How to Feed the World in 2050 (FAO Expert Meeting_24|26 june 2009)
the number of undernourished people has risen from
842 million (1990) to over 1 billion (2009)
causes
the recent financial crisis the drastic food price increases
issues global food production needs to increase more than
40% (2030) and 70% (2050)
in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) population numbers continue to increase rapidly domestic production growth is unable to keep pace with demand
Agricultural Outlook 2009|2018 billion ha for rain fed crop production billion ha of cropland used billion ha (additional land available for use in agriculture) in
2435 Africa
2084 Latin America
* million|kmq
(based on GLB)
*GLB_Gross Land Balances. the total land that is potentially suitable for growing crops but which is not currently being cultivated (based on agro-ecological modelling built using values about existing soil and climate and terrain conditions)
+ FAO previsions
4,3 1,4 +1,6
(FAO with OCSE)
awakening Africa’s sleeping giant Guinea Savannah covers
(FAO with World Bank)
600 million ha
only 10% is farmed
source FAO Mediacenter
25 african countries
+ FAO previsions
there are 400 million ha of land ripe for commercial farming in
GroupA _ tropical | megathermal climates
(source Kรถppen_Geiger climate classification)
+ savannah climate /
Africa
classification
seasons
dry 20|25째 wet 25|30째 rains 100|150째/year
+ savannah climate /
Africa
Africa savannah aspects
rainfalls (mm)
+ savannah climate /
fires
Africa
landscape
Africa
natural
vernacular
+ savannah climate /
Africa savannah agriculture /
Africa savannah agriculture /
facts dryfarming and fires
depending on rainfalls soil socio-economic factors
irregular fields
5 km
cycles seasons
1
dry
wet season
2
3 wet
dry ground irrigation season water
irrigation
very important
irrigation
dry
5
6 wet
7
dry
8 1 cycle = 4 months
harvesting
Africa
desert and semi-desert dry savannah agriculture humid savannah agriculture humid tropical forest agriculture pastoral stock raising semi-nomadic stock raising high tropical and sub-tropical plateau agriculture irrigated agriculture
4
rural continent 60% of 906 million persons living in rural areas, villages and farms farms with less than 2ha of good arable land 33 million small farms ( 80% ) cereals 1,2 ton|ha only the 3% of sub-saharan Africa is irrigated fairly important
less important
relative importance of small-scale irrigation in agricultural regions
+ savannah climate /
0 km
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon C.A.R. Chad Congo Congo D.R. C.d’Ivoire Eq.Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea G.Bisseau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambiq. Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Senegal S.Leone Somalia Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
harvesting
regional economic growth power generation
small-scale systems increased local employment
tourism transport new = 10000 - 20000 USD/ha repair = 1500 - 2000 USD/ha resettlement of inhabitants increased cropping index
new = 500 - 1500 USD/ha little or no irrigation fees little or no resettlement protection from seasonal drought
high level of water control high water-storage capacity high water losses (>60%)
low level of water control low water-storage capacity low water losses
less incidence of disease creation of wildlife sanctuaries rerouting of watercourses destruction of native habitat losses of forest and agricultural land in reservoir increased waterlogging and salinization from high water table and no drainage degradation of riparian zone
preservation of native habitat increased waterlogging and salinization from high seepage in earthen canals
stream sedimentation changes in water chemistry eutrophication problems associated with changes in temperature
advantages/disadvantages of large/small scale irrigation systems
Africa
dry wet season season
irrigation irrigation ground irrigation water
smallholder farms large-scale systems
+ savannah climate /
Africa savannah agriculture /
Africa agricultural regions in relation to smallholder irrigation
+ savannah climate /
farming systems
Africa savannah agriculture / stressed water system
communities, and nations
water management
is one that cannot adequately meet the demands of households,
complex social, cultural, political, and economic factors will influence water availability, allocation, and use by 2025, the amount of water available per person in the Middle East and North Africa is expected to drop by 80%
85% of sub-Sahara Africa’s irrigation potential remains untapped (FAO 1986) the International Irrigation Management Institute estimates that irrigated land could be tripled because of economic and social costs associated with large-scale irrigation systems, the potential for small-scale, community-based irrigation systems is considered the greatest, especially if combined with water harvesting and improved water efficiency
low-capital-decentralized solutions • rainwater catchment from roofs and other structures • rainwater harvesting in fields and in limans • capture of flood and winter runoff • desert dams • aquifer recharge
+ savannah climate /
rural and pastoral communities in North Africa and the Middle East have for centuries practiced water- harvesting techniques , conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater for dryland irrigation, and rainfed agriculture the greatest challenges are to design and implement low-cost technologies for improving water supply and management at the local level through alternative sources of water
Africa
given that most of these countries devote 60–90% of their water to irrigation, water conservation in the agricultural sector is considered one of the most important future options
Africa savannah agriculture /
water management
Description water harvesting concentrating water in a smaller cultivated area large schemes, several hectares of catchment, small schemes may involve individual plants success depends on having right ratio of catchment to cropped area new developments applying chemicals, plastics to catchment to swamp irrigation
fresh water swamps protected from saline seawater by bunds/dykes. used for growing rice also tidal swamps planted after rains leach soil inland valley swamps-small valleys (1-100ha) where season/perennial streams can be used controlled for paddy rice cultivation bolilands and dambos-depressions in swamp grassland lake level rises
spate irrigation
many techniques water using dykes, canals and sluice gates used for both deep water and paddy rice
dry season
recessional irrigation. impounding receding
where surface water storage and shallow ground water can be exploited using lifting devices, often for vegetables hill irrigation
land irrigated some distance from water source supplied by canal or pipe. source may be a stream, small dam storage, gravity or pumped
groundwater irrigation
involves exploitation of groundwater down to 15m
physical classification of traditional smallholder irrigation
+ savannah climate /
wet season
Africa
and wadis across cultivated land in a controlled manner
Africa savannah agriculture /
green water management
green water is the water infiltrating into the soil, taken up by roots,used in photosynthesis and transpired by the crops (from the perspective of dry land cropping, green water is the productive component) white water is intercepted and directly evaporated by the crop canopy and the ground surface
the source fresh water is rainfall two thirds of which is held in the soil and used by plants ( green water ) only one tenth becomes accessible stream flow and groundwater ( blue water )
+ savannah climate /
Africa
blue water is made up from run-off to rivers and deep percolation to aquifers that finds its way to rivers indirectly
Africa water stress in 2025
+ savannah climate /
water availability
Africa savannah agriculture /
rainwater harvesting strategy
to combat the effects of drought by improving plant production and in certain areas rehabilitating abandoned and degradaded land, combining technical efficiency with low cost and acceptability to the local farmers or agropastoralists
catchment RUNOFF
(WH) is the collection of runoff for its productive use
rainwater harvesting floodwater harvesting
WH tecniques which harvest runoff from roofs or ground surfaces all systems which collect discharges from watercourses
instead of runoff being left to cause erosion, it is harvested and utilized in the semi-arid drought-prone areas WH is a directly productive form of soil and water conservation both yields and reliability of production can be significantly improved with this method the importance of traditional, small scale systems of WH in Sub-Saharan Africa is just beginning to be recognized
+ savannah climate /
water harvesting
Africa
cultivated area
Africa savannah agriculture /
Main Use Internal microcatchments
rainwater harvesting traditional techniques
Charatteristics
Study Cases
_for small-scale tree planting in areas with _water harvesting + conserve soil
Negarim Microcatchments
Limitations
_soil depth 1,5 -2 mt
microcatchment
(short slope catchment technique)
trees and grass
_neat and precise _easy to construct _rainfall 150 mm/year
_Not easily mechanised therefore limited to small scale _Not easy to cultivate between tree lines
_slopes 0 < x < 5 %
_topography needs to be even _soil depth 1,5-2 m _for large scale implementation _for trees and crops or fodder (between the bunds)
Contour Bunds
microcatchment
trees and grass
_rainfall 200-750 mm/year
not suitable for uneven terrain
_slopes 0 < x < 5 % _mechanizing _topography not even
Baringo / Kenia
+ savannah climate /
Africa
_not mechanizing
Africa savannah agriculture /
Main Use
rainwater harvesting traditional techniques
Charatteristics
Limitations
Study Cases
_soil not shallow and saline
Semi Circular Bounds
microcatchment
_for rangeland rehabilitation or fodder production cannot be mechanised therefore limited to _rainfall 200-750 rangeland and fodder areas with available mm/year hand labour _slopes 2 < x < 5 % _not easily mechanizing
Tahoua Dep. / Niger _agricultural soil _for crop production (cereals)
microcatchment
crops
_slopes 0 < x < 5 %
new technique of land preparation and planting may be problem with acceptance
Africa
Contour Ridges
_rainfall 350-750 mm/year
Zinder Dep. / Niger _agricultural soil
External
_for crops trees and grass
Trapezoidal Buonds
external catchment
(long slope catchment technique)
crops
_rainfall 250-500 mm/year
labour intensive and within plot
_slopes 0,25 < x < 1 %
Turkana Dis. / Kenia
+ savannah climate /
_mechanizing
Africa savannah agriculture / Main Use
rainwater harvesting traditional techniques
Charatteristics
Limitations
Study Cases
_agricultural soil _for crop production (small scale farms) _stones available _for rehabiliatation of unfertil land
Contour Stone Bounds
external catchment
crops
_appreciated by farmers
only possible where abundant loos stone available
_rainfall 200-750 mm/year _slopes 0 < x < 2 % _topography not
Yatenga Prov. / Burkina Faso
_agricultural soil
technique
tecnique
crops
_rainfall 200-750 mm/year
Africa
Permeable Rock Dams
_for crop production (annual) site specifc and provision of transport for stone necessary
Burkina Faso
_for crop production (annual)
Water Spreading Bounds
tecnique
crops and rangeland
_rainfall 200-750 mm/year _slopes 0 < x < 2 % _topography shallow valley beds
not impound much water and maintenance high in early stages after construction
+ savannah climate /
_slopes 0 < x < 2 % _topography shallow valley beds _agricultural soil
irrigation potenzial(ha) kenya 353.060 Niger 270.000 Burkina Faso 164.460
area under irrigation(ha) 66.610 66.480
24.330
% potenzial 18.9% 24.6% 14.8%
+ savannah climate /
Africa
successful rainwater harvesting microcatchment techniques countries
economy
32.0 %
agriculture in the total PIB agricultural export (millions $EU)
314
61.03 %
part of agricultural export + (% of total export)
agricultural import (millions de $EU)
152
13.67 %
part of agricultural import (% of total import)
production
212
fish (1000 ton)
10
industrial roundwood (1000 m3)
rain season
may/oct
2.902
meat (1000 ton)
fuelwood (1000 m3)
nov/mar
11.727 1.183
27/30째
38/44째
+ Burkina Faso
cereals (1000 ton)
dry season
economy
ecosystem areas shrublands/savanna/grasslands croplands and crop/natural vegetation mosaic sparse or barren vegetation
forest surface
27.360 (1000 ha) 880 (1000 ha)
national reserve 390 (1000 ha) fauna reserve
2.545 (1000 ha)
wetlands
6.400 ha
14 % total land surface biodiversity
water uses agriculture
86.3%
industry
0.8%
domestic
13.0%
number of species
+ Burkina Faso
land surface
climatic regions
lenght of growing period
+ Burkina Faso
agriculture
agriculture
92.2 %
12.8 million
agro-ecological zones Zone
agricultural population density agricultural land land under pasture irrigated area potential irrigable area traditional rice cultivation crop calendar
Sahel
13.4
annual dry months rainfall irrigation < 400 mm >9
Sub-Sahel
15.3
400 to 700
7 to 9
North-Sudan
38.9
700 to 900
6 to 7
South-Sudan
32.4
900 to 1200
5 to 6
111.9 persons/sqkm
104.000 sqkm
38.0 %
60.000 sqkm
57.7 %
% national territory
land cover
250 ha 165.000 ha 21.400 ha
FAO/GIEWS
+ Burkina Faso
population in agriculture
major farming systems
livestock bovines
+ Burkina Faso
agriculture / livestock systems
breeding
population in livestock breeding rainy season grazing land
11.1 million
167.501 sqkm
livestock units
FAO (2005a)
total meat production
FAO (2005a)
80.0 % 61.0 %
+ livestock production systems
traditional systems
the transhumant Fulani system is the most important numerically. It contains over 70% of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cattle. It is in the hands of the FulbĂŠ ethnic group; herds may be single species or mixed, associating small ruminants with cattle. Most cattle are Sudanian Fulani zebu
+ Burkina Faso
low-input systems, no concentrates (agro-industrial by-products) are used, or only in emergency when forage is scarce to save weak animals. these systems comprise the transhumant Fulani system; sedentary village stock-raising and stock rearing in developed pastoral areas.
population
ethnic groups
+ Burkina Faso
society
society human population
13.9 million
rural
82.0 %
urban
18.0 %
population density on total land
49persons/sqkm
annual growth rate
3.0 %
population poverty
46.4 %
religion
rural
53.4 %
muslime
50 %
urban
19.2 %
christians
10 %
illiterate rate
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
agepyramid
85.0 %
natural religions
40 %
food supply dietary energy supply for person
2.620
kcal/day
10 8 6 4
2
0
2
4
6 8 10 %
contribution of proteins to the total energy availability
12 % kcal
child malnutrition, underweight
37 %
child malnutrition, stunting
35 %
infant mortality rate (per thousand live births)
207
+ Burkina Faso
number of undernourished
mossi ethnic group
economy_ agricolture provide about 90% of employment, and the economic activty is doing in the local market.
The Mossi area is located in the center of burkina faso, runs from Tenkodogo in the southeast to Ouayagouya in the northwest. The internal
religion_ three main components: Wende, an all-powerful creator ; fertility spirits of the rain and the earth, which govern the soil and
people. area of Burkina containing the cities of Ouahigouya, Kongoussi, Kaya, Koudougou, Ouagadougou, Manga, Tenkodogo, Koupela, and Boulsa. The Mossi were able to conquer a vast amounts of territory thanks to their mastering of the horse, and created a prosperous empire and kept peace in the region until the beginning of colonialism.
village organizer
colthing_ Mossi women wear long skirts made of a cloth panel wrapped around the waist. It is common for men to wear shirts and trousers of Islamic or European style.
family helper
food
market
food _eggs
VIEU_oldest man big decision of village
HUSBANDS family order
milk
transportation
compost
ADULT SONS help father or mather generate new family unit
milk
compost
WIFES provide food
ELDER COUNCIL disputes and serious problem
MEDIAN AGE SONS help mather take care of babies
BABIES
+ Burkina Faso
farmer
their descendants.
fulani ethnic group
Historically, the Fulani are a nomadic people who traveled from one region to another, seeking water for their cattle herds. They are grouped and named according to their location, occupation and dialect of their widely spoken language. Many Fulani completely or partially abandoned their traditional nomadic life in favor of a sedentary existence in towns. Today, some seven million Fulani cling to the nomadic lifestyle, while up to twenty million have settled to a semi-nomadic, village, or city way of life. nomadâ&#x20AC;?, who travel with their family for long periods, and the â&#x20AC;&#x153;seasonal transhumance breederâ&#x20AC;?, that followed the rythm of season with their
economy_ rely on cattle for their livelihood the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world, and they rely on cattle for their livelihood. there are also semisedentary fulani who also farm for necessity.
religion_
Islam and today are more than 99% Muslim. colthing_ Men wear long robes with trouses of cotton, and the distinctive conical straw hat or a turban. Women wear long robes and turbans, and using to tatoo their faces by Henna. They decorate themselves with necklaces, earrings, nois ring and anklet YAAYE_mother
family helper
breeder
MAAMA_grandparent
BIDDO_child
market
food
milk
market
food
milk
market
village organizer
food
milk
DENDIRAADO_cousin
WURU_dry-season settlement
transportation
Families tend to remain in wet-season camp while sending younger males to accompany the cattle to dry-season camps.
SAKIKE_sibiling
wet-season settlement
transportation fodder
patrilocal and range in size from one nuclear family to more than 100 people. the families may reside in stable communities, but the herds move according to the availability of water.
+ Burkina Faso
BAABA_father
mossi ethnic group
/settlement
75-100 m
rural communities are dispersed: each extended-family compound households are therefore 75 to 100 meters apart.
100
160
when millet is fully grown, with stalks up to 4 meters, each houts is invisible to others
4m
200 cm
between the huts are storehouses where the harvest can be stored or in the middle of the farmstead is a central place which common used.
+ Burkina Faso
one households includes up to 5 generations, 30 to 40 persons.every one is fenced by a wall as a defence against arguments with other ethnical groups. one household consists a lot of huts which are connected by corridors and courtyards.
mossi ethnic group
/settlement
traditional huts are compound of adobe, usually circular, houses with thatched roofs and are used to sleep and gives protection against weather. when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hot the members of the family can sleep together in the courtyard.
every wife has its own cooking place even inside the cottage or in the courtyard. hugh earthenware vessels are used
in a small fenced part of the hut the people are cleaning themselves with water from buckets. the people use
+ Burkina Faso
in the common courtyard thera are some particular granary to store the millet
fulani ethnic group
those who make a big transumance, once a year, have two types of settlements: the dry season lasts from about November to March, and the wet season from about March to the end of October.
/settlement
up to 700 people
up to100 people
200
during the wet season, extended families making up a settlement of 700 people. during the dry season, only the young men of the family roam with the cattle to the dry season settlement, wich could has 50-100 people.
250 cm
the nomads who live in the tends, believe they cuold get sick if they spend too much time in a home setting
+ Burkina Faso
the shepherds who move more frequently demolish their houses or tents and carry from one place to another.
fulani ethnic group
/settlement
suudu cekke is the house of grass mats, constructed from six grass mats that are held together and tied against wood poles. When it is time to move, the house is easily disassembled and loaded onto donkeys or camels for transport.
the grass mat, called â&#x20AC;&#x153;sekkoâ&#x20AC;?, is made by bark of the giant baobab tree is pounded into string and used to tie long strips of wild grass reed together. completing a single grass mat may take 240 to 480 hours of work.
additional grass mats make a canopy top for the bed, on which to store food, water, and other goods. the mats also drape down to the left of the bed for privacy. in the wet-season camps they settling down and building permanent mud hut with straw roof. when the interior of the mud itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hot, they sleep outside on a bed made of wood sticks
+ Burkina Faso
the huts are built around a millet stalk bed .
mossi ethnic group
/activity / agriculture 250
200
150
100
50
Km 0
J
F
M
M
A
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
stagnant zone horizontal crest cereals
sedimentation zone
water harvesting techniques
crust
rise
erosion control ridge-cropping (maize)
termits_collect organic matters lateral bunds
shrubs
contour-cropping (maize) stone lines mango trees storing harvest
sandy deposit
cotton
pump
+ Burkina Faso
crust
fulani ethnic group
/activity / breeding 250
200
150
100
50
Km 0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
traditional grazing Fulani calendar
man natural ressources
The transhumance system is based on a strict relation between man, animal and natural resssources. It request a periodic movement from one point to an another point, always the same.
animal
transhumance
nomadism
grazing seasons fodder
The nomadism, instead, has any rules, it’s the action of moving freely, without any attach to a precise area. So it’s no compatible with transhumance. So there’s another where of life, which is called “semi-nomadism”, which is the fact of living in communion with the moving of the animals in transhumance. Thus it’s mainly used by breeders.
local sedentary livestock husbandry
transit zone for migration herds seasonal grazing area for transhumant herds
+ Burkina Faso
semi-nomadism
mossi + fulani / cooperation relationship
EXTERNAL MARKETS
61 %
land conflicts
INTERNAL MARKETS
produced
produced
FOOD
FOOD
exchanged
exchanged
EXTERNAL MARKETS
19 %
+ Burkina Faso
cooperation
mossi vs fulani / conflict
typologies and actors diplomatic tensions
politics
case study / SidĂŠradougou / ComoĂŠ Province
local administration
land use property governments
sedentary agriculture
autochtone breeders
villages
projects
guardians
authorities
allochtone breeders the mess of animalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sanity producers associations
pastoral associations
+ Burkina Faso
Taxations
mossi vs fulani / food
+ MILLET thrishing
FLOUR
+ Burkina Faso
pounding and strainding
+ Burkina Faso
mossi / fulani
+ Burkina Faso
mossi / fulani
+ Burkina Faso
mossi / fulani
+ Burkina Faso
mossi / fulani
+ Burkina Faso
mossi / fulani
+ Concept
Conceptual image
+ Concept
Conceptual maquette / 1
+ Concept
Conceptual maquette / 2
+ Concept
Conceptual maquette / 3
+ Concept
Suggestion / tracks
+ Concept
Suggestion / millet skyline
+ Concept
Suggestion / landmark
+ Concept
Suggestion / shadow
+ Concept
Suggestion / mass
Expo time
+ 3 month
+ 6 month
+ Concept
+1 month
n
itio hib
ex ts uc od g pr stin ta e
ag or st
t
es rv
ha
l ca
lo
r fa
g
in m
+ Project Project layout
+ Project
Masterplan
+ Project
Elevation
+ Project
Plan
+ Project
Section
+ Project
stones
millet fibre
millet plantation | contour stone bounds
| zai system
millet plantation
millet faggot
millet faggot
rammed earth
rammed earth
Materials section
+ Project
Plan
+ Project
Section
Detail / millet mat
h.350 mm millet fibre yarn /
draining fabric
/
solid and rolled gravel
/
latice surface PVC base
/
foundation
/
+ Project
plant fibre / vegetable soil and sand /
0.05
Detail / rope brise soleil system
/
3.60
50 mm millet rope brise-soleil
0.20
/ 0.20
50/200 mm timber beams
100/200 mm timber bearers /
50/100 mm wooden pillar
/
tamped concrete coloured / with clay reinforced concrete foundation
/
+ Project
0.20
120 mm tamped clay floor / 70 mm layer of compacted foamed-glass granules
/
0.24 0.12
reinforced concrete strip
0.36
40 mm layer of gravel / two-layer sealing membrane 19 mm three-ply wood laminated sheeting 50/50-80 mm timber bearers 40 mm three-ply wood laminated sheeting 20 mm clay building slab
0.26
Detail / rammed earth wall
0.05
0.51
tamped concrete coloured / with clay reinforced concrete foundation
/
+ Project
0.07
120 mm tamped clay floor / 70 mm layer of compacted foamed-glass granules
0.12
2.73
2.38
500 mm tamped clay wall / with millet fibre
1.10
Detail / rammed earth wall + rope brise soleil system
\
0.05
50 mm millet rope brise-soleil
\
50|200 mm timber beams
\
500 mm tamped clay wall with millet fibre
\ 120 mm tamped clay floor 70 mm layer of compacted foamed-glass granules
\ tamped concrete coloured with clay
\
reinforced concrete foundation
+ Project
0.20
2.70
0.20
0.50
+ Project
+ Project
+ Project
+ Project
+ Project
+ Project
+ Project
+ project