1st Mining Drc-Zambia Nov/Dec 2016

st

1 MINING Central Africa’s Premier Business To Business Mining magazine Nov-Dec 2016 > Issue 20 > Vol.7 #

DRC-ZAMBIA Zambia Copper Output Projected At 800,000 Tonnes In 2017 -12

The Critical Role Of Geospatial Mapping For Mining -28

ALSO...

Sandvik Enables Automation That Mines Are Ready For -19

F MD R C - Z A MB I A

20

www.fmdrc-zambia.com

Contents MINES & MINERALS

HI TECH

Zambia Copper

Geospatial Mapping

12

Output projected at 800k ton in 2017

28

FEATURED DEVELOPMENTS

for mining critical

INNOVATION

05 Africa a focus for energy solutions in mining 10 Ivanhoe Mines signi cant progress in upgrading the Kipushi zinc 14 Zambian manganese mines get a boost from Giyani Gold 16 Caterpillar to invest 1bn in Africa 34 Mining and the environment

32 FMDZ |

Sandvik enables automation that mines are ready for

Nov - Dec 2016

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Page03

FROM THE EDITOR

1st MINING Central Africa’s Premier Business To Business Mining magazine Nov-Dec 2016 > Issue 20 > Vol.7 #

We are thrilled to present you the last issue of 1st Mining DRC-Zambia for the year 2016. As we come to the end of the year, we would like to render our gratitude to all the contributors in the magazine.

As 1st Mining DRC-Zambia continues to grow and evolve, we strive to give you informative articles on the mining industry, equipment, developments, innovations and technology.

Heavy Minerals Mining is one of the numerous exploration activities currently being undertaken on the continent.

Various African countries have huge deposits of this mineral with South Africa being the second largest producer of titanium and zircon in the world aer Australia.

Mining operations require reliable power on a 24/7 basis, whether at remote locations, or in developed areas. Load shedding, poor quality power and weak grids are forcing mines to consider alternative sources of electrical energy.

Hence Africa should focus on energy solutions in mining.

Good news to the Zambian mining industry as copper output is projected at 800,000 tonnes next year. e increase in copper prices on the international market paves way for suspended projects to resume now that prices have stabilised.

In our equipment and machinery we feature the Sandvik AutoMine Loading installations success story. More and more mines globally are discovering how Sandvik AutoMine can improve their operations.

In terms of technology and innovation we look at the critical role of of geospatial mapping for mining.

DRC-ZAMBIA Zambia Copper Output Projected At 800,000 Tonnes In 2017 -12

The Critical Role Of Geospatial Mapping For Mining -28

ALSO...

Sandvik Enables Automation That Mines Are Ready For -19

F MD R C - Z A MB I A

20

www.fmdrc-zambia.com

Cover Sandvik Lh517 Automation

Editor Bertha M. editor@fmdrc-zambia.com

Contributing Writers Anne Thomas, Mfuneko Jack, Lindani Mkhize and Caroline Thomas

Bertha M. Editor

Sales & Marketing Russou Billiard sales@fmdrc-zambia.com +27 11 044 8986

Graphic Design and Layout Que Gibson gibson.que@farmersreviewafrica.com

Published By Mailing Times Media sales@fmdrc-zambia.com www.fmdrc-zambia.com

Circulation/Sales

Mailing Times Media (Pty) Ltd makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of the contents of its publications, but no warranty is made as to such accuracy and no responsibility will be borne by the publisher for the consequences of actions based on information so published. Further, opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by Mailing Times Media (Pty) Ltd

info@fmdrc-zambia.com +27 11 044 8985

Page04

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MINING NEWS

Africa a focus for energy solutions in mining Mining operations require reliable power on a

reduced carbon footprint and greenhouse-gas

upgrading existing diesel generators with solar power considerably.

24/7 basis, whether at remote locations, or in

emissions, lower levels of air and water

developed areas. Load shedding, poor quality

pollution, as well as less risk of fuel spills from

power and weak grids are forcing mines to

diesel trucks.

consider alternative sources of electrical

Positive social outcomes can also be achieved,

providers

energy.

such as an improved social licence to operate

Energy efficiency measures and load shiing

e global mining industry risks wasting

a sustainable mining business, as renewables

require a thorough knowledge of mining

millions of dollars if greater emphasis is not

can contribute towards societal betterment

processes. It is obvious that the simultaneous

Complex requirements for solution

placed on the industry employing renewable-

through job creation, safer communities by

optimisation of demand and supply side are

energy solutions, such as solar photovoltaic

providing street lighting, which is known to

much more complex than the construction of

(PV) technology and biogas, according to

reduce crime, and the provision of electricity

a traditional PV power plant. A prerequisite

global non-pro t organisation Rocky

for clinics and industrial development nodes.

for nding the best solution is combining

Mountain Institute-Carbon War Room (RMI-

Typical cost savings from the PV side are in

skills from both worlds, from mining and

CWR).

the range of 25%-30%, while in very remote

solar energy.

In addition, many of the solutions are novel

e mines in the higher solar irradiance

locations with elevated diesel prices the

geographies in Africa can, however, bene t

reductions can amount to more than 70%.

with many improvements having been

more from solar PV, says the organisation,

Energy efficiency measures can be applied all

developed during the operation of PV-diesel-

which aims to accelerate the adoption of

along the mining value chain as well as for

hybrid power plants at mining sites. A track

business solutions, such as efficient renewable-

auxiliary applications. e main elds include

record of on-site testing helps to implement

energy solutions that reduce carbon dioxide

compressed air systems, ventilation, material

new solutions in the most efficient way.

emissions on a gigaton scale, thereby

handling, pumping, crushing and milling.

A recommendation for mining companies is

advancing a low-carbon economy.

Energy efficiency can account for electricity

to act quickly and to conceive a

e bene ts of adopting a solution where

reductions of 5% - 20% and load shiing for

comprehensive renewable energy strategy.

renewables are more cost effective than grid

energy cost savings of 5% -10%.

Beyond improvement of energy costs,

power, and which could include the increasing

Energy efficiency measures and load shiing

ambitious targets and transparency offer rst movers many advantages in communication.

likelihood that storage is more cost effective

schemes have a direct in uence on the

than diesel power generation, go well beyond

optimal design of the PV plant, while avoided

If substantial measures are taken and nancial

operational cost savings for the mine,

or shied energy consumption allows for

markets are targeted with a sustainability

extending to enhanced shareholder value.

designing the PV plant in an optimal way.

communication strategy, a positive effect on

e solution also offers environmental

Oen the integrated solution decreases the

the market evaluation and stock prices of

bene ts, such as less reliance on fossil fuels, a

amount of capital expenditure needed for

mining companies can be expected.

FMDZ |

Nov - Dec 2016

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MINING NEWS

Commodity price recovery could boost mining activity in Africa Mining commodity prices have rallied during

However, the recovery has generated hopes

2017 is the potential for valuation stabilisation

the course of this year, raising hopes that new

that delayed Central African iron ore projects

at a higher level than previously thought. A

mining projects could be sanctioned across

could nally be developed. Back in 2013, a

more positive macro backdrop and greater

the African continent. e price of iron ore

string of mines were planned, including

investor con dence has helped li metals

broke through the $80 a tonne barrier

Belinga in Gabon and Sundance Resources'

prices well above levels seen in recent years.”

yesterday, up from $38 per tonne at the end of

Mbarga and Nabeba schemes on the border of

While South Africa relies heavily on iron ore

last year, although still below the peak of $182

Cameroon and Congo, together with new

and coal exports, the situation in

in 2010.

railways to transport the ore to the coast,

neighbouring Botswana is a little different.

Similarly coking coal prices have risen more

where new dry bulk terminals would prepare

e country has the potential to export up to

than doubled this year to exceed $300 per

the ore for shipping. All were shelved, as

100m tonnes of coal a year but progress on

tonne; while copper prices are approaching

investors struggled to secure the required

$6,000 per tonne, the highest level for 18

nance in a low-revenue environment.

developing export railways to Namibian and Mozambican ports was halted in 2014.

months; and even thermal coal has rebounded

However, optimism is now rising.

Yet in November, Maputo and Gaborone

to $120 per tonne. e price rises have at least

At the end of November, Equatorial

signed an agreement to build an export line

partly been driven by investment by very

Resources' local subsidiary, Congo Mining

from the Botswana mines to the planned new

small scale Chinese investors.

Exploration Ltd, announced that it would

coal port of Technobanine in southern

e global mining industry's recent travails

invest $1.2bn in its Badondo iron ore scheme

Mozambique, buoyed by the recovery. Vale

have been well documented. e price of

in north-west Congo-Brazzaville. e

Mozambique, Botswana's Shumba Energy and

almost all mining commodities crashed in

company's CEO, John Welborn, said: “e

a handful of other mining rms that kept

2014 and 2015 as the Chinese economy slowed

recent improvement in the price of iron ore

investing in new projects during the downturn

down, causing many projects to be postponed

makes Equatorial con dent that it will nd

could now bene t by being ahead of the curve.

or cancelled.

the necessary nancing to develop the mine.”

Although prices are likely to rise further next

e impact on Africa has been enormous. Just

e situation is the same in the Mano River

year, there is little sign of a boom on the

as plummeting oil and gas prices hit the

states, where Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea

horizon. Credit Suisse said: “Underlying

continent's hydrocarbon producers hard, so

have all been badly affected by low iron ore

supply/demand fundamentals are still

falling coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper and

prices but rising demand could encourage

challenging in the case of iron ore and copper,

manganese prices have shaken the economies

ArcelorMittal and others to boost production.

and a healthy dose of speculative activity

of South Africa, Mozambique, Zambia, Sierra

Credit Suisse analysts said: “We believe the

leaves metals equities vulnerable to a

Leone and many other African states.

main theme for industrial metals equities into

correction.”

Page06

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INNOVATION

Costcutters: Efficiency and productivity in mining passing on productivity improvements

prices. However, they can control how they

costs could help the mining industry when

compared to other industries, like building

operate. As companies refocus on becoming

market conditions are tough.

cars, where business improvement practices

lowest-quartile cost producers, they will need

As an industry whose fate is tied to the

are really established. It's only relatively

to move away from reactionary cost cutting

Increasing productivity and cutting wasteful

materials it extracts from the earth, the

recently that we're starting to see that

and towards sustainable cost management

mining business is vulnerable to uctuations

approach come in with mining.

programs

in commodity prices. Mining operations can

So a lot of mines are very inefficient with

Productivity is about maximizing throughput

oen be shut down by sustained price dips,

working time, for example. At many mines,

per unit of time, per unit of quality and per

only to be resurrected a few years later when

the amount of time it takes workers to get to

unit of cost. Mining companies may wish to

prospects pick up again.

and from the workplace is excessive.

apply a better use of technology to achieve

Although mining companies can't entirely

e amount of time they take on breaks is

these goals:

disentangle themselves from this cycle of

excessive. ere are many avoidable losses

To improve sector productivity, companies

boom and bust, increasing productivity and

that can be saved in their production systems,

can: Refocus on high quality production by

cutting unnecessary costs can provide some

but when they're bailed out by high metal

increasing cut off grades; Reduce capital

insulation against the cold whims of the

prices they don't necessarily have to focus on

expenditures in properties with lower

market.

those.

production potential and shorter mine lives;

A host of technologies and logistical

To prevent this constant cycle of cost takeout

Consider the bene ts (and potential risks) of

techniques can help mine operators get the

and cost creep, miners must go beyond

reducing reserves; Optimize mine sites

most out both their deposits and their all-

traditional cost cutting measures. Instead,

through enhanced sequencing; Ramp up

important workforce. But with the mining

industry productivity (de ned as the GDP

production from lower cost mines and

industry being notoriously conservative when

value contribution an average worker creates

prioritize lower cost projects and Attract and

it comes to new innovations, is there more

in an hour of work) needs to rise before

retain experienced mine planners capable of

that companies could be doing to improve

companies can reclaim shareholder support

improving operational performance and

performance, cut costs and protect themselves

and deliver bottom line value.

tracking daily adherence to production

during the tough times?

Miners can't control the vagaries of the world

volumes, mining locations and mineral

Generally, the mining industry is very poor at

economy that shi currencies and commodity

content.

Page08

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Movers & SHAKERS

Ivanhoe Mines announces signi cant progress in upgrading the Kipushi zinc-copper mine in the DRC of the world's largest and lowest-cost zinc

Kipushi's Big Zinc Deposit has an estimated

e current mine redevelopment plan, as

10.2 million tonnes of Measured and Indicated

outlined in the May 2016 independent,

producers, while also producing signi cant

Mineral Resources grading 34.9% zinc.

preliminary economic assessment (PEA),

quantities of copper, silver and germanium.

Successful planned restoration of production

includes a two-year construction period with

We remain involved in detailed discussions with potential strategic partners and investors

would make Kipushi the world's highest-grade

a relatively quick ramp-up to a projected

major zinc mine

steady-state production of 530,000 tonnes of

relating to the company and our projects,

Robert Friedland, Executive Chairman of

zinc concentrate per annum. A pre-feasibility

including Kipushi.

Ivanhoe Mines (TSX:IVN)(OTCQX:IVPAF),

study (PFS) is underway to re ne the ndings

"We look forward to working with our

and Lars-Eric Johansson, Chief Executive

of the PEA and to optimize the mine's

partner, Gécamines, and the people of the

Officer, announced that excellent progress has

redevelopment schedule, life-of-mine

Kipushi area to return the mine to production

been made by Ivanhoe in upgrading and

operating costs and initial capital costs

and start writing the next chapter of Kipushi's

modernizing the Kipushi Mine's shas,

required to bring the mine back into

long and meaningful history. In the meantime,

pumping stations and underground

production. Ivanhoe expects to complete the

we welcome international investors and mining analysts to see rsthand the excellent

infrastructure as part of the plan to prepare

PFS in the second quarter of 2017.

the mine for the restart of commercial

"We are working hard to have the mine ready

progress our team has made in upgrading the

production. e mine now has clear and safe

to restart production," said Mr. Friedland.

mine's underground infrastructure and to

access to all of the main underground

"Given the extremely high zinc grades at

experience an exceptionally rare opportunity

workings, including the Big Zinc Deposit.

Kipushi, the mine has the potential to be one

to inspect a deposit that is 35% zinc."

Page10

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| FMDZ

Movers & SHAKERS

Rebirth of a Copperbelt legend

Mine, Sha 5, is in the process of being

e Kipushi Project is operated by Kipushi

load-out system will be upgraded to western

upgraded and re-commissioned. e main

industry standards during 2017 to fully restore

Corporation (KICO), a joint venture between

personnel and material winder has been

the sha's hoisting capacity. Sha 5 provides

Ivanhoe Mines (68%) and Gécamines (32%),

upgraded and modernized to meet western

the primary access to the lower levels of the

the state-owned mining company. e PEA

industry standards and safety criteria, and

mine, including the Big Zinc Deposit, through

and PFS focus on the mining of Kipushi's Big

new cages will be installed in 2017. e rock-

the 1,150-metre haulage level and

Zinc Deposit, which has an estimated 10.2

hoisting winder, which will have a potential

underground ramp decline.

million tonnes of Measured and Indicated

annual hoisting capacity of 1.8 million tonnes,

e planned primary mining method for the

Mineral Resources grading 34.9% zinc. is

is being upgraded and is expected to be fully

Big Zinc Deposit in the PEA and PFS is

grade is more than twice as high as the

operational in late 2017.

sublevel open stoping, with cemented back ll.

Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources of

e critical path for the redevelopment of the

e crown pillars are expected to be mined

the world's next-highest-grade zinc project,

mine runs through the upgrading of the Sha

once adjacent stopes are back lled using a

according to Wood Mackenzie, a leading,

5 rock-hoisting winder, as well as the re-

pillar-retreat mining method. e Big Zinc

international industry research and consulting

commissioning of the main pumping station

Deposit is expected to be accessed via the

group.

at Sha 5, the underground crusher at the

existing decline and without any signi cant

KICO has upgraded the operating shas,

bottom of Sha 5, the Sha 5 rock load-out

new development. e main levels are

winders and underground infrastructure at

facilities and the restoration of the main

planned to be at 60-metre vertical intervals,

the Cascade section of the mine, which are

haulage way on the 1,150-metre level between

with sublevels at 30-metre intervals.

expected to serve as alternate personnel and

the Big Zinc access decline and Sha 5 (see

e Kipushi Project includes surface mining

material shas - as well as a second egress

Figure 1).

and processing infrastructure, concentrator,

route from the mine (see Figure 1). A new

Sha 5, which is planned to be the mine's

offices, workshops and a connection to the

high-volume ventilation fan also has been

main production sha, is eight metres in

national power grid. Electricity is supplied by

installed on surface at Sha 4 to provide fresh

diameter, 1,240 metres deep and

the DRC's state power company, Société

air to the underground workings.

approximately 1.5 kilometres from the

Nationale d'Electricité (SNEL), from two

planned main mining area. e rock hoist and

transmission lines from Lubumbashi.

e main production sha for the Kipushi

Johannes Holzapfel

FMDZ |

Nov - Dec 2016

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Page11

Zambia copper output projected at 800,000 tonnes next year THE new mining projects and stability in

He said this when he presented a paper on

Mr Banda said only two companies which

copper prices on the international market will

Zambia's mining industry history during the

include Ferro Alloys limited in Laverne and

push copper production to over 800,000

media training workshop organised by his

Southern Africa Ferro Alloys limited in

tonnes in 2017.

ministry and the European Union (EU) in

Serenje were currently processing manganese.

Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development

Chisamba at the weekend.

In a related development, Mine Workers

chief mining engineer Fred Banda projected

"Zambia's copper production will increase to

Union of Zambia (MUZ) has challenged

that Zambia's copper production would

about 850,000 tonnes in 2017. î ˘e increase

mining rms in the country to increase

increase to about 850,000 tonnes due to

will come from new projects that will be

copper production now that prices seem to be

increased projects that will be operational next

operational next year," Mr Banda said.

stabilising.

year.

He said the Lubambe Copper Mines phase

Copper prices on the London Metal Exchange

Recently the Zambia Chamber of Mines

two will ramp up production to more than

(LME) rose last week by 0.5 per cent to

(ZCM) projected that copper production

45,000 tonnes with the development of the

US$5,808 a tonne with projections to climb by

would this year close at about 750,000 tonnes.

South East Limb would also contribute to the

1.2 per cent last this week.

Mr Banda said the increase in production

overall output of copper next year.

MUZ president Nkole Chishimba said in an

would be necessitated by the new projects

Mr Banda noted that as at 2015, mining

interview that with copper price stability on

such as the Mopani Copper Mine (MCM)

contributed about 70 per cent of export

the international market, the union expected

Nkana synclinorium project, NFC Africa

earnings and that the industry's contribution

mining companies to start full production.

Mining Limited South East Ore Body (SEOB)

to Gross Domestic Product of the country was

"î ˘e increase in copper prices on the

and Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) Nchanga

13.5 per cent in 2014.

international market paves way for suspended

Upper Ore Body among others, which were

He said manganese production had reduced

projects to resume now that prices have

expected to start operating next year.

due to low manganese prices globally.

stabilised," Mr Chisamba said.

Page12

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

Movers & SHAKERS

Zambian manganese mines get a boost from Giyani Gold Johannesburg Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange dual-listed Giyani Gold has signed a letter of intent (LoI) with Menzi Battery Metals to acquire a 70% interest in two past-producing high-grade manganese mines in Zambia. e Kampumba and Chiwefwe open pit manganese mines were operated between 1954 and 1968 and produced an estimated 360 000 t at grades exceeding 50% manganese.

Under the terms of the LoI, Giyani will pay Menzi $200 000 cash, as well as contribute $1-million to work commitment over ve years upon completion of due diligence, title review and the completion of a de nitive agreement. e mines are close to gravel roads and rail, power and labour infrastructure. Geophysical survey data and historical resource estimates indicate signi cant manganese potential.

Giyani has engaged Boswell Projects as the project manager for its portfolio of assets in Southern Africa. During the effective period of the LoI and subsequent agreements, Boswell will complete a due diligence review of the assets to assess the potential for near-term production from these mines. is acquisition will expand the company's portfolio of manganese assets – it already owns manganese assets in Botswana – and continue to advance Giyani's strategy to acquire raw materials for the growing battery industry.

Page14

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| FMDZ

Health & SAFETY

Hydration is essential

for the body in hot working environments Working in hot conditions poses special hazards to safety and health. Heat illnesses combined with dehydration are a direct cause of approximately half of the heat stroke cases among South African miners. It can cause loss of concentration, lower productivity, a decrease in morale and consequently increases costs to a business operation.

North exports manager Hayley Arnesen

temperature. In order to reduce the effects, the

electrolyte replacement drink, 20 minutes before possible exposure. e sodium content should be between 25 mg and 70 mg per 100 ml. Intestinal absorption is improved by small volumes of carbohydrates, between 3 g to 5 g per 100 ml. e temperature of the liquid can also impact the absorption rate – cooler drinks are absorbed more easily.”

Dynaforce, which is developed by North Safety, is a rehydration drink that replenishes the body of essential nutrients for those working in hot environments. It is available in four different avours, including naartjie, tropical, blueberry and cherry grape. “e drink, which comes in a 60 g, 240 g and 25 kg

explains that during heavy work, muscles need

victim should be moved to a cool area and

bulk pack, has a potassium content that

more blood ow, which reduces the amount of

soaked in cool water, amongst other things.

exceeds that of other similar drinks. e

blood available to ow to the skin in order to

Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms that

bene t of this is the positive uid retention

release heat. “e body defends itself from

occur when a worker drinks a lot of water, but

effect that the potassium exerts at a cellular

heat through breathing, sweating and

does not replace the salts lost from sweating.

level. e powdered drink carries various

changing the blood ow. Individuals with high

Fainting can occur in someone who is not

other vitamins and minerals and has no

blood pressure or some heart conditions and

used to working in uncomfortably hot

preservatives. It is available at all North

those who take diuretics may be more

environments. Heat rash usually occurs in hot

branches,” Arnesen concludes.

sensitive to heat exposure.”

and humid environments where sweat cannot

ere are a number of conditions that can

evaporate easily. It can be prevented by resting

About North Safety Products Africa

result due to heat exposure, including heat

in a cool place, keeping skin clean and dry, as

North Safety Products Africa (NSPA) is one of

exhaustion, heat stroke, heat cramps, fainting,

well as over-the-counter lotions to ease pain

South Africa's leading designers,

or heat rash. “In order to prevent these

and itching.

manufacturers and marketers of personal

conditions, it is advisable to replace the uids

Appropriate engineering controls, personal

protection and safety equipment products in

you lose from sweating by drinking an

protective equipment and work practices are

the workplace. e company designs, develops

electrolyte solution, wearing loose tting

also imperative to reducing the risk of heat

and manufactures a comprehensive range of

clothing and a hat, and getting sufficient cool

stress. Supervisors should provide enough

safety equipment. is includes: respiratory

air. Businesses should ensure that employees

liquids and ensure that work schedules allow

equipment; hand protection; hearing

and supervisors have proper training to be

for appropriate rest periods. Employees need

protection; eye, head and face protection;

able to detect early signs of heat stress and

to choose a suitable hydration drink that is

height safety; and protective clothing and

understand the importance of replacing uids

accessible before, during and aer work. e

footwear. North also provides technical and

and salt from sweat,” she continues.

hydration drink will assist in maintaining

customer support whereby skilled

Heat exhaustion results from working up a

blood volume, which allows for efficient

professionals assist businesses with the

sweat and not replenishing the body with

delivery of oxygen to working muscles and

implementation and management of their

enough uids. Resting in a cool place and

reduces the incidence of muscular cramps.

company needs. With a global reputation for

avoiding caffeinated beverages are some of the

Arnesen warns that only providing water for

high quality protective gear, pioneering

things that will relieve the condition. Heat

hydration may lead to a low blood sodium

technology and valuable manufacturing

stroke, which can result in death, is caused by

level, as salts do not get replenished. Workers

assistance, North prides itself on exceeding

the failure of the body to regulate its core

must consume approximately 300 ml of an

client expectations.

FMDZ |

Nov - Dec 2016

|

Page15

Movers & SHAKERS

Caterpillar to invest $1bn in

Africa over the next ve years US mining equipment manufacturer

countries to continue to improve their global

million by the year 2020 to organisations

Caterpillar, its independent dealers and the

competitiveness.

working to improve lives across Africa.

Caterpillar Foundation are to invest $1-billion

“For 90 years, Caterpillar machines have

Barloworld Equipment (BWE) – the CAT

in business, education and training across

helped build critical infrastructure projects

dealer for Southern Africa – was delighted

Africa over the next ve years, chairperson

across Africa. Today, we bring not only

with the news of the investment, Barloworld

and CEO Doug Oberhelman announced at the

construction machinery to the continent but

Equipment Southern Africa CEO Emmy

US-Africa Business Forum.

also traditional and renewable-power-

Leeka said in a press statement earlier this

e news con rms Caterpillar's long-term

generation solutions, diesel-electric

month.

commitment to Africa and is intended to

locomotives, marine engines and mining

“It is going to give a great boost to our

signi cantly improve its customer service

equipment,” Oberhelman noted at the forum.

training and development capabilities, which,

capabilities on the continent, according to the

He added that the announcement con rmed

in turn, will bene t our valued customers. It

company.

Caterpillar's plans to make a long-term

will also enable the opening of new BWE

is will include enhanced parts distribution

investment to help build, develop and

locations and dealerships in Southern Africa

capacity, new high-tech certi ed rebuild

empower communities, and serve as an

and increase infrastructure development,” she

centres, new dealer branch locations, the

education and training partner to broaden

pointed out.

expansion of Caterpillar's Technicians for

and strengthen local workforce talent and

Leeka also welcomed the news that Caterpillar

Africa online skills development programme,

expertise.

will be making further investments in social

as well as nancial investment to support

Since 2010, Caterpillar has invested about

upliment programmes on the continent and

programmes that li people out of poverty.

$50-million to support projects in Africa that

will be expanding its Technicians for Africa programme.

Technicians for Africa is a free, online

improve the lives of those living in poverty,

learning platform for Africans seeking to

speci cally girls and women, through

“We are heavily involved in this programme in

develop the technical skills needed to pursue a

training, policy work and entrepreneurship.

Mozambique and are planning to roll it out in

career as an equipment technician.

ese investments bene t Africans by

South Africa, Zambia and Angola. For

e investment will further increase

providing them with access to education,

example, BWE has set up a container

Caterpillar's signi cant footprint in the

energy, micro nance, clean water and

computer lab in Tete, Mozambique, to provide

growing African market, while boosting

sanitation.

computer and Internet access to those wanting

infrastructure development and the skills

Building on these investments, the Caterpillar

to gain skills through the Technicians for

training capabilities necessary for African

Foundation is committing an additional $15-

Africa programme,” she concluded.

Page16

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

INNOVATION

e Importance of Real-Time Data Communication from the Mining Face that need to be implemented. RTC

Real-time data communication (RTC) refers

improving safety, operational

to a mode of communication in which all

is a critical component to ensuring a

efficiency and productivity, thus

users exchange data instantly with minimum

high degree of utilisation of the

reducing the cost of mining

mining face.

latency. ere is a purpose built RTC solution for all uses, including instantaneous transfer

2.

of data, voice, video, and supporting

operations.

Maximum Safety & Security- RTC

RTC is especially critical right at the mine

also enhances mining security by

face, as this is where most mining activity

applications. With RTC, situational awareness

live monitoring of entry locations,

takes place and, as a result, where conditions

increases, mining efficiency improves,

mobile vehicles, and high-cost

are most likely to change. Unfortunately,

productivity grows, and above all else, the 24/7

mining equipment. Real-time data

monitoring real-time data from the face is

visibility of mining activities ensures the mine

from geotechnical instrumentation

typically also the most expensive, challenging

operates as safely as possible.

can identify stability problems and

and disruptive to mine operations. Luckily,

Apart from maximizing efficiency and

allow preventive action to be taken.

technology is starting to play a part.

productivity and ensuring mine safety, some

Likewise, real-time data from gas

In many progressive mines, low-voltage

of the other bene ts of RTC in the mining

detection sensors can trigger alarms

underground wireless networks allow data to

industry include the following:

when certain thresholds are

be transmitted quickly from the face to central

Optimum Face Utilisation- Real-

reached. And that same real-time

monitoring stations without the need for

time data communication ensures

communication can be used to send

time-consuming manual data collection. Such

1.

optimum management of mining eets and personnel. rough better understanding of the activities at the

3.

mining face and real-time work

Page18

evacuation signals to workers

technology was recently deployed by Barrick

underground instantaneously.

Cortez with exceptional results. e Barrick

Improves Coordination and

solution monitors over 300 instruments, both

Teamwork- Finally, real-time data

on surface and underground, using advanced

assignments, management can

communication improves

geotechnical instrumentation coupled with an

ensure efficient utilisation of the

collaboration and teamwork

ultra-long life wireless telemetry system. e

production eet and the mining

between staff located at the mine

system relays data from the face (and

face. It allows for instantaneous

face, mobile vehicles, operations

throughout the mine) to a central interface at

knowledge of problems at the face

control, processing plants, and

mine operations, virtually eliminating the

and fast reaction times to changes

various other locations. It helps in

need for manual readings.

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

INNOVATION

Sandvik Enables Automation at Mines Are Ready For e rst Sandvik AutoMine Loading installations were delivered more than 10 years ago and the automation system continues its success story today. More and more mines globally are discovering how Sandvik AutoMine can improve their operations. "is year seems to be a turning point, with many new Sandvik AutoMine Loading Lite systems being ordered," says Riku Pulli, VP Automation, Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology. “Within this challenging business climate, mines are looking for reliable, easy-toimplement solutions that deliver higher productivity and efficiency in mining operations. We are proud that Sandvik AutoMine has already delivered well on these requirements for many customers and there are more in the pipeline.”

Sandvik AutoMine Loading Lite is a simple, single-loader automation solution that helps ensure safer operation and high productivity. It is easy to set up, operate and maintain. e solution can also be easily expanded to applications that require more than one loader, operated by a single operator. Sandvik AutoMine Loading Lite works in a wide range of

mining methods including development, open stoping and sub-level caving.

Sandvik AutoMine Loading Lite was recently updated with a unique new function, Automatic Bucket Loading Assistant, that completes the fully automated loading cycle by bringing in technology that enables a loader to ll its bucket without any help from the remote operator in the control room. is new feature makes the full loading cycle much

more consistent and allows operators to focus on the overall process supervision instead of a need to continuously load buckets over tele-remote connection.

Operations that rely on Sandvik AutoMine Loading Lite include Boliden Garpenberg mine, Boliden Tara mine, Goldcorp Cerro Negro mine, Glencore Kidd Operations, First Quantum Pyhäsalmi mine, IAMGOLD Westwood and LKAB Kiruna mine.

Sandvik automine

FMDZ |

Nov - Dec 2016

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Page19

PROFILE

Rio-Carb celebrates 35 years of innova on and service excellence Founder and CEO Martin Maine has extensive

such as chutes and hoppers. Maine reveals

than traditional 400 and 500 material.” e

experience in physical metallurgy, and has

that the company has grown six-fold since it

term 'RC-700' itself was trademarked

participated in several international

was established, with an exponential increase

successfully in 2015.

conferences and seminars. Twice President of

in its customer base.

Rio-Carb has always invested in state-of-the-

the South African Institute of Welding, he has

ese include well-known local companies

art manufacture, opening its new 4 000 m2

been involved in prestigious local projects

such as Angloplats, Anglo Coal, Anglo Gold

manufacturing facility in Alrode, Gauteng in

such as Sasol ll and lll, Koeberg, and Gariep

Ashanti, Billiton Group, Columbus Stainless

2014. e OEM acquired two high-precision

Dam. Maine also established AquaJet Pro les

Steel, De Beers Group, ELB, Foskor, Afrisam

plasma cutters in 2006 in order to be able to

(Gauteng) in 2001, the largest water-jet cutting

Cement, Arcelor Mittal Steel, Ingwe Mining

cut the liner plate to high accuracies, with

centre in Africa.

Group, Impala Platinum, Lafarge Cement,

clean surface nishes. A novel application of

Aer being in the Rio-Tinto (SA) stable for 13

Lonmin Mining, Loesche (SA), Murray &

this equipment has been the plasma-engraving

years, there was a management buy-out by the

Roberts, Namakwa Sands, Palabora Copper,

of part numbers and bend lines for jobbing

then existing (and still current) shareholders.

Richards Bay Minerals, Rössing Uranium,

contracts in mild and stainless steel.

e company had been importing product

Samancor, Sasol Group, Glencore, and

In addition, the company has two

from Australia up to that point. Maine quickly

Debswana, among others.

rolling/bending machines, stud welders, eight

saw an opportunity for local manufacture, and

Maine highlights that RC-700 CrC alloy-clad

MIG welding machines, a 250 t hydraulic

established Rio-Carb in 1982.

liner plates and pipes are used for heavy

press, and water-jet cutting, zinc spraying, and

e company's main products are RC-700

materials-handling applications in the mining,

sandblasting facilities. It continues to invest in

CrC liner plates, RC-700 CrC pipes, wear-

cement, energy and petroleum industries.

state-of-the-art equipment, in addition to

resistant components manufactured from

“e main advantage here, which is a speci c

developing custom machinery. Rio-Carb also

chromium carbide alloys, and manganese

South African innovation, is that these plates

operates its own transportation eet in order

impact plates. It also refurbishes components

have an eight-to-12 times longer wear life

to guarantee on-time delivery for its

Page22

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

PROFILE customers.

and to assure customers of the quality of its

industry experience and expertise,” Product

Maine attributes Rio-Carb's ongoing success

products. “Our products are highly specialised

Development Manager, Luis Garcia highlights.

to its solid nancial background. “We have no

and not just off-the-shelf. We deal with many

Looking to the future, Maine says that Rio-

overdra, and all of our equipment is

major customers in the mining industry,

Carb will continue to develop new products in

amortised. We also have full redundancy built

where such accreditation is mandatory. We are

response to the changing needs of the African

into our production planning,” he notes. “is

very proud of having achieved this quality

mining industry. “e global nancial

has allowed us to price our product

assurance,” Maine comments.

downturn and rout in commodity prices has

accordingly, and to pass on the bene ts to our

“We pride ourselves on the longstanding

meant a greater emphasis on refurbishing

customers.”

relationships we have forged with many of our

existing equipment. In this regard, we are

e latest feather in the cap for Rio-Carb has

key customers, in addition to the fact that we

looking at the future development of hi-tech

been achieving ISO 9001 accreditation in

have a low staff turnover, with our technical

alloys to enhance performance and increase

order to boost its manufacturing processes

personnel representing a considerable pool of

longevity,” he concludes.

Founder and CEO Martin Maine

Measure, Control, Improve ... minute by minute On-belt Real Time Analysers · Base metals (Cu, Zn-Pb, Ni) · Iron ore, manganese, bauxite, phosphate · Coal · Moisture · More than 1,000 installations worldwide · Accurate, low maintenance, safe and reliable · 30 years of proven performance in Africa · Local support by experienced engineers · Performance guarantees, no risk

Contact us: Australia +61 7 3710 8406 Zambia +260 212 222 606

sales@scantech.com.au www.scantech.com.au

Embracing TECH

3D Printing and the Mining Industry – e Age of Innovation A decline in productivity in the mining

won the minds of industry and, with

optimising extraction of products, and

industry over the past decade means industry

numerous projected advantages, stand to

eliminating unnecessary time barriers to the

leaders have been forced to look into an

change the face of production as we know it. If

effective running of operations.

overhaul of existing processes as traditional

3DP evolves as anticipated, its potential will

methods are found wanting in terms of

be rather unrestricted in terms of materials

IN WITH THE NEW: HOW CAN 3DP

efficiency and cost. Use of technology is one

used, scale, strength, and advancement of

MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

proposed solution, but it will be innovation

design.

As with all evolving technologies, 3DP will

OUT WITH THE OLD

precision-manufactured items out of multiple

that will make a marked difference in streamlining the mining industry. With 3D

have to prove it can produce high quality and

printing (3DP) at the forefront of tech

As it stands, the mining industry is a sector

materials in order to withstand the rigorous

development, it is somewhat unsurprising that

plagued by the demands of high outputs and

demands of the mining industry. is will also

proposed usages of 3DP seem set to

efficiency weighed against the high cost of

have to be done in situ in some remote and

revolutionise supply chain operations in the

downtime and the contingencies made for

unforgiving environments if 3DP is to be

mining industry.

same. ese contingencies include the high

chosen over traditional manufacturing –

cost of material inputs, excess inventory and

something technology observers believe to be

WHAT IS 3DP?

associated warehousing and storage costs on-

attainable in the next ve to ten years.

3DP is an additive process whereby layers of

site, or logistical costs of urgently transporting

However, proposed adaptations of 3DP in the

raw materials are successively laid down to

parts when operations have come to a

mining industry claim to counteract the

create a tangible object from a digital model.

standstill.

problems associated with traditional

A digital image is looked at as thousands of

Mining operations rely heavily on original

manufacturing methods.

layers, which are then recreated by printers. In

equipment manufacturers to produce

“Mining operators should not put off

the last decade, 3DP has grown enormously

precision-engineered parts. is, oen at great

experimenting with various applications of

and is now utilised in the medical, automotive,

cost. It is against this backdrop that industry

3DP in their facilities. Developing knowledge

and aerospace industries to name a few. Rapid

leaders are tasked with nding solutions that

and skills, and testing the impact these

prototyping and rapid manufacturing have

will have the practical effect of reducing costs,

technologies can have on their current

Page24

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

Embracing TECH

operational strategies, will certainly stand

suit the needs of a particular operation. is

Simpli cation across the supply chain

them in good stead in the future.” says David

comes off the back of the ease with which 3DP

e proposals made in terms of 3DP will

Bullock, MD of Rapid 3D, resellers of

can be used to replicate an item from a digital

mean simultaneous changes to the supply

professional and industrial grade 3D printers

copy on-site to suit the operation's unique

chain operations of the mines using the

and Rapid 3D Parts, a full service 3D printing

requirements. Predictive maintenance has also

technology. ese changes to the point of

bureau service.

been proposed whereby a printer could be

manufacture, inventory, equipment, labour,

attached to equipment to x components,

transportation, and products stand to be

Parts failures and maintenance

increasing the life span of that component and

signi cantly simpli ed, seeing a far more

Where downtime is related to parts failures,

addressing wear and tear.

efficient use of nancial and material

Sustainability

existing supply chains gives way to true on-

resources in future. As the complexity of the

3DP offers a facility to produce parts on-site and on-demand, allowing for effective insourcing of parts as and when they are

3DP addresses many questions of

demand in-sourcing of parts, operations

needed. With access to a digital spare parts

sustainability that have become so topical of

strategies and policies would need to be

library and the requisite printing technology,

late. Not only would transportation costs be

adapted in order to ensure effectiveness.

the remoteness of a site becomes

reduced as alluded to above, but evolution of

inconsequential and the high cost and

the technology could make the designs

THE WAY OF THE FUTURE

environmental impact of transportation and

themselves, more energy and fuel efficient.

In the coming years, we are bound to see 3DP

warehousing of inventory is drastically

Unlike traditional manufacturing where raw

disseminated and normalised in our daily

reduced. Furthermore, the raw materials used

materials are subtracted resulting in waste, the

lives, but not before it radically rede nes

for 3DP are usually in powder form and are

process of additive manufacturing in itself

various stages of production and

thus easier to transport and store. A self-

sees reduced waste in terms of energy used for

manufacturing. In the mining industry, where

sustaining picture emerges where the

production and that of raw materials. It is also

the focus is output and productivity, 3DP

operation itself is responsible for identifying

foreseen that used or faulty parts can be

stands to hold the answer to driving efficiency

an equipment failure and printing the

recycled allowing for the re-use of their raw

and creating mining-speci c solutions in a

solution.

materials further adding to the sustainability

largely sustainable manner.

3DP also allows designs to be customised to

of 3DP.

FMDZ |

Nov - Dec 2016

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Page25

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Embracing TECH

e critical role of

geospatial mapping for mining e mining industry undeniably impacts the natural landscape, both directly in terms of physical change and indirectly by in uencing surrounding areas such as water and air quality. It also changes local population dynamics, serving as a catalyst for infrastructure development and job creation.

Having an awareness and understanding of these impacts is becoming increasingly critical for the sector to operate in a responsible manner and should be incorporated into major decision-making processes, writes Laura Cornish.

Page28

| Nov - Dec 2016

e ability to spatially quantify the current extent of mining activity in a regional context is an important component and oen a prerequisite in many regional assessment or monitoring procedures where spatial intelligence is required in support of decision making.

In response to this, privately owned geospatial mapping and remote sensing specialist GeoTerraImage has released a new geospatial dataset tool called 'Mining in southern Africa' which provides precise locational intelligence on current mining

| FMDZ

activity across twelve countries, from the gold mines in South Africa to the Copperbelt mines in the southern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

It speci cally covers Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe – in addition to South Africa and southern DRC. Mark ompson, director at GeoTerraImage, explains that the data generated was completed over a 24 month timeframe using the latest generation of 30 m resolution, Landsat 8 satellite imagery. e

Embracing TECH

information is available as a geospatial mapbased product, suitable for GIS (geographic information systems) applications or as an Excel spreadsheetbased database. It has captured all mining-related activity across the sub-continent, from mine water ( ooded pits and tailing dams), (evaporative) 'salt mines', (road-side) 'borrow-pits and small quarries' and all 'other' mines, mainly representative of the larger commercial operations. (No distinction has been made between active or decommissioned mines, although the occurrence of ooded pits may be an indirect indicator of activity status.)

Ultimately, it represents the baseline for present mining extents which can be used in understanding historical change and future growth potential of mining activity.

“Converging business with this location intelligence can reveal important insights and also provide users a competitive advantage. It is a validation tool,” ompson highlights.

It is important to note that this mining speci c information is an update and expansion of an existing baseline landscape analysis that started in South Africa and has been expanded across the southern African region. “is regional landscape analysis is completely independent and self-funded by GeoTerraImage”, explains ompson. “e mining-speci c data tool was created as a modi cation and upgrade following interest for this speci c data from environmental groups and the sector itself; and we are currently enhancing the tool by adding information on agriculture and human settlement patterns.”

But it is in combination with GeoTerraImage's additional geospatial tools that the mining industry truly starts to see bene ts. “We can overlap our mining dataset with other in-house maps that highlight supplementary equally important mining related information – such as populations and their proximity to a mine, or the

presence of wetlands or even artisanal activity,” ompson explains. is information is highly valuable to a mining company and can help it make informative decisions that can secure government buyin/consent as well as the highly critical social licence to operate. Governments would also bene t immensely from such information when looking to award new licences or verify mining activity in their own countries.

“We want to add value to the mining industry and further support those businesses that track the industry as well by providing comparative information and information that can help make strategic decisions. Our new tool in particular can be used as a reference base on which to converge end-user business with location intelligence to help reveal or con rm important regional insights on current mining activity and impact,” ompson concludes.

Movers & SHAKERS

Heavy Minerals Mining Africa is a continent richly endowed with a

while other countries like Namibia,

variety of economically viable mineral

Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Sierra Leone,

deposits. e continued discoveries of these

Gambia and Mauritania also have heavy

sapphire, garnet and occasionally gemstones.

Application

mineral deposits have made the continent a

mineral potential.

Heavy minerals have vital economic

beehive of activity in the recent past with

Heavy mineral sands are an accumulation of

applications. Even though the strength and

multinational mining companies seeking to

valuable minerals, normally called placer

chemical inertness of titanium allows it to be

have a piece of the pie.

deposits, formed by gravity separation during

used in defense, medical and aerospace

Heavy Minerals Mining is one of the

sedimentary processes.

industries more than 95 per cent of total

numerous exploration activities currently

Upon depositing of sand on the coastline by

titanium supply is for pigment production.

being undertaken on the continent. ey are

waves heavy minerals are concentrated as

Zircon is used in TV screens due to its ability

called heavy minerals because they have a

backwash carries some of the lighter minerals

to absorb X-rays. Its hardness, high melting

density greater than 2.9 g/cm3. 75 percent of

back to sea. Onshore winds which

point and low expansion coefficient when

the world's titanium is produced from heavy

preferentially blow lighter grains inland

heated enables it to be used in foundry sand

mineral sands. Various African countries have

sometimes lead to higher concentrations of

and as an abrasive.

huge deposits of this mineral with South

heavy minerals at the front of coastal dunes

It is also used as a source of zirconia for the

Africa being the second largest producer of

and as a result strandlines, old fossil

chemical industry in adhesives,

titanium and zircon in the world aer

shorelines, can now be found a little distance

antiperspirants, catalysts, aqueous polymers,

Australia.

inland. Heavy mineral sands are an important

gelatin hardening and dyes. Zircon is also

Kenya will see its rst bulk shipment of

source of titanium, rare earth elements,

used mostly in the ceramics industry to glaze

titanium minerals come online in January

thorium, zirconium and tungsten and

2014 from Base Titanium's Kwale project

industrial minerals such as diamond,

Page30

| Nov - Dec 2016

| FMDZ

nishes of tiles, crockery and bathware for durability and resistance to discoloration.

Movers & SHAKERS

As a metal Zirconium is fairly so, malleable

endowed with the minerals by generating

controversies. Since most of the heavy mineral

and easily worked. Its high density and high

signi cant export and direct government

activities take place in beach environments,

melting point makes it suitable to be used in

revenues. Such countries also bene t from

the operations require the strip mining of

modern superconductors. e oxide is also

direct tax and royalty payments.

large areas. Most of the land explored is

used in fuel cells, transducers in audio

Despite all the bene ts mentioned above,

ecologically sensitive and contains fragile

equipment and oxygen sensors. In the paper

mining of these minerals have attracted

ecosystems built up on poor sandy soils.

coating industry, Zr-carbonate acts as an insolubilizer while in textiles potassium hexa uorozirconate acts as a ame retardant.

Bene ts Heavy mineral mining has both economic and social bene ts to the host countries. Mining of these minerals creates employment for thousands of citizenry. is signi cantly improves the social status of the people in the third world countries. It also leads to development of various infrastructure projects such as roads, ports, dams e.t.c. An ideal example of how these mining activities can bene t the local people and play an important role in advancing the national economy well beyond the life of the mining operation is Base's Kwale project in Kenya. e mining activities also contribute signi cantly to the economies of countries

Managing water consumption in mining As water experts warn of a serious global water shortage, the need for sustainable water management within the mining industry has become critical. So what is the mining industry, a known water polluter and guzzler, doing to conserve this precious resource it can't function without?

In 2010, the UN declared access to clean water a human right. ree years later, 500 water scientists from the Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Centre warned that the majority of people on Earth will be forced to live with severe pressure on fresh water supply within the space of two generations, due to over-use, climate change and pollution.

Considering this sobering prediction, which could lead to death and human disaster, it's no surprise that organisations, NGOs and governments are putting increased pressure on industries, such as mining, which uses water heavily, to be more sustainable.

Page32

| Nov - Dec 2016

Not that encouragement should be needed, as for miners, no water means no business.

Mining uses water primarily for mineral processing, dust suppression, slurry transport and employees' needs. In most mining operations, water is sought from groundwater, streams, rivers and lakes, or through commercial water service suppliers.

But oen, mine sites are located in areas where water is already scarce and, understandably, local communities and authorities oen oppose mines using water from these sources.

But it isn't just the procurement of water that's a problem; water extraction is also an issue. In many cases, especially with underground mining, water needs to be pumped away from a mine site, which can reduce the levels of ground water, deplete surface water or cause pollution to local rivers.

A coherent approach should aim at

| FMDZ

managing water for both drought and ood situations; using “lower quality” water sources not used by other sectors, such as sewage effluent, seawater, poor quality groundwater or recycled mining withdrawals; demonstrating good water stewardship by implementing accurate, consistent and transparent water accounting frameworks; and understanding environmental impacts and community concerns and cumulative impact assessment.

A determination of water withdrawals that are put to bene cial use in mining operations can be difficult, especially when dewatering is necessary for extraction of the mineral. Water produced from dewatering varies in quality, from fresh to saline, and is generally disposed of through surface discharge, ponding or re-injection. Some of the less mineralised water may be reused for irrigation or livestock. e increasing cost of water has also obliged

the mining industry to be more efficient in its use, reducing losses and recycling as much as possible. is requires the development of sound and reliable water balances. e impact of mining activities and of mine waste deposits on water quality in the area surrounding the mining project is another important concern for the mining industry. e water management strategy for each mining project involves segregation of catchment types to minimise the mineaffected water inventory, wherever possible meeting project demands with locally sourced water and releasing water from mine affected catchments only when speci c ow and water quality conditions are met in the receiving environment. e key aspects could be: Diversions: Re-routing the ow path of creeks or other waterways to prevent water from entering the active mining area; Water segregation: Separation of water based on quality in order to maximise opportunities for reuse and minimise the mine water inventory;

Controlled disposal: Disposal of water from mining areas to the environment, taking into consideration ow and water quality characteristics of the receiving environment; Water demands and sources: Identifying and quantifying water demands and supply methods, and aiming for a balance of supply and demand; Recycling and reuse: Identifying the

FMDZ |

potential wastewater that can be reused aer further treatment. Technology will continue to be developed to nd innovative solutions to the challenges of obtaining water, reducing demand on water for mining processes, and designing more efficient and effective means of water management and treatment.

July - Aug 2016

|

Page33

Mining and the environment e impact of the mining industry on the

and the sensitivity of the local environment.

legislation, environmental impact

environment has been a public concern, with

e environmental impacts of mining,

assessments, environmental protection

growing appreciation of the natural

although signi cant, are generally con ned to

expenditure, rehabilitation and industry self-

environment and increasing awareness of the

local areas. Apart from direct physical impacts

regulation.

possible harmful effects that the industry's

of extractive activities, contamination of air,

activities can cause. e industry and

land and water may also result. However,

Impact of the mining industry on the

government have responded with a number of

mining in isolation may not be the main land

environment

initiatives and regulations to protect and

use that upsets ecological systems, as

Mineral exploration

manage the environmental effects of mining

environmental effects are cumulative in nature

Mineral exploration can impact on the

activities.

and other past activities or events may have

environment. Its effect depends on the scale of

e extractive nature of mining operations

contributed to these effects.

exploration and what equipment is used in the

creates a variety of impacts on the

is article brie y discusses the main

exploration phase. Initial exploration may

environment before, during and aer mining

environmental impacts of mineral mining,

involve the use of satellites and aerial

operations. e extent and nature of impacts

such as wastes, and the rate of resource use

photography, with the latter impacting

can range from minimal to signi cant

(where the supply of minerals depends on the

through noise and proximity to wildlife areas

depending on a range of factors associated

rate of resource use, which is affected by the

when conducted at a low altitude. Activities at

with each mine. ese factors include: the

economic life of mineral deposits and the rate

ground level oen require the use of bore

characteristic of the ore body; the type of

at which new reserves are discovered). e

holes, excavation pits and transect lines. e

technology and extraction methods used in

article also summarises environmental

use of support equipment also leaves an

mining and the on-site processing of minerals;

management initiatives, such as the use of

impact on the environment; exploration

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| Nov - Dec 2016

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vehicles require access tracks, and even

Referred to as mine tailings, this type of waste

extraction process. Metals (i.e. arsenic, cobalt,

helipads, if le unrehabilitated, can have

contains signi cant concentrations of

copper, cadmium, lead, silver and zinc)

medium- to long-term effects.

minerals that are not amenable to recovery at

contained in an excavated or exposed rock

the time of initial mining. Tailings are usually

may be leached out and carried downstream

Mining operation

disposed of in specially lined tailings dams,

by owing water.

Environmental impacts may also occur

which are normally capped and revegetated to

through mine establishment, ore extraction,

prevent the release of environmentally

Processing chemical pollution - spilling,

mineral concentration and associated

harmful materials. Other wastes from mining

leaking or leaching of chemical agents (i.e.

transport, provision of infrastructure (which

may be in the form of water and air pollution.

cyanide, sulphuric acid) from the minesite

may include whole townships) and

e majority of air emissions associated with

into nearby water bodies.

downstream processing.

the mining industry include dust, oxides of

Inherent to mining and mineral processing

nitrogen, sulphur dioxide and carbon

Erosion and sedimentation - erosion of

operations is the generation of wastes. ese

monoxide. Some of these come from mining

cleared land surface and dumped waste

are mostly in the form of waste rocks,

vehicles and on-site plant machinery. Water

material resulting in sediment loadings into

including surface waste rocks, rocks between

quality may be affected by:

the adjacent water bodies, particularly during

ore bodies or layers and other unwanted

rainfall.

material. is form of waste contains low or

Acid mine drainage - when large quantities

Environmental impacts resulting from mining

nil concentrations of the material desired and

of excavated rock containing sulphide

are not limited to current mining operations.

is oen relatively toxic. Normally, waste rocks

minerals interact with water and oxygen to

Mining residues and scars at old mining sites

are stockpiled or dumped adjacent to or near

create sulphuric acid.

may also impact on local environments. e

during reclamation.

Heavy metal contamination and leaching -

minesites has required comprehensive

Mineral processing produces wastes in grain

heavy metals occur naturally in many ores,

remediation efforts paid for with taxpayers

sizes of ne sand, silt and clay fractions.

and are oen released in the mineral

funds.

the excavation area, to be used later as back ll

legacy of abandoned, unrehabilitated

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July - Aug 2016

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