. 2015. Die Stadt von morgen – vielleicht, in: Stadtbauwelt 206, Vol. 106. pp. 55-59; Hall, P. 2014. Freiburg: The City that did it all, in: Hall, P. 2014. Good Cities, better lives: How Europe Discovered the Lost Art of Urbanism. Routledge. London, pp. 248-276.

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Vauban: Solar Architecture

Foto: (©) H.D.Rose http://www.hrrose.de/?thema=green_city_vauban&country= kurz_kommentiert Vauban: Energy-efficient Passive Buildings

http://www.vauban.de Good Insulation Materials Contribute to Energy- Efficiency of Buildings and Low Heating Needs

http://www.vauban.de

Vauban: Energy-efficient Passive Buildings

http://www.hrrose.de/?thema=green_city_vauban&count ry=kurz_kommentiert Vauban: Energy-Plus Houses (=”active houses”)

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban_(Freib urg_im_Breisgau) Vauban: Energy-efficient Passive Buildings

https://siedlungen.eu/db/nachhaltigermodellstadtteil-vauban

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Case 13 Heidelberg, Germany: Bahnstadt - Germany’s biggest Passivhaus district53 Biggest Passivhaus district. Bahnstadt is one of Germany’s largest urban development projects. Covering a total area of 116 hectares, the new district is larger than Heidelberg’s Altstadt (Old Town). The Bahnstadt is typical of Heidelberg. It offers a vibrant mixture of living space, science, industry and culture. All to the highest quality. And all in keeping with the sustainable imperative. Bahnstadt is one of the largest passive housing settlements in the world. It offers living space and commercial space and combines optimal conditions for science and business on its campus. Bahnstadt offers space for living, science and business in a central location. Bahnstadt assumes a pioneering role in environmentally sustainable urban development with its construction approach which is based on the passive house standard. Features of the district. Bahnstadt’s central location is particularly appealing since modern living space is as scarce as space for science and research in Heidelberg’s city centre. In the interests of sustainable urban development, a city district is taking shape on the site of the former shunting and freight yard. As a European city of science the city district has added to Heidelberg’s strengths with its closely-knit living space, and areas for work and cultural activities – all in the same neighbourhood. It is this diversity that sets cities like Heidelberg apart and which provides the contemporary drivers to push it forward. Heidelberg-Bahnstadt: • offers living space: attractive and environmentally sophisticated real estate affording a high quality of life for all generations and respective situations. From crèches, a primary school, cultural facilities through to businesses – all on your doorstep. • creates a huge number of jobs: as a high-quality business location for commercial and service companies in future-proof buildings built to passive house standards. • ensures a perfect environment for research and science on its campus: it offers space for future industries such as life sciences, biotechnology, information and communication technology, not to mention energy and environmental sciences as well as other science-related companies. Passivhaus District Bahnstadt in Heidelberg, Germany

Gateway building to Bahnstadt, Heidelberg, Germany

Source: http://heidelberg-bahnstadt.de/en/portraitbahnstadt

Source: http://heidelbergbahnstadt.de/files/documents/hd_imagebroschure_ 2015_englisch_web_0.pdf

Adapted from: Heidelberg’s new district. http://heidelberg-bahnstadt.de/en/portrait-bahnstadt; and http://heidelberg-bahnstadt.de/en/facts-and-figures 53

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Current Development Status Passivhaus District Bahnstadt, Heidelberg

Source: http://heidelberg-bahnstadt.de/en/facts-and-figures

Development Plan Passivhaus District Bahnstadt, Heidelberg

Source: http://heidelberg-bahnstadt.de/files/documents/bahnstadt_plan_800px.pdf

Sustainable energy concept. Bahnstadt sets the course for handling environmental resources responsibly with an energy concept that is unique within Germany. The residents as well as the companies located there will make a sustainable contribution to climate protection and also save energy costs. Pioneering development of the entire district based on the passive house standard promises not only ultra-low energy consumption but also a 20 percent reduction in CO2 emissions by 2015. The medium-term aim is to supply Bahnstadt entirely from renewable energy sources. • Passive house standard as a universal construction method • District heating supply which will be covered in the medium term by way of renewable energies • Intelligent control of power consumption via smart metering Heidelberg-Bahnstadt in figures. Bahnstadt is one of Germany’s largest urban development projects. Comparison: it is roughly the same size as Hamburg’s Hafencity. The investment volume of all public and private construction projects in the area is estimated to amount to around two billion euros. Demand is so high that in 2012, plans for the second construction phase were brought forward by two years. • •

Total area: 116 hectares Area for which Entwicklungsgesellschaft Heidelberg (EGH) is responsible: 60 hectares, of which: o for residential: 9 hectares o for industry/commerce: 16.5 hectares o for campus: 4.5 hectares

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o o o o

•

for open landscape: 16 hectares social infrastructure: 3 hectares road network: 11 hectares public facilities: 2 day nurseries, 1 primary school, 1 community centre, 3 playgrounds The urban density is planned to become relatively high, for German standards: Floor area ratios (FAR) are 1.2 - 3.0 in residential areas. But more elevated in commercial and institutional areas, 2.0 – 3.0.54

Central location. Bahnstadt is located on the former shunting and freight yard in the southwestern part of Heidelberg’s city centre. One side of the new district borders on the main station, the other on fields. The famous old city centre (Altstadt) is only two kilometres away. Good transport connections. thanks to a new access road, the A5 motorway heading in the direction of Frankfurt or the Walldorf intersection can be reached in less than ten minutes. Bahnstadt also has good public transport connections via tram and bus. Bahnstadt also directly adjoins Heidelberg’s main station. Urban but green. people living and working in Bahnstadt will find everything they need for day-to-day living right on their doorstep. At the same time, the district offers all the advantages of city living within easy reach. Despite its urban character, Bahnstadt will be a green district. The generous concept of open landscapes and an abundance of green spaces will provide a high level of recreational value and the best quality of life. Low-Impact Development. To ensure flood control, rain water shall be absorbed from rooftops and open areas. Absorptive flood control measures are proposed which represent what in China would be called the ‘sponge city’ approach. Low-Impact Development – absorptive flood control measures, Bahnstadt, Heidelberg, Germany

Source: file:///F:/backup/d/China/EC%20Link%20Project%20GIZ%20IS/referencias/Green%20Buidling/Heidelberg%20Ba hnstadt/heidelberg_staedtebauliche_rahmenplanung_2007.pdf

Stadtplanungsamt Stadt Heidelberg (ed.).2007. Städtebauliche Rahmenplanung “Bahnstadt 2007”. Heidelberg. P. 42. file:///F:/backup/d/China/EC%20Link%20Project%20GIZ%20IS/referencias/Green%20Buidling/Heidelberg%20Ba hnstadt/heidelberg_staedtebauliche_rahmenplanung_2007.pdf 54

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Section of rain water management plan, Bahnstadt, Heidelberg, Germany

Source: file:///F:/backup/d/China/EC%20Link%20Project%20GIZ%20IS/referencias/Green%20Buidling/Heidelberg%20Ba hnstadt/heidelberg_staedtebauliche_rahmenplanung_2007.pdf

Project development with the PHPP software. The design work on passive house developments utilizes the so-called Passivehaus Projektierspaket (PHPP), a digital tool which is linked into a 3D-tool Design PH, a plug in for the Sketch-up software. 55

Case 14 London, United Kingdom: ‘The World’s Most Sustainable Residential Tower’ “The UK’s Lumiere Developments is launching ‘The Beacon’ – the ‘world’s most sustainable residential tower’ which will save residents up to £11,000 a year in living expenses whilst offering the very highest standards of modern luxury living. Located just 24 minutes from London Euston, bordered by over 400 acres of protected Boxmoor Trust Green Belt land at the heart of Hemel Hempstead’s regeneration district, the 17-storey world class tower will generate sufficient heat and power from on-site renewable energy to power the vast majority of the building’s requirements.”

Coupled with The Beacon’s energy conservation technologies, this makes the building a world leader in its overall energy efficiency. Current energy modelling has predicted that the building is virtually passivhaus, resulting in an expected reduction in heating costs by 70% to 55

http://www.passiv.de/de/04_phpp/04_phpp.htm

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80% compared to normal properties. Via a number of innovative solutions including mechanical ventilation and heat recovery (MVHR) systems, the building will generate enough power to allow Lumiere Developments to offer ‘Free Energy For Life’ to all Beacon Residents… Showcasing a combination of ground-breaking green features not present in any other residential development in the world, this project is the first of its kind. A multidwelling EPC A rated energy neutral building, key features include: • The highest density solar farm in the world (0.8mw on <0.5 acres) • Solar photovoltaic panels – embedded into the solar balustrades at each floor level • Triple-glazing – to all apartments • Quadruple-glazing – to upper level apartments • Ground Source Heat Pumps – to extract heat from the basement of the building to heat the hot water • Air Source Heat Pumps to extract heat from the atrium • 100% rainwater harvesting (collected at roof and balcony levels) for toilet flushing and irrigation of the green planters on each external balcony and internal arboretum • MHVR – Mechanical Heat and Ventilation Recovery System – to ventilate apartments and create comfort cooling • Thermal emissivity of less than 0.2W/M2K • Electric Car Scheme – 5 cars available including Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf and the BMW i3 • Electric Bike Hire Scheme • UK’s tallest residential indoor arboretum • UK’s largest underground automated robotic car park (supplied by Skyline Parking) – 319 car park spaces underground in less than half an acre. Source: UK Development Dubbed ‘The World’s Most Sustainable Residential Tower’. 27th October 2016 https://www.theurbandeveloper.com/uk-development-dubbed-most-sustainable-tower/

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Case 15 Melbourne, Australia: “Active House” - Proposed solar-powered skyscraper would generate half of its power “Wrapped in solar panels, the Sol Invictus sustainable skyscraper concept in Melbourne would present a fundamental rethinking of how high-rises are built.

“One of the most recognizable features of skyscrapers—their thin, steel-and-glass-frames— often becomes an enemy of efficiency. These building’s sleek, striking curtain walls result in extra heat gain and excessive heating costs in cooler climates, meaning these modern structures can sometimes be energy hogs. Achieving energy efficiency in a high-rise often means designing to evade the sun, with facades strategically shaped to deflect the sun’s rays. … This concept would see the technology shaping a fundamental part of the architecture… "Many designers engineer buildings to reduce their exposure to the sun. In this case, we’re doing the opposite." Source: Sisson, P. 2016. Proposed solar-powered skyscraper would generate half of its power. Curbed. 7 September. http://www.curbed.com/2016/9/7/12836406/solar-power-skyscraper-sustainable-sol-invictus-australia

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Case 16 Rennes, France: Sustainable and Affordable Green Housing New residential complex as part of the expansion of Rennes. A dense urban area that offers more public access to nature, private greens. Densification only works when it comes with added qualities, and that is our ambition for these inhabitants.’

Source: MVRDV has won a competition to design a new residential complex in rennes, france. Designboom. 21 October 2016. http://www.designboom.com/architecture/mvrdv-rennes-residential-complex-ilotde-loctroi-france-10-21-2016/

4.3 Technologies and Products 技术和产品 In Europe the applications of green building are spread out in many locations. Most prominently, however, are a couple of ¨green cities¨, often rather suburbs of older existing cities: Prominent examples are Eco City Vauban in Freiburg, Germany; Eco-City of Hammarby, Sjostad, Sweden; Eco-District Bed-ZED, London, United Kingdom; VitoriaGasteiz, Basque Country, Spain; Eco-Quartier de Bonne, Grenoble, France; Eco-City, Viiki, Finland. While this list is far from being exhaustive, more examples exist, and their number is growing. 56

Case 17 Germany: Building information modeling (BIM) The BIM is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be exchanged or networked to support decision-making about a place. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, wastewater, electricity, gas, refuse and communication utilities, roads, bridges and ports, houses, apartments, schools and shops, offices, factories, warehouses and prisons. In the context of green building BIM has been utilized as a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of buildings, as a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition. Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional technical drawings (plans, elevations, sections, etc.). Building information modeling extends this beyond 3D, augmenting the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth) with time as the fourth dimension (4D) and 56

More details on these ´pilot´eco-cities are to be found in the EC Link position paper on ¨Compact Urban Development¨.

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cost as the fifth (5D). BIM can be utilized for analysis and documentation of energy efficiency of entire buildings or its components. For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be handed from the design team (architects, landscape architects, surveyors, civil, structural and building services engineers, etc.) to the main contractor and subcontractors and then on to the owner/operator; each professional adds discipline-specific data to the single shared model. This reduces information losses that traditionally occurred when a new team takes 'ownership' of the project, and provides more extensive information to owners of complex structures.57

4.4 Indicators 指标 Across Europe´s green building scene there exists a vast range of green building indicators. It is recommended to view the indicators of the rating systems which are being presented below since these are the most indicators available. The existing Eco-City indicators have been summarized in the following table, showing examples of European, North-American and Chinese indicator systems. Notably, most of these indicators are Green Building indicators. Table 1: Overview of ‘Eco-City’ Indicator Schemes and Frameworks NATIONAL EXAMPLES BREEAM Communities

BRE UK/Global

Multi-stage assessment and certification scheme designed for urban master planning. Covers six urban sustainability areas (energy, governance, innovation, land use, socio-economic development, transport).

CASBEE UD

Japan GreenBuild Council

Assessment system for “built environment efficiency’ (incl. districts/cities) regarding economic, environmental, and social criteria. In association with Japan Sustainable Building Consortium.

DGNB NSQ

German Society for Urban Studies

Certification system for new neighborhoods, including 50 indicators across six quality dimensions (environmental, economic, process, socio-cultural, site, technical). Allows for flexibility across contexts.

Eco-city Development Index System

Chinese Society for Urban Studies

Proposed national indicator framework, organised along five categories and 28 indicators. Specific targets for majority of indicators, with eight indicators defined more flexibly in terms of “innovative approaches”.

Enterprise Green Communities, USA

Enterprise Community Partners, Inc.

Not-for-profit certification programme to support sustainability initiatives for affordable (low income) neighbourhoods. Free online planning/indicator tool includes mandatory and optional criteria.

Green Communities

US Environment Protection Agency

Green Star

Green Building

Open access “assistance kit” to guide community-led sustainability action plans. Multi-stage process, including guidance on selection, use and reporting of sustainable development indicators. Rating tool providing best practice benchmarking and

Hochtief awarded contract to implement BIM in Germany. Global Construction Review. 18 January 2017. http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/hochtief-awarded-contract-imple7ment-bi7m-germ7any/

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Sustainable Communities

Council of Australia

certification for community-level developments. Indicator areas include: design, economic prosperity, environment, governance, innovation, liveability.

IGBC Green Townships Rating System

Indian Green Building Council

Three-stage rating/certification scheme for large-scale developments (incl. residential areas). Four indicator categories: community development, environment and land use planning, resource management.

LEED ND

US Green Building Council

Multi-stage certification scheme operation at neighbourhood level. Focus on green buildings, smart growth and urbanism, including green infrastructure, integrated transport and liveable community.

Sustainable Communities

Audubon International

Multi-stage certification scheme based on Audubon International Principles for sustainable resource management. Specific performance indicators defined by community, with annual re-certification.

MUNICIPAL EXAMPLES Caofeidian EcoTangshan City Municipality

Purpose-built framework comprising 141 indicators (of which 109 planning and 32 management indicators) for city, neighbourhood and building levels.

Eco-Metropolis 2015

City of Copenhagen

Strategic vision statement aimed at making Copenhagen “the environmental capital of Europe”. Includes ten indicator categories, of which six are environmental and four social. The Greenest City 2020 Action Plan incorporates ten headings focusing on carbon emission, ecosystems, and waste. 15 high-level output indicators (targets) guide the step-by-step implementation plan. Piloted for Linz, but designed as a replicable indicator framework for master planning. Includes six categories (economy, environment, facilities, planning, space, transport), each with six indicators.

Greenest City 2020

City of Vancouver

SolarCity Linz

City of Linz

Tianjin Binhai Ecocity

Singapore and Chinese Governments

26 tailor-made Key Performance Indicators with focus on resource efficiency, and incorporating Sino-Singaporean national standards.

Treasure Island

Treasure Island Development Authority

Sustainability master plan incorporating four indicator categories (community, energy, resilience, waste), each with specific indicator targets. Incorporates LEED ND and Climate+ Development Program.

Source: Joss, S. (ed.). 2012. Tomorrow’s City Today – Eco-City Indicators, Standards & Frameworks. University of Westminster. London. p. 9. http://www.westminster.ac.uk/data/assets/pdf_file/0007/198358/Bellagio_Spreads_PDF-Version__28.1.13-12.pdf

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4.5 Standards 标准 The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that standards and certification are an important mechanism to introduce green building through normative measures. This can be done thorough mandatory or through voluntary mechanisms: “The building sector offers major opportunities to bridge the emissions gap, due to its large share in global energy use, the dynamics of population growth, urbanisation and housing needs, and its large cost-effective mitigation potentials. … [W]ell-designed policy packages are critical to achieving the stated potentials combining building energy codes, building energy certification programs, together with appropriate incentives and information campaigns. … A strong and well implemented building energy code will take the building stock to a higher energy performance, and will be able to avoid locking-in obsolete solutions and high-emitting technologies, especially in rapidly developing regions. Building energy codes are increasingly being applied worldwide. In late 2015, mandatory and/or voluntary building energy codes were in place in over 60 countries at either national or subnational levels, making this one of the most widely used energy efficiency policy instruments. Building energy codes are expanding their coverage from new construction to renovations of existing buildings, which is particularly important for regions with mature building stocks. For instance, the European Directive on the Performance of Buildings requires energy performance improvements for major retrofits throughout the European Union (EU) (European Parliament, 2010). Building energy codes have also been expanding in their coverage of requirements – moving towards more complex, whole-building approaches, and requiring the integration of renewable energy generation. Most of these schemes are voluntary. In the case of the European Union, its mandatory Energy Performance Certification is required when buildings are sold or rented, or when they undergo major renovations. However, countries such as Germany also set energy performance requirements for minor retrofits. However, the existence of a building energy codes alone does not guarantee emission reductions. To ensure their effectiveness, the following principles need to also be adopted. … Compliance monitoring and enforcement are essential. … Certification of building energy performance is currently being used in at least 35 countries, worldwide. Labelling schemes enable policy makers to tailor incentive schemes and other policy instruments, fostering a market transformation towards high-energy performance building stock. Certification may exist with or without a label, and can be combined with the provision of a set of recommendations for improvement. Mandatory schemes are expected to have a higher overall impact, while voluntary schemes can be considered as information measures. Voluntary schemes may enhance the effectiveness of other policies, or be a transitional step towards a mandatory system. The effectiveness of certification and labelling schemes also depends on effective monitoring and enforcement, which should be an integral part of their design. Many countries have developed their own building energy performance certification schemes, like the Home Energy Rating (Chile), Greenship (Indonesia) and Green Mark (Singapore). Many other countries have adapted international certification systems to the local conditions. However, many of these schemes were developed before a stringent climate goal was universally accepted and, therefore, operate with less ambitious energy, or emissions performance levels than would be consistent with the global goal. Therefore, it is important that countries, before adopting energy performance certification programmes for buildings developed in the past, carefully examine their stringency from the perspective of carbon lock-in, and the energy and emissions performance requirements are brought as close to the state-of-the-art as possible.

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In terms of energy performance, one of the most ambitious building energy certification schemes is the so-called “Passivehaus” standard. This standard encourages very lowenergy buildings from a heating and cooling perspective, with low thermal losses and optimized thermal gains. The Passivehaus standard has been adapted to different climate zones worldwide and further developed with the common target that annual final energy use for heating and cooling – not exceeding 15 kilowatt hour (kWh) per m2 per year.8 This target represents a reduction of up to 90 per cent in energy demand for heating and cooling for most existing buildings. The standard has become popular in several countries, and is experiencing a dynamic market adoption in several regions. The global floor area of Passivehauses has grown from 10 million m2 in 2010 to 46 million m2 in 2016, with the most activity occurring in Europe (personal correspondence: Passive House Institute and Gunter Lang). Presently, the price premium for new Passivehauses in several countries is comparable to standard construction costs. Net-zero energy buildings. The minimal remaining energy needs of highly efficient buildings can often be supplied with on-site renewable energy, thus creating a net zero energy building. The global market of this type of building reached US$630 million in 2014, and is expected to continue its growth, to reach US$1.4 trillion by 2035. Numerous examples of net zero energy buildings exist around the world. Energy positive (or e+) buildings. These are buildings that generate more (renewable) energy on-site than they use. Examples can be found in a number of countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Norway, the UK and the USA. These highly efficient buildings can play an important and more active role in the overall energy system, since they can act as potential micro-energy hubs, supplying energy to local neighbourhoods through peer-topeer networks. This offers opportunities to generate and store renewable energy (both therefore, operate with less ambitious energy, or emissions performance levels than would be consistent with the global goal. Therefore, it is important that countries, before adopting energy performance certification programmes for buildings developed in the past, carefully examine their stringency from the perspective of carbon lock-in, and the energy and emissions performance requirements are brought as close to the state-of-the-art as possible. In terms of energy performance, one of the most ambitious building energy certification schemes is the so-called “Passivehaus” standard. This standard encourages very lowenergy buildings from a heating and cooling perspective, with low thermal losses and optimized thermal gains. The Passivehaus standard has been adapted to different climate zones worldwide and further developed with the common target that annual final energy use for heating and cooling – not exceeding 15 kilowatt hour (kWh) per m2 per year. This target represents a reduction of up to 90 per cent in energy demand for heating and cooling for most existing buildings. The standard has become popular in several countries, and is experiencing a dynamic market adoption in several regions. The global floor area of Passivehauses has grown from 10 million m2 in 2010 to 46 million m2 in 2016, with the most activity occurring in Europe. Presently, the price premium for new Passivehauses in several countries is comparable to standard construction costs. Net-zero energy buildings. The minimal remaining energy needs of highly efficient buildings can often be supplied with onsite renewable energy, thus creating a net zero energy building. The global market of this type of building reached US$630 million in 2014, and is expected to continue its growth, to reach US$1.4 trillion by 2035. Numerous examples of net zero energy buildings exist around the world. Energy positive (or e+) buildings. These are buildings that generate more (renewable) energy on-site than they use. Examples can be found in a number of countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Norway, the UK and the USA. These highly efficient buildings can play an important and more active role in the overall energy system, since they can act as potential micro-energy hubs, supplying energy to local neighbourhoods through peer-to-peer networks. This offers opportunities to generate and store renewable energy. The average building stock levels in most developed countries score well above 100-150 kWh per m2. The concept can also be applied at a scale that is greater than individual buildings. … Recognizing the promise of highly energy efficient buildings and their societal co-benefits, some jurisdictions are now recommending or mandating them as standards for different building types. For instance, since 2010, in Brussels (Belgium) all new public

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buildings are mandated to be built to the Passivehaus standard, and as of January 2015 it is a mandatory requirement for all new buildings and major retrofits. Hannover, Germany does not have mandatory Passivehaus policies, however the local housing market has transformed to offer high efficiency as a standard option, and approximately one-third of all new construction voluntarily conforms to the Passivehaus standard.” 58 Case 18 United States: LEED Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) is a green building certification program developed in the US that recognizes best-in-class building strategies and practices. To receive LEED certification, building projects satisfy prerequisites and earn points to achieve different levels of certification. Prerequisites and credits differ for each rating system, and teams choose the best fit for their project. 59 Case 19 United Kingdom: BREEAM This system, the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) for buildings and large scale developments was developed in the United Kingdom. BREEAM was the among the first green building standards to be developed; it was launched in 1990. Today it is being utilized in about 73 countries. In the UK there are some 2,000 BREEAM certifiers, and some 440,000 buildings have been certified as per the BREEANM methodology. It is a certificated assessment which is delivered by a licensed organisation, using assessors trained under an accredited training scheme. This provides clients, developers, designers and others with (i) market recognition for low environmental impact buildings; (ii) confidence that tried and tested environmental practice is incorporated in the building; (iii) inspiration to find innovative solutions that minimise the environmental impact; (iv) a benchmark that is higher than existing regulations, (v) a system to help reduce running costs, improve working and living environments, and (vi) a standard that demonstrates progress towards corporate and organisational environmental objectives. Case 20 Germany: DGNB The German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen] has established also a certification system for sustainable building. 60 The DGNB System is unique. It provides an objective description and assessment of the sustainability of buildings and urban districts. Quality is assessed comprehensively over the entire life cycle of the building. The DGNB Certification System can be applied internationally. Due to its flexibility it can be tailored precisely to various uses of a building and even to meet country-specific requirements. The outstanding fulfilment of up to 50 sustainability criteria from the quality sections ecology, economy, socio-cultural aspects, technology, process work flows and site are certified. The system is based on voluntarily outperforming the concepts that are commonly used today. If a performance requirement is met, the DGNB awards the DGNB certificate in bronze, silver, gold. In addition, there is the option of simple pre-certification in the planning phase.

Source: UNEP. 2016. The Emissions Gap Report 2016 - A UNEP Synthesis Report. Nairobi, pp. 31-35 http://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/theme/13/Emissions_Gap_Report_2016.pdf 59 The World Bank´ s affiliate, International Finance Corporation (IFC) has developed a green building certification platform for affordable and fast certification, known as ´edge´. This must be seen as a measure complementary with the LEED self-registration system. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/edge 60 www.dgnb-system.de/en

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Case 21 Germany: ¨Passivhaus¨ The Passivhaus represents design and construction according to principles developed by the Passivhaus Institute in Germany. 61 The Passive House Institute (PHI) is an independent research institute that has played an especially crucial role in the development of the Passive House concept. The Passivhaus claims meticulous attention to detail and rigorous fulfilment of the key principle: ¨The heat losses of the building are reduced so much that it hardly needs any heating at all. Passive heat sources like the sun, human occupants, household appliances and the heat from the extract air cover a large part of the heating demand. The remaining heat can be provided by the supply air if the maximum heating load is less than 10W per square metre of living space. If such supply-air heating suffices as the only heat source, we call the building a Passive House.¨ 62 Thus, the definition of Passivhaus is driven by air quality and comfort: A Passivhaus is a building in which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or postcooling the fresh air flow required for a good indoor air quality, without the need for additional recirculation of air. The Passivhaus uses a combination of low-energy building techniques and technologies. Achieving the major decrease in heating energy consumption required by the standard involves a shift in approach to building design and construction. Design may be assisted by use of the 'Passivhaus Planning Package' (PHPP) which uses specifically designed computer simulations. Tool GB 1

Graph 2: Passive house concept

Source: www.passiv.de/en/01_passivehouseinstitute/01_passivehouseinstitute.htm

www.passiv.de/en/01_passivehouseinstitute/01_passivehouseinstitute.htm This initiative is led by Prof. Dr Wolfgang Feist, Head of Energy Efficient Construction/ Building Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria and Director of the Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, Germany. 62

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What's a Passive House? Here's a good simple explanation63 "Passive house is the radical notion that you can reliably and consistently design a building that works for humans," explained Barry. "It’s a comfort standard and a methodology." Essentially, a passive house is designed to be extremely energy-efficient so that it doesn’t take a lot of power to heat or cool. To be designated as a passive house, a building must embody a set of specific best practices that seal it from outside temperatures while maintaining a stable inside temperature and high air quality.” "It’s sort of like building a thermos," …"but it’s a thermos with really good ventilation." When you want a space to naturally maintain its temperature—whether it’s as small as a thermos or as large as a home—you’re going to be following many of the same rules. Passive homes need to be air-tight, have continuous insulation, triple-paned windows, and a great system for controlling air quality. “ … “what is probably the most important benefit to occupants in Passive House designs: Comfort. They also note that they are not built all that differently from conventional buildings, don’t cost a lot more, and don’t have to look weird, although they can be … hashtagged as #BBB, or Boxy But Beautiful.”

Graph 3: Heating and Cooling in Active Houses (‘Net-Zero Energy Houses)

© Matarozzi Pelsinger. Source: Alter, L. 2013. Net-Zero Energy Modern House is a mix of 21st century tech and mid-century modern design. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/does-net-zero-energy-really-meananything-green-building.html

Zero Energy Buildings using ice64 ¨One of the biggest complaints … with the concept of Zero Energy Buildings and with rooftop solar installations is that they do not necessarily reduce overall energy consumption but shifts the source from grid to solar. This is of course a wonderful thing during the day when the sun is shining, but right now, where there are so few ways to store sunshine, there is a big problem at peak times. In fact, “when a building uses electricity can be just as important as how much is being used.” One technology that should be looked at more closely is ice 63

Source: Alter, A. 2016. What's a Passive House? Here's a good simple explanation. Treehugger 23 September. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/whats-passive-house-heres-good-simple-explanation.html 64 Alter, L. 2016. Zero Energy Buildings should make nice with ice. Treehugger. 26 July 2016.http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/zero-energy-buildings-should-make-nice-ice.html

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storage. [In locations where] a major driver of electricity consumption is air conditioning, consuming as much as 40 percent of peak electrical demand in summer. And while we may not be able to store sunshine, we can actually store ´coolth´ … in the form of ice. Calmac has been doing this for years with their ice storage systems. … [It] is ideal for Net Zero buildings.

© Calmac A zero energy building can reduce its peak demand through the use of thermal energy storage by making ice during off-peak hours to cool the building during peak periods. Without thermal energy storage, when demand for cooling spikes, renewable energy is used to cool the building. If the sun is no longer available, more expensive energy must come from the grid. The consumer is then charged expensive demand charges to account for use of the grid's standby power, which happens to also be more polluting.

© Calmac By using thermal energy storage instead, ice is created during low-demand hours using lowcost, low-emission energy. The next day, during peak-demand hours, renewable energy can be used to meet the building's demand for cooling. Energy storage can kick on when the sun isn't shining, thus, reducing the peak demand, flattening the building's electrical profile, and improving the grid's load factor. When there is no increase in energy usage during the highdemand peak hours to the utility, the building appears smaller. Ice is essentially a battery, made with off-peak power (much of which is solar) and storing a big chunk of the energy needed at peak times. This saves the consumer a lot of money and could take a significant load off the top of the peak. Smart thinking from Calmac.

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Passive Cooling - with the Ice Bear65 Ice Energy, which still makes the Ice Bear, now claims that “Ice Energy’s home ice battery provides 24/7 efficient cooling for your home and can cut your bills by up to 40%! You start saving from day one and your carbon footprint melts away as your Ice Bear comfortably cools your home.” There were no smart meters back then and no peak and off-peak power rates, so the benefits came from the fact that it takes less energy to make ice when it is cooler at night. It’s a very different story today.

It’s hard for some to think of ice as a battery, but it is- it takes power during off peak times (perhaps from solar panels on your own roof) and makes ice. Since air conditioning is such a big consumer of electricity, it is storing the energy needed to cool the home as ice instead of electrons, and releasing that energy at peak power times, just like a conventional battery would. But there are real advantages: Ice batteries cost less than half of lithium ion batteries of the same capacity on a life-cycle basis. They can eliminate the need for expensive peaker plants, and new transmission and distribution upgrades. Customers save up to 40% on their cooling bills too. Because it is just water changing state instead of the chemical reaction that happens in batteries, it can last much longer. While chemical batteries degrade over their relatively short life, our ice batteries last at least 20 years and suffer no degradation, regardless of use. They can be fully charged and discharged everyday for up to 20 years without any capacity loss.They have a much longer track record, too. Ice Bear storage is commercially-proven. Since 2005, our smart ice batteries have logged over 34 million operating hours with a reliability record in excess of 98%. Our ice batteries were built to last and require minimal maintenance.

Alter, L. 2016. Houses can make nice with ice too, with the Ice Bear. Treehugger. 27 July 2016 http://www.treehugger.com/energy-efficiency/houses-can-make-nice-ice-too-ice-bear.html

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Of course, [one] wishes people would invest in radical building efficiency so that they only need a teensy little air conditioner instead of a big ten ton unit, and where the whole house can act as a thermal battery. And it would be nice if it was a split system with the condenser outside but the ice storage unit inside, possibly increasing efficiency by keeping it all inside. But if we are serious about reducing peak loads and storing solar power, this is another interesting tool.¨ Case 22 Germany: Passive House also for energy-efficiency in the tropics. Whether in India, Singapore or Brazil – Passive House principles also work in tropical climates. The focus, however, changes: while heating is typically not needed in these climates, efficient cooling and dehumidification methods play an important role. A new study by the Passive House Institute gives concrete design recommendations, showing that, in the Passive House of the tropics, energy demand is also drastically reduced. Tool GB 1

Case 23 France: High Quality Environmental (HQE) standard The Haute Qualité Environnementale or HQE (High Quality Environmental standard) is a standard for green building developed in France, based on the principles of sustainable construction first set out at the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit. HQE™ certification is awarded to building construction and management as well as urban planning projects. HQE™ promotes best practices, sustainable quality in building projects and offers expert guidance throughout the lifetime of the project. The standard is controlled by the Parisbased based Association pour la Haute Qualité Environnementale (ASSOHQE). On 16 June 2009, it was announced that the CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment) and its subsidiary CertiVéA had signed a memorandum of understanding to work together with the global arm of the United Kingdom's Building Research Establishment (BRE) to develop a pan-European building environmental assessment method. The BRE developed and markets (BREEAM), the BRE Environmental Assessment Method has similarities to the

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French HQE. Unfortunately, BREEAM and HQE are still disseminating their own standards round the world, leaving little doubt that no pan-European method will emerge in the near future, at least stemming from these two organisations.66 Tool GB 1

Case 24 Paris, France: Green Refurbishment of an Iconic Modern Tower Block

Images by Luxigon

French studio Nouvelle AOM has been selected to overhaul the Tour Montparnasse skyscraper, in time for the Paris 2014 Olympic Games. … Montparnasse Tower – An icon of the 21st-century energy revolution

Images by Luxigon

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_Qualité_Environnementale

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The consortium won an international competition to oversee the €300 million (£266 million) renovation, which will see Tour Montparnasse – arguably Paris' most contentious building – given a "green makeover". "When we took up the challenge of this exciting competition, our focus was on revealing the beauty of the Tour Montparnasse from the inside out," said the team. "We achieved this by incorporating radically new uses and crafting a complete sustainable 'green' makeover of the facade. The aim is to make the tower an icon of the 21st-century energy revolution." Nouvelle AOM defeated proposals by OMA, MAD, and Studio Gang with its scheme, which will see the lower levels of the 209-metre tower covered in planting and crowned by a conservatory. Detached slightly from the main body of the tower the roof-top garden is designed to visually break the height of the tower up. The competition was launched in 2016, following years of calls to revamp the city's second-tallest building. When the Tour Montparnasse completed in 1973, its design and height were met with such opposition that it sparked a 42-year skyscraper ban in the city, which has only just been lifted. "The redesign emphasises the horizontal plane, putting an end to the tower's vertical focus that left it isolated," said the architects. "The revamp also makes a shift from opacity to transparency, while compelling new uses will transform the tower into a lively thriving place, giving it back to the people of Paris." Tour Montparnasse was originally designed by architects Eugène Beaudouin, Urbain Cassan and Louis Hoym de Marien, and is second tallest only to the 324-metre Eiffel Tower. Uproar regarding its scale led planners to introduce a seven-storey limit on new buildings. In recent years the law has been updated to permit the construction of residential towers measuring up to 50 metres and office blocks up to 180 metres within the city's arrondissements. Mairs, J. 2017. Tour Montparnasse set to receive "green makeover" by Nouvelle AOM. In: Dezeen. 20 September. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/20/tour-montparnasse-renovation-nouvelle-aom-paris-francenews/

Case 25 Switzerland: MINERGIE In Switzerland a voluntary certification system has been established, the Minergie. Minergie is a registered quality label for new and refurbished low-energy-consumption buildings. It is directed to promote rational utilization of renewable energy, for an improvement in quality of life and a reduction of negative carbon impact.67 Minergie was registered as a trademark to prevent misuse. In 1997 it was acquired by the Swiss Cantons Zurich and Berne. In 1998 the present Minergie Association was founded, and its first standard, the Minergie label for low-energy-consumption buildings, was published. At the end of 2001, a further, more stringent standard for so-called passive housing was introduced, Minergie-P. Since then, further applications of the label have been defined, such as those for specific building components. For Minergie the following criteria are crucial: (i) primary criteria of the building envelope; (ii) year-round exchange of air for comfort control of the building´s interior; (iii) benchmark values as defined by MINERGIE® (weighted data); (iv) proof of thermal comfort during summer; (v) additional requirements as per type of building (illumination; cooling of commercial buildings); (vi) limitation of extra costs to 10% for green building investments compared with conventional solutions. MINERGIE defines target values for the energy consumption. It is important that the building is seen as an integral system. The building envelope together with the internal infrastructure, and to differentiate different dimensions of performance: heating, cooling, preparation of warm water, and preferably combined. For MINERGIE houses with minimal energy consumption, the source of energy is secondary. However, the overall energy balance sheet will indicate the importance of water heating. In the case of renewable energy there is preference for solar energy. Additional criteria are 67

http://www.minergie.ch/standard_minergie.html

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illustrative of the system´s technical rigidity: Illumination – as per the Swiss norm SIA 380/4 the electricity requirement shall achieve a benchmark of 25% compared to conventional sources; warm water – 20% of energy requirement shall be covered by renewable energy; commercial cooling – utilization of heat recovery and recycling needs to be proven; enclosed swimming pools – need to provide evidence of capture and recycling of heat when bringing in new water for bathing purposes (technical evidence and calculations of the energy concept, and energy schemes to be provided). Tool GB 1

Case 26 The Netherlands: GreenCalc+ GreenCalc+: This evaluation software was developed by a group of Netherlands companies based on the Dutch version of the British certification system BREEAM, here BREEAM-NL. This software is designed to calculate environmental impact of a single building or of several blocks throughout the entire construction process according to its environmental index. GreenCalc+ is a computer software used for green building appraisals throughthe Dutch Green Building Council (DGBC). Its development was supported by the Dutch Housing, Space Development and Environment Ministry. It evaluates not only the buildings but the environment impact based on life-cycle analysis. It can be applied on the appraising of both individual building and a community, on benchmarking of various communities’ planning. Four modules are included, to calculate the environment cost caused by building materials, energy, water and commuting transport. -

Building materials. Calculated by TWIN 2002 appraising model, whereby the impact on health is ignored. Energy consumption. Calculated according to official energy audit standard, the result will be represented by the quantity of gas consumption or kWh power consumption. Water consumption. Calculated according to Dutch Water Consumption Standard developed by the consulting companies OpMaat and BOOM. Commuting Transport. Its environment impact is calculated based on a building’s location and its accessibility. The fuel cost of car and public transport are included. 68

4.6 Verification Methodology 测评方法 4.6.1 The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Case 27 United States: LEED The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) tool, the first of its kind, uses a self-assessment when applying for LEED certification, and is structured into the following modules: (i) Building design and construction; (ii) Interior design and construction; (iii) building operations and maintenance; (iv) neighbourhood development; and (v) homes. In a cross-cutting manner it can address the seven parameters: (i) sustainable sites; (ii) water efficiency (water efficient landscaping; innovative wastewater technologies); (iv) energy and atmosphere; (v) materials and resources; (vi) indoor and environmental quality: and

http://www.greentoolbox.info/tool-page/acf69d80-dc95-b15a-0d5b-cfe5f612e0ed; http://www.greencalc.com/; https://www.breeam.nl/

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(vii) innovation in design. As per the scoring received, there are 4 levels of certification: ¨certified¨- 40-49 points; ¨silver¨- 50-59, ¨gold¨- 60-79, and ¨platinum – 80+ points.69 While this system has been the first of its kind, it needs to be noted that it does rate building prior to their occupation. There is no mechanism as of yet to evaluate actual building performance. Tool GB 1

4.6.2 United Kingdom 英国 Case 28 United Kingdom: BREEAM BREEAM addresses wide-ranging environmental and sustainability issues and enables developers, designers and building managers to demonstrate the environmental credentials of their buildings to clients, planners, developers and other parties.70 Property agents may use it to promote their environmental credentials. Building and site managers use it to reduce running costs, measure and improve the performance of buildings. Building Research Establishment (BRE) is a prominent founding member of the UK Green Building Council. BREEAM is the preferred scheme for a number of the national Green Building Councils across Europe, including the Netherlands, Norway and others. 71 BRE is also involved in the ¨Passivhaus¨certification programme. It can offer BRE Global Certified Passivhaus designer. The aim of the BRE Global Passivhaus Certification Scheme is to implement design standards across the whole design and construction industry and enable Certified Passivhaus Designers in the field to be identified according to the Passivhaus Standard. It also gives organisations confidence in the level of competence and credibility of Certified Passivhaus Designers. The German inspired Passivhaus is the fastest growing low energy design standard in the world with over 30,000 buildings realised to date. The Passivhaus Certification Scheme is currently the only UK based certification scheme for Certified Passivhaus Designers. BRE Global are authorised to issue certificates to Certified Passivhaus Designers as per our contract with the Passivhaus Institut (PHI) (see below). Besides newly build buildings, BREEAM does also cover the retrofitting of homes and nonresidential buildings.72 Tool GB 1

http://cn.usgbc.org/LEED/#tools and http://www.LEEDuser.com. UK Green Building Council. August 2010 BREEAM Consultation. http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/BREEAM%2520Consultation%2520final%2520report.pdf 71 http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id=27#BREEAM3, and for BREEAM certified buildings: www.greenbooklive.com/breeambuildings 72 UK Green Building Council. 2014. A housing Stock fit for the future: Making energy efficiency a national infrastructure priority. London. http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/A%2520housing%2520stock%2520fit%2520for%2520the%2520future%2 520%2520Making%2520home%2520energy%2520efficiency%2520a%2520national%2520infrastructure%2520priori ty.pdf 70

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Case 29 London, United Kingdom: World’s Greenest Office Building

The European headquarters of media giant Bloomberg, designed by Foster + Partners and constructed by Sir Robert McAlpine, has been rated the world’s most sustainable office. The City of London building’s design achieved an “Outstanding” rating against the BREEAM sustainability assessment method, with a 98.5% score. This is the highest design-stage score ever achieved by any major office development, according to the BRE. The office is scheduled to open later this month. Compared to a typical office which complies with current Building Regulations, the office’s environmental strategies deliver a 73% saving in water consumption and a 35% saving in energy consumption and associated CO₂ emissions. Innovation highlights include: •

•

Integrated ceiling panels, which combine heating, cooling, lighting and acoustic functions in a ‘petal-leaf’ design. The system, which incorporates 500,000 LED lights, uses 40% less energy than a typical fluorescent office lighting system. Rainwater from the roof, cooling tower blow-off water, and grey water is captured, treated and recycled to serve vacuum flush toilets, and use net zero mains water for flushing. Overall, water conservation systems will save an estimated 25 million litres of water each year. The building’s distinctive bronze blades around the facade can open and close, allowing the building to operate in a “breathable” natural ventilation mode, reducing dependency on mechanical ventilation and cooling equipment. Smart CO2 sensing controls allow air to be distributed according to the approximate number of people occupying each zone of the building at any given time. This is expected to save 600-750 MWhr of power a year. An on-site combined heat and power (CHP) generation centre supplies heat and power in a single, efficient system with reduced carbon emissions. Waste heat generated from this process is recycled for cooling and heating and, in use, is expected to save 500-750 metric tonnes of CO2 each year.

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The interior encourages active working

A central ramp encourages movement through the building on foot

The new development’s interiors encourage active working, with sit-to-stand work stations for all employees and a central ramp spanning six floors that encourages movement through the building on foot. Two cycle centres and a wellness centre, incorporating on-site health services, multi-faith prayer rooms and a mothers’ room, will also be available to all employees. Michael Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg, said: “We believe that environmentally-friendly practices are as good for business as they are for the planet. From day one, we set out to push the boundaries of sustainable office design - and to create a place that excites and inspires our employees. “The two missions went hand-in-hand, and I hope we’ve set a new standard for what an office environment can be.” Norman Foster, founder and executive chairman, Foster + Partners, said: “In some of our first discussions on the project, Mike Bloomberg and I arrived at a ‘meeting of minds’ on how the design of the new Bloomberg headquarters should incorporate the highest standards of sustainability. “The project evolved from thereon into a building that is one of the most sustainable in the world. The deep plan interior spaces are naturally ventilated through a ‘breathing’ facade while a top lit atrium edged with a spiralling ramp at the heart of the building ensures a connected, healthy and creative environment.” Alan Yates, technical director of BRE Global’s sustainability group, said: “What sets the Bloomberg building apart is its relentless focus on innovation and its holistic, integrated approach to sustainable construction and design. Projects like these are really important in giving confidence to the industry to experiment.” Source: Mann, B. 2017. McAlpine’s Bloomberg HQ is world’s greenest office. Constructionmanagermagazine 3 October 2017. greenest-offic/

http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/mcalpines-bloomberg-hq-rated-worlds-

The building’s bronze blades can open and close, allowing the building “breathe” naturally

Image: Foster + Partners Source: Bloomberg’s London HQ is ‘most sustainable office building in the world’, in: Glocalconstructionreview. 2 October 2017. http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/innovation/bloombergs-london-hq-most-sustainableoffice-build/

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Case 30 London, United Kingdom: London Architect Fights Climate Change with Timber High-rises A London firm says sustainable timber could help the city address its housing shortage while reducing carbon emissions. "If you look at a building's climate footprint over 14 years, it is about 80% the building materials that go into it," Andrew Waugh, a founding partner at Waugh Thistleton, told CNNMoney. "We need to change the way we live for climate change." Buildings are responsible for approximately 45% of carbon emissions in the U.K. but very little attention is paid to the role of construction materials, Waugh said. Waugh Thistleton has just built a 10-story, 17,000-square foot structure entirely of timber in east London. They billed it as the world's largest construction made out of cross laminated timber (CLT), an engineered hardwood. The material, which the architects say isn't a fire hazard, is made by squeezing together sheets of lumber using a strong adhesive and a powerful hydraulic press. "Building up these cross layers of timber, that's what gives this panel its real unique strength," Waugh said, comparing it to cement or steel. His firm built its first timber tower in London in 2008, showing the material could be used for more than just small houses and primary school classrooms. Waugh Thistleton Architects says their Dalston Lane project is the world's largest construction made out of cross laminated timber.

Greener, lighter and saves on space. Timber is considered to be kinder to the environment than materials such as cement and steel, whose production generates large amounts of greenhouse gases and consumes lots of water and sand. Trees, on the other hand, are a renewable resource and replace carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with oxygen. Waugh's firm gets its timber from sustainably managed forests in Austria. The panels it uses are relatively light compared with steel and concrete, meaning less fuel is required to transport them to construction sites. That weight advantage also means more floors can be built on a single piece of land, providing more space for living in densely populated London neighborhoods. Timber buildings have thinner wall and flooring panels than their concrete counterparts, allowing larger living spaces. The density of the panels also helps keep heat in, which saves on energy bills. And though using timber in tall buildings might seem like a fire risk -- a particular worry in London after the deadly Grenfell Tower blaze -- CLT is fire resistant, according to Stora Enso, a producer of renewable materials. CLT chars, rather than burns, meaning it keeps its structural integrity for longer than some other materials such as steel. Source: Jones, V. 2017. London architect fights climate change with timber high-rises. In: CNN 25 September. http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/25/news/timber-high-rise-buildings-environment/index.html

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4.6.3 Germany 德国 Case 31 Germany: DGNB The DGNB assesses buildings and urban districts which demonstrate an outstanding commitment to meeting sustainability objectives. The sustainability concept of the DGNB System is broad. The DGNB System covers all of the key aspects of sustainable building: environmental, economic, sociocultural and functional aspects, technology, processes and site. The first four quality sections have equal weight in the assessment. This means that the DGNB System is the only certification system that gives as much importance to the economic aspect of sustainable building as it does to the ecological criteria. The assessments are always based on the entire life cycle of a building. Of course the focus is always also on the wellbeing of the user. It is considered essential that the DGNB does not assess individual measures but instead the overall performance of a building or an urban district. The DGNB certification system is available for various “schemes”, i.e. types of buildings: office and administrative buildings, retail buildings, industrial buildings, hotels, residential buildings, mixed-use buildings and educational facilities. The minimum size of a urban district is 2 ha of gross development area (GDA). A district shall consist of a number of buildings and at least two development sites and has public or publicly accessible spaces and related infrastructure. The residential element (based on the gross floor area, as agreed with the DGNB) shall not be less than 10% no more than 90%. The client is responsible for ensuring that there is no opposition to the certification by the owners of the area throughout of the certification phases. This rule applies to private property in the district or to public property that does not serve the public interest. In addition to that, the following limit values apply within the criteria: (i) nature conservancy biodiversity and networking; (ii) location - consideration of potential environmental impacts; (iii) climate protection - total primary energy requirement and percentage of renewable primary energy; (iv) social services - social and commercial infrastructure available; (v) circulation - quality of the short-distance public transport infrastructure; and (vi) process – public participation. DGNB´s core criteria used for performance assessments are related to (i) environmental quality; (ii) economic quality; (iii) sociocultural and functional quality; (iv) technical quality; (v) process quality; and (vi) site quality. The German DGNB system has been acknowledged in China by many relevant agencies in the construction and real estate sectors. Several building shave started the DGNB certification process, and there is an interest to explore the potential for DGNB certification for districts and industrial locations. The DGNB certification system is considering the following dimensions: environmental quality – 22.5%; economic quality – 22.5%; socio-cultural and functional quality – 22.5%; technical quality – 22.5%; and process quality – 10%.73 Tool GB 1

PASSIVHAUS. Since 2006, the German-government owned KfW (German Development Bank) has approved 1.6 million Euro for energy-efficient retrofitting of housing units, and has stimulated an investment of 118 billion Euro. The government-supported funding, channeled through the KfW, has helped to retrofit 3 million housing units, and some 1.400 public institutions and facilities. The Passivhaus seems the preferred standard, but its technology has not yet been converted into a national standard. Passivhaus buildings achieve a 75% 73

Anders, S., Church, D., Jansen, F., Zhang, K. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Nachhaltiges Bauen. 2015. Enabling Measurable Sustainable Design – the DGNB System for Districts and Industrial Locations. In: Green Building 2015. Beijing. pp.22-23.

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reduction in space heating requirements, compared to standard practice for UK new build. The Passivhaus standard therefore gives a robust method to help the industry achieve the 80% carbon reductions that are set as a legislative target for the UK Government. Passivhaus also applies to retrofit projects, achieving similar savings in space heating requirements. 74 Tool GB 1 For all houses the following construction standards apply: very high levels of insulation; extremely high performance windows with insulated frames; airtight building fabric; 'thermal bridge free' construction; a mechanical ventilation system with highly efficient heat recovery. The following technical parameters apply for new, or for retrofit housing: The Passive House Criteria for New or Existing Buildings

Source: www.plus-energie-haus.bmvbs.de; www.plusnergiehaus.de

Germany´s Legislation for Energy Savings in Buildings. The 2010 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) of the European Union, mentioned earlier, stipulates that member countries ensure that all newly constructed buildings consume ‘nearly zero’ energy. Germany, among others, has taken this Directive very seriously. In Germany, drastic reductions of energy demand for space heating have already become a policy target over the last decade, both for new and existing dwellings. In this article, we evaluate the impact of past and future policies on the development of buildings with a very high energy performance (VHEP) and on their primary energy demand and emissions. These dwellings account for 4% of all dwellings which have been constructed since 2001 and 1% of the total building stock. We have defined different policy scenarios, all of which assume a gradual increase of requirements for new and existing buildings and a continuation of the support policies that stimulate both new constructions and ambitious refurbishments. In the most ambitious scenario, the proportion of VHEP dwellings will increase by up to 30% of the total stock in 2020 and the share of nearly zero and zero-energy dwellings will then make up 6%. This will lead to emission reductions of over 50% of the 1990 level and primary energy reductions of 25% compared with today.75

Examples of Passivhaus projects can be found on the following websites: www.passivhausprojekte.de , www.plus-energie-haus.bmvbs.de; www.plusnergiehaus.de 75 Schirmschar, S., Blok, K., Boermans, T. Hermelink, A. 2011. Germany´ s path towards nearly zero-energy buildings – Enabling the greenhouse gas mitigation potential in: Energy Policy, Vol. 39, Issue 6, pp. 3346-3360. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511002096

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Case 32 Germany: German Federal regulation for energy savings in buildings (EnEV) In 2002, Germany´s federal regulation for energy savings in Buildings (EnEV) 76 had already became effective. 77 This EnEV prescribes standards for energy-efficiency in buildings, new constructions such as residential, offices and commercial buildings, or existing buildings. Since then this has been reformed in 2004, 2007 and 2013. Since 2014, the latest version of this regulation is in place translating the European Union policy 2010/31/EU 78 about energy efficiency in buildings, and the respective EU guideline 2012/27/EU 79. The legislation combines instructions for heating facilities and insulation and creates the basis for a combined energy balance sheet. Thus, the regulation creates two dimensions: (i) energy balance of all heating, cooling and ventilation, and water heater facilities, estimating losses in the production, distribution, storage and eventual delivery of heat; and (ii) assessment of energy needs in terms of input-output relationships, thus allowing for detailed composite energy balance sheets. This new approach is not limited to the energy consumed by the end user, but it evaluates the total amounts of energy used for heating and cooling functions, and such this is closer to a realistic energy accounting. This amplified scope of assessment of the energy balance of buildings takes into account the quality of heating or cooling infrastructure and the efficiency of insulation. It can demonstrate where poor building insulation needs to be compensated with more powerful heating (or cooling) systems in order to achieve comfort. The EnEV bases its assumptions for new buildings on the concept of annual primary energy needs, and makes these comparable with other buildings of similar technical characteristics. It establishes a maximum permissible ceiling of heat transmission losses, depending on the type of building. For summer conditions requirements of heat protection (and cooling) incorporates heat gains from solar collectors. Energy savings in buildings. The EnEV is primarily applied for buildings with normal interior temperatures (room temperatures of 19 °C, and at least a heating requirement of four months per year, and in particular buildings which are used for residential purposes. But it also covers other buildings with lower interior temperatures (buildings with interior temperatures between 12 °C and 19 °C, and heating requirement of more than four months per year) and their facilities for heating, air-conditioning and water heating. Buildings which are not covered by the regulation are registered heritage buildings, facilities mostly used for the keeping of animal husbandry, factories and commercial buildings, subterranean buildings, green houses, tents and other mobiles structures. Calculation methods of the EnEV. Whether and how an energy balance in accordance with EnEV needs to be established for a building depends on being new or an existing building. For new constructions with normal interior temperatures (> 19 °C) applies Annex 1 of the EnEV which provides highest annual energy requirements and the permissible heat transmission losses. These heat transmission losses need to be proven through the analysis of a building physics specialist (energy consultant). 80 In the case of new constructions with low interior temperatures (< 19 °C) or small built volumes (< 100 m³) the required specifications are lower, and a simplified assessment of the energy balance can 76

¨Verordnung über energiesparenden Wärmeschutz und energiesparende Anlagentechnik bei Gebäuden¨, or short Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) ¨which became effective in 2002, and has been revised since. 77 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieeinsparverordnung 78 http://www.buildup.eu/publications/9631 79 http://www.eedguidebook.energycoalition.eu/images/PDF/EED.pdf 80 The webpage www.energie.effizienz-experten.de lists 12,898 energy-efficiency specialists in Germany who can provide the type of energy studies required under EnEV. The same page contains many relevant reference documents in German language.

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be applied. In the case of summer air-conditioning requirements of new constructions there is a need to ensure that direct influence of sun rays does not exceed recommended levels, and that hours of excessive heat can be limited. In the case of existing older buildings, depending on the kind of measures of modifications and refurbishments, it is necessary to prove that the required heat transmission values 81 are achieved, and to demonstrate the annual total primary energy requirements of the whole building. The annual total primary energy requirement may exceed by 40% the consumption of comparable new buildings. In the case of building renovations, and the increase heated residential area exceeding 50 m², the same energy balance requirements are applied as in the new buildings. To support assessments and calculations the EnEV contains technical rules and references to German industrial norms (Energy sector industrial norms-EN/DIN). Some of these EN/DIN may change from time to time, while the EnEV as umbrella legislation remains valid. The calculation methods as per the EnEV and the first heating regulations (EEWärmeG) of 1977 have grown to a guideline of several hundred pages.82 In order to simply this regulation an EnEV easy-method has been developed. It shall reduce the complexities of the regulations and at the same time still ensure application of the EnEV and EEWärmeG. Primary energy requirements. The needs for primary energy take into account the final energy needs for heating and warm water facilities, as well as the losses incurred during the generation of energy at its source, its processing and transport to the building, and its distribution or storage within a building. The German EnEV describes the primary energy needs83 of residential buildings through a value of effort84, the heating requirement85 and the warm water requirement.86 The value for effort of energy facilities includes a primary energy factor. In analogy, one can calculate the primary energy requirement in relation to the usable space of a building per year which normally is stated in kilo Watt hours per square meters [kWh/(m²·a)]. End user energy requirement. The end user´s energy requirement is the calculated amount of energy, according to the specific German average of climate conditions, taking into account the energy required for room heating and water heating, including the losses during generation and transmission of heat to the end user. The amount of this end user energy requirement depends on the life style and consumer habits of building users and local climatic conditions. However, certain observations on energy-efficiency of buildings are also possible on basis of its documented consumption of electricity, oil, gas, wood or coal consumption.

Transmission losses of heat are expressed in U-values (¨U-Werte¨) German Energy-Efficiency Guidelines as per the German Energy Efficiency Law of 1977 (EEWärmeG of 1977), An overview of the evolution of this and related legislation is contained in http://www.enevonline.de/enev/2014.03.18_entwicklung_energiesparrechtliche_regeln.pdf 82

84 85 86

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The conversion factor87 includes the relationship between lowest performance to highest heating performance of fuels utilized. Room heating requirements / water heating requirements. The room heating requirement is the calculated energy which a heater (for instance a wall heater) passes on to a heated room. In the case of newly constructed houses, according to the EnEV, the specific requirement for room heating 40–70 kWh/(m²a) to be qualified as low-energy houses. This standard is compulsory and linked to specific financial support (see section on KFW support for home owners). The water heating requirement is the energy required for heating of water (in the case of Germany ´drinking water´ since all piped water is supplied as drinkable water). Energy losses, for instance at the heating device, through the piping or distribution system or other technical losses are not included in this value. For calculation purposes this is usually estimated on average as 12,5 kWh/(m²a). This corresponds to a need of 23 l/person/day. The reference value for the area is not the net residential area, but the total of all residential areas of a building. The EnEV of 2007. This reformed EnEV presented a few novelties in the case of requirements for residential buildings, and the procedures to evaluate the energy balance of such residential buildings. For the first time, alternative energy sources (renewables like solar or wind energy) were considered, and measures for summer heat protection, the requirements for energy-efficiency inspections of air.condition equipments were added. For administrative procedures a ¨energy passport¨for buildings was introduced. The EnEV of 2009. This reformed EnEV translated the government´s decisions of its energy policy, the integrated energy end climate programme (Integrierten Energie- und Klimaprogramm [IEKP]) in terms of measures for energy savings and the related heating costs ordinance. The target was to lower the energy, heating and warm water requirements approximately by 30%. Since 2012, the energy requirements have gone up to the new saving target of another 30% by 2020, but since 2015 the target has been increased to 40% by year 2020 (when compared with 1990 values).The overall target for 2050 is to create a virtually climate neutral building stock.88 The existing energy balance sheet method (DIN V 18599)89 was extended for use in residential buildings, though in its simplified version. Since, the simplified methods of energy balance sheeting was dropped, as well as the formulation of maximum values for the relationship between building envelope and exterior volume (cubic meters). Equally, values for retrofitting of older buildings were modified as well. The following modifications were introduced: The upper value of permissible annual energy requirements has been lowered by 30%, both for new buildings and for rehabilitation (retrofitting) of old building stock. The performance requirements of insulation materials of new constructions have been increased by 15% on average. Rehabilitation (retrofitting) of old building stock with

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). 2016. Energy Efficiency Strategy for Buildings – methods for achieving a virtually climate neutral building stock. Berlin. http://bmwi.de/EN/Service/publications,did=752736.html;see also: BMUB. 2014. Aktionsprogramm Klimaschutz 2020. http://www.bmub.bund.de/service/publikationen/downloads/details/artikel/aktionsprogramm-klimaschutz2020/; and BMUB. Dialogprozess zum Klimaschutzplan 2050. Berlin. http://www.klimaschutzplan2050.de/dialogprozess/ 89 DIN V 18599 This Excel-based calculation tool for the German DIN V 18599. DIN V 18599 is a holistic performance assessment tool for all energy types required by the EPBD (heating, ventilation, cooling, lighting, DHW). Developed for the German field test study for non-residential buildings of the Federal Ministry for Buildings [German language]). http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_V_18599, and http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/software.cfm/ID=511/pagename=alpha_list_sub 88

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essential changes on facades, windows and roofs resulted in an increase in energyefficiency requirements of 30%.The only exception comes to bear when the retrofitted area is lower than 10% of the entire area of the respective retrofitted structure. Thus, if the retrofitting covers more than 10% of the constructed areas of an old building, the complete requirements of the EnEV 2009 need to be applied. 90 Measures to control reduce energy consumption are (i) improved insulation of external walls; (ii) insulation of roofs; (iii) perimeter insulation of external walls of basements (usually dug in); (iv) replacement of windows; (v) renewal of heating systems, (vi) improved low-energy heating systems (usually decentralized systems), (vii) insulation of ceilings of basements (between basement and ground floor to close ¨temperature bridges¨); (viii) solar water heaters; (ix) photovoltaic panels (as additional energy source for room heating); (x) air-conditioning with inverters (for recovery of cooling or heating energy. In all cases of conversion to energyefficiency of older) existing buildings, these need to be addressed holistically. Several measures may be combined. A set of measures, which can be different for each buildings should be assessed by the energy consultant. Attics. Attics91 have to be covered by good insulation since 2011. Depending on their type of utilization, this insulation can be applied on the rood structure or the floor area of the attic. This insulation requirement of attics is compulsory for new construction or older building stock. In small family homes (one or two families) the buildings need to be retrofitted. Owner-occupied houses were exempted in case they did occupy such older, not well insulated homes prior to 1 February 2002. Air-conditioners which modify the room humidity need to be upgraded with an automatic control to add a humidity regulator. Energy-savings at night time. Night-time electricity storage heaters (Nachtspeicherheizungen) 92 which are older than 30 years, need to be replaced by 1 January 2020 with more energy-efficient heater technologies. This is particularly valid for residential buildings with at least 6 apartments, and non-residential buildings with more than 500 sqm usable area. Exempted are buildings which were built as per the heating regulations (EEWärmeG) of 1995, or in cases where replacement would uneconomic. The same applies to buildings where night-time electricity storage systems was demanded by law. The implementation of EnEV 2009 will be monitored more strictly. Publicly instructed chimney cleaners will help local authorities to monitor certain energy-efficiency measures, and owners of older buildings are obliged to present certification of construction or retrofit measures implemented. 93 This EnEV introduced a consolidated system of fines to be levied in case of breach of regulations and national policies. Incompliance of requirements for new buildings or retrofits of old(er) buildings, and the utilization of falsified data in the energy passport of a buildings are punishable through fines. Nevertheless: “Experts have warned that significantly stronger building renovation policy is needed if Europe is to unleash a boom in construction jobs, improve citizens’ quality of life – particularly those on lower incomes who are hit hardest by energy costs - and to meet its climate obligations under the Paris Agreement. In order to meet the EU’s 2050 emissions 90

Previously the ceiling for waivers of strict EnEV application was up to 20% of the area being renovated, particularly when a favourable orientation of the building to south-west was demonstrated. For retrofits covering more than 20% of the built-up area of an old building, energy-efficiency standards applied. 91 Attics: spaces under inclined roofs, usually used for storage, but occasionally also for residential purposes. 92 Such heating systems used the discounted electricity rates of electricity supply of afternoons and night times, and stored the electricity till its usage. 93 Apart from the physics of energy-efficiency analysis, there are also practical tests, including the so-called ¨blower-door¨procedure which shows where insulation is insufficient.

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reduction targets, renovation rates need to increase from their current rate of 1% a year to 3% by 2020, according to the Buildings Performance Institute Europe.” 94 Urban Density and energy-efficiency. A comparison has been made to assess built urban form, residential densities, exterior volume of buildings and the consumption of energy in buildings. This clearly demonstrates a relationship. The more compact urban neighbourhoods, with a lower amount of external surface, consume lower amounts of heating energy. Tool GB 1 Relationship between Urban Density, Building Surface and Energy Consumption of Buildings

Source: Goretzki, P. 2007. Energie-effiziente Bauleitplanung. Solarbuero fuer energieeffiziente Stadtplanung. Stuttgart. http://www.erfurt.de/mam/ef/leben/stadtplanung/gutachten_energieeffiziente_bauleitplanung.pdf, cited in: DGNB. 2014. Urban Districts Workshop (China). Beijing. PDF

Europe needs “national renovation strategies” for buildings emissions, coalition says. GlobalConstructionReview.26 April 2017http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/europe-needs-nati7onalrenovat7ion-stra7tegies/

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50 Solar Energy Housing Estates in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy NRW. 2009. Builidng with the sun.50 Solar energy housing estates in North Rhine-Westphalia. Duesseldorf. www.50-solarsiedlungen.de

New Solar technologies in Housing, Photovoltaic technologies in Housing Germany Estates, Germany

Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy NRW. 2009 (as above

Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy NRW. 2009 (as above)

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“Active

House” in a Multi-storey Building In Frankfurt, Germany

Source: Energy Design Shanghai. 2016. Luoyang Eco-city Green building needs. EC Link presentation.

The EnEV of 2013. The latest version of the regulation is being applied since May 2014. The EnEV of 2013 incorporates the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and is aligned with the national government´s goal to achieve a climate-neutral building sector by 2050. On substantive terms it is also aligned with the EU guideline about energy efficiency in buildings (2010/31/EU). 95 For proof of energy-efficiency of residential building measures the government adopted a combination of DIN 4108 (Heat Insulation in Civil Buildings)96 with DIN 4701-10 (Energy efficiency of heating and ventilation systems in buildings - Part 10: Heating, domestic hot water supply, ventilation). This represents a kind of energy modelling approach, a third requirements, besides the required energy-efficiency studies prior to construction, and the study of energy impacts of completed buildings (post construction proof of efficiency of measures applied). The most important modifications under EnEV of 2013 are: Till 2015, all building owners need to replace oil and gas heating systems which had been installed prior to 1985, and replace these with modern heating systems. For many types of older systems there are exceptions. Requirements of primary energy needs of new buildings will be reduced by 25% from 1 January 2016 onwards. No changes yet for requirements in case of building retrofits. Ovens and heating systems which are older than 30 years, are not permitted any more from 2015 onwards. Exceptions can be applied for in case of owner-occupied buildings. Regional governments are obliged to undertake random checks of energy passports of buildings, to assess compliance with new requirements of the EnEV 2013, and regional governments need to report about inspections of air-conditioners.

Originally this EU guidelines intended the introduction of the national energy regulations by January 2013, a date which the German government could not comply with. 96 DIN 4108. DIN 4108 Heat Insulation in Civil Buildings elaborates the EnEV, but is likely to vanish and be replaced by DIN V 18599. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_4108

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An energy modeling procedure is being added to the home or building owner requirements. It follows strict criteria and implies and extra cost (consultant fees, processing fees) and procedure. Table 2: Benchmarks for classification of buildings as per EnEV 2013

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_4108

Case 33 Germany: Energy passports for buildings The most relevant innovations of the energy passport are: (i) new scales of energyefficiency requirements are manifested in the new efficiency scales (see table above). (ii) Energy passes need to be shown in case of renting or sale, and energy-efficiency date need to be presented in real estate advertisements. (iii) Real estate advertisements can be published without the energy-efficiency data, but a valid energy pass needs to be available at the time of inspection of the property by the client. (iv) Owners are responsible to have valid energy passports available, both in case of sale or renting. For residential buildings the following specifications are required: type of energy passport (energy user, or energy consumer), final energy needs as per energy passport, covering end user energy needs end user consumption of the building, the key energy sources for the heating system of the building, as listed in the energy passport, the year of construction of the building and heating system as mentioned in the energy passport, and the energy-efficiency class mentioned in the energy passport. Criticism has been pronounced by the Federal Association of Renewable Energy (Bundesverband Erneuerbare Energie). It branded the EnEV 2013 as inefficient since it does not have a strict rule for replacement of other old heating equipment. For instance, about 11 million low temperature heaters are not covered by the EnEV 2013, despite the effect that they are clearly substandard.

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Case 34 Germany: Government assistance for energy-efficiency in buildings Since 2009, the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) [German Development Bank] has expanded its support for energy-efficiency. Since March 2011 it is possible to receive subsidized KfW loans for energy-efficiency improvements of buildings. Tax deductions have also been discussed as an additional fiscal instrument, but are not endorsed by parliament, since cost sharing between central and regional governments has not been agreed. Instead, since 2013, KfW has a new program of loan support, amounting to €300 million per year. Additionally, the update of the Rental Law gives prominence to energyefficiency measures. It obliges building owners to undertake all necessary energyefficiency measures, and prohibits any reductions of rental payments (usually three months) as compensation for construction work. Tool GB 1 Debate about cost-benefits of energy-efficiency in residential buildings. Despite the above substantial subsidies to energy-efficiency measures in buildings, a recent study claimed that energy rehabilitation in old buildings would not be profitable. According to KfW, required energy-efficiency investments cannot be covered through savings in energy expenditures. The debate about the parameters (including projected increase of heating costs) remains inconclusive. 97 Tool GB 1

Handelsblatt. 2013. Energetische Sanierung lohnt sich nicht. 30-03-2013; and immo.de. 2013. Energetische Sanierung lohn sich (nicht). 10-04-2013.

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German Eco-Districts. In May 2009, the German government compiled a summary overview of eco-districts in Germany which provides a global overview: Table 3: German Eco-Districts – a comparison Provinces (Bundesland)

Number of Ranking Eco-Districts

Number of Residential Units

Baden-Württemberg

13.338

Bayern

1.200

Schleswig-Holstein

1.096

Nordrhein-Westfalen

1.980

Berlin

919

Hessen

620

Hamburg

1.641

Niedersachsen

3.357

Rheinland-Pfalz

Sachsen

1.305

Brandenburg

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

136

Thüringen

119

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Bremen

103

Saarland

Sachsen-Anhalt

Sums

183

25.786

S ource: http://www.oekosiedlungen.de/_Listen/laender/uebersicht.htm

BMUB Assessment System for Sustainable Building. In June 2015, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) issued its new assessment system for sustainable construction98 of public buildings. With this system the government introduced a comprehensive system of life-cycle review of buildings according to their ecological, economic, and socio-cultural quality. The system is designed as quantitative tool that measures quality, technical aspects of building conditions and process related aspects of operation, maintenance and retrofit. With this toolkit, the German government spearheads into the building stock of publicly owned buildings, a sector which had been left unattended in the ongoing drive for energy-efficiency in buildings. The tools of assessment are intended to demonstrate green building practices that can also be adopted by private sector building owners. 99 Case 35 Berlin, Germany: Greening of Facades – Passive Cooling through Natural Airconditioning

Source: Senatsverwaltung fὔr Stadtentwicklung (ed.). No date. Institute of Physics in Berlin-Adlershof – Urban Ecological Model Projects. Berlin. http://www.gebaeudekuehlung.de/faltblatt_institut_physik_engl.pdf

Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen für Bundesgebäude (BNB) Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). 2015. Guideline for Sustainable Construction. Berlin. http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/sustainable-building-english-speaking-information/guideline-for-sustainablebuilding.html 99

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Table 4: Verification requirements for new Buildings as per BNB standards

Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). 2015. Guideline for Sustainable Construction. Berlin. p. 61 http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/sustainable-building-english-speaking-information/guideline-for-sustainablebuilding.html

Case 36 Germany: Sustainable Buildings owned by the Administration of the Federal Government of Germany The government of Germany has provided detailed technical guidelines to establish the standards of sustainable buildings. Thorough a web-based portal the government provides regularly updated information about regulations and standards of sustainable building in the public (and private) sector. Dimensions of Sustainable Building

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Application of the Guideline for Sustainable Building in the Buildings’ Life Cycle

The assessment system for sustainable building (BNB) in government-owned buildings was developed to harmonise the documentation process of through a scientific set of technical criteria. This assessment is applied for new buildings and for refurbishment of all government –owned buildings. Sample projects of sustainable public buildings Federal Environment Agency, Berlin

Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin

Federal Constitutional Court Building, Karlsruhe

Primary School Niederheide, Hohen Neuendorf

Source: Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (ed.). 2017. Sustainable Building by the Federal Government. Berlin. http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/fileadmin/pdf/Systainable_Building/broschuere-nb-2017_eng.pdf; See also full-length publication: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (ed.).2017. Guideline for Sustainable Building - Future-proof Design, Construction and Operations of Buildings. Berlin.

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http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/fileadmin/pdf/Systainable_Building/LFNB_E_160309.pdf; and: Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (ed.). 2017. ÖKOBAUDAT – basics for the building life cycle assessment. Berlin. http://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/DE/Veroeffentlichungen/ZukunftBauenFP/2017/band-09dl.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2

Table 5: Sustainability Criteria during Use and Operation

Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). 2015. Guideline for Sustainable Construction. Berlin. p. 115. http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/sustainable-building-english-speaking-information/guideline-for-sustainablebuilding.html

Progression of energy savings in residential buildings in Germany. The following graph shows the achievements in energy saving in housing in Germany. The graph shows how the primary energy demand for semi-detached houses has developed over the last 30 years. The bottom curve shows exemplary research projects that were instigated to introduce a better energy level to the market, whereas the top curve records the statutory minimum requirements. Innovative construction practice is somewhere between these two curves. It can be seen that a market launch phase of 10 to 15 years between different standards being piloted and becoming a legal requirement is common. Case 37 Berlin, Germany: Rainwater Management Concepts: Greening and Cooling Buildings “Greening concepts must be developed for building plots and buildings and should include information on managing water from precipitation. In inner urban areas in particular, options for building greenings and facade and roof greenings should be examined in order to improve the urban climate. Greening should usually be planned for flat, slightly sloping and visible roofs. Building greening measures (roof/facade) and increasing the proportion of green space on properties enhance the quality of amenity for users, improve the microclimate, reduce temperature extremes, improve the exchange of air and are an integral component of species protection.

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Because of the evaporative cooling produced, the associated reduction of temperatures in the building‘s immediate surroundings, and the reduction in energy consumption for airconditioning the building, greening is a major element in optimizing a building‘s energy balance. Building greening is a major element of rainwater management and its potential for retaining water in the forms of evaporation and of delaying and reducing runoff must be taken into account in the planning process. Links with other forms of rainwater management, such as water evaporation in ponds, waste water use and rainwater infiltration, must be examined at an early planning stage and considered in a networked way in overall ecological concepts. A further significant advantage of greening buildings lies in the retention of nutrients and pollutants introduced with precipitation. This positive urban ecological effect is increasingly important. Large quantities of herbicides (weed killer) are added to building materials, e.g. in root penetration-proof roof sheeting and paints. The washing out of these chemicals in rainwater and the resulting consequences for the various rainwater management measures and plant growth must be noted. In choosing plants, local conditions (light requirements, orientation), maintenance requirements (pruning, fertilising, pest control/plant protection, removal of unwanted growth) and the use of suitable growing media and watering systems must all be considered. “ Greening of entire residential block, of facades and roofs

Source: Senatsverwaltung fὔr Stadtentwicklung (ed.). 2010. Rainwater Management Concepts – Greening buildings, cooling buildings. Berlin. http://www.gebaeudekuehlung.de/SenStadt_Rainwater_en.pdf

Case 38 Berlin, Germany: Service Water Utilisation in Buildings – Innovative Water Concepts In many public and private buildings, plants for service water utilisation are being operated as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling facilities. The applications are manifold: for toilet flushing and cooling purposes but also for washing and cleaning systems. Rainwater as well as treated greywater can be utilised.

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Service Water Utilisation

Berlin: Public Housing

Greywater Recycling

Source: Senatsverwaltung fὔr Stadtentwicklung (ed.). 2007. Innovative Water Concepts – Service Water Utilisation in Buildings. Berlin. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/oekologisches_bauen/download/modellvorhaben/betriebswasser_en glisch2007.pdf

Case 39 Berlin, Germany: Promoting Rooftop Greenhouses The practical guide on the idea, planning and implementation of rooftop greenhouses has been produced on the basis of the comprehensive and professional knowledge-output of the three-year research project "ZFarm – Urban Agriculture of the Future”. It can either be used as an inspiration for developing ideas of rooftop farming, or it can even serve as practical assistance for planning and implementing a concrete greenhouse project. Within the research project, researchers from the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape

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Research (ZALF) joined forces with its partners Institute for Urban and Regional Planning (ISR) of Technische Universität Berlin and inter 3 to investigate the conditions required to grow fruit and vegetables on inner-city buildings. Using the example of Berlin, the project involved teaming up with Berlin’s stakeholders to identify the potential, obstacles and necessary framework conditions surrounding the implementation and spread of rooftop greenhouses. Visualisation of Rooftop Greenhouses

Protoypes of rooftop greenhouses - suitable for Berlin neighbourhoods

Source: Senatsverwaltung fὔr Stadtentwicklung (ed.). 2015. There’s something growing on the roof. Berlin. http://www.zalf.de/htmlsites/zfarm/Documents/leitfaden/Rooftop%20greenhouses.pdf

Case 40 Germany: Protecting Property and Buildings Wisely Flood Risks in Europa have risen, which make it necessary to protect buildings and property through measures of construction and site management. Increased flood risks

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Emergency flooding of buildings to increase counterpressure

Buildings located near rivers are susceptible to being destroyed through undermining of their foundations

Protective measures in connection with building drainage

Adapted from: DIN 1986, DIN EN 12056, DIN EN 13564 Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (ed.).2016. A Primer on Flood Protection â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Protecting property and building wisely. Berlin. http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/hochwasserschutzfibel_en_bf.pdf

Figure 1: Primary energy demand for a semi-detached house-heating in Germany

Source: http://www.ibp.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ibp/en/documents/Areas-of-Expertise/heat-technology/201408_Broschuere_Wege-zum-Effizienzhaus-Plus_engl.pdf

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4.6.4 Switzerland 瑞士 Case 41 Switzerland: MINERGIE Certification is done on the basis of planning values and thus offers no guarantee that these values are actually met. Research by the University of Applied Sciences, Business and Social Work in St. Gallen, Switzerland, has proven that refurbishment projects and single-family homes are better than the standard. Larger residential buildings sometimes do not quite meet the standards. Mainly, Minergie recommends the construction of compact, well-insulated and air-tight buildings in order to attain good energy consumption standards. The buildings must be fitted with an automatic air-renewal system with heat recovery. A fee is charged for certification. (These are: 900 Swiss Francs for houses that are less than 500m2; 1100 Francs for equivalently-sized commercial projects; and 1600, 3500 and 10,000 for projects between 500 and 2000 metres squared, 2000 and 5000, and over 5000 metres squared, respectively.) Tool GB 1 Minergie - Systems audit and verification. For all categories of building except newly built single-family homes the expected energy consumption per surface area must be declared and verified. For new single-family homes and apartment blocks 38 kWh/m²/annum must not be exceeded. For refurbishment projects the limiting value is 60 kWh/m²/annum. For reasons of simplicity, energy consumption for hot water preparation is included in these figures. For buildings at altitudes above 800 m, the limit values are increased. New buildings must also leak less than or equal to 0.9 air changes per hour at 50 pascal. Depending on the building's category, various additional requirements are made: For single-family homes and apartment blocks, restaurants and indoor pools a ventilation system with heat recovery is compulsory. In this way, it can be guaranteed that Minergie buildings are not only energy-saving, but also are considered comfortable by their residents. For offices, schools and sales premises, an energyefficient lighting concept according to the Swiss SIA 380/4 standard is prescribed. Five simplified standard appraisals are available for single-family homes. Details of requirements for (i) new constructions and (ii) building older than year 2000 are available at Minergie´s website.100 Heating and hot water preparation over the whole year using heat pumps with a ground-probe as energy source: • • • • •

100

Wood-fired heating and hot-water preparation using solar collectors; Automatic pellet-fired heating and hot-water preparation; Use of district heating with waste heat; Air-water heat pump-based heating and hot water preparation; and In addition to the above standard solutions, in any case a high quality insulation is recommended. A ventilation system with heat-recovery is also called for.

http://www.minergie.ch/standard_minergie.html

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MINERGIE–Comparison of different heating requirements and standards

Source: http://www.minergie.ch/standard_minergie.html

Table 6: Minergie-Standards in Comparison: Concepts for New Buildings

Low-energy consumption building

Ultra-low energy consumption building

Active energy building

Key Energy consumption for heating Primary energy consumption (for heating) Airtightness of Building envelope

38 kWh/m2a (3.8 liter hot oil)

30 kWh/m2a (3 liter hot oil)

0 kWh/m2a

90% of the threshold in the standard

60% of the threshold in the standard

90% of the threshold in the standard

Ventilation system

Ventilation system improves the comfortability while reduces energy demand.

Auxiliary heating energy

N50≤0.6/h

No requirement

Not considered

Considered

Household Power consumption

No requirement

Best equipment. For office building: the lighting system complies with SIA standard.

Life-cycle energy consumption

No requirement

Compatibility Added cost Remarks

Best equipment, best lighting system.

≤50 kWh/m2a

All are Compatible With ECO With active energy With low energy ---building consumption building ≤ 10% ≤ 15% No requirement Minergie is the basis Minergie-P requires Minergie-A is the

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standard. The building envelope must furfill the strictest requirement of each kantone’s standard.

lowest energy consumption, and the building envelope must have the best performance to meet the standard.

accurate definition of zero- or active energy building. It can only be realized by the utilization of solar energy.

Source: http://www.minergie.ch/standard_minergie.html

Case 42 Spain: Energy Rehabilitation of Buildings – Protection for Entire Buildings Spain’s energy-efficiency program in buildings seems very much framed on the parameters of the current German system. Consumers are being informed that the rehabilitation of existing buildings is important for energy-savings. The government is promoting double window glazing, thermic insulation of building facades and roofs, and more efficient heating (or cooling) systems. The following features are essential. For renting or for sale of housing units, it is obligatory to have an energy-efficiency certificate: this not only means savings in heating 9and cooling expenses), but it also means an increase in property values. The “energy pass” of properties provides orientation for future investments to increase energyefficiency. 101 ¨The actions currently carried out in the building sector follow the guidelines set by the EU guidelines, in particular Directive 2012/27/EU and Directive 2010/31/ EU on the energy efficiency of buildings. As for the latter directive, legislative progress has recently taken place to transpose it through a number of regulatory provisions introducing higher demand levels in the Technical Building Code (Order FOM/1635/2013 of 10 September), the Regulation on Thermal Installations in Buildings (Royal Decree 238/2013 of April 5) and the Energy Certification of Buildings (Royal Decree 235/2013 of April 5). With regard to Directive 2012/27/EU, it has efficiency measures as provided in Articles 4, 5 and 7. We highlight on this point the Spanish Strategy for Energy Rehabilitation in the Building Sector, the measures aimed at the buildings in the public sector, as well as the actions aimed at the rehabilitation of buildings - such is the case of the Aid programme for the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings in the residential sector…¨102 Tool GB 1

Comparison of Green Building Systems. A comparison between the “bigger”, i.e. more frequently used green building systems - DGNB, LEED and BREEAM - has been made in 2013, taking into account the following parameters: (i) environmental quality, (ii) economic quality, (iii) process quality, (iv) sociocultural and functional quality, (v) technical quality, and (vi) site quality. The results convincingly show the superiority of the DGNB system. Addiytionally, it highlights that DGNB is the only system which emphasises economic sustainability.

101

www.coltrolastuenergia.gob.es Energy Efficiency Country Profile: Spain. September 2015. http://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/profiles/spain-efficiency-trends.pdf 102

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Graph 4: The Parameters of the DGNB System

Source: Schwede, D. 2016. DGNB certification in China – holistic guidance how to design better buildings. China Green Building Conference. Beijing. http://www.german-energy-center.com/uploads/media/110317_DGNB_Certification_in_China_cn_en.pdf

Graph 5: Comparison between major green building systems - DGNB, LEED and BREEAM

Source: DGNB. 2013. DGNB – Making Sustainability Measurable. http://www.gaia-agenda.no/pdf/DGNB%20Varis%20Bokalders.pdf

Evolution of the European Green Building Certification Systems. The most elaborated EU know-how for partnerships with China: 2nd generation systems have built upon the maturing period of 1st generation pioneer systems, to deliver more exhaustive, more integrated a European sustainable building system (SB tool and DGNB).

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Relationships of the International Certifiction Systems to Each Other

Source: Eissig, N. 2010. Sustainability of Olymic Buildings. Stuttgart. p. 47; and Yuce, M., 2012. Sustainability Evaluation of Green Building, Certification Systems. Thesis. Florida International University (FIU). FIU Digital Commons.

How the International Certification Systems are Derived from Each Other.

Eissig, N. 2010. Sustainability of Olymic Buildings. Stuttgart. p. 47; and Yuce, M., 2012. Sustainability Evaluation of Green Building, Certification Systems. Thesis. Florida International University (FIU). FIU Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1882&context=etd

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Green roofs – enhanced building ecology through a traditional approach. In many part of the world, green roofs have been part of an ancient building tradition. This is also true of many European countries. The ecologists’ movement of the 1980 has already popularized green roofs in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, and the green roof concept has resurfaced as a one of the technology options for green building. Tool GB 3 “Sticking plants on roofs seems to make sense, for the same reason that having parks in cities does — the plants help the city breathe, cleaning the air while at the same time offering a place of peace and relaxation for residents. They can even be used as sustainable urban farms, with knock-on effects for fighting climate change (and traffic) across a wider region by reducing the amount of food that needs to be shipped in from outside the city. Numerous studies have shown that rooftop gardens filled with local, climate-appropriate plants — like the flowering and succulent Sedum for example — have a net positive effect on dense, urban environments. Green roofs can improve a building’s energy efficiency, lessen the urban heat island effect that raises a city’s temperature, and help prevent flooding by absorbing stormwater…. “Unless there’s a density of green rooftops, say one every kilometre, then there’s not going to be much effect [in Shanghai],” according to the “president of the European Federation of Green Roof Associations ... The challenges facing Shanghai can be applied across the world where politicians face regular criticism for not going far enough with environmental regulations, for fear of scaring off private developers with new building costs. Green roofs cost, on average, twice as much as a traditional roof— but they do last approximately twice as long, as they protect the surface beneath. ‘They had the same problem in Germany,’ …’They found out the hard way that you need to set the initial policy targets very high, because it’s very difficult to get it changed in ten years’ time when everyone’s got used to the idea.’ Across the world, from Los Angeles and Toronto, to Zurich and Copenhagen, major cities have been announcing the rollout of green-roof initiatives. By and large, European cities have legislated mandatory requirements, while US city governments have chosen to incentivise developers via tax breaks. Most urban planning departments base their codes of practice on comprehensive German guidelines, which were first published in 1982. However, despite such a clear template, not every city is in the position to build roof gardens safely. The main engineering issue is weight. If a large amount of soil and plants are added on top of a structure that’s not designed to support that much weight, the results can be catastrophic. In 2013, 54 people died in Latvia when a supermarket collapsed under the weight of the topsoil being added to its roof—it constituted the country’s worst peacetime loss of life in 60 years. In countries with well-enforced building regulatory systems, and cooler climates, such problems pose less of a risk — buildings that can withstand heavy snowfall can usually also bear the weight of a garden. But in fast-developing countries with warmer climates, there’s more danger. ” 103

103

O’Meara, S. 2016. Why we’re still up in the air about green roofs. China Dialogue. 9 May 2016. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8904-Why-we-re-still-up-in-the-air-about-greenroofs?utm_source=Chinadialogue+Update&utm_campaign=177d43e7b4A_B_TEST_dam_rhino&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_5db8c84b96-177d43e7b4-46656705

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Green Roof Design

Source: www.hidrosym.cl

Urban greening concept in the United Kingdom

Image credit: University of Greenwich, UK. Source: O’Meara, S. 2016. Why we’re still up in the air about green roofs. China Dialogue. 9 May 2016. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8904-Why-we-re-stillup-in-the-air-about-green-roofs?utm_source=Chinadialogue+Update&utm_campaign=177d43e7b4A_B_TEST_dam_rhino&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_5db8c84b96-177d43e7b4-46656705

Green Roofing Technology Innovation In 2009, a prototype of photovoltaic (PV) roofing tiles was presented at the Universities of Minho and Universidad Nova de Lisboa in Lisbon, Portugal. They are likely to fill a gap in a technology field where so far only rectangular PV elements. This new products which has started to come onto the market since 2016 is likely to have an important impact on the European private housing market. Likewise, it is also expected to be a technology which can innovate the rehabilitation and retrofitting of traditional Chinese Hutong houses. 104Tool GB 3

104

See EC-Link position paper text on Urban Renewal and Revitalization. 2016, on www.eclink.org.

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Roofing tiles with Inbuilt Photovoltaic Technology

Photovoltaic Roofing Tiles – easy to install

Source: http://www.agroalimentando.com/nota.php?id_nota=2963

Roofing tiles with Inbuilt Photovoltaic Technology match conventional tiles in size

Source: http://www.agroalimentando.com/nota.php?id_nota=2963

Innovative Photovoltaic Roofing Materials. “After the introduction of its electric storage facility (Powerwall batteries), and electric cars (Tesla car), the same form has introduced new solar roofing shingles, which combine roofing tiles with the photovoltaic technology.

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“[Tesla] has just introduced a new Powerwall with enough juice in it to run a two bedroom house (14 kWh) for a day, and hooked up to rooftop solar, can run indefinitely. (Although it will not charge the car, which needs 85 kWh or more) It is surprisingly affordable at US$ 5,500. This is a real game-changer, that erases so many of the problems I have had with rooftop solar and its dependence on the grid [is]… just gone…. But what is getting all the pixels is that Musk has introduced a new solar roof shingle, in four different styles. They are made of tempered glass so that they are stronger and more durable than clay or slate or just about any other roof. they have a “micro-louvre” layer so that when you look at it from the street, you just see roof, but when you look at it from above, you see the solar cell…

The slate roof tile is made so that every one is different, with randomly generated patterns that make it look very real… If you have a great solar roof, a big battery pack and an electric car, you can solve the whole energy equation.” He does not say what it costs, but notes that it will have a “lower cost than a traditional roof when combined with projected utility bill savings…. Urbanistically, it promotes and justifies sprawl. … “Rooftop solar disproportionately favors those who have rooftops, preferably big ones on one-story houses on big suburban lots.” 105 Thin-film solar 'wallpaper' is light, flexible, and can be taped onto any surface106

“These flexible CIGS solar cells don't require a mounting rack, weigh 65% less than conventional solar panels, and are said to generate 10% more energy. 105

Source: Alter, L. 2016. Tesla introduces gorgeous new solar shingles and some serious storage. Treehugger. 31 October. http://www.treehugger.com/energy-policy/tesla-introduces-gorgeous-new-solar-shingles-and-someserious-storage.html; other building materials innovations seem to emerge, like solar paint which can produce energy: Revolutionary solar paint creates endless energy from water vapour. 2017. http://inhabitat.com/revolutionary-solar-paint-creates-endless-energy-from-watervapor/?utm_source=Inhabitat+Weekly+Mailing+List&utm_campaign=0ab3f3a7a5&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_edda39917e-0ab3f3a7a5-207499461 106 Source: Markham, D. 2016. Sunflare's thin-film solar 'wallpaper' is light, flexible, and can be taped onto any surface. Treehugger. 19 October. http://www.treehugger.com/solar-technology/sunflares-thin-film-solar-wallpaper-light-flexible-and-can-be-tapedvirtually-anything.html

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The next generation of solar looks to be a much lighter, more flexible, and more customizable experience than anything that's come before it, and thin-film CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) solar technology could offer a variety of benefits, such as a much lighter weight, simpler installation, and increased energy generation, to everything from buildings to vehicles. According to the solar startup Sunflare's founder, Len Gao, "the panles can be secured to any surface with a special double-sided tape," and are flexible enough to conform to curves in applications, which could allow for a lot more solar surfaces on everyday items. The company claims to have "cracked the code" for manufacturing high quality CIGS cells with its proprietary Capture4 process, which would enable mass production of its SUN2 solar cells at a competitive cost. Sunflare's solar cells are based on a stainless steel substrate, on which a thin film of the semi-conductor materials get silkscreened, in a process which is said to use just 50% of the energy of conventional silicon solar panels, and to require much less water and fewer toxic chemicals to manufacture. The result are solar panels that weigh 65% less than conventional panels, don't require a rack to install, and because of their higher effiencies in both low-light and high heat conditions, are said to produce 10% more energy. For the building industry, Sunflare could be light and efficient solar panel option as a Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) installation on the skin of buildings, or as a rooftop array that could cover an entire roof without any concerns about added weight or more roof penetrations, and could allow for easier custom installations on complex residential roofs. For the consumer, these thin-film solar panels could be applied to the roofs of velomobiles, neighborhood EVs, golf carts, trailers, RVs, as a solar awning, or perhaps on electric cars and carports.” See-through photovoltaic facades. Photovoltaic energy production is advancing rapidly, and the revision of buildings which are able to produce their own electricity (“Zero-energy buildings” or “Net-plus energy buildings”) is taking more clearly. In this context, the announcement of “see through solar cells” coming to the market, is a really important development. The massive and affordable use of this technology may be a few years away still, but the applications of these see-through photovoltaic materials on glass surface will be huge, given the popularity of glass buildings in recent decades. Architects can use the photovoltaic coating of “inefficient buildings and make poor design green and energy efficient.107 50% of EU Residents Could Be Generating Their Own Renewable Energy by 2050. “A people-powered energy revolution—an era in which people can produce their own electricity—is possible, and could happen soon, according to a new report released Monday by the environmental group Friends of the Earth Europe (FOEE).

107

Lepisto, C. 2017. See-through solar cells could close gap to meet electricity demand, in: Treehugger. 24 October. https://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/see-through-solar-cells-close-gap-meet-electricitydemand.html

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birgstockphoto.com

The report, “The Potential of Energy Citizens in the European Union”, finds that over half the residents of the EU could be generating their own renewable electricity by 2050. That's 264 million "energy citizens" meeting 45 percent of the region's energy demand through a democratized, citizen-owned system that allows people to be the operators of their own utilities—taking power away, in more ways than one, from a market monopolized by large corporations. "[People] have the power to revolutionize Europe's energy system, reclaiming power from big energy companies, and putting the planet first. We need to enshrine the right for people to produce their own renewable energy in European and national legislation," Molly Walsh, FOEE community power campaigner, said. The report also found that overall, 83 percent of European households, whether individually or as part of a utility collective, have the potential to help create, store or help provide renewable energy. 108 Siemens: Smart and Green Buildings Smart and Connected. More and more people live in cities, and their consumption of energy is growing. One response to this is smart buildings. Buildings account for more than 40 % of energy consumption in the EU. By 2030, 60% of the world’s population will live in cities. As a result, buildings are increasingly coming into the spotlight as integral part of modern life. The goal for buildings is to have the simplest and most flexible management system possible, coupled with sustainable and environmentally friendly operation. Smart data for building operators. Today building operators can already use data to calculate, compare, and optimize media consumption of various buildings. It is equally possible to transfer process data, alarm data, operating statuses, and more from sensors to the management system and to carry out an evaluation. Digital services come into play when information that adds value for the operators is extracted from the data. The just-right indoor climate. Both performance and well-being depend to a great extent on the temperature, air quality, and brightness of the room we are in. When flexible control systems, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and lighting are intelligently linked with one another, the indorr climate can quickly be adjusted to users’ individual requirements.

108

Source: Prupis, N. 2016. 50% of EU Residents Could Be Generating Their Own Renewable Energy by 2050. EcoWatch. 27 September. http://www.ecowatch.com/europe-renewable-energy-2019257743.html

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Smart meets green. Sustainable architecture is not just about technology. It is about rational design as well as efficient use of resources. Source: Siemens. The Magazine for smart building and efficient power distribution. 01.2016. www.siemens.com/magazine

Graph 6: Smart Technologies for Green Buildings

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Source: Ellen Macarthur Foundation. 2016. Intelligent Assets: Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential. p. 44. http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/EllenMacArthurFoundation_Intelligent_A ssets_080216.pdf

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4.7 Lessons Learnt from projects 经验 Europe has seen an evolution of the green building movement from the 1970s onwards when green building initially was a playfield of anthroposophist architects and ecologists. However, since the 1990s it has become mainstream. So much mainstream that this European ecologist movement has influenced world debate on climate change mitigation and adaptation. This has had its impacts on many countries, including China. The various green building assessment and rating systems from Europe indicate variety among European countries. There seems to be competition between various tools and approaches, and the European Union administration has not intervened yet, has permitted the flourishing of different concepts and technology visions, in accordance with Europe´s plurality concept. What matters, of course, are outcomes and impacts and these, have been defined by the EU´s Europe 2020 documents. For those in other countries who would like to see unified approaches, legislation and standards, this may be a sobering moment. Europe stands for diversity, and is not centrally planned. It is the different markets and the populations which drive this diversity and thus add color and local flavor to development. Most of the (pilot-)projects of green building in Europe have been assessed as successful. In terms of low-carbon balance, some of the projects may just be a beginning, but for certain future projects can build on the results of yesterday and today, and the existing and newly evolving tools help to make green building in Europe more effective, more meaningful. In Germany, there has been some criticism, about the speed of and commitment to energyefficiency in the building sector. According to a recent assessment by a private Foundation with close ties to the Green Party of Germany, the refurbishment of the building sector is kind of a “step-child” of the greening of the German society. Despite the enormous potential for low carbon development and savings in the building sector, the speed of application of energy-efficiency measures is too slow, just reaching only about 1% of all buildings per year. If 2050 energy efficiency target are to be achieved, at least 25% of all buildings should be covered. To accelerate the usage of energy-efficiency measures it is recommended that, besides the existing subsidized low-cost loans of the German Development Bank (KfW), direct subsidies be provided to home-owners who invest in the energy efficiency of their buildings. 109 The carrot and stick-approach will also need to be developed further, to encourage the use of more new energy technologies. In San Francisco, USA it has now become a requirement that all new buildings need to install solar panels. 110 Similar requirements, going beyond the regular energy-efficiency measures of the buildings as such, will greatly enhance the eco-performance of the new housing stock.

109

Küchler, S. and Nestle, U. 2012. Neue Finanzierungsmodelle für einen klimaneutralen Gebäudebestand. Strategien zur Modernisierung I, Band 23. Heinrich Böll Stiftung Berlin. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/Endf_Strategien_zur_Modernisierung1_kommentierbar.pdf; and Habermann-nieße, K., Jütting, Klehn, K. and Schlomka, B. 2012. Mit eKo-Quartieren zu mehr Energieeffizienz . Strategien zur Modernisierung II: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Berlin. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/Endf_Strategien_zur_Moderisierung_2_kommentierbar.pdf 110 San Francisco to become the first big US city to require solar panels on new buildings. http://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-all-new-buildings-must-have-solar-panels-2016-4

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4.8 Outlook 展望 European governments, the private sector and the public at large will remain committed to green building, and as good practice spreads and reaches more and more people, the environmental and economic logic of green building will be understood and appreciated. Europe´s experiences to deal with difficult (and harsh climates), and the capacity of technological innovation is much appreciated internationally. Thus, many building officials and private sector representatives have been able to learn from Europe, and many business associations have started on the basis of these exchanges. Likewise, many European companies are interested to extend the know-how and practical experiences to new markets and to new challenges. If the trend continues, it can be expected that the coverage of the green building industry grows more exponentially, than linear. However, since most European cities do not expand much, it is more the retrofitting experience which matters than the creation of new cities or new towns. In that regard, Europe´s current stage of urbanization is different, it is one of consolidation and continuous modernization, where climate change adaptation and smart development are more important than the creation of new homes. Increased Building Efficiency through Smart Technologies “Smart technologies ‘have been transforming many aspects of our lives and business. Cities, healthcare, transportation, farming, fitness, home, manufacturing and utilities have been the key beneficiaries of this fast-emerging paradigm. While consumer devices like Fitbit and Amazon Alexa get lot of attention from the media, the commercial buildings have been quietly turning into Software Defined Buildings (SDB). By doing so they are not only lowering the operational cost of the building, but also foster smarter cities, better safety, and occupant comfort. As such they have become an important market segment in the IoT space.’ … ·United Nations Environment Program estimated that buildings consume 40% of global energy, 25% of global water, 40% of global resources, and 60% of world’s electricity. ·Water and Energy report 2014 from UN report shows that investing $170 billion annually in energy efficiency worldwide could produce energy savings of up to $900billion per year and each additional $1 spent on energy efficiency in electrical equipment, appliances and buildings avoids more than $2, on average, in energy supply investments. ·Green Energy Ensemble estimated that smart buildings save 30% water, 40% energy, and reduce building operational costs up to 30%. ·World Green Building Council estimated that 90% of typical building costs are associated with staff salaries and benefits. With smart buildings, some of these costs can be reduced through automation.”

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Green versus Smart Buildings (Source: RIU) Source: Kadiyala, A. 2016. Smart Buildings — the silent ‘killer app’ of IoT. Medium.com. 25 September . https://medium.com/@akadiyala/smart-buildings-the-silent-killer-app-of-iot-621d06e75367#.qldceiaiq

European construction firms are vying how to contribute industrialized green building materials for China´s fast expanding construction sector. In the coming years it can be expected that China´s green building sector will receive strong legislative boost, and that both the public and the private building activity will receive technical and financial stimulus and support to adopt green building practices, both ¨passive¨and ¨active¨building. As China has a vast and fast growing building stock, retrofitting of this existing building stock will also become a priority area of interest. Key actions to further green building. A recent study of the Ross Centre for Sustainable Cities at the World Resources Institute has identified eight actions for urban leaders, on how to accelerate building efficiency. 111 The options for local government actions to improve the energy efficiency of the built environment fall into eight categories: ACTION 1: Building efficiency codes and standards are regulatory tools that require a minimum level of energy efficiency in the design, construction and/or operation of new or existing buildings or their systems. When well designed and implemented, codes and standards can cost-effectively decrease energy expenses over a building’s lifetime. ACTION 2: Efficiency improvement targets are energy reduction goals that can be set by a local government, either at the citywide community level, or applied to its own publicly owned or rented building stock. City governments can also introduce voluntary targets as a way to incentivize the private sector. ACTION 3: Performance information and certifications enable building owners, managers, and occupants to make informed energy management decisions. Transparent, timely information allows decision-makers and city leaders to measure and track performance against targets. Examples of building performance policies include: requiring energy audits, retro-commissioning, formalizing rating and certification programs, and implementing energy performance disclosure requirements. 111

Becqué, R., Mackres, E., Layke, J., Aden, N., and Nate Aden, and Sifan Liu. 2016. Accelerating Building Efficiency – Eight Actions for Urban Leaders. World Resources Institute. Ross Centre for Sustainable Cities. Washington. www.wri.org/buildingefficiency

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ACTION 4: Incentives and finance can help energy efficiency projects overcome economic barriers, such as those related to upfront costs and “split incentives.” They include grants and rebates, energy-efficient bond and mortgage financing, tax incentives, priority processing for building permits, floor-area allowances, bond and mortgage financing, revolving loans, dedicated credit lines, and risk-sharing facilities. ACTION 5: Government leadership by example involves policies and projects undertaken by the government that serve as an example to create greater demand/acceptance for efficient buildings in the market. This approach can take the form of improving the public building stock, private-public partnership pilot projects, setting ambitious energy efficiency standards and targets, encouraging or mandating procurement of efficient products and services, and stimulating the energy service company (ESCO) market through municipal energy performance contracting (EPC) tenders. ACTION 6: Private building owner, manager, and occupant engagement includes technical programs that help motivate building stakeholders. These include local partnerships for efficient buildings, “green lease” guidance, and behavioral mechanisms such as competitions and awards, user-feedback information via kiosks or computer displays, and implementing strategic energy management activities. ACTION 7: Technical and financial service provider engagement can facilitate the development of skills and business models to meet and accelerate demand for efficiency. These include technical workforce training, procurement officer education on performance contracting, engagement with the financial industry to help standardize investment terms and reduce transaction costs, establishing revolving loan funds or dedicated credit lines, and considering public-private risk sharing facilities for investments. ACTION 8: Working with utilities can improve access to energy usage data and support utilities’ efforts to make their customers more energy efficient. These programs include energy-use data access, utility public benefit funds, on-bill financing, revenue decoupling, and demand-response programs, to name a few. The 2017 Sustainable Energy for All Forum has supplemented the view that the private sector needs reassurance in order to invest in building retrofitting. [L]”eaders in government and finance will need to better coordinate policy and investment to move more money toward clean energy. More than ever before, investors see opportunities to make money in energy infrastructure upgrades like efficient buildings, clean transportation and renewable energy generation. But to create healthy investment markets, financiers say that governments need to adopt regulation and foster voluntary programs. Good public policies can complement and drive private investment to building efficiency” through (i) stability in local policies, (ii) scale of retrofit programmes, (iii) standardisation of measures, (iv) segmentation of investments in promising investments (for instance ‘green’ commercial buildings), and (v) sequencing according to a longer-term retrofitting plan.” 112

112

Mackres, E. , Melling, D. and Weyl, D. 2017. How to Attract Private Investment to Energy-Efficient Buildings? Follow the 5 “S’s”. thecityfix.com.18 May 2017. http://thecityfix.com/blog/how-to-attract-private-investment-toenergy-efficient-buildings-follow-the-5-ss-eric-mackres-daniel-melling-debbieweyl/?utm_campaign=WRICities&utm_source=CIT_Newsletter_2017_03_21&utm_medium=email&utm_content= title

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The emergence of the standardization of smart homesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; products can be expected in the next few years, as recent industry reports suggest. This will demonstrate the market absorption of the concept of smart building. 113

113 Seattle

builder makes smart homes standard. 13 June 2017. http://www.constructiondive.com/news/seattlebuilder-makes-smart-homes-standard/444859/

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5 PERSPECTIVES FROM CHINA 中国视角 5.1 Sector Context and Policy analysis 行业背景 China embracing green building. Chinese buildings consume about 31% if the country´s energy, and are responsible for about 8,500,000 tons of CO2 emissions per day.114 There are several reasons why the construction sector in China will go green: China's governmentmandated need to reduce pollution and energy consumption, the country's slowly rising environmental awareness, its thriving spirit of entrepreneurship, and size of China's construction market, which builds nearly half the world's total new buildings every year, and by 2020 will account for 40 percent of the country's total energy consumption. Residential Construction in China

Source: UNEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p. 348. http://www.unep.org/greeneconmy

Legal Basis. The legal basis for the Green Building sector are the existing urban planning legislation of the People´s Republic of China (PRC), and other guidelines of the Ministry of Housing, and Urban-Rural Development (MoHURD), particularly those pertaining to eco-city development. The relevant legal reference documents are: • •

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Urban Planning Law. 1984. In 2008 updated as “The Urban and Rural Planning Law of People’s Republic of China”; latest revised in April 2015. Land Management Law. 1998.

www.house-energy.com

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• • • • • •

And based on the law, the detailed Enforcement Regulation has been developed, and undergone revisions for several times. The latest is the 2014 version. Environment Protection Law. 1990. Latest revised in 2014 and applied since 2015. MoHURD. March. 2013. The 12th 5-Year Plan on the Green Building and Green Ecological Districts. CCPCC and State Council. March, 2014. National New-type Urbanization Plan 20142020. State Council. April, 2015, Suggestions on Enhancing Eco-civilization. CCPCC and State Council. 2016. Central Government Guideline on Urban Planning. CCPCC and State Council. 2016. The thirteenth Five-Year Plan (2016-2020)

More specific legal instruments for the Green Building sector are: • • • • •

Building Law. 1997. Latest revised in April 2011. MoHURD & Ministry of Finance. 2012. Recommendations on the Implementation of Promoting Green Building Development. MoHURD & NDRC. 2013. National Green Building Action Plan. MoHURD. 2015. Evaluation Standard for Green Office Building (GB/TS0378-2014) (replacing 2006 version). MoHURD. 2015. Technical Guidelines for Passive House (Ultra low Energy Consumption Green Buildings)

Policy Direction from the 13th Five Year Plan. The Government´s pronouncement of the Five Year Plan objectives has stated three key objectives: Increased efficiency of energy resources development and utilization; effective control total aggregate of energy and water consumption, construction land, and carbon emissions. The total emissions of major pollutants shall be reduced significantly. City development shall be in accordance with the carrying capacity of resources and the cultural context. Green planning, design and construction standards shall be applied. Support reduced emission standards, and implement demonstration projects of ¨nearzero¨carbon emission. Tool GB 1, Tool GB 2 Within 10 years, increase the rate of prefabricated buildings to 30%。 Figure 2: Investment demand estimate for Green Building in the 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020) Project Category Efficient buildings

New green buildings Existing building retrofit Total Investment needs

Required Additional Amount 3080 million square meters 2080 million square meters

Investment Needs (billion RMB) 224.8

Investment Needs (billion USD) 34.58

1,462.2

219.42 254

Source: Adapted from Bloomberg Philantropies et al. 2016. Green Finance for Low-Carbon Cities. p.12 http://www.bbhub.io/dotorg/sites/2/2016/06/Green-Finance-for-Low-Carbon-Cities.pdf

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New Urbanization Policy 2016. Following the Central Urban Work Conference (20-21 December 2015) on 6 February 2016, the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council issued a roadmap for city development. Its key points are as follows 115 Improve the urban building. Within 10 years, increase the rate of prefabricated buildings to 30%. Promote the development of energy conservation in the city. Promote the district combined heat and power (CHP), green lighting, energy conservation in government departments; improve heat production efficiency; newly built residential buildings must be equipped with individual measurement of household heating consumption, while that shall be gradually provided for existing residential buildings. Tool GB 1 China Development Bank Capital (CDBC) Policy for Green Urban Development. The CDBC´s policy document for Green Urban Development states several principles for the green building sector:

Green Building: At least 70% of buildings should be MoHURD One-Star, 20-40% of buildings should be MoHURD Two-Star, and 5-15% of buildings should be MoHURD Three-Star within any development. 116 Tool GB 1 Smart Technologies: Smart lighting Systems, Tool GB 1, Tool GB 2, Tool GB 3 and smart grid technologies which support higher energy performance targets:

Table 7: Relationship between Smart and Green Guidelines Relevant Green Guidelines Renewable Smart and Energy Distributed Management Energy Smart Guidelines

Green Buildings

Relationship Smart energy management technologies help to improve decision-making and even automates many decisions, which improves energy efficiency. Smart grid technologies help integrate a diverse mix of renewable and distributed energy sources to the grid and gives grid operators the flexibility to use the most efficient sources as conditions change throughout the day. Even if a building is equipped with all the right energy efficient fixtures, building management systems can ensure that buildings actually capture these efficiencies. Otherwise, many green buildings end up operating at a much lower efficiency due to lack of robust management.

Relevant Smart Technologies Smart Lighting Systems; Smart Grid Technologies

Building Management Systems

Source: China Development Bank Capital (CBDC). 2015. 6 Smart Guidelines. CDBC´s Green and Smart Urban Development Guidelines. Beijing (draft). http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Six-SmartGuidelines.pdf

China needs a Zero Energy Building program. That’s urgent. It’s a critical area to tackle for climate change mitigation and to minimize environmental problems. It’s important for China and the world. 117 Though the emissions coming from the energy consumed by the Chinese buildings falls short from those of the industry, without an ambitious policy the situation may reverse in the near future. We can’t forget that buildings consume more energy than the transportation sector or the industry in many parts of the world (North America, Europe…). 115

Extracted and translated from: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-02/21/content_5044367.htm) China Development Bank Capital (CBDC). 2015. 12 Green Guidelines. CDBC´s Green and Smart Urban Development Guidelines. Beijing (draft). http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/12-GreenGuidelines.pdf 117 http://www.house-energy.com/NZEB/China-ZNEB.html 116

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And if the cities that are being developed in China keep on using traditional standards, with such building stock it will be impossible to reduce energy consumption and to stop climate change. China needs to follow the Zero Energy Buildings policy that is being planned in the European Union and California: making all new buildings low carbon from 2020 onwards. Fortunately, China has started to implement a green building program. From 69,5 million sqm in 2012, it wants to expand the amount of 3-star rated green buildings to 1 billion sqm by end of 2015. All new public buildings are supposed to fulfil the 3-star rated green buildings certification. China is ready to create green architecture with Chinese characteristics.118 Tool GB 2 Shenzhen now boasts the largest scale and concentration of green buildings in China

(zhu difeng/Shutterstock.com) http://citiscope.org//story/2016/china-cities-aim-hit-peak-carbonearly?utm_source=Citiscope&utm_campaign=63acb59c33Mailchimp_2016_03_10&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_ce992dbfef-63acb59c33-118049425

China´s new Green Building Evaluation Standard. In January 2015, China introduced its new ¨Green Building Evaluation Standard (GB/T 50378-2014)¨119, replacing an earlier Green Building Evaluation Standard (GB 50378-2006) of 2006 (GBES). The rating system allows for three categories (one star, two stars, three stars). By end of 2013, some 1,500 buildings (or 160 million sqkm) complied with this standard. In 2012 only 2% of all new buildings were three star-rated, till year 2020 the share of three star-rated building shall reach 50%. The most prominent changes in the new standard are the broadened scope of application, extended to a wider range of building types, and the methodology of rating. The 2006 standard rated only certain types of public buildings (offices, department stores, and hotels) and residential buildings, while the new 2015 standard includes all sorts of civil buildings such as residential and public buildings (e.g. according to GB 50352-2005120), and it applies more complex rating criteria. Particularly the construction management itself is gaining an important place in the rating formula. Scoring techniques will be applied more strictly, and system evaluates the expected green performance prior to the construction. Firms will have

118

Yang Weiju (ed.). 2012. Green Architecture. Contemporary Architecture in China. lnkj (www.lnkj.com.cn). Beijing. 119 Assessment standard for green building 2014 (GB/T-50378-2014), published by MoHURD. 120 GB 50352-2005, 2.0.2 Residential building: Building for the use of short-term or long-term living of single or multi-person household; 2.0.3 Public building: Building for public activities.

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to undertake more efforts to achieve a three star-rating. 121 China's new green building standard is meant to complement better known rating systems like BREEAM (UK) and LEED which are currently only used in office buildings for multinationals or upscale apartments. Alongside basic energy efficiency rules meant to pressure developers from the top down, the new Chinese label offers a market-based incentive that can promote green building from the top down. The labeling, which addresses land-use, energy, water, construction materials, and indoor air quality and uses a 3 star-system, could be effective considering the growing need for developers to differentiate their buildings in an increasingly competitive market. The mandatory nature of the green building standards are expected to have a strong impact on the building industry as a whole. Tool GB 1 World Green Building Council. Since 2008, China has been announcing it would join the World Green Building Council, as Hong Kong already has done. The Green Building Council (as a sort of public-private partnership) could help administering the country's new indigenous green building labeling system. The group would also be responsible for helping to police buildings, and for drumming up public awareness. The building sector in China. The building sector is growing at amazing rates in China. China is building about 1.8 billion m² per year. 122In other words: Chine alone is building more than one Third of all buildings in the world. That is several million buildings entering the real estate market every year. And these buildings are requiring bigger and bigger amounts of natural gas and electricity, which will be unsustainable without a big shift in China's energy standards for buildings. Chinese has well-known environmental problems: severe droughts, devastating floods, poor air quality in cities. Many rural villages and mega-cities such as Guangdong, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Hong Kong are at high risk in case of a significant increase in sea levels. That’s why is so important to control and reverse the trends involving the consumption of energy by its buildings. But it is not just the provinces and cities mentioned in the latest 5-Year program that are using green building practices. There are many other cities with high energy-efficiency standards. Many cities have their own plans for green buildings, eco-cities and sustainable construction, in accordance with the framework adopted at a central level. Growing share of green buildings. Although still limited in their total numbers, Chinese green building is rising at steady rates, following the goal of the previous 5-Year Development Plan (2010-2015): building 1 billion m² of low-energy buildings by 2015 – nearly 20% of the total floor space constructed during that period. The growth is particularly high (60% annual growth rate) in public buildings, and is significant in the eastern coastal cities. MoHURD and performance monitoring. MoHURD would like to monitor the actual performance of buildings through electronic devices, and upload the data to the internet. Users of apps shall be able to control the indoor air quality of their homes, and through remote control (via internet) they shall be able to control usage of water, electricity, heating or cooling energy, and contribute to the conservation and saving of these resources. Consumers will become more energy conscious, and will make use of the great potentials for savings. The internet can be part of the management of the green buildings concept. It is suggested that software for the management of building-related services (water, electricity, heating or cooling energy) be made available for free (open source software). Such software, however, which could integrate all dimensions of management of homes through 121

Bundesministerium für Umweltschutz, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit/EcoNet China/German Chamber Network (Eds). August 2014. Econet Monitor: Green Markets & Climate Change, German Chamber Network (DE). Beijing. www.econet-china.com 122 http://www.house-energy.com/NZEB/China-ZNEB.html

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the ¨internet of things¨, is yet to be developed. In addition to the management of water, electricity, heating or cooling energy, smart technologies will allow to control temperature, humidity, light, and noise levels in buildings, and these dimensions can be monitored and managed from outside via the internet. Such automated management can improve the quality of residential environments and their services. The expected advancement of the photovoltaic revolution into the green homes, will stimulate a clean energy revolution.123 This will call for a reform to the electricity management, allowing to absorb surplus energy. It is expected that the State Council of PRC will soon open up the opportunity for green energy from buildings, and that this can greatly contribute to energy safety and overall savings in energy expenses through the use of this non-polluting renewable energy. Tool GB 3 Smarter building materials. It is being realized that insulation materials for building enclosures (walls, roofs and windows) could be more smart and energy efficient. Window glasses could regulate sunlight, i.e. permit or shield off sun light depending on climatic conditions. Such smart materials may also be controlled through the smart internet applications. While such technology has reached the car industry (Mercedes uses REFR products in some of its cars), it is yet to enter the buildings sector. More types of control devices for water, electricity, heating or cooling energy may be developed. Tool GB 3 Technologies. The emerging consensus is that China will aim for utilization of high quality construction technologies. Green buildings shall make full use of high building standards, and shall apply smart technologies for performance management and monitoring. Green building benchmarking data needs to be compiled not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the purpose of allocation of financial subsidies to building owners. Tool GB 3 Industrialization. Directions in the industrialization of the building sector. Industrialization can reduced the required on-site construction time. In terms of environmental quality it can ensure the usage of cleaner and healthier building materials. Tool GB 1, Tool GB 2, Tool GB 3 Zero Energy Building. As mentioned earlier the Chinese authorities have not yet adopted a real Zero Energy Building (ZEB) program. But the green building programs that are being implemented do not differ much from ZEB programs. And China has the resources and means to implement them. ZEB buildings do not involve major technological breakthroughs. Lack of know-how is not a limitation. The Chinese construction sector is dominated by Chinese state-owned enterprises able to train the industry’s workforce and professionals. They can use the same technical tools for designers and builders that are being using European Union and in in California, in ZEB projects. Tool GB 2 Availability of resources. China has resources and conditions that are a lot scarcer in Europe or other parts of the world: a huge new construction market (hence the enormous economies of scale and the much lower prices), abundance of funding, huge supply chains able to provide high-performance windows, cheap solar thermal and photovoltaic panels (including organic PV cells for exterior walls). The main difficulties hampering ZEB projects are organizational, logistical and financial. Tool GB 2

123

Alliance for Building Energy Efficiency (geea). 2014. A powerful platform supporting the energy transition in the building sector. Geea annual report 2014. German Energy Agency. www.geea.info

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Case 43 Shanghai: Lending for Green Building The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is sponsoring green buildings through a financial guarantee scheme with Shanghai´s Pudong Development Bank. Thus, opening up of dedicated credit lines for green building may become a financing approach for green development. The ADB is providing CNY300 million in partial credit guarantees to Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (SPD Bank) to support private-sector financing of energyefficient buildings across the People’s Republic of China (PRC). SPD Bank is the first Chinese partner in a program set up by ADB to encourage financial institutions to lend to companies seeking to retrofit old buildings so that they use less energy or to construct socalled green buildings which are designed, constructed, and maintained to optimize energy and water efficiency over the buildings’ lifespan. Retrofitting buildings typically leads to energy savings of 20%-40%. Under the CNY800 million Energy Efficiency Multi-project Financing Program, ADB is partnering with Johnson Controls, a private sector energy management company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Johnson Controls identifies buildings with energy savings potential while ADB shares the project credit risks with the financial institutions. The PRC government is keen to reduce the greenhouse gases that have accompanied the country’s rapid rise in energy consumption in recent years. Given the PRC’s rapid urbanization, improving the energy efficiency of buildings will help significantly in cutting the gases that contribute to climate change. However, companies have found it hard to access the finance to do that given they can offer little collateral to back their loans, while banks themselves have little experience in project finance for energy-efficiency projects. SPD Bank, listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, was the first domestic bank in the PRC to offer a full range of green credit solutions to companies. “SPD Bank has declared that it will build itself into the first low-carbon bank in the PRC, guided by an innovation-driven strategy,” said Liu Xinyi, Executive Vice President of the bank. Recognizing the huge potential of green construction in the PRC, SPD Bank is supporting cooperation with ADB to boost the development of green buildings using innovative finance. 124

Climate Zoning for Thermal Building Design. Climate is another parameter which needs to be taken into account. Building energy efficiency codes for the various climatic conditions were developed at the national level between 1995-2005. Municipalities may adopt stricter standards, as for Tianjin has done. About 550 million people in China live in the country’s cold zones, with about 43% of the urban residential and commercial building stock. About 500 million people live in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone with about 42% of the urban stock. And about 160 million people live in the hot-summer and warm winter zone with about 12% of the urban stock. About 3% of the residential building stock is found in the temperate zone.125

“By sharing credit risk with our partner bank under this program, we aim to ease the financing bottleneck and expand critical private sector investment in energy-saving green buildings in industry, commercial, and also social infrastructure, such as sectors schools and hospitals in the People’s Republic of China,” said Hisaka Kimura, Senior Investment Specialist in ADB’s Private Sector Operations Department. “Doing that will have a long-lasting and cumulative effect on the PRC’s bid to slash greenhouse gas emissions.”… ” As a responsible corporate citizen, we will try our best to contribute to the sustainable development of our society,” Mr. Liu said. Michael Harris, Vice President and Managing Director, Global Energy Solutions of Johnson Controls Building Efficiency Asia said: “The PRC’s 12th Five-Year Plan’s Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Plan makes energy saving and emissions reduction the focus of development in the construction, industry, and transportation sectors. We are pleased to work with ADB and SPD Bank to work toward a low-carbon economy, contributing our expertise in the operation of energy efficient, sustainable buildings.” ADB Press Release. Manila. 16 May 2011 125 Draugelis, G. and Fei Li, S. Energy Efficiency in Buildings, in: Baeumler, A., Ijjasz.Vasquez, Mehndiratte, S. (Eds.). 2012. Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China, Directions in Development – Countries and Regions. World Bank. Washington. pp. 179-204. 124

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Climate Zoning for Thermal Design of Buildings

Draugelis, G. and Fei Li, S. Energy Efficiency in Buildings, in: Baeumler, A., Ijjasz.Vasquez, Mehndiratte, S. (Eds.). 2012. Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China, Directions in Development – Countries and Regions. World Bank. Washington. pp.179-204. www.siteresources.worldbank.org/.../low_carbon_city_full_en.pdf

Schwede, D. 2016. Analysis of energy-saving and sustainable potentials for building portfolios and urban renewal. International Green Building Conference. Beijing. 31 March 2016.

However, the current move to develop green buildings, passive houses or Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB), or Active Houses, has mostly been focused on the northern regions of China. The hot-summer and warm winter zone (tropical climate) with about 12% of the urban stock, and the temperate zone (“sub-tropical climate”) have largely been omitted from this work. It will be necessary to expand the exploration of passive house modalities to these tropical and sub-tropical climate zones (as has been done in other countries).

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Graph 7: Energy-efficient Green Building in the Tropics

Source: UN-Habitat. 2013. Case Study Ho Chi Minh City. Module 7: Climate Change and Shelter & Housing. http://unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives/initiatives-programmes/cities-and-climate-change-academy/

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Graph 8: Green Town House for Tropical Climate - Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Source: UN-Habitat. 2013. Case Study Ho Chi Minh City. Module 7: Climate Change and Shelter & Housing. http://unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives/initiatives-programmes/cities-and-climate-change-academy/

Urban resilience: The current phenomena of climate change make it imperative to introduce aspects of climate change adaptation into many sectors. This also is true for the building sector. Buildings need to be able to resist extreme weather events, and provide safe shelter and services in such difficult moments. Such measures could cover typhoon and storm protection, besides any obligatory anti-seismic conditions. Smart management of buildings. In these times of rapid modernization many urban service sectors are also improving and modernizing their management techniques through advances in information technology (internet communication; online services; surveillance cameras etc.), which helps to make services more efficient, more accessible and more affordable. For the green building sector this would go mean that smart management of buildings, can control and safe unnecessary electricity consumption, can be connected to safety measures, and can help to initiate heating or cooling measures through remote control or internet-based controls. ď&#x192; Tool GB 3 Case 44 Green Building Action Plan In 2012, Ministry of Finance and MoHURD co-issued the policy document Accelerate the Promotion of Green Building Development in China. As the guiding policy at national level, this document set out the tasks in building sector including development of technical codes, technologies, industries, evaluation system, management mechanisms etc. in the period of the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP). 126 In order to set out specifically feasible approaches, the State Council issued Green Building Action Plan in 2013 as the first official document in the year. This Plan, as the first national action plan about green building, were initiated and compiled by the National Development and Reform Commission together with Ministry of Housing Urban and Rural Development. Soon after this, provinces issued their own green building action plans according to local conditions. The main purpose of the Plan is to support building sector to contribute to the energy and emission reduction target set in 12th FYP. In the Plan, ten tasks have been put forward to 126

Zhang Mingshun 2014. Handbook Green Building Development. Chemical Industry Publisher. Pp. 150-152

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highlight the potentials, which include energy saving building, retrofitting of the existing buildings, retrofitting of heating system, up-scaling the utilization of new energy in building sector, energy management in public buildings, research and development of new building technologies, promotion of the green building material, industrialization of building, management of demolish process, and recycling of construction waste. 127

Case 45 Eco-Chic comes to China: Green Buildings by MOMA The Hong Kong based developer and investment group Modern land has constructed in Beijing seven very high quality apartment buildings (of about 30-stories each) with a total area of 600,000sqm. Similarly, in several other Chinese cities, like Hefei, MOMA projects are under way. They are being offered for Beijing`s trendy expats or the local well-to- do. MOMA is marketing this new concept for living with “eco-friendly heating and airconditioning systems”, which has no boilers to supply heat, no electric air conditioners to supply cool air. These complexes are characterized by their bold utilization of top-notch green building technologies, like photovoltaic technology for energy generation, heat exchange pumps (geo-thermal wells at 660-100 meters deep), floor heating, and double glazed windows for better insulation. An additional attraction is the contemporary modern design of the apartments, and the luxurious gardening and outdoor spaces. The proliferation of these commercial housing complexes is important as these bring advanced technology to a privileged group of owners, and make green building and living attractive and fashionable.128 The expected impact is that in the medium-term similar projects can be initiated with medium class housing standards.

Urban agriculture. Besides energy security, buildings can also contribute to food security. Urban agriculture, produced under vertical conditions, can contribute additional resources to the life of city dwellers. Roof top spaces, balconies and even indoor spaces may be utilized of urban agriculture purposes, small-scale or big-scale.

127

Green Building Action Plan Zhonh Nan, Green buildings are a smart choice for China, in: China Daily, 31-03-2015. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-03/31/content_19957794.htm. See also: Mok, K. 2016. Growroom is a prototype for food-producing architecture in our cities. Treehugger. 19 September. http://www.treehugger.com/urban-design/growroom-space10-mads-ulrik-husum-sine-lindholm.html 128

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Urban Farming Going Vertical and High Tech

Source: Lindfield, M. and Steinberg, F (eds.). 2012. Green Cities. Asian Development Bank. Urban Development Series. Manila. p. 82. http://www.adb.org/publications/green-cities

Graph 9: Vertical Farms

Lindfield, M. and Steinberg, F (eds.). (2012). Green Cities. Asian Development Bank. Urban Development Series. Manila. p. 83. http://www.adb.org/publications/green-cities

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Vertical Farming

Source: https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/474x/68/cf/d0/68cfd0cfe208e73bd2 16775935752bb9.jpg

Source: https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/474x/13/c0/4a/13c04ac7ee5c142c76b11 5dfff725947.jpg

Urban Farming

Source: https://es.pinterest.com/pin/497858933778761104/

Source: https://es.pinterest.com/pin/525021269040644842/?from _navigate=true

Urban Farming

Source: http://offgridworld.com/5-story-farm-in-themiddle-of-the-city-vertical-farm-project/

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/294845106837213660/sen t/?sender=305682030866350581&invite_code=f6d5c64d 950f2bda407e24e9e4c82d8b

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Vertical Farming – Concept

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/344806915201002940/sent/?sender=305682030866350581&invite_code=e04a 204081c28a0ae8267715a63f2afd

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Vertical Farming

Source: Vertical Farming. Does it really stack up? http://www.economist.com/node/17647627

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5.2 Good Practices – Illustrations 成功案例 Solar-powered Zero Energy Office Building. Dezhou, Shangdong Province

Architectural Science and Technology R&D Center Building, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province

Source: http://www.greendiary.com/sustainable-officebuildings-world.html

Source: http://en.phichina.com.cn/_d276574057.htm

Passive House – Housing in Quinghuang Dao, Hebei Province

Sino-German Demonstration Passive House Project, Rizhao, Shandong Province.

Source: http://en.phichina.com.cn/_d276573953.htm

Source: http://en.phichina.com.cn/_d276574035.htm

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Energy-efficient Low-Carbon Residential Towers

Source: World Bank, Building Energy-efficient Homes for Low-carbon Cities in China, November 9, 2011

Shanghai Tower: Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tallest Building Is Energy-efficient

Public gets first inside view of the nation's tallest building, China Daily. 28 April 2016. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/201604/28/content_24911275.htm

Sanxian, Shanghai

Source: Florian Steinberg

Shanghai Tower: The energy automation system has a real-time electricity consumption monitoring function that can save up to 10 % of total energy use.

Public gets first inside view of the nation's tallest building, China Daily. 28 April 2016. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/201604/28/content_24911275.htm

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Zero-Energy Office Tower – the biggest of its kind in China. Guangzhou.

EXPO 2010 Initiative: Demonstration Eco-building in Minhang District, Shanghai

Source: www.yahoo - ´china zero energy buildings´

Source: Wang, S. 2011. Beyond Design. 1010 Shanghai Expo Architecture and Space Design. Azur Corporation, Tokyo, pp.302-303.

ZED Housing at Shanghai Expo – British green technology for China

ZED Housing at Shanghai Expo – innovative energy and cooling devices

Source: Florian Steinberg

Green Roof in Beijing

Rooftop greening – the informal way, Source: Florian Steinberg Guangzhou

Source: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/07/chinas_learni ng.php

Reuters/China Daily http://www.msn.com/es-co/noticias/resumen-de2014/las-100-fotograf%C3%ADas-m%C3%A1simpactantes-de-2014/ss-BBhn5s4#image=24

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Eco-Chic in Beijing: MOMA upmarket project

Hefei: MOMA Eco-Chic - high tech of energy-efficiency with modern comfort

Source: Florian Steinberg

Elementary school builds rooftop garden, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Source: http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-08/14/content_21595761.htm

Guizhou: Green Hotel by Fashionable Italian Architect Stefano Boeri

Lynch, S. 2016. Stefano Boeri 'reconstruye' una colina al diseĂąar un hotel en China. Arch Daily. 25 December. http://www.archdaily.co/co/802113/stefano-boeri-reconstruye-una-colina-al-disenar-un-hotel-enchina

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Vertical Forests for Nanjing Stefano Boeri Architetti, the Milan-based firm that has pioneered the “vertical forest” in Europe, is to bring its concept to China with delivery of two towers to the former capital of Nanjing. Vertical Forest towers - a centrepiece of the Yangtze River Economic Zone

Source: Stefano Boeri Architetti

“Rising 200m and 108m above the Pukou District, the towers will be the first forested buildings in Asia when they are complete in 2018. Developed by state-owned investment group Nanjing Yang Zi, the taller of the two will contain a museum, an architecture school and a rooftop club. The smaller will accommodate a 247-room Hyatt hotel and rooftop swimming pool. Both will sprout from a 20m-high podium that will include shops, restaurants and a conference hall. … the vegetation will be made up of 1,100 trees from 23 local species and 2,500 cascading shrubs and plants.” Source: China set to bring Italy’s vertical forests to Asia as tower boom continues. Global Construction Review. 6 February 2017. http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/china-set-bring-italys-ver7ticalfor7ests-a7sia/

“Boeri made a convincing case that his buildings were an "anti-sprawl device". [Vertical Forest 1] constitutes an alternative urban environment that allows to live close to trees, shrubs and plants within the city; such a condition can be generally found only in the suburban houses with gardens, which are a development model that consume agricultural soil and which is being now recognized as energy-consuming, expensive and far from communal services found in the compact city.”

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5.3 Technologies and Products 技术和产品 Case 46 Qinhuangdao,Hebei: The first Passive House in China In Qinhuangdao, North-eastern China, a private developer has built the first passive energy homes. 129 In 2009, Wang Zhen, a property developer in this northeastern Chinese city, made a risky decision. Wang decided not to have district heating in a condominium that he was about to build. In a city where temperatures often drop below zero in winter, most buildings use the city-distributed system; otherwise, occupants there would freeze. As China's desire to save energy grows, Wang and other property developers in the country have begun to experiment with this kind of ultra-low-energy structure. Using superthick insulation and advanced window technology, passive buildings are covered by an extremely airtight envelope -- so that almost no heat escapes and no cold seeps in. The buildings are also oriented toward the sun and equipped with heat-recovery devices. The resulting passive energy home consumes 90 percent less heating and cooling energy than a conventional building in the same climate zone. Since the concept of passive homes was developed in Germany during the 1990s, its popularity has been spreading. As of 2014, the Darmstadt-headquartered Passive House Institute has certified more than 10,000 structures worldwide. The organization notes that the number of existing passive buildings is much higher because the certification is voluntary. For Wang, general manager at Qinhuangdao Wuxing Real Estate Company Ltd., his interest in passive homes started when he learned this concept in an international green building conference. At that time, Wang's company had already developed several energy-efficient buildings using China's own standards, but it wanted to push further. Building passive homes in China was not an easy matter. As the passive home project was the country's first, there were no examples 129

ClimateWire, 27 January 2015. http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060012314

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for Wang to follow. He could not simply replicate international approaches, either. The majority of passive structures built in Western countries are low-rises, while most Chinese families live in high-rise apartment buildings. Acceptance of the Passivehouse technology has been positive, although owners had to pay about 10% more their energy-efficient apartments. Across the nation, passive buildings of all kinds are emerging. Teamed up with Western engineers, a local company in northern China's Harbin city has been developing a passive office building. Down in Huzhou city of southern China, a hotel was completed last year to passive-house standards. Statistics from China's Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development show that at least 37 passive structures are built or under construction in the country so far. Still, scaling up the practice remains a challenge. As climate conditions in China vary, strategies used to develop passive buildings in chilly northern Chinese cities may not work for those in the warm, humid south. Passive homes cost about 10 to 15 percent more to build than conventional buildings. The recently founded China Passive House Network, a Beijing-based information platform, promotes passive buildings but observes that low energy prices make passive homes less economically attractive for Chinese house buyers. ď&#x192; Tool GB 1

Photovoltaic Technology on Buildings

Solar Water Heaters

Source: Florian Steinberg Source: Florian Steinberg

Solar Energy Technology as Defining Feature of New Solar Architecture

Source: Yang Weiju (ed.). (www.lnkj.com.cn). Beijing.

2012.

Green

Architecture.

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Architecture

China.

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Case 47 Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region: First Passive House in West China

Source: http://www.fona.de/mediathek/forum/2013/beitrag/d3_franke_b ernd_01_presentation_forum2013.pdf

This Passivehouse has a heat demand of less than 15 kWh/m2*a (net usable space), just 15% of the current standard for new buildings in Urumqi. This can only be done with insulation (30 cm instead of the usual 12 cm), high quality windows (u-value of 0.8), an airtight building cover and heat recovery. The design was prepared jointly by Culturebridge Architects Grünstadt/ Beijing and the Xinjiang Architectural Design Institute. The Passive House Institute in Darmstadt/Germany provided backstopping. News of the project has travelled across China; other cities will follow Urumqi’s lead.

Case 48 Geothermal Heat Pumps130

A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency. Ground source heat pumps are also known as "geothermal heat pumps" although, strictly, the heat does not come primarily from the centre of the earth, but from the sun. They are also known by other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy systems. The engineering and scientific communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps" to avoid confusion with traditional geothermal power, which uses a high temperature heat source to generate electricity. Ground source heat pumps harvest heat absorbed at the Earth's surface from solar energy. The temperature in the ground below 6 metres (20 ft) is roughly equal to the mean annual air temperature at that latitude at the surface. Tool GB 1 Depending on latitude, the temperature beneath the upper 6 metres (20 ft) of Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 10 and 16 °C (50 and 60 °F), if the temperature is undisturbed by the presence of a heat pump. Like a refrigerator or air conditioner, these systems use a heat pump to force the transfer of heat from the ground. Heat pumps can transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space, against the natural direction of flow, or they can enhance the natural flow of heat from a warm area to a cool one. The core of the heat pump is a loop of refrigerant pumped through a vaporcompression refrigeration cycle that moves heat. Geothermal pump systems reach fairly high Coefficient of performance (CoP), 3 to 6, on the coldest of winter nights, compared to 1.75-2.5 for air-source heat pumps on cool days. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are among the most energy efficient technologies for providing HVAC and water heating. Installation costs are higher than for conventional heating systems, but the difference is usually returned in energy savings in 3 to 10 years. Geothermal heat pump systems are reasonably warranted by 130

Based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump

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manufacturers, and their working life is estimated at 25 years for inside components and 50+ years for the ground loop.131 The efficiency of ground source heat pumps can be greatly improved by using seasonal thermal energy storage and inter-seasonal heat transfer. Heat captured and stored in thermal banks in the summer can be retrieved efficiently in the winter. Heat storage efficiency increases with scale, so this advantage is most significant in commercial or district heating systems. Seasonal thermal storage - A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump

Case 49 China: Heating Reform Recently, Ministry of Finance, MoHURD, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the National Energy Adminstation jointly held Video Conference for the clean heating in winter for the northern part of the China,. According to the pilot program, the local municipal finance will invest about 69.7 billion yuan in the next three years to ensure the smooth implementation of clean heating renovation, plans to attract financial institutions, enterprises and other social capital of more than 200 billion yuan. At the end of last year, the Central Financial Leading Group held its fourteenth meeting, the northern region of winter clean heating has the key importance. This year's government work report also put forward specific requirements for the promotion of clean heating in 2017. In order to promote the local to speed up the winter clean heating transformation, four ministries in May this year to organize the central fiscal support to the northern region of winter clean heating pilots, the pilot demonstration period is lasting for 3 years, the central financial compensation fund standards will be catogrized according to the city scale. Each year to arrange 1 billion yuan to municipality directly under the central government, the provincial capital city arranged 700 million yuan each year, prefecture-level cities arranged 500 million yuan each year. According to the introduction, according to the pilot city reported the implementation of the program, the next three years the local government will invest about 69.7 billion yuan, and accelerate the improvement of diversified financing mechanism, plans to attract financial institutions, corporate investment and other social capital of more than 2000 Billion, for the smooth implementation of clean heating to provide a strong guarantee. At present, the National Energy Administration is in coordination with the MoF, Ministry of Environmental Protection and MoHURD to do the preparation of the "northern winter clean heating plan (2017-2021)", it will list the overall 131

Some confusion exists with regard to the terminology of heat pumps and the use of the term "geothermal". "Geothermal" derives from the Greek and means "Earth heat" - which geologists and many laymen understand as describing hot rocks, volcanic activity or heat derived from deep within the earth. Though some confusion arises when the term "geothermal" is also used to apply to temperatures within the first 100 meters of the surface, this is "Earth heat" all the same, though it is largely influenced by stored energy from the sun.

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goal of the winter clean heating, and set the strategy from the heating source, heating network, and end users to prove the guidance. Source: MoHURD. http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/zxydt/201709/t20170913_233276.html

Case 50 Shanghai: EXPO 2010 Initiative - Demonstration Eco-building The prototype of the case pavilion is a demonstration eco-building in Minhang District, Shanghai. As the first zero-energy building in China, it uses as huge solar thermal equipment to provide energy for the entire building. Green and energy-saving technologies to integrate solar energy in the building and make full use of rainwater and sewage, natural ventilation, shallow geothermal energy, display the concept of ecohousing and the pursuit of universal livable housing. The building has a shading system composed of shutters, French-window curtains and balcony awnings. Flowing liquids in the blue tubes on the wall can adjust the temperature of the entire building. 132

Case 51 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province: The Pearl River Tower The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou is China´s largest zero-emissions building, and also world-wide the largest. It is a 71-storey 309.7 m clean technology neo-futuristic skyscraper which applied photovoltaic technology to make it a zero-emission building. The building was inaugurated in March 2011. The building was designed with energy conservation in mind, including wind turbines and solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, raised floors ventilation, and radiant heating and cooling ceilings. It is one of the most environmentally friendly buildings in the world. The sustainable design features include (i) the largest radiant-cooled office building in the world; (ii) most energy efficient super-tall building in the world; (iii) the tower is an example of China’s goal to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP in 2020 by 40 to 45 percent as compared to the level of 2005. In a report presented at the 2008 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat it was reported that the building's sustainable design features will allow a 58% energy usage reduction when compared to similar stand-alone buildings. The building would have been able to be carbon neutral and actually sell power back to the surrounding neighborhood if the micro-turbines had been installed into the building. However the local power company in Guangzhou does not allow independent energy producers to sell electricity back to the grid. Without the financial incentive to add the micro-turbines the developers removed them from the design. If they had been added excess power would have been produced from the building, at the very least, after office hours when the power needed by the building itself had been reduced.133 Tool GB 2

Case 52 Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province: Kean-Wenzhou, Passive House Design for Faculty of Architecture and Design The “passive” design for this new educational facility is oriente don China’s goal to reduce GHG emissions by 40-45% till year 2020. The building is oriented to optimise the use of sun and shading devices. The energy consumption is reduced due to measured volumes and the application of photovoltaic technology. Green roofs collect rain wáter which is utilized for gardening and the campus lake. Expected completion date is in 2018.

132

Wang, S. 2011. Beyond Design. 1010 Shanghai Expo Architecture and Space Design. Azur Corporation, Tokyo, pp.302-303. 133 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower

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Moore Ruble Yudell, Tongji Architectural Design y Research Institute Source: Crocket, L. 2016. Se revela el diseño ganador para una nueva Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño en China. Archdaily. 24 September. http://www.archdaily.co/co/795679/se-revela-el-diseno-ganador-para-unanueva-facultad-de-arquitectura-y-diseno-en-china

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The Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou: China´s largest zero-emissions building

Sustainable Energy Technology Centre at University of Nottingham, Ningbo; China’s First Zero-Emissions Building

http://cn.bing.com/images/search?q=The%20Pearl% 20River%20Tower%2C%20Guangzhou&qs=n&form =QBIR&pq=the%20pearl%20river%20tower%2C%2 0guangzhou&sc=0-3&sp=-1&sk

https://www.educatesustainability.eu/kb/it/content/cset-centre-sustainableenergy-technologies-ningbo-china

Case 53 Soul, Sourth Korea: FKI Tower, the Energy-Neutral Building Similarly, the new tower building of the Federation of Korean Industries features efficient solar facades that have integrated photovoltaic, angled elements as energy source. The recently built green skyscraper - designed by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture features one of the most efficient solar electric facades in the world. Federation of Korean Industries Tower in Seoul is equipped with an advanced photovoltaic wall system that reduces energy usage while generating power.134 The building stands for a height of 800 foot. The overall added cost is nearly zero. The structure exhibits the accordion-style exterior wall. The integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) are attached to this wall pointing upwards. The glass enables the reflection of a dramatically larger percentage of heating during the summers. Thus the mechanism helps in reducing the expense regarding cooling. Moreover it enables deeper light penetration into the building. The overall cost of construction is not significantly more than a normal building, but the efficiency of the design will provide a quick payback to the building owner. By taking advantage of a generous renewable tax credit, it has been said that the tower will be paid seven times more for its electricity than what it pays.135 Tool GB 2

134

For reference to similar issues of photovoltaic technology in building facades, refer to the green energy

position paper. 135

http://www.greenpacks.org/2010/10/29/federation-of-korean-industries-tower-features-efficient-solar-electricfacades/

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Federation of Korean Industries Tower – a self-sustained energy building

Source: Yahoo - ´korea tower building solar photovoltaic facades´

Efficient Solar Facades - Federation of Korean Industries, Seoul, Korea

Source: http://www.greenpacks.org/2010/10/29/federation-ofkorean-industries-tower-features-efficient-solarelectric-facades/

Source: http://www.greenpacks.org/2010/10/29/federationof-korean-industries-tower-features-efficient-solarelectric-facades/

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Climate Zoning for Thermal Design of Buildings

Schwede, D. 2016. Analysis of energy-saving and sustainable potentials for building portfolios and urban renewal. International Green Building Conference. Beijing. 31 March 2016.

Case 54 Beijing: Low-carbon Renovations to Beijing homes- Retrofitting Existing Building Stock Friends of Nature, a Beijing-based non-governmental organization (NGO), has supported in 2011 21 Beijing families in retrofits of their buildings or apartments. “The

organisation gave a grant of up to 10,000 yuan (US$1,600) to each family to fund low-carbon home refurbishments, as well as providing them with electricity meters. The families were asked to measure power use before and after the changes, and the goal was a 30% reduction in energy use. The refurbishments are now drawing Green Building – EC Link Working Papers - Draft Version 1.5

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to a close, and the Friends of Nature project team has been inspecting the properties. Most of the families taking part in the project live in old-fashioned residential blocks. Often the walls and windows in these buildings are poorly insulated, meaning the apartments get hot in summer and cold in winter, and residents rely on energy-hungry heating and air-conditioning systems. So doubleglazing, which insulates and blocks out noise, was the top priority for the 21 households… Most of the families taking part in the project live in old-fashioned residential blocks. Often the walls and windows in these buildings are poorly insulated, meaning the apartments get hot in summer and cold in winter, and residents rely on energy-hungry heating and air-conditioning systems. So doubleglazing, which insulates and blocks out noise, was the top priority for the 21 households... When they were selecting their “low carbon families”, the project team hesitated over including this kind of household, but in the end accepted two like Kong’s. When work started, Friends of Nature was delighted to find that these families were more easily able to measure the impact of the changes than others, as they burn coal for heat and know exactly how much they are using. “Saving energy while improving quality of life” – that’s the aim of the project… Before remodelling their homes, the families went through two months of training activities – the “low-carbon course” Wang refers to – which included activities like attending lectures and visiting exhibitions on energy-saving and efficient water use. Friends of Nature also arranged for energy-saving experts to make specific suggestions for each family. For example, Wang Xinghua, a music teacher, was advised to remove a wooden partition in her lounge, which improved lighting and ventilation and reduced the amount of time her family needs to keep the lights on. She also hung a hemp curtain in the bedroom to block out the afternoon sun and cut air-conditioner use... The project team set up an online forum, where participants could chat about products and refurbishment techniques. According to the National Reform and Development Commission (NDRC), the average Chinese family uses 87 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity a month. But there are wild variations across regions and between households. One recent survey indicated that most urban families use between 110 and 140 kWh a month, while the rural average is 60. Other reports show there is huge potential for domestic energy saving. If an average family adopted energy-saving appliances, for example, it could save 1,000 kWh of electricity use per year, as well as 42.6 tonnes of water. Most energy is used in the bathroom and the kitchen, and airconditioning, refrigerators, washing machines and televisions are all big powerusers… Despite generous government subsidies for businesses in energy-saving and green-technology sectors, Zhang explained, the investment does not necessarily filter down to the public. “There’s actually a lack of money directed at encouraging low-carbon choices among ordinary people,” she said”.136 China spends billions in housing renovation. Efforts like the above have triggered substantial government support for the retrofitting of buildings. The central government has allocated 185.9 billion yuan (30.5 billion U.S. dollars) to the renovation of run-down areas and dilapidated rural houses” in 2015, according to MoHURD. The government is

136

Zhou Wei, 2011. A greener city, house by house. http://cn.bing.com/search?q=A-greener-city-house-byhouse+China+Dialogue&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=a-greener-city-house-by-house+china+dialogue&sc=0-29&sp=1&sk=&cvid=071cb3d4c63e49f4b9b571ef5e2199c6

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encouraging to improve housing conditions amid rapid urbanization. 137 Part of this programme, though has been inspired by the German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ) supported projects. Tool GB 1 Green roofs in China. Rooftop greening has been done on an experimental scale in China. But today, Shanghai wants to introduce it on a big scale. It is intended to help with Shanghai’s environmental problems, of severe heat island effects. “…one possible solution, which the city is embracing on a massive scale, is “urban greening”. Shanghai plans to plant 400,000 square meters of rooftop gardens in 2016 alone, an area roughly the size of Vatican City. By 2020, two million square metres of greenery will likely be added to the roofs and walls of Shanghai’s buildings. .. New rules introduced in October 2015 also mandate that at least 50% of the roof area of all new buildings must be covered in plants. … {T}he new “vertical greening” rules that were approved in 2015 — and which mandate that 50% of new roofs get covered in plants — have come in too late. There are far fewer large-scale construction projects on the horizon than in previous years, and private developers are encouraged, but not obligated, to comply…For cities that have already been almost developed, you need to be ambitious. China is going in the right direction, but in many cities we have already urbanised. These policies needed to be in place 20 years ago. … The challenges facing Shanghai can be applied across the world where politicians face regular criticism for not going far enough with environmental regulations, for fear of scaring off private developers with new building costs. Green roofs cost, on average, twice as much as a traditional roof—but they do last approximately twice as long, as they protect the surface beneath. Tool GB 3 In order to retrofit buildings more quickly, and with a lower cost, architecture firms are experimenting with more nimble ways to build green roofs. Dutch architect Neville Mars has developed a low-cost roof mat, planted with seeds, that can be unrolled onto corrugated tin rooftops often found in city slums. These mats absorb much of the sun’s heat, making building interiors cooler, and transform into green coverage when it rains. Low cost roof mats that could be deployed on a mass scale in developing countries.

Image credit: Neville Mars

“We developed a prototype in India,” said Mars. “Our goal was to turn these bleak slum areas into green places. But you need a market-orientated approach. Even though we made this material very cheap, people still didn’t want to spend money. This kind of project either 137

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/19/c_134341916.htm

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needs a sponsor or donor, or might be better suited to a more affluent community, perhaps in Latin America.” Construction and implementation costs aside, there are also questions to be answered on the relative benefit of green roofs versus their alternatives. White roofs (or ‘cool roofing’ as it’s sometimes called) reflect sunlight away from buildings, making them cooler. In addition, they’re much cheaper to install and maintain. … [F]uture research into green roofs could focus on low-weight, low-maintenance, low-water-consumption solutions. “With white roofs there are no issues with weight. It’s also easier to make a white roof than to put in plants and a watering system. And not every city has an abundant supply of water for roof gardens…”138 Tool GB 3

5.4 Sino-German Cooperation on Energy Efficient and Sustainable Building139 中德在节能和可持续建筑领域的合作 In the framework of Sino-German cooperation GIZ has already at least 10 years of experience in implementing projects in the field of energy efficient and sustainable building in China. The main political partners have been the Chinese Ministry of Housing and UrbanRural Development (MoHURD) and the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), but further projects on energy efficient household appliances and construction materials have been also implemented together with the Chinese Ministry for Environmental Protection. On the German side the cooperation on the topic was started by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and later mostly taken over by the Ministry for the Environment Nature Protection Construction and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). Although BMZ reduced his engagement in China it remains still very active in supporting public private partnerships which GIZ often implements together with the German private sector. For instance, the project “Competence Center for Sustainable Building in China” – CCSBC – (2014-2017) is spreading best-practice cases and successful business cases in the field of sustainable building to market actors in the construction sector. LUWOGE consult, the consulting firm energydesign, and GIZ were jointly aiming with this project at increasing market acceptance for sustainable building solutions in China. In the following part, at first, relevant bilateral cooperation projects with MoHURD and NDRC as political partners are briefly introduced to provide an overview on GIZ’s engagement in China in the field of energy efficient and sustainable building. Afterwards a selection of illustrated implementation examples is presented to supply more insights about the experiences in these projects. Tool GB 1 Overview of a selection of relevant Green Building GIZ projects. The following projects represent a variety of green building projects of GIZ’s cooperation with the Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Development. These projects were intended as pilot activities for new construction and for retrofitting.

O’Meera, S. 2016. Why we’re still up in the air about green roofs. China Dialogue. 9 May 2016. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8904-Why-we-re-still-up-in-the-air-about-greenroofs?utm_source=Chinadialogue+Update&utm_campaign=177d43e7b4A_B_TEST_dam_rhino&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_5db8c84b96-177d43e7b4-46656705 139 Section prepared by Stefan Werner, GIZ Beijing. 138

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Case 55 Sustainable Urban Development Program (SUDP) The project “Sustainable Urban Development Program” – SUDP – (2007-2012) touched the issue in the context of city renewal processes although it was not always in the main focus of the project activities. From 2005 till 2011 the project “Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings” – EEEB – implemented demonstration projects for comprehensive retrofits of residential buildings. The results were combined in a handbook on energy efficient retrofitting in heating areas in Northern China which influenced the current Green Building Action Program (2013) under the 12th Five-Year-Plan. This success led to the follower project “Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings” – EEPB – (2011-2015) continuing the engagement with regards to schools and hospitals. At the end of the EEEB project period the two governments also decided to jointly work on the integration of the building sector in the emerging Chinese emission trading system with the project “Climate Protection through Energy Efficiency in Buildings (KEEG) – Baseline-Study for Heating Demand in Existing Residential Buildings in Northern China as Basis for a Carbon Trading Platform” (20102013). In order to help to disseminate the already existing project experiences and additional requested German know-how to the Chinese cities the project “Qualification of Key Actors in the Building Energy Efficiency Sector” – KABEE – (2013-2016) has been initiated. All of the already named projects have been implemented with MoHURD as main political partner. Furthermore energy efficient and sustainable building has been also substantially addressed in partnership with NDRC in the project “Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province” – Jiangsu I – (2010-2015). With the prospect of province-wide and later on nation-wide upscaling the implementation of energy efficient building demonstrations have been supported in cities, and various training seminars for building energy managers have been conducted. Moving beyond simple energy efficiency measures the follower project “Low-carbon compound projects in city networks in Jiangsu Province” – Jiangsu II – (2015-2018) is now promoting a more holistic approach to identify, plan and implement integrated and interactive energy concepts in cities and industrial areas. In the Jiangsu II project under NDRC as well as in the KABEE project under MoHURD a clear shift of interest on the Chinese side from solutions for singular buildings to integrated solutions for buildings, neighborhoods and districts can be stated. This is likely to be an important pillar of SinoGerman cooperation in the years to come. Below a selection of results and concrete cases which have derived from the mentioned GIZ projects are illustrated.140 Tool GB 1 SUDP project example – energy concept for historic building in Zhejiang, Jinhua. In the project “Sustainable Urban Development Program” – SUDP – (2007-2012) so-called Urban Ideas Factories (UIF) have been conducted in six Chinese cities: Baise, Foshan, Huainan, Jinhua, Kunming and Shouguang. In these interactive workshops international and national experts gave consultancy on integrated planning approaches, sustainable urban development and innovative solutions for urban rehabilitation measures to selected small and medium sized cities in China. The UIF process in Jinhua in Zhejiang Province included advice and capacity building for the historic block revitalization project in Jinhua’s old town including the waterfront and harbour area of Yiwu river. The main issues addressed were the future usage concept of the general’s house and No. 103 brewery lane, the evaluation of the feasibility study on the planned revitalization of the old town and the development of energy concepts for different buildings in the old town area. Energy conservation in buildings played a major role during the consultation of Jinhua in terms of introducing energy saving measures, considering establishing an exhibition and info center on energy efficiency in buildings, energy efficient renovation as well as application of energy efficiency technologies and considering carefully the reusability of existing buildings. The redevelopment concept for the historic building in No. 103 Brewery Lane was supposed to transform the site into a best 140

More information and the further down listed publications about the activities of GIZ in the field of energy efficient and sustainable building in China can be also found on the website of the Low Carbon Urban Development Program: http://low-carbon-urban-development-germany-china.org

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practice object being exemplary to other buildings of similar construction quality. The building was planned to be converted into a museum and the concept aimed at achieving a balance between economic and ecologic efficiency. The initial assessment of the qualities and deficits of the object stated a not insulated roof, lack of accessibility of the property, a deteriorated courtyard, not insulated doors and windows and deteriorated and not insulated walls. Historic building in Zhejiang - Condition Historic building in Zhejiang - Condition of No. 103 brewery lane before of No. 103 brewery lane before renovation, Jinhua renovation, Jinhua

Source: GIZ SUDP Project 2010

As next step suggestions for the implementation of energy saving measures were developed which included insulation measures, use of external shading and the application of a renewable energy system involving photovoltaics, heat pump and ground heat exchanger for electricity consumption, heating and cooling. ď&#x192; Tool GB 1 Suggested energy concept for No. 103 brewery lane, Historic building in Zhejiang Jinhua

Source: GIZ SUDP Project 2010

In the end the suggestions were evaluated with regards to their economic feasibility and their compliance with the historic preservation requirements. Wall insulation and sun protection were determined as the measures with the highest energy saving effects as well as economic feasibility. They were also thought to be in line with the preservation requirements if slightly adjusted to the local situation. The advised stipulations were to use interior wall insulation and to place the shades in an unobtrusive position.

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Historic building in Zhejiang - Wall Historic building in Zhejiang - External insulation shading

Source: GIZ SUDP Project 2010

The application of solar thermal heating was also recommended, but only if disturbing effects can be avoided by adopting surrounding colors. The option to use geothermal heating or cooling was deemed not economic feasible. Further suggested measures like cooling ceilings, natural ventilation or installation of other ventilation systems would have all involved the need for further research or special efforts to align it with the historic building structure.141 Tool GB 1, Tool GB 3

Case 56 EEEB Project: Retrofitting of Building 12# in Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District of Beijing EEEB project example – Handbook on Energy Efficient Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings. To draw from the successful experiences of energy efficient retrofits in developed countries, MoHURD implemented a technical cooperation project – "Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings in China" (EEEB) – with the German government between 2005 and 2011. 28 existing residential buildings have been retrofitted in Beijing, Tangshan, Taiyuan, Urumqi and other cities for demonstration, totaling about 100,000 square meters. The thermal comfort in the retrofitted buildings has been improved significantly, at the same time significantly improving indoor thermal comfort and notably reduced the energy consumed for heating. This project has given northern China much technical and management experience for energy efficiency retrofitting of existing residential buildings. The results of the demonstration projects were summarized into Guidelines on Energy Efficiency Retrofit of Existing Residential Buildings which have been published and distributed in 2012 as handbook for stakeholders in local administrations.

141

For more information see also: GOPA/AS&P (2010): Energy concepts and strategies for historic buildings and new building in historic urban fabric. Jinhua/China (Project PPT).

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The Handbook comprises 7 chapters, i.e. general investigations on energy efficiency retrofit in existing buildings, resident work, energy efficiency retrofit design, cost of energy efficiency retrofit projects, energy efficiency retrofit construction, construction quality control and check and acceptance, etc. The Handbook elaborates on the key preparatory work before carrying out comprehensive energy efficiency retrofit, briefs the ways and methods adopted in resident work, and puts forward the measures and suggestions on guaranteeing the quality of energy efficiency retrofit projects. The Handbook can be used as the working manual for carrying out energy efficiency retrofit in existing residential buildings in heating areas in northern China and can be used as a reference for carrying out energy efficiency retrofit in existing residential buildings outside of cities with extreme temperatures. It can also be used as a reference for retrofitting existing public buildings. Tool GB 1 Huixin West Compound, Chaoyang District, Beijing. The example of Building 12 at the Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District of Beijing will be exemplified in the following. The compound comprises a total of four 18-story prefabricated slab buildings built in 1988. The compound was chosen for the pilot project because there are over 19 million square meters GFA of buildings in Beijing that are identical or have similar slab constructions. In January 2006, initial talks took place between the energy efficiency agency of the Beijing Municipality, the Beijing Union Construction Company (BUCC) as project managers and the former GTZ (GIZ) to discuss the implementation of the implementation of the integrated energy efficient retrofit. Tool GB 1 Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District, Beijing District, Beijing

Source: GIZ EEEB Project 2010

In February 2007 an initial energy concept was presented which served later on as a guideline for the further planning. Until August 2007 this was refined into a comprehensive energy efficiency plan that provided a detailed calculation of the impact a retrofit would

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have on energy efficiency as well as examining and proposing solutions for problems regarding fire safety. The retrofitting of the building included the following main measures: Roof retrofit, thermal insulation of exterior walls, replacement of windows with doubleglazed ones, replacement of the building entrance doors, heating system retrofit and modernization of the ventilation. Tool GB 3 Roof retrofit - Huixin West Compound in Roof retrofit - Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District, Beijing Chaoyang District, Beijing

Source: GIZ EEEB Project 2010

Replacement of building entrance doors - Replacement of building entrance doors Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District, Beijing District, Beijing

Source: GIZ EEEB Project 2010

Heating system retrofit - Huixin West Heating system retrofit - Huixin West Compound in Chaoyang District, Beijing Compound in Chaoyang District, Beijing

Source: GIZ EEEB Project 2010

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The retrofit of Building 12 was undertaken in two stages. The thermal insulation of the façade (exterior walls and windows) was completed in autumn of 2007. In the summer of 2008, the HVAC (heating system and ventilation) and the roof were retrofitted. As a result, the 2007/2008 heating period should reflect the energy savings potential of the exterior wall insulation and the 2008/2009 heating period should prove how much energy can be saved by means of thermal insulation and HVAC retrofitting. In the model project, Building 12’s GFA based consumption after retrofit was 53.74 kWh/m2 per year (monitored value) in the 2008/2009 heating period. After climate adjustments, this corresponds to an annual consumption rate of 51.59 kWh/m2. Annual energy savings in the entrance area amounted to 274,560 kWh and 421,260 kWh in the boiler building, allowing for heat loss of 10% (estimate) due to distribution and a boiler efficiency rate of 74% (monitored by BUCC). Energy savings of 42,196 m3 of natural gas per heating period were estimated. According to prices at this time, this amounts to annual cost savings of CNY 86m502 and a yearly reduction of CO2 emissions of 102 tons. 142 Tool GB 3

Case 57 EEPB Project: Retrofitting of the Tianjin Zhutanzhuang Middle School In the project “Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings” – EEPB – (2011-2015) the governments of China and Germany have collaborated in demonstration projects to retrofit and rehabilitate existing school and hospital buildings. Several pilot projects have been supported in Tianjin, Qingdao, Ningbo, Taiyuan and Urumqi. As an outstanding experience the retrofitting of the Tianjin Zhutangzhuang Middle School is below exemplified. Conditions before retrofitting. The school, located in an outer district of Tianjin, and built in 1957 must be seen as a typical example of a building of the post liberation years. In 2011 the power and coal consumption of the building accounted for 228,000kWh and 350 tons respectively. The thermal conductivity (K-value) of the building envelope was around 1.5-2.0 Wm2K for the slag and tar paper roof, and 1.5 Wm2K for the clay brick walls. Cracks, alkali and salt frosts, as well as plasters flaking-off were characteristic for its condition. The infrared thermogram revealed serious heat losses from its external wall, particularly the windows. The single glazed aluminum windows had K value of 4.5-5.0 W/m2K, with very poor insulation capacity and no airtightness. The heating equipment consisted of a vertical single piping system and a lower horizontal distribution system. Most valves did not function any more, and in some rooms the heating system could not be regulated any more, except to be switched on or off. The average heating temperature in winter was below 18 C, resulting in a need for additional electrical heaters. Since the school lacked a fresh air supply system or air-conditioners, the school use electric ceiling fans or just opened the windows occasionally for ventilation. Still, the CO 2 concentration was still beyond 1500ppm. Lighting condition for parts of the class rooms were poor, and thus the class rooms required artificial lighting. The available lighting solutions were insufficient and even expensive.

142

For more information see also: Kerschberger, A. 2010. Sino-German Technical Cooperation EEEB. Project Output. Three pilot projects: The energy efficient retrofitting of apartment buildings in northern China. Beijing; BUCC (2010): Report on EEEB Demonstration Project No. 12 Huixin West Street, Beijing.

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School in Tianjin - before retrofit

School in Tianjin - after retrofit

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013 Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

Retrofitting measures proposed. Roof retrofit required the replacement of slag and its replacement with XPS or PU insulation boards. The new insulation would be around 10-20 cm in thickness, intended to achieve a K value of 0.23-0.15W/m2K. Importantly the roof insulation layer needs to be connected with the wall construction at the edges of the roof, to be covered by a metal coping. The external walls, likewise, were to use an external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) made of stone wall boards or B1 grade EPS boards which are easy to mount on flat surfaces. For the windows it was recommended to install window sills, pedestal, corner-, and window connection bars as normally used in Europe. The wall insulation was to be continued into the soil to reduce the effects of temperature bridges as the base plate existing buildings cannot be insulated. The windows and doors were to be replaced with new PVC side-hung elements. The windows should be placed at the front edge of the solid walls and frame seals are to be mounted to reduce thermal bridge effects. The window frame should have a good insulation performance (K value <1.5 W/m2K). The glazing should have a good insulation performance (low-E glazing with a K value approximately 1.8W/m2K, or argon-filled double glazing with a K value of approximately 1.2-1.3W/m2K. The seal should have at least two layers to achieve a high quality. German standard 6 cavity double glass windows with a K value of 1.3Wm2K. All doors were to be replaced with tightly closing mechanisms, possessing good thermal protection, filling and glazing. For the purpose of improved lighting, a better distribution of artificial lights was proposed, and sunlight shading system for good weather days. For energy saving purposes and lighting efficiency T5 fluorescent tubes were recommended, with separate circuits for better regulation of use of artificial lights. For heating a double piping system replaced the original single piping system, with heat metering devices in all spaces for individual room heat management. Since standard class rooms of about 53 m 2 require about 440m3 of ventilated air per hour, decentralized units for air extraction and air supply were recommended, applying a simple heat recovery mechanism to the proposed ventilation system. Tool GB 1, Tool GB 3

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XPS insulation on roof - School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

EPS insulation external wall - School in Tianjin

Metal coping of parapet on roof - School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

EPS insulation external wall - School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013 Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

Double glazing Windows - School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

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Instalation of modernized heating facilities – School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

Instalation of modernized heating facilities – School in Tianjin

Source: GIZ EEPB Project 2013

Performance results of retrofitting. The indoor temperatures increased to 20 C while relative humidity rose to 35%. Indoor CO2 concentration reached 2500ppm with level one operation of the ventilation system and windows shortly opened during class breaks; however, during regular school operations, CO2 concentration can be kept below 1500ppm when windows are closed all day. The thermography measurements showed a sharp decline in heating energy consumption. From 109 kWh per m2 per year, the energy consumption fell to 49.1kWk/m2 per year after retrofitting, thus a reduction of 55%. A satisfaction survey among staff and students showed very high satisfaction among 82% of the respondents. Relevance of the pilot project. The efficiency of the Zhutangzhuang Middle School can inspire further energy retrofit activities in other schools, and contribute to achieve the goal of energy efficiency in the school sector in China. But its relevance for the building sector is much wider. It can be easily understood that the same technologies can be utilized for retrofitting of residential buildings as well.143

Case 58 KEEG project：Scenario Analysis Tool to Show Incentives for Building Retrofitting To date, there are few promotion mechanisms for the energy efficiency retrofitting in the building sector. The project “Climate Protection through Energy Efficiency in Buildings (KEEG) – Baseline-Study for Heating Demand in Existing Residential Buildings in Northern China as Basis for a Carbon Trading Platform” (2010-2013) was started because the instrument of a trading platform for carbon emissions was regarded as a promising mechanism to tap new financing sources and establishing incentives for the reduction of greenhouse gases in the building sector. In order to introduce a trading platform, a solid base of data is required. This has been created in the KEEG project determining a baseline for the heat energy demand of existing residential buildings in Northern China and embedding it in a methodology for the possible integration of the building sector in the emerging domestic emission trading system in China. Based on a general survey in 143

For more information see also: GIZ. 2013. Sino-German Project Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings (Schools and Hospitals). Retrofitting of Tianjin Zhutangzhuang Middle School. Beijing.

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Yuzhong, Shijiazhuang and Harbin a total of 22,631 assessed buildings older than the year 2000 were classified into 10 building types. Hereupon and on the sound footing of the detailed measurement and analysis of reference buildings theoretical heating energy demand baselines for the 10 types were calculated. Finally, integrating in addition meteorological these baselines can be now applied to 210 cities in Northern China. To allow decision makers to use the baseline methodology as a policy tool and assist project developers in the building sector to plan such projects the scenario analysis tool out of the project outputs helps to determine if the intended project would be worth registering under the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) system. The tool calculates expected energy savings and related CO2 emission reduction of planned retrofit projects and indicates an estimate of the potential certificate revenue. The colder the climate the more savings and revenue can be expected. If you compare a retrofit project of a total floor area of about 200,000m2 (of course that would involve an agglomeration of several buildings) in Mohe in the far North of Heilongjiang province and Batang in the Southwest of Sichuan province very different values can be achieved due to the different local climate conditions. In Batang such a project is likely to generate 8,000 ton of CO2 emission savings per year, whereat in Mohe it could be realized an annual saving of almost 100,000 tons of CO2 emissions. Assuming a certificate price of CNY 75 per ton of CO2, that sums up to a total certificate revenue of CNY 5.4 million in Mohe and respectively about CNY 440,000 in Batang. If you also take into account the cost savings for energy in Batang a cost benefit of almost CNY 3 million per year and in Mohe of about CNY 36 million per year can be expected. It is easy to see that cost-effectiveness is a lot higher in the colder heating region further north. Like this the scenario analysis tool helps to show cost and CO2 saving incentives to optimize energy efficiency in buildings. Tool GB 1, Tool GB 3 At the end of the KEEG project the methodology was submitted to MoHURD and jointly presented to NDRC. Up to now the decision of NDRC is still pending if and how the building sector will be integrated into the Chinese emission trading system.144

Case 59 KABEE Project: – Training Materials on Energy Efficiency in Cities The project “Qualification of Key Actors in the Building Energy Efficiency Sector” – KABEE – (2013-2016) is assisting MoHURD to effectively disseminate technological and processrelated Know-How on energy efficiency in the building sector from Germany into Chinese cities. Through the close collaboration with national Chinese training institutions nationwide relevant key actors can be addressed: Chinese Academy of Governance - CAG, National Academy of Mayors of China - NAMC, Chinese Society for Urban Studies - CSUS and Chinese Science Technology and Industrialization Development Centre – CSTC. In order to organize the know-how dissemination into Chinese cities in a sustainable manner training materials and formats as well as a Chinese trainer pool for the use of MoHURD have been jointly developed. The compiled training materials provide an overview of the German experiences on the following six areas: 1. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. Comparison of Energy Efficiency in Chinese and German Cities in the Context of the Global Situation. Beijing (in English & Chinese). 2. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. Comparison of Modern Low Carbon Urban Development Concepts between China and Germany. Beijing (only in Chinese).

For more information see also: GIZ. 2012. 北方城镇既有居住建筑采暖能耗基准线研究.总结报告.北京。 GIZ.2013. KEEG Operation Manual of Scenario analysis of Carbon Trade for Energy Efficient Renovations of Residential Buildings in Northern China. 144

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3. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Green Buildings. Beijing (in English & Chinese). 4. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Integrated Planning Approaches. Beijing (in English & Chinese). 5. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Application of Renewable Energies in Urban Areas. Beijing (in English & Chinese). 6. GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) Development. Beijing (in English & Chinese).145 Beside the textbook all the training materials for the listed topics also contain a set of power point presentations. Most of them are furthermore equipped with a manual for trainers assisting to design own training sessions for stakeholders in cities.146

145

http://low-carbon-urban-development-germany-china.org/current-projects/qualification-of-key-actors-onenergy-efficiency-in-the-building-sector/downloads-of-qualification-of-key-actors-on-energy-efficiency-in-thebuilding-sector/ 146 Another important training initiative for Green Building is being funded with the support of the World Bank.

See: Liaoning Urban Construction SchoolÂ´s Eco-Laboratory innovations in architectural education as a result of school reforms. 3 May 2016. http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/liaoning-urban-construction-school-ecolaborat. Similarly, the EU is funding through its Switch Asia Program the mainstreaming of sustainable building practices in Western China. This is being implemented with the China Association of Building Energy Efficiency (CABEE) and various other partners. See: The EU Switch Asia Susbuild Training was successfully held in western china! http://www.econetchina.com/index.php?id=latest_activity_detail_en&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=410&cHash=1f81037305a248aaa b0fb7f4f05c1efe

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KABEE training textbooks

Source: GIZ KABEE Project 2015

Case 60 Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu I) project: Retrofitting of the Zhenjiang Branch of the Peoples’ Bank of China In order to reduce energy intensity, in the project “Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province” – Jiangsu I – (2010-2015) applicable concepts and practices for Low Carbon Development were identified for demonstration purposes and broad-based implementation. To this end, the project operated within its three components “Strategic Studies and Policy Instruments”, “Capacity Development” and “Demonstration Projects”. In agreement with the Province Government, the project has been active on the three levels of cities, industry sectors and individual enterprises, cooperating with local governments, industry associations and company managements. Tool GB 1 In 2013 the project was asked for advice on planning the retrofit of the main office building of the Peoples’ Bank of China in Zhenjiang City in Jiangsu province. The Peoples’ Bank inquired the cooperation in order to better meet their energy consumption reduction goal of 20% within 5 years or 4% per year. Conventional saving measures had all already been quite exploited and energy efficient retrofitting measures of the bank’s branch building was deemed to be necessary. Later in 2013 GIZ commissioned energydesign Shanghai to

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develop a holistic energy efficiency renovation concept for the main branch building of the Peoples’ Bank in Zhenjiang, which was supposed to later serve as a blueprint for the renovations of further branch buildings. Tool GB 1 Peoples’ Bank of China in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu province

Source: GIZ Jiangsu I project 2013

A survey on the current building utility was conducted during the audit to obtain information about the lighting and equipment loads in various room types as well as how efficiently energy has been used in the building to hence identify opportunity for improvement. After this comprehensive assessment several saving measures were suggested comparing the calculated saving potentials with the estimated investment costs. That created for the People’s Bank a sound basis for deciding on concrete retrofitting measures and planning their investment. Overview of coal reduction against investment costs - Zhenjiang branch of the Peoples’ Bank of China

PV on the southwest wall

-4.0%

PV on the roof

-3.4%

Lighting, improve up to standard

-1.8%

Wall & roof (4cm/5cm) insulation -20.4%

1,100,000 CNY

162,622 CNY 550,000 CNY 94,348 CNY 171,109 CNY 38,529 RMB 786,000 CNY

Double windows, clear glazing Reduction [% standard coal]

275,207 CNY

-5.4%

Investment / Reduction Index [CNY / ton of coal reduced]

160,926 CNY

869,000 CNY Investment Cost [CNY]

Source: GIZ Jiangsu I project 2013

In August 2014 the Peoples’ Bank of China started to implement selected measures to achieve overall power savings of about 30%. 55% annual savings of the HVAC power consumption can be realized through internal insulation, natural cooling and controlled ventilation only in the computer room. Improvements of the envelope account for another

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25.8% savings of coal applying wall and roof insulation (-20.4%) and double glazing windows (-5.4%). Furthermore another 3.4% of coal savings could be achieved by photovoltaic installations on the roof top. Last but not least through the better utilization of daylight, more efficient LED luminaries and the use of lighting control systems a further 1.8% coal could be saved. Implementation status Retrofitting March 2015 - Zhenjiang branch of the Peoples’ Bank of China Lightings replaced by LED lamps

Installation of inner insulation (ALC boards)

New windows added

Installation of fresh air outlets

Source: GIZ Jiangsu I project 2015

The energy efficiency renovation concept could be developed in close cooperation with the building owners and with the decided measures the Peoples’ Bank of China is exceeding its CO2 emission reduction goals under the 12th Five-Year-Plan. Furthermore the modular basis allows a very flexible application and step by step implementations which suits very much the requirements of the building owners. The biggest advantage of this project result with regards to climate protection is that it can be easily repeated now for a wide range of similar branch buildings, and it can serve as model case for other big companies and institutions to plan their own contributions to climate change. 147

Case 61 Low Carbon Development in Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu II) project: Integrated Energy Concept of Liberty Co., Ltd. in Jintan The project “Low-carbon compound projects in city networks in Jiangsu Province” – Jiangsu II – (2015-2018) directly assists with achieving the energy efficiency and climate change mitigation targets for Jiangsu Province by imparting specialist and contextual knowledge to those responsible for energy planning in urban areas and in industry and empowering them to implement integrated measures. The project objective - holistic planning and implementation of compound energy systems helps Jiangsu Province to achieve its climate change mitigation targets –.will be achieved through the following measures: •

147

Drafting of replicable strategies for the holistic planning of complex compound energy systems; For more information see also: GIZ. 2013. Final Energy Report. Renmin Bank Zhenjiang Branch. Beijing.

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• •

identification of pilot projects and provision of support for planning and implementing compound systems in several development stages; capacity development of key actors in cities and industry (members of low-carbon working groups, for instance) to put integrated energy strategies into effect.

Gradually introducing holistic compound systems generates positive lock-in effects, ensuring that infrastructure remains cost-effective, energy efficient and environmentally friendly throughout its lifespan. Tool GB 1 Liberty Co. Ltd., Jintan, Jiangsu

Source: Jiangsu II project 2015

To illustrate one approach for holistic energy compound systems the example of the highend fashion company in the city of Jintan – Liberty Co., Ltd. – will be described below. The company covers an area of 230 acres (green area share of 42%) and has more than 4,000 employees. 2010 the company initiated a low carbon action plan to save energy and improve the working condition for the own employees. The action plan comprises among others the utilization of solar energy, the installation of a ground source heat pump for air conditioning and the application of a waste heat recovery unit. Furthermore Liberty is the first company in the world that passes both ISO 14064 and the BSI energy management certification. Therefore the company’s example can serve as a model case throughout China for learning and up-scaling. Integrated energy concept of Liberty Co., Ltd. In Jintan, Jiangsu

Waste heat recovery unit

Source: Jiangsu II project 2015

Installations of photovoltaic cells in total cover an area of 30,000m2 using the surfaces of the roof and of the south façade of buildings. The designed capacity of power generation is

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2.04 MW of which a volume of 70% can be currently reached. With the help of the ground source heat pump for air conditioning annual electricity savings of about 46,883 kWh are achieved. The heat pump makes full use of the green lawn area of about 6,000 m2 using a vertical 65m long buried U-pipe to access the building basement exterior wall side’s inspection wells through different ways.

5.5 Indicators 指标 In January 2015, China introduced its new ¨Green Building Evaluation Standard¨, replacing an earlier Green Building Evaluation Standard (GB 50378-2006) of 2006 (GBES). The current green building rating system uses a three star system which has some similarities with the LEED system of the US. 148 MoHURD´s green building evaluation standard is China´s first attempt to create a local green building standard. So far it lack hard criteria for assessment. This has stimulated other methodologies for the assessment of building physics buildings. The purpose is to create a voluntary rating system that will encourage green construction. The purpose of introducing this green building concept is to regulate evaluation of green buildings. The system introduced in 2006 is credit-based and allows developers to choose which credits they want to pursue. The evaluation system has two different standards one for residential buildings and one for public buildings (i.e. large commercial complexes. The rating system will particularly rate those buildings or building complexes which consume much energy and resources. The evaluation standard rates buildings with a variety or prerequisites (¨control items¨) and credits (¨general items¨), covering six categories: (i) land savings and outdoor environment; (ii) energy savings; (iii) water savings (iv) materials savings, (v) indoor environmental quality; and (vi) operations and management. The seventh category, ¨preferred items¨ contains strategies that are both cutting edge and harder to implement, such as brownfield redevelopment, more than 10% on-site renewable power generation, etc. 149

China’s Green Building Appraising Standard (GB/T50378-2014) 1-star (score >50), 2 –star (score >65), 3-star (score >80) Land Savings & Outdoor Environment land use intensity (average residence-used area per capita for residential building (11-35); FAR for public building (5-19)) green area coverage percentage (>25 for residential building, >30% for public building); average green area per capita >1m2 for residential building; for public building, Land use it is open to public. For residential building, 5%≤Rr≥25%, For public building, Ratio of underground building underground space area against total floor area (Rp1); building area of utilization Floor B1 against total floor area (Rp2) 0.5~≥0.7, and Rp2<70%, 6 points. Measures to reduce the heat island intensity ( the shading area Within red line reaches 10%~20%; Over 70% of road and building roof 148

www.newwayswiki.org All of these seem still in their early stage as some of this conceptual work shows. Fu Qingpeng, Guo Li; Zhu Zhigang. 2011. Study on the evaluation of green building design based on the comprehensive fuzzy evaluation principles, in: Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE), 2011 International Conference. Lushan. 2224 April 2011. 149

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area with the reflection coefficient no less than 0.4.) Transport Facility and Public Service

access to public transport barrier free pedestrian path within the district parking lot for bicycles and cars convenient public service (kindergarten, school, commercial, etc.)

site design & building layout are based on local status, original water body, wet land and vegetation are protected, eco-compensation measures are applied. green rainwater infrastructure is established, measures taken; for the site over Site 10hm2, sector plan design for rainwater management is developed. and ecology annual runoff volume capture ratio 55~70% vegetation (native species; >3 trees/100m2, rooftop greening/vertical greening for public building) Energy Savings & Utilization renewable energy percentage (R) (R hotwater =30-80%, R cooling/heating =20-80%, R electricity.=14%) Water Savings & Water Resource Utilization Non-traditional water utilization rate (different percentage for different buildings and purposes) rainwater is used for landscaping purpose, and accounts over 60% of evaporation amount. Material Savings & Material Resource Utilization percentage of prefabricated components (15-50%) percentage of locally produced building material (within 500km as radius) , 60%-90%; percentage of reusable or recyclable material (6% -10% for residential building, 10%-15% for public building); percentage of building material which is made of waste, over 30%. Construction Management recycle rate of recyclable construction waste ≥ 80%/ Solid waste per 10000m2 < 400t Operation Management 90% of waste is sorted and collected; Recycling rate of recyclable waste reached 90%; Biodegradable waste is separately collected and reasonably treated; Hazardous waste is separately collected and reasonably treated. Promotion and Innovation distributed CCHP technology is applied, the energy efficiency of the system is no less than 70%. pollutants of indoor air is less than 70% of the threshhold of <Indoor Air Quality Standard> GB/T 18883.

5.6 Standards 标准 SSTEC. The case of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC)´s green building standards may be taken here as an important example for real life standards. SSTEC´s key performance indicator for buildings is 100%. The 100%-target is ambitious considering that at the time of its establishment in Tianjin there were practically no experiences with green building. This target makes it higher than the national green building standard. However, the standards for energy efficiency in SSTEC still follow Tianjin´s existing building codes. Thus, a point of major concern in the case of SSTEC´s building standard will be the energy performance, in fields of heating, cooling and air conditioning. In Tianjin there are few

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resources of renewable energy other than solar energy which could be used for water heating and street lighting. 150 All Buildings in SSTEC are to follow the Green Building Evaluation Standard (GBES), developed with guidance from the Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Development. According to GBES, the nominal energy use for heating of housing units is required to be at least 65% less (and at least 50% less for all public buildings), than those constructed in the 1980s. The GBES specifies that heating and cooling systems, and lighting as well as building appliances should use highly energy-efficient equipment. Renewable energy should make up 10% of energy consumption in residential buildings, and 15% in public buildings. Central heating, assuming with the utilization of renewable energy, is supposed to reach 100%, while in Tianjin, the target is 90% by 2015. Table 8: Green Buildings and Energy – Key Performance Indicators KPI Area and Details

Indicative Value

Timeframe

•

• Proportion of green buildings

Carbon emission per unit GDP

100%

150 tonC per million US dollars

Immediate

Services network coverage

•

• No national standard

• Eco-City 100%

By 2013

•

Renewable energy usage

Domestic standards National standard for Green building GB50378-2006 Technical Manual for Green Building Evaluation Garden City standard: ≥ 50% energyefficient buildings and green buildings

≥ 20%

By 2020

standard: 65% Gas Garden City Standard 80%

• No national standard

•

Domestic Benchmarks China: less than 1% (current); 100% for Olympics buildings Energy-efficient buildings: 16% of existing buildings in cities and towns (2008); 71% of newly built buildings (2007) BJ: energy efficient buildings: 49.93% of existing buildings

• National average: 750 (2004)

By 2013 Central Heating: • TJ: 83.2% (2005); TJ Plan≥85%(by 2010); ≥90% (by 2015) • BHNA: 75% (2005); ≥88% (by 2010) • China 70% (current), Plan: 10%, 15% (by 2020) • BJ Plan: 4% (by

International Benchmarks

• Singapore: building area exceeding 2,000 m2 should be 100% green building

Country-wide targets by 2012: • USA: 122 • Japan: 59 • EU: 103 • Singapore in 2006: 350

• Finland: 25% • Sweden: •

33.3% Holland: 20%

150

World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing, p. 28.

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•

2010), Olympics venue: 26.9% (2008) Caofeidian Ecocity Plan: 50% (by 2020)

•

(by 2020) EU: 20% (by 2020)

Source: World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing, p. 29.

Green Building Evaluation Standard. Complementary to the new Green Building Evaluation Standard (GB/T 50378-2014), MoHURD has also compiled three detailed regulations, which are the “Technical Detailed Regulation of Green Building Evaluation Standard, Management Regulation of Green Building Classification”, and “Implementation Regulation of Green Building Classification”. At local level, provinces such as Jiangsu and Hunan issued Green Building Evaluation Standard in their autonomy. Besides, more than twenty standards and regulation at central and local level in various technical fields related to green building, such as energy saving design and assessment, is currently in use.151

Table 9: Proposed Green Building KPIs152 Indicator Category

Percentage of green buildings [1] 1 Renewable energy percentage (R) [2] 2

Public buildings with green standards [5] Passive house standard: Annual primary energy consumption for heating, cooling, lighting [6] Fresh air [6] New buildings - Annual heating consumption: Severe Cold Climate Zone New buildings - Annual heating consumption: Cold Climate Zone New buildings - Annual heating consumption: Hot Summer And Cold Winter Climate Zone / Hot Summer And Warm Winter Climate Zone / Mild Climate Zone (National Standard GB 50189) Annual cooling demand kWh/m2.a

Indicators: indicative values

Current achievements / Time frame for accomplishment

existing buildings≥15% [1] newly-built = 100% [1] 153 R hotwater =30-80% [2] R cooling/heating =20-80% [2] R electricity.=1- 4% [2]

Immediate [3] By 2020 [4]

100% [5] ≤ 60 kWh/m2.a (or 7.4 kgce/m2.a) [6] ≥ 30 m3/h.p [6] ≤ 18 kWh/m2.a [6] ≤ 15 kWh/m2.a [6]

≤ 5 kWh/m2.a [6] -heating in winter ≤ 20°C [7] - cooling in summer ≥ 26°C [7] ≤3.5+2*WDH20+2.2*DDH28

151

Zhang Mingshun et al. 2014. Handbook Green Building Development. Chemical Industry Publisher. P. 6-12 These key performance indicators were prepared and compiled by the EC-Link Project. See: EC-Link. 2016. Sino-EU Key Performance Indicators for Eco-Cities. Beijing (unpublished draft) 153 Other indicators related to % of star-rated green buildings not considered relevant: 70% One-Star category; 20-40% Two-Star category; 15% Three-Star category [11]. 152

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Indicator Category

Air tightness â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Air change rate

Existing buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201C; retrofit [5] Annual heat demand

10 11

Elimination of harmful building materials [8] Use of prefabrication [9] Central heating coverage [10] Indoor air quality: radon density [8] More relevant for the building would be (meet national standard GB/T 18883-2002: â&#x20AC;&#x2019; CO2 â&#x20AC;&#x2019; ventilation rates â&#x20AC;&#x2019; TVOC â&#x20AC;&#x2019; HCHO â&#x20AC;&#x2019; Formaldehyde

Indicators: indicative values

Current achievements / Time frame for accomplishment

Where WDH20 = â&#x2C6;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;Ś. đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ąâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 20 (when the hourly wet-bulb outside temperature higher than 20Â°C) DDH28 = â&#x2C6;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;Ś. đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;,đ??ˇđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;Śâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 28 (when the hourly wDrybulb outside temperature higher than 28Â°C) â&#x2030;¤ 0.6-1 at 50 Pa pressure difference â&#x2030;Ľ10% of building stock [5] Existing buildings: â&#x2030;¤50 kWh/m2/year 0 % of harmful materials [8] â&#x2030;¤30% of all buildings [9] By 2025 â&#x2030;Ľ65% [10] <50Bq/m3 [8] GB/T18883-2002: - Fresh air >30m3/(h.p) - CO2<0.1% (1000ppm) - TVOC<0.6mg/m3 - HCHO<0.1mg/m3 - Radon<400Bq/m3

Sources: [1] Qiu Baoxing. 2012. Combine idealism and pragmatism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a primary exploration of setting up and implementing low carbon eco city indicator system in China [in Chinese], China Construction Industry Publisher. Beijing [2] MoHURD. 2014. Green Building Appraising Standard (GB/T50378-2014). [EC Link unofficial translation]. [3] World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing. wwwwds.worldbank.org/.../PDF/590120WP0P114811REPORT0FINAL1EN1WEB.pdf [4] The Energy Foundation - China Sustainable Cities Program (ed.). 2011. Design Manual for Low Carbon Development. p .46. http://www.chinastc.org/en/research/34 [5] CSUS. 2015. Zhuhai Indicator System for Livability. Beijing. [unpublished report]. [6] MoHURD. October 2015. Technical Guideline for Ultra-low Energy Consumption in Green Building. http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201511/t20151113_225589.html [17] State Council. 2016. ChinaÂ´s New Urbanization Policy. Beijing. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/201602/21/content_5044367.htm [7] MoHURD. 2015 and 2016 versions. Appraisal Standards for Green Eco-City/District Planning (draft). Beijing [Unofficial Translation]. [8] SWECO. No date. Caofeidian - Detailed ecological indicators system [unpublished document]. [9] State Council, Government of Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China. 2016. 13 th Five Year Plan. Beijing. [10] Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). 2008. Indices for Eco-County, Eco-City and Eco-Province. In: World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing. www-wds.worldbank.org/.../PDF/590120WP0P114811REPORT0FINAL1EN1WEB.pdf See also 2013 version. http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201306/t20130603_253114.htm

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5.7 Verification Methodology 测评方法 A comparison of SSTEC´s green building evaluation standard, with those of the country in general, and neighboring Tianjin city, indicate that SSTEC aim higher for all indicators. Table 10: Comparison of SSTEC GBES and National GBES for Residential Buildings Category

SSTEC GBES

Land conservation and outdoor environment Low rise: <43m2, mid to Per capita land occupation high rise:<24m2, high rise: <15m2 Green coverage

>=35%, >=2 m2 per capita

Roof green coverage

>=10%

Public transportation

Less than 500 m walking distance

Other items such as flood and radiation protection, day lighting and natural ventilation, and noise limit.

Refer to national standards

National GBES

NSR* >=30%, 1-2 m2 per capita NSR General elective item Refer to national standards. Standard on noise is a general elective item.

Current Tianjin Requirements**

NSR NSR NSR NSR

National standards

Energy conservation and utilization of energy resources Building energy efficiency

Refer to Tianjin standard

Refer to national standard and local standards.

Tianjin standard: 65% heating energy savings

Sunlight hours

Two hours during the “Severe Cold Day”

same

Renewable energy

10% of the total building energy consumption

Lighting

Refers to national standard

Water conservation and utilization of water resources Utilization rate of nonNo lower than 20% by conventional water 2012. resources Other items such as water system design, water Refer to national and conservation equipment, Tianjin standards and use of non-conventional regulations water. Materials conservation and utilization of materials resources

General elective item: 5% of the total building energy consumption; Preferred elective item: 10%. General elective item

NSR

National standard

General elective item: no lower than 10%.

NSR

Qualitative descriptions and many are general elective items

National and Tianjin standards and regulations

Wall materials

Use of clay cannot exceed 20%.

NSR

Limitation on toxic contents in building materials

Refers to national standards

National standards

Refers to national standards

General elective item

National standards

Indoor environment quality Heat engineering

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Temperature control Other items such as day lighting, indoor air quality, and building accessibility. Operation and management

Building intellectual system

Indoor temperature can be controlled when heating or air conditioning is used.

General elective item

Same as in SSTEC GBES

Refer to national standards

National standards

Includes security, telephone, cable TV, internet, and operation and management system. Refer to national standards

General elective item

National standards

*NSR: No specific requirement **Current requirements in Tianjin need to be checked with Tianjin Source: World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing, p. 33.

The recommendation of the 2009 World Bank study concerning green building standard achievements, was that energy commissioning should be undertaken, to study the actual energy performance in SSTEC. Such energy commissioning is recommended at the design, or pre-construction phase as it can ensure more energy efficiency and lower operation and maintenance costs. It should be able to provide guidance on performance requirements over the lifespan of a project, and results in design specifications. Criteria need to be developed for at least 5 aspects: (i) lighting; (ii) air conditioning; (iii) water heating; (iv) appliances; and (v) controls. 154

5.8 Lessons Learnt from pilot projects 经验 The impact of the first generation of green building project in China is starting to be felt. The government has renewed in 2015 its Green Building Evaluation Standards (GBES), and the private sector is eager to explore and expands its role in green building. Various projects show that it is not the government alone which has the driving role. Equally, there can be private developers and investors which take on risk, and enter the field of innovation and try out new technologies and their applications, like in the case of the Passive House. While implementing new projects with new technologies, it is being discovered that for some applications, like in the case of the Passive House that there is shortage of high quality insulation materials, double (or triple) glazing windows for air-tight enclosures, which are required for a true application of the Passive House concept, as they exist in Europe. This can trigger two responses to overcome the shortcoming: to develop indigenous technology solutions, or to seek foreign collaborations. ¨Making all of China's buildings energy-efficient through weatherization is a colossal task, but also one that must be done and will go a long way to reducing China's energy intensity. Currently, the government has requirements that all new buildings must meet energy efficiency standards, and a recent report found that 20 percent of buildings in Beijing and Shanghai were energy efficient. The same report found that more than 90 percent of new buildings met those standards, but what about old buildings? It seems these regulations are 154

World Bank. 2009. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report. Beijing, p. 34.

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focused on getting new buildings up to par, but there needs to be more money invested in retrofitting and weatherizing old buildings, which make up the vast majority. This can be done through a system of tax incentives, subsidies and punitive measures much in the same way the government is attempting to phase out aging industrial infrastructure. Also, this type of project is very labor-intensive, which is ideal for a developing economy.¨155 “Spreading knowledge about sustainable architecture in China presents another challenge: how to improve collaboration between architects, engineers, developers, and clients, sometimes across cultural and language barriers. “Old-time architects don’t often think much of consultants,” says Frederick Wong, a consultant at Arup in Beijing. “When you do green architecture you have to have more consultants involved. And then the cost of that makes the question [of whether or not to construct a green building] even more complicated for the developer and the client.” The familiar counter-argument is that the higher costs of “greening” a building – considered to be 2-5% higher than original building costs – are outweighed by savings that come with energy efficiency. In China, however, that case can quickly wear thin. Green design is still seen by developers not as smart and economical, but as a mark of luxury. “It’s a way to sell real estate in a competitive market,” says Wang Hong, who runs the Beijing branch of green consultant EMSI, which helped design China’s first LEED-certified apartment building in Shenzhen, the Taige Complex, and is advising the developers of a LEED-designed hotel and condominium project in Shanghai. Because knowledge about the benefits of green architecture remains scarce, “developers can sell their properties at a higher price, even without passing savings on to the end users.” 156 Some projects have experimented with knowledge sharing for consumers 157 , and the Passive House project in Urumqi, developed with German support, has utilized training as a tool to convince builders and local artisans.158

155

Ward, J. 2010. Growing a green economy in China. http://en.people.cn/90001/90780/91344/6949181.html, Beijing. April 13, 2010 156 Pasternack, A. 2006. Beijing’s eco-friendly architecture. 21. 12. 2006 https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/635-Beijing-s-eco-friendly-architecture 157 Waibel, M. 2014. Trying to Persuade Rather than to Force people: The Approach of the Handbook for green Housing, in: Mahrin, B. (ed.). 2014. Capacity Development. Jovis Verlag. Berlin. pp. 143-154. 158 Franke, B. Hennecke, C., Kaufmann, B. Xiaoyan Peng, and Ming Liu. 2014. Training on the Way to the First Passive House in Western China, in: Mahrin, B. (ed.). 2014. Capacity Development. Jovis Verlag. Berlin. pp. 131-140.

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Net-Zero Buildings

Source: https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Oo4vZT72Gbs/UtVJfsWdS_I/AAAAAAAAQiY/IXLYStQyPs/s689-no/BIGNetZero.png

5.9 Outlook 展望 “China is ready to harness the amount of energy consumed by its building sector, a new report finds, but homes, offices and factories will need to become much more energy efficient. Energy consumed to supply heat and electricity to China’s vast building sector— energy that is mainly derived from coal—could start to peak by the end of the decade, says a new report from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, in line with the broader government target to cap use of the fossil fuel. Published in partnership with an academic panel, the report predicts that a cap on coal consumption of 4.3 million tonnes annually by 2020 would help China’s buildings sector peak in energy use at an annual 245 million tonnes of coal equivalent (tce) by the end of the decade. Energy consumption in buildings comprises 30% of China’s primary energy consumption, according to research from Tsinghua University and Germany’s Ministry of Industry and Commerce… A twofold

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effect is needed to deliver a peak in energy consumption from the building sector and then drive down consumption of heat and power up to 2030 and beyond... Firstly, the rate of energy efficiency in Chinese buildings needs to rise sharply from current levels. … [E]nergysaving projects could reduce energy use by a total of 130 million tce, or 300 billion kilowatt hours. But achieving that scenario will require major investment—an estimated 3.6 trillion yuan (US$580 billion) between 2016 and 2030 if all potential energy savings are to be made. Efforts to develop green buildings in China have been thwarted by overlapping levels of government bureaucracy and the high costs of equipping, installing and monitoring energy efficient technologies such as insulation, smart metres and appliances, as well as smallscale renewable energy systems. China has already earmarked greener growth in cities as a major pillar of its 13th five-year plan (2016-2020) but may require tougher enforcement and stronger incentives to help deliver the results expected of the buildings sector.” 159 Many Chinese companies have travelled to Germany to see passive houses, and have asked for cooperation. Chinese companies seem quick in developing new products, and construction products are no difference. When China will provide high-quality [passive] building products to the world market, costs will probably decrease to a reasonable level. 160 Likewise, investors from overseas and China itself will become more and more interested in the Green Building segment of the construction business as witnessed in the EcoNet China event of 2014.161 German and other European construction firms are vying how to contribute industrialized green building materials for China´s fastly expanding construction sector. The Econet grouping has assessed a need for know-how and new technologies which German companies can supply. EcoNet has noted that China has an urgent need for external thermal insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) which can be utilized in building facades and windows, in particular. The Chinese President Xi Jinping has expressed his wish that Chinese standards should raise continuously in the next years, and possibly exceed the LEED standards.162 Hence, Econet and the other German entities, like the German Energy Agency (DENA) see great potential in China for Passivhaus solutions, and this can cover both existing building stocks and all new buildings. Further, there will be a massive potential for photo-voltaic technology applied to generate energy in buildings. In this regard, the German construction industries have observed with interest that MoHURD has introduced in early 2015 new green building standards. “By 2030, China will have 60 billion square metres of urban residential buildings, and 1 billion of its people will live in cities, … approaching the 70% typical of a country with China's current income level per person... In 2012, per-capita energy consumption from residential buildings was only 0.5 tce—one-fifth of the figure for the US, one third of that for the OECD nations, and even below even the global average of 0.6 tce.163 While in a big country like China the total energy consumption for residential building is substantial, this means still that the per-capita consumption of overall energy consumption through buildings is relatively low. In April 2015, there were 320 million square meters of green building space in the country, certified by either the domestic Green Building Evaluation Standard or the Leadership in Shi Jian, Energy use from China’s buildings ‘to peak in 2020’: study, 05.06.2015 http://www.chinadialogue.asia/blog/7956-Energy-use-from-China-s-buildings-to-peak-in-2-2-study/en 160 http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060012314 161 Bundesministerium für Umweltschutz, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit/EcoNet China/German Chamber Network (Eds). August 2014. Econet Monitor: Green Markets & Climate Change, German Chamber Network (DE). Beijing. www.econet-china.com 162 Greentech Report 2013: China at a Crossroads, in: Econet China. June 2013, pp.3-6. www.econet-china.com 163 Shi Jian, Energy use from China’s buildings ‘to peak in 2020’: study, 05.06.2015 http://www.chinadialogue.asia/blog/7956-Energy-use-from-China-s-buildings-to-peak-in-2-2-study/en 159

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Energy and Environmental Design standard of the United States Green Building Council. The figure is 154 times higher than in 2008, when the GBES was launched.” 164 While the current green building space accounts only for 1%, in 2020 it is expected to reach already 10% of the total. 165 Graph 10: Proposed ¨Vertical Hutong¨with a Concept of Energy Self-Sufficiency

The last 10 years of green building in China demonstrate a fast learning process taking place. The Chinese government is committed to green building, and it is understood that for China´s cities, green building is an essential building block for environmental and economic sustainability. The recent global climate change negotiations have underlined the importance of eco-cities, and China´s response is positive and the drive to develop eco-cities will contribute to the global trend of eco-city building. In Fact it looks as if China can become one of the leading countries in this field. The US$ 1 trillion cost of Cleaning Up China´s Cities ¨Financial markets will need to raise 90% of the costs of meeting pollution and carbon targets. The price tag for curbing air pollution and cutting carbon emissions in China’s cities could be as high as 6.6 trillion yuan (US$1 trillion) required in the form of green finance over the next five years, said a new report [of Bloomberg Philantropics.“ Greening China's urban areas is needed to meet China's national pollution and carbon reduction targets, including an undertaking to peak energy-related greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 or earlier. Around 1 billion (or roughly two-thirds) of China’s population are forecast to be living in cities by 2030. In the period spanning 2008 to 2025, around 250 million people are expected to migrate from the 164

Wu Yiyao. Green buildings blossom in cities, in: China Daily. 17 June 2015. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-06/17/content_21026023.htm 165 In international comparison, the green building share can be considered still relatively low, as has been pointed out: The penetration of green buildings Beijing (11 per cent), Shanghai (15 per cent), and Hong Kong (4 per cent) is way behind European countries. See: Hill, T. 2017. Why has Asia been slow to catch on to green buildings? EcoBusiness.19 April 2017. http://www.eco-business.com/news/why-has-asia-been-slow-tocatch-on-to-greenbuildings/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=April%2019%20newsletter&utm_content=April%2019%20newsle tter+Version+A+CID_d71c5e32f1286bfffd72bac1fb940b13&utm_source=Campaign%20Monitor&utm_term=Why %20has%20Asia%20been%20slow%20to%20catch%20on%20to%20green%20buildings

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countryside to urban areas, one of the biggest movements in human history. … The research focuses on how green loans, bonds, industry funds, carbon finance, and government policies, can spur private investment in the types of infrastructure that are essential for cities to peak and then reduce their carbon footprints.” 166 For the Chinese building sector, Bloomberg Philantropics have estimated an investment need of $254 billion during 2016-2020. Interestingly, the requirement for new buildings is only 34.58 billion, while retrofitting of existing buildings will require investments of $219.42 billion. 167

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McGarrity, J. 2016. The US$1 trillion cost of cleaning up China´s Cities. China Dialogue. 9 June 2016. https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/9005-The-US-1-trillion-cost-of-cleaning-up-China-s-cities/en The research on the cost of cutting pollution and carbon in China’s cities was a joint effort by Bloomberg Philanthropies, China's Green Finance Committee, Paulson Institute, Energy Foundation China and the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association to ‘Promote Green Finance for Low-Carbon Cities in China’. Ma Jun, chief economist at the Research Bureau of People’s Bank of China, said in a statement that green urban development in China cannot happen without support from capital markets. “Greening of buildings, transportation and energy will be crucial as these sectors are the main sources of urban emissions,” Ma, who chairs the Green Finance Committee, China Society for Banking and Finance, said in a statement to accompany the report. 167 Bloomberg Philantropies et al. 2016. Green Finance for Low-Carbon Cities. p.12 http://www.bbhub.io/dotorg/sites/2/2016/06/Green-Finance-for-Low-Carbon-Cities.pdf

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6 VALUE ADDED and CROSS CUTTING THEMES 附加值和跨领域主题 Value added

Cross-cutting themes

Building code for green buildings established

Improved institutional capacities

Rating system for green buildings established

Improved capacities of building industry, new market opportunities for green building materials

Urban resilience increased

Recreation value of cities increased

Urban greenery augmented

CO2 absorption increased

Urban farming option increased

Opportunities for urban food production

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7 AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND TOOLS 现有资源及工具 Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), http://www.breeam.com Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). US Green Building Council. March 2000 http://new.usgbc.org/leed German Energy-Efficiency Guidelines as per the German Energy Efficiency Law of 1977 (EEWärmeG of 1977). http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/RechtPolitik/Das_EEWaermeG/das_eewaermeg.html (only in German) California Sustainable Building Task Force, Sustainable Green Building Toolkit. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/toolkit.htm#case Green Star. Australian Green Building Council. http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/green-star-overview Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines for Bangalore. TERI. http://toolkits.reeep.org/file_upload/107080292_2.pdf

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8 RECOMMENDED READING 推荐阅读 Lindfield, M. and Steinberg, F (eds.). (2012) Green Cities. Asian Development Bank. Urban Development Series. Manila. http://www.adb.org/publications/green-cities World Bank. 2010. Eco2 Cities. Washington. http://www.worldbank.org/eco2 Pike. 2014. Energy Efficient Buildings: Europe, Navigant. www.pikeresearch.com Yudelson, J. 2009. Green Building Trends: Europe. Island Press. London. Harrison, P., Harris, R., Kimmins, S., Wooley, T. 1997. Green Building Handbook. E&FN Spon. London. European Union and Joint Research Centre. 2011. The European Green Buildings Catalogue January 2006-June 2010. Institute for Energy and Transport. Brussels. Http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/greenbuilding/ European Union and Joint Research Centre. 2014. The European Green Buildings Catalogue. Institute for Energy and Transport. Brussels. http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/news/2014-greenbuilding-catalogue-available European Union. 2012. EU-Energy Efficieny Directive (EED), Brussels. www.eedguidebook.energycoalition.eu Draugelis, G. and Fei, Li. Energy Efficiency in Buildings, in: Baeumler, A., Ijjasz.Vasquez, Mehndiratte, S. (Eds.). 2012. Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China, Directions in Development – Countries and Regions. World Bank. Washington. pp. 179-204. www.siteresources.worldbank.org/.../low_carbon_city_full_en.pdf Specialized literature on the German legislation for energy-efficiency in buildings: Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV). Website der ASUE Arbeitsgemeinschaft für sparsamen und umweltfreundlichen Energieverbrauch e.V. Abgerufen am 10. Oktober 2014. EnEV 2009 – Welche EnEV-Fassung gilt für Bauvorhaben?. Website des Instituts für Energie-Effiziente Architektur mit Internet-Medien. Abgerufen am 10. Oktober 2014. http://www.denkmalpflege-forum.de/Download/Nr25.pdf. Fachverband Luftdichtheit im Bauwesen e. V. 2012. Building Airtightness – Volume 1 (DE). Fachverband Luftdichtheit im Bauwesen e. V. 2015. Building Airtightness – Volume 1 (CN). Fisch, N., Wilken, T., Zhu Panyu. 2015. EnergyPlus——Building and Districts as Renewable Energy Sources. Beijing. Tsinghua University Press (CN). Kaufmann, B., Feist, W, Xu Zhiyong. 2015. Handbook on Passive House Design and Construction in Germany. Beijing. China Architecture & Building Press (CN). Zweite Verordnung zur Änderung der Energieeinsparverordnung vom 18. November 2013 (BGBl. I S. 3951) Richtlinie 2012/27/EU des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 25. Oktober 2012 zur Energieeffizienz, Jürgen Pöschk (Hrsg.): Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden – Jahrbuch 2008. VME Energieverlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-936062-04-5.

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Thorsten Hoos: Einsparpotential und ökonomische Analyse der energetischen Sanierung in staatlichen Gebäuden in Luxemburg. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8440-19094. Informationen zum Energieausweis 2008 (Memento vom 12. Juni 2008 im Internet Archive). Projektseiten der DENA zum Gebäudeenergiepass Broschüre zum Thema Modernisieren und Sparen (PDF; 1,31 MB) Bayerisches Staatsministerium Simulation zur Energetischen Sanierung (Adobe Flash) Bosch & Fraunhofer Sanierungskonfigurator für eine energetische Sanierung Projektseite zu „Haus sanieren – profitieren!“ Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis von energetischen Sanierungen online vergleichen Handlungsmotive, -hemmnisse und Zielgruppen für eine energetische Gebäudesanierung. Ergebnisse einer standardisierten Befragung von Eigenheimsanierung. (PDF; 2,9 MB; 77 Seiten) Gefördert durch das BMBF. Januar 2010. Kredit (151/152) Energieeffizient Sanieren – Kredit Für die Sanierung zum KfWEffizienzhaus oder energetische Einzelmaßnahmen

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ANNEXES Annex 1 Name:

Tool GB 1 - Passive House Design

Passive House Design

What this tool does: The German term ¨Passivhaus¨(= Passive House) stands for a rigorous energy-efficiency standard for buildings, covering residences, offices, commercial buildings, hotels, schools and any other public facilities. The Passive House concept entails that it reduced energy requirements, mostly heating for buildings through a design that ensures minimisation of energy losses through good insulation or even air tightness. Passive housing has been used for new buildings, but increasingly it is also used for used for building retrofits in urban renewal. The concept passive house design is mostly applied for cold climate zones, but it can also be modified for use in moderate subtropical or tropical climates. In such climates, instead of good insulation and air tightness, it is rather the design features of shading and ventilation which are important. The vast majority of passive houses have been built in Germany and Scandinavian countries, but it is also picking up in other European countries, like Austria, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. How does it work: ¨The Passivhaus standard requires that the building fulfills the following requirements: •

•

The building must be designed to have an annual heating and cooling demand as calculated with the Passivhaus Planning Package of not more than 15 kWh/m2 per year in heating or cooling energy OR be designed with a peak heat load of 10 W/m2 . Total primary energy (source energy for electricity, etc.) consumption (primary energy for heasting, hot water and electricity) must not be more than 120 kWh/m2 per year. The building must not leak more air than 0.6 times the house volume per hour (n 50 ≤ 0.6 / hour) at 50 Pa (0.0073 psi) as tested by a blower door, or alternatively when looked at the surface area of the enclosure, the leakage rate must be less than 0.05 cubic feet per minute

By achieving the Passivhaus standards, qualified buildings are able to dispense with conventional heating systems. While this is an underlying objective of the Passivhaus standard, some type of heating will still be required and most Passivhaus buildings do include a system to provide supplemental space heating. This is normally distributed through the low-volume heat recovery ventilation system that is required to maintain air quality, rather than by a conventional hydronic or high-volume forced heating system. In Passivhaus buildings, the cost savings from dispensing with the conventional heating system can be used to fund the upgrade of the building envelope and the heat recovery ventilation system. With careful design and increasing competition in the supply of the specifically designed Passivhaus building products, in Germany it is now possible to construct buildings for the same cost as those built to normal German building standards. On average passive houses are reported to be more expensive upfront than conventional

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buildings - 5% to 8% in Germany, 8% to 10% in UK, and 5% to 10% in USA. Evaluations have indicated that while it is technically possible, the costs of meeting the Passivhaus standard increase significantly when building in Northern Europe above 60° latitude. European cities at approximately 60° include Helsinki in Finland and Bergen in Norway. London is at 51°; Moscow is at 55°. These facts have led a number of architects to construct buildings that use the ground under the building for massive heat storage to shift heat production from the winter to the summer. Some buildings can also shift cooling from the summer to the winter. At least one designer uses a passive thermosiphon carrying only air, so the process can be accomplished without expensive, unreliable machinery.¨(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house )

Example: Standard ¨Passivhaus¨

Good Insulation through double or – better- triple glazing windows is essential

Source: www.passiv.de/en/01_passivehouseinstitute/01_passi vehouseinstitute.htm

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house

Heat Exchanger

How the Heat Exchanger works: In addition to the heat exchanger (centre), a micro-heat pump extracts heat from the exhaust air (left) and hot water heats the ventilation air (right). The ability to control building temperature using only the normal volume of ventilation air is fundamental.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house

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Passive House in Berlin, Germany

Passive house in Shanghai, China

http://www.cohousingberlin.de/de/projekte/bizetstrasse-65-67-passivhausweissensee

http://www.detail.de/artikel/passivhaus-in-densubtropen-wohngebaeude-bei-schanghai-12982/

Features: Passive solar design and landscape. Passive solar building design and energy-efficient landscaping support the Passive house energy conservation and can integrate them into a neighbourhood and environment. Following passive solar building techniques, where buildings are compact in shape to reduce their surface area, with principal windows oriented towards the equator - south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere - to maximize passive solar gains. However, the use of solar gain, especially in temperate climate regions, is secondary to minimizing the overall house energy requirements. In climates and regions needing to reduce excessive summer passive solar heat gain, whether from direct or reflected sources, Brise soleil trees, attached pergolas with vines, vertical gardens, green roofs and other techniques are implemented. Passive houses can be constructed from dense or lightweight materials, but some internal thermal mass is normally incorporated to reduce summer peak temperatures, maintain stable winter temperatures, and prevent possible overheating in spring or autumn before the higher sun angle "shades" mid-day wall exposure and window penetration. Exterior wall color, when the surface allows choice, for reflection or absorption (Insulation) qualities depends on the predominant year-round ambient outdoor temperature. The use of deciduous trees and wall trellised or self-attaching vines can assist in climates not at the temperature extremes. Superinsulation. Passivhaus buildings employ superinsulation to significantly reduce the heat transfer through the walls, roof and floor compared to conventional buildings. A wide range of thermal insulation materials can be used to provide the required high R-values (low U-values, typically in the 0.10 to 0.15 W/(m².K) range). Special attention is given to eliminating thermal bridges. A disadvantage resulting from the thickness of wall insulation required is that, unless the external dimensions of the building can be enlarged to compensate, the internal floor area of the building may be less compared to traditional construction. In Sweden, to achieve passive house standards, the insulation thickness would be 335 mm (about 13 in) (0.10 W/(m².K)) and the roof 500 mm (about 20 in) (U-value 0.066 W/(m².K)). Advanced window technology. To meet the requirements of the Passivhaus standard, windows are manufactured with exceptionally high R-values (low U-values, typically 0.85 to 0.70 W/(m².K) for the entire window including the frame). These normally combine triplepane insulated glazing (with a good solar heat-gain coefficient, low-emissivity coatings,

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sealed argon or krypton gas filled inter-pane voids, and 'warm edge' insulating glass spacers) with air-seals and specially developed thermally broken window frames. In Central Europe and most of the United States, for unobstructed south-facing Passivhaus windows, the heat gains from the sun are, on average, greater than the heat losses, even in mid-winter. Airtightness. Building envelopes under the Passivhaus standard are required to be extremely airtight compared to conventional construction. They are required to meet either 0.60 ACH50 (air changes per hour at 50 pascals) based on the building's volume, or 0.05 CFM50/sf (cubic feet per minute at 50 pascals, per square foot of building enclosure surface area). In order to achieve these metrics, recommended best practice is to test the building air barrier enclosure with a blower door at mid-construction if possible. Passive house is designed so that most of the air exchange with exterior is done by controlled ventilation through a heat-exchanger in order to minimize heat loss (or gain, depending on climate), so uncontrolled air leaks are best avoided. Another reason is the passive house standard makes extensive use of insulation which usually requires a careful management of moisture and dew points. This is achieved through air barriers, careful sealing of every construction joint in the building envelope, and sealing of all service penetrations. Ventilation. Use of passive natural ventilation is an integral component of passive house design where ambient temperature is conducive — either by singular or cross ventilation, by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingress with larger egress windows and/or clerestory-operable skylight. When ambient climate is not conducive, mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems, with a heat recovery rate of over 80% and high-efficiency electronically commutated motors (ECM), are employed to maintain air quality, and to recover sufficient heat to dispense with a conventional central heating system. Since passively designed buildings are essentially airtight, the rate of air change can be optimized and carefully controlled at about 0.4 air changes per hour. All ventilation ducts are insulated and sealed against leakage. Some Passivhaus builders promote the use of earth warming tubes (typically ≈200 mm (~7,9 in) diameter, ≈40 m (~130 ft) long at a depth of ≈1.5 m (~5 ft)). These are buried in the soil to act as earth-to-air heat exchangers and pre-heat (or pre-cool) the intake air for the ventilation system. In cold weather the warmed air also prevents ice formation in the heat recovery system's heat exchanger. Concerns about this technique have arisen in some climates due to problems with condensation and mold. Alternatively, an earth to air heat exchanger can use a liquid circuit instead of an air circuit, with a heat exchanger (battery) on the supply air. Space heating. In addition to using passive solar gain, Passivhaus buildings make extensive use of their intrinsic heat from internal sources—such as waste heat from lighting, white goods (major appliances) and other electrical devices (but not dedicated heaters)—as well as body heat from the people and other animals inside the building. This is due to the fact that people, on average, emit heat equivalent to 100 watts each of radiated thermal energy. Together with the comprehensive energy conservation measures taken, this means that a conventional central heating system is not necessary, although they are sometimes installed due to client skepticism.

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Instead, Passive houses sometimes have a dual purpose 800 to 1,500 watt heating and/or cooling element integrated with the supply air duct of the ventilation system, for use during the coldest days. It is fundamental to the design that all the heat required can be transported by the normal low air volume required for ventilation. A maximum air temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) is applied, to prevent any possible smell of scorching from dust that escapes the filters in the system. The air-heating element can be heated by a small heat pump, by direct solar thermal energy, annualized geothermal solar, or simply by a natural gas or oil burner. In some cases a micro-heat pump is used to extract additional heat from the exhaust ventilation air, using it to heat either the incoming air or the hot water storage tank. Small wood-burning stoves can also be used to heat the water tank, although care is required to ensure that the room in which stove is located does not overheat. Beyond the recovery of heat by the heat recovery ventilation unit, a well-designed Passive house in the European climate should not need any supplemental heat source if the heating load is kept under 10W/m². Because the heating capacity and the heating energy required by a passive house both are very low, the particular energy source selected has fewer financial implications than in a traditional building, although renewable energy sources are well suited to such low loads. The Passive House Standards in Europe determine a Space Heating and cooling Energy Demand of 15 kilowatt hours per square meter of Treated Floor Area per year or 10 Watts per square meter peak demand. (Or in Imperial units 4.75 kBTU/sf*yr and 3.2 BTU/hr*sf respectively.) In addition, the total energy to be used in the building operations including heating, cooling, lighting, equipment, hot water, plug loads, etc. is limited to 120 kilowatt hours per square meter of Treated Floor Area per year. (Or in Imperial units 38.0 BTU/sf*yr.) (adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house)

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Literature / further information: http://www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?page_id=79 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house

• • • • • •

GIZ 2015: Training textbook. Comparison of Energy Efficiency in Chinese and German Cities in the Context of the Global Situation. Beijing (in English & Chinese). GIZ 2015: Training textbook. Comparison of Modern Low Carbon Urban Development Concepts between China and Germany. Beijing (only in Chinese). GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Green Buildings. Beijing (in English & Chinese). GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Integrated Planning Approaches. Beijing (in English & Chinese). GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Application of Renewable Energies in Urban Areas. Beijing (in English & Chinese). GIZ 2015: Training textbook. German Experiences to obtain Energy Efficiency Gains in Cities through Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) Development. Beijing (in English & Chinese). http://low-carbon-urban-development-germany-china.org/current-projects/qualification-of-key-actors-onenergy-efficiency-in-the-building-sector/downloads-of-qualification-of-key-actors-on-energy-efficiency-in-thebuilding-sector/

•

ICLEI. 2016. Solutions Gateway Sourcebook. Easy-to-use guidance for local governments. Low Carbon Solutions for Urban Development Challenges. http://elib.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ICLEI_Solutions-Gateway-Sourcebook_finalweb1.pdf see also: www.solutions-gateway.org Snodgrass, E.C. and McIntyre, L. 2010. The Green Roof Manual. A professional Guide to Design, Installation, and Maintenance. Timberpress. Portland.

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Annex 2 Name:

Tool GB 2 - Active House Design Active House Design

What this tool does: The Active House (in German Äktivhaus¨) is a zero-net energy (ZNE) building. It is characterized by its zero net energy consumption. Through renewable energy sources within the building or on site, the ZNE house creates enough energy during the year to cover its total energy consumption. As such this is an active house that generates its own energy, or even an excess of energy, and it contributes to a reduction in green-house-gas (GHG) emissions. However, at times, the Active House may need energy from non-renewable fossil sources, while at other times it may have excess energy and may be able to power electric vehicles or sell excess electricity to the grid. The overall balance, however, may turn out to be net-zero. Buildings which produce surplus energy are sometimes also called ënergy-plus buildings¨, or ¨near zero energy buildings¨, or ültra-low energy houses¨. Like the Passive House, the Active House is also considered to contribute significantly to the lowering of carbon emissions, and the dependence on fossil fuels. Despite their initial higher investment costs, Active Houses are expected to gain bigger market shares with the expected decrease of decentralized technologies for generation of renewable energy, i.e. photovoltaic devices, wind energy devices, heat exchange pumps, and energy efficient lightning and home appliances including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). Active Houses can be part of smart grids, thus contributing to the integration of renewable energy sources and integration of plug-in electric vehicles. The net-zero concept may also be extended to cover water and waste aspects of the house, and through storage devices also to disaster resilience. Site Boundary of Energy Transfer for Zero-Energy Accounting

Source: US Department of Energy. 2015. A common definition for zero energy buildings. Washington. P6. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/09/f26/bto_common_definition_zero_energy_buildings_093015.pdf

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How does it work: Twelve Steps to Affordable Zero Energy Construction 1. Design for Zero Net (integrate building design with energy concept). 2. Use Energy Modeling for the most cost-effective zero energy building. 3. Super-seal the building envelope 4. Super-insulate the building envelope 5. Minimize thermal bridging 6. Use highly insulated windows and doors 7. Use the sun for passive solar gain 8. Use the sun for electricity and hot water 9. Create an energy-efficient, fresh air supply and manage humidity 10. Use an energy-efficient heating and cooling system 11. Install energy-efficient lighting 12. Select energy-efficient appliances and electronics (For more details refer to: http://www.zerohomes.org/twelve-steps-to-zero/)

Examples:

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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/527906387550618545/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/182606959866946639/

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Literature / further information: • Drury Crawley, Shanti Pless, Paul Torcellini. 2009. Getting to net zero. ASHRAE Journal 51(9): 18–25. ASHRAE. • Cheng, R. 2014. Integration at its Finest: Success in High-Performance Building Design and Project Delivery in the Federal Sector. Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings, U.S. General Services Administration • Johnston, D., Scott Gibson, S. 2010. Toward a Zero Energy Home: A Complete Guide to energy selfsufficiency at home. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2010. • Voss, K. Mussal, E. 2012. Net Zero Energy Buildings. Detail Publishers. • Maclay, W. 2014. Net Zero Energy Houses – Leading-Edge Design and Construction of Homes and Buildings for a Renewable Energy Future. Chelsea Green Publishing. Chelsea (Vermont, USA). • Mereson, J. ; Offut, J. Zero Energy Home Design. http://www.zerohomes.org/zero-energy-home-design/

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Annex 3 Name:

Tool GB 3 - Retrofitting of Buildings Retrofitting of Buildings

What this tool does: Building and construction technologies for energy-efficiency are important elements of the conversion of homes to become passive (or active) houses. Their quality and efficiency determines whether energy-efficiency targets can be achieved. There is an ever growing market for such products, and users will require guidance and technical support to get best benefits and value for their money.

How does it work. Retrofitting an existing building can oftentimes be more cost-effective than building a new facility. Since buildings consume a significant amount of energy (40 percent of the many countriesÂ´ total energy consumption), particularly for heating and cooling (32 percent), and because existing buildings comprise the largest segment of the built environment, it is important to initiate energy conservation retrofits to reduce energy consumption and the cost of heating, cooling, and lighting buildings. But conserving energy is not the only reason for retrofitting existing buildings. The goal should be to create a highperformance building by applying the integrated, whole-building design process, to the project during the planning or public tender phase that ensures all key design objectives are met. For example, the integrated project team may discover a single design strategy that will meet multiple design objectives. Doing so will mean that the building will be less costly to operate, will increase in value, last longer, and contribute to a better, healthier, more comfortable environment for people in which to live and work. Improving indoor environmental quality, decreasing moisture penetration, and reducing mold all will result in improved occupant health and productivity. Further, when deciding on a retrofit, consider upgrading for accessibility, safety and security at the same time. The unique aspects for retrofit of historic buildings must be given special consideration. Designing major renovations

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and retrofits for existing buildings to include sustainability initiatives will reduce operation costs and environmental impacts, and can increase building adaptability, durability, and resiliency. (adapted from: https://www.wbdg.org/resources/retro_sustperf.php)

Deciding on interventions. Before making what may amount to a major investment in the retrofit of existing buildings for energy and sustainability improvements, it is important to determine if the investment is worthwhile in perspective with other building conditions. Is the building structurally sound? Are seismic upgrades needed to meet current standards and local building code requirements? Do hazardous material like asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and lead paint have to be contained and removed? Can the work be done in phases to minimize disruption to the occupants? Relocating occupants to other facilities can be a significant expense. If a vegetative roof is being considered, is the roof structure able to support the additional weight without costly reinforcement? Look for opportunities to reduce the cost of the work by recycling waste and demolition materials. Once determined that other building conditions are not impediments to upgrading for sustainability and improved energy performance, have a plan and follow a sequence of activities in order to determine the best options for energy and sustainability improvements. • First, determine if the existing systems are operating at optimum levels before considering replacing existing equipment with new higher efficiency equipment. This can be accomplished by performing an energy audit. Sometimes, considerable savings in utility costs can be gained by evaluating the performance of the building envelope and existing systems: leaks, clogged/dirty filters, stuck dampers, disabled sensors, faulty or incorrect wiring, or even lack of knowledge on how to properly operate and maintain equipment can all contribute to inefficiencies and increased costs. Audit the performance of the building's water systems as well; since leaking and inefficient systems not only waste water, they also use energy by needlessly running pumps and other electrical equipment. • Then, if the building is metered, review utility bills from the last two years to determine if consumption (not cost) has risen. • Next, determine air tightness of the building envelope by examining the building envelope, looking for leaky windows, gaps around vents and pipe penetrations, and

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moisture intrusion. Upgrading heating and air-conditioning systems without addressing problems with the building envelope will result in less than optimum performance of those systems.

Sustainability and Energy-Efficiency Strategies • Recommission all energy and water systems to determine they are operating at optimum performance; then upgrade energy and water systems to minimize consumption. • Develop a plan to optimize the recycling and reuse of demolition debris and construction waste to minimize waste sent to landfills. • Evaluate occupancy patterns, then apply daylight, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and lighting sensors in appropriate locations. Incorporate energy efficientlighting into the project as appropriate for the tasks and functions of the spaces. • Determine if natural ventilation and fresh air intake are feasible alternatives to reduce heating and cooling loads. • Investigate renewable energy options that can offset the purchase of fossil fuel-based energy. • Consider solar shading devices for windows and doors, including those that generate electricity by photovoltaic (PV) devices. • Replace existing windows with high performance windows appropriate for climate and exposure. If building requires security upgrade, evaluate blast resistant windows and films. If building is located in a high noise area, evaluate windows that also include adequate exterior to interior noise reduction. • Analyse the benefits of distributed generation if the building is in a campus cluster or can share the on-site energy produced with adjacent buildings. • Balance the project's sustainable goals with its security goals including protecting the building and its occupants from natural and man-made disasters. • Certain site renovations can improve the energy performance of the building including reducing the heat island effect. • Determine if a cool roof or green roof are cost-effective ways to reduce heat island effect and storm water runoff. • Employ green building rating systems for existing buildings like (DGNB, LEED, BREEAM, Chinese Star-Rating System, or other) to gage the building's level of performance. • For historic buildings, update systems appropriately to maintain a balance between the need for energy and water savings with the character of the original building fabric. • Take the opportunity afforded by the building renovation to incorporate sustainable operations and maintenance practices and switch to green cleaning products and methods. • To ensure a newly renovated building continues to perform as designed, measure the performance of the building regularly. • If not already metered, plan on installing meters for electric, gas, water and other utilities. Smart meters and submeters are preferable to monitor real-time consumption, control demand and increase tenant accountability (cost control). (adapted from: https://www.wbdg.org/resources/retro_sustperf.php)

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Technologies. The technologies in support of Passive and Active House concepts can be grouped into the following categories: • Technologies of the building envelope – walls, doors, windows, roofs, foundations and flooring. • Special technologies: o Green roofs • Energy efficient heating technologies. • Energy efficient cooling technologies. • Warm water technologies. • Decentralized renewable energy sources. • Energy-efficient lighting. • Energy efficient heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). • Energy efficient water devices. • Software to monitor in-door air quality and use of home appliances. Deep Energy Retrofits of Old Buildings “A Deep Energy Retrofit is defined as ‘a whole-building analysis and construction process that achieves much larger energy cost savings—sometimes more than 50% reduction—than those of simpler energy retrofits and fundamentally enhances the building value.’ They can be hard to do, working with an existing building with so many special conditions and limitations. There is also still a lot of science that has to be resolved, and no single pat solutions.” Empirical conclusión of retrofitting is that ‘airtightness trumps insulation’.

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Source: Alter, L. 2016. Deep energy retrofit of two hundred year old building shows the best of the old and new. Treehugger. 14 September. http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/deep-energy-retrofit-two-hundredyear-old-building-shows-best-old-and-new.html

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Literature / further information: •

• •

• • • •

UK Green Building Council. 2014. A housing Stock fit for the future: Making energy efficiency a national infrastructure priority. London. http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/A%2520housing%2520stock%2520fit%2520for%2520the%2520futu re%2520%2520Making%2520home%2520energy%2520efficiency%2520a%2520national%2520infrastructure%252 0priority.pdf GIZ. 2012. Handbook on Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings. Beijing. http://lowcarbon-urban-development-germany-china.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Guideline-on-EnergyEfficiency-Retrofitting-of-Existing-Residential-Buildings-EN.pdf Anders, S., Church, D., Jansen, F., Zhang, K. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Nachhaltiges Bauen. 2015. Enabling Measurable Sustainable Design – the DGNB System for Districts and Industrial Locations. In: Green Building 2015. Beijing. pp.22-23. CBRE. Retrofitting Existing Buildings: The Low Cost, High Volume Solution to Climate Change. Sustainability Asia Pacific. Vol. 4. http://www.cbre.com.hk/AssetLibrary/sustainability_issue4.pdf

NCC. Solution: Energy Retrofitting of Existing Buildings. https://stateofgreen.com/en/Profiles/NCC-Construction/Solutions/Energy-Retrofitting-of-Existing-Buildings Paradis, R. 2012. Retrofitting Existing Buildings to Improve Sustainability and Energy Performance. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/retro_sustperf.php) United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Energy Star - Building Upgrade Manual. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_Full.pdf

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