Vol. :1 Issue : 01 ` : 30
MAY-JUNE-JULY 2011
tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆ-I-em-ime
tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆ-I-em-ime
Imem-hØm hyXn-bm-\hpw
Front Cover Inside
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KALPADENU Vol 1 No. 1 May, June, July 2011 Rs.
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Printed & Published by.. on behalf of... Disclaimer : Kalpadenu is dedicated to providing useful, well researched information on scientific and holistic parctices in agriculture, food and health. The views expressed by writers are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the chief editor, Kalpadenu magazine.
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Editorial
Editorial
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1
c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä `b-¡p¶ Hcp taJ-ebmbn temI-amsI '`£y-kp-c£' amdn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. H¶pw cpw hÀj-¡m-e-t¯¡v Bh-iyamb `£y-[m-\y-§Ä kw`-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hsc H«\-h[n cmjv{S-§Ä Hcp§n Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. AWp-i-àn-sb-t¸mse `qhn-hcw X{´-{]-[m\yw \ÂIn AXoh cl-ky-ambpw kq£n-¡p¶p!! CXn-t\-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn `£y-kp-c-£m{]-iv\s¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {]bmkw! 121 tImSn P\-§Ä¡v Bh-iy-amb Acnbpw tKmX¼pw Hcp hÀj-¡m-e-t¯¡v thXv Icp-X tiJ-c-ambn C´y kq£n-¨m 9.5 tImSn S¬ Acnbpw 8 tImSn S¬ tKmX¼pw 4 tImSntbmfw S¬ tNmfw, _Pdm XpS-§n-b-hbpw kw`-cn¨v tISp-IqSmsX \mw kq£n-¡-Ww. CXnsâ aqeyw c-ce£w tImSn cq]bn-te-sd thn-hcpw!! `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS Hcp {][m-\-L-S-I-amb [m\y taJ-e-bn-te¡v C{Xbpw \nt£]w thWsa-¦n ]mÂ, ap«,. amwkw, ]b-dn-\-§Ä, ]¨-¡dn, tXbn-e, Im¸n, XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS taJ-e-bnse Imcyw IqSn CtXm-sSm¸w IW-¡m¡n Iq«n-hm-bn¨m AXv \s½ \n{Zm-c-ln-X-cm-¡pw-hn[w `oI-cambn tXm¶pw. Cu {]iv\w F{X 'Atcm-N-I-ambn' tXm¶nbmÂt¸mepw P\-§fpw cmjv{Shpw kwkv¡mchpw kÀtÆm-]cn cmPy-¯nsâ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw \ne-\n¡-W-sa-¦n A`w-Kpcw `£y-h-kvXp¡Ä Dev]mZn-¸n¨v Ah kÀÆÀ¡pw In«p-¶Xpw {]m]y-am-b-Xp-amb kwhn-[m-\-krjvSn kaq-l¯n\v e`y-am-¡ntb Xocq. AXn-\m cmjv{S¯nse `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\¯nsâ {]Y-ahpw apJy-
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hp-amb ISa `£y-kp-c£ kwhn-[m\w ap³]v ]dª coXn-bn cq]-s¸-Sp¯n Ømbn-bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bm-Wv. asäÃmw AXn\p ]n¶n Xs¶-bmWv F¶ Imcyw kwi-bn-t¡--XnÃ! C´y Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ImÂhbv]v `£y-kp-c£ cwK¯v XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ime-L«-am-Wn-Xv. am{X-hp-aÃ, `£Ww AtXmsS P\-§fpsS Hcp "Ah-Im-i-ambn' Xocp-I-bm-Wv. `£y-hkvXp-¡-fpsS hnti-jn¨pw [m\y taJ-e-bnse DÂ]m-Z-\w, kw`-cWw, hnX-cWw F¶o taJ-e-Ifn h¼n¨ IpXn-¨p-Nm«w CtXmsS Ømbn-bmbn krjvSn-¡-s¸-S-Ww. ""Irjn-bpsS cwK¯v 5% A[nIw hfÀ¨ {]Xo£n-t¡--XnÃ. AXn-\m Cu taJ-e-bn h³tXm-Xn-epÅ s]mXp-[-\-\n-t£]w Bh-iyaptm'' XpS-§nb Nn´m-K-Xn-IÄ CtXmsS `cW-Np-a-Xe \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ iàn-IÄ adt¶ aXnbm-hq. `£y-kp-c-£sb "Hml-cn-I-t¼m-f-¯nse' DbÀ¨ XmgvN-I-fpw, km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨m-kq-N-\I-fp-ambn Iq«n-I-eÀ¯n-]-d-ªm cmjv{Sw `£yI-em-]-¯n-te¡v hsc sNs¶-¯n-tb-¡pw.! ImcWw, temI-[m-\y-hn-]-Wn-bnse I¨-h-S-kmln-Xy- `mjm-ssi-en-bn ]d-ªm shdpw, "CuÀ¡nÂ' Øm\-amWv Acn-hn-]-Wn Ae-¦-cn¡p-¶-Xv!! DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v, temI¯v sam¯w Dm-¡p¶ AcnbpsS shdpw 3 apX 5% hsc am{X-amWv BtKm-f-hn-]-Wn-bn hcp-¶-Xv. AXn\m ]Ww F{X Dm-bmepw temI hn]-Wnbn Acn hm§m³ In«n-Ã. F.-sI.-47 tXm¡p-hm§m³ {]bm-k-an-ænepw Acn Xcm³ Bfv DmInÃ! Acn CÃm-¯-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv AXn-\pÅ Imc-Ww.
`£y-kp-c-£bv¡v h³]n¨ Icp-¯pÅ cmjv{SamWv C¶v C´y. icm-icn Acn-þ-tKm-X¼v DÂ]mZ\w Ct¸m-g-t¯-Xnsâ Cc-«n-bm-¡p-hm³ \ap¡v Ign-bWw. Irjn-¡msc AXn\p Icp-¯p-Å-h-cm¡p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb kÀÆ kml-N-cy-§fpw kuI-cy-§fpw Hcp¡n sImSp-¡p-Ibpw thWw. AXn-t\m-sSm¸w `£y Kth-j-Ww, hnI-k\w, kw`-c-Ww, hn]-W-\w, hnX-cWw F¶o taJ-eIÄ¡v \½psS cmPy-kp-c-£¡v \evIp¶ AtX {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww. asämcp t]mwh-gnbpw Ømbn-bmb `£y-kp-c-£ -kr-jvSn-¡m³ ]cym]vX-a-Ã. F{X A\p-`-hn-¨mepw Hcp ]cn[n Ign-bpt¼mÄ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-tI-{µ-§Ä Cu kXyw ad-¡p-¶-XmWv Ncn{Xw \s½ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcn-¡epw hn«p-hn-gvNbv¡v Iogvhg-§m-¯-hn[w P\X Ak-ln-jvWX {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-t¼msg AhÀ CXp a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶pÅp F¶pw Ncn{Xw \s½ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ignª Adp-]Xp hÀjs¯ ITn\m²zm-\-^e-ambn Kth-jW hnI-k-\-cw-K¯v krjvSn-¡m³ Ignª apt¶äw ]qÀÆm-[nIw tZio-bm-h-iy¯n\v DX-Ipw-hn[w hnI-kn-¸n-¡-Ww. kzIm-cyh¡-c-W-aà ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw bYmÀ° hnI-k-\-¯n-sâbpw ]mX-sb¶v Cu \bs¯ BZyw BtÇ-jn¨ iàn-IÄ¡v a\-Ên-embn XpS§n-bn-«p-m-I-Ww. temI ImÀjnI cwK¯v 60-þ70I-fn AÂ`pXw krjvSn¨ A´m-cmjv{S ImÀjnI Kth-jW tI{µ§Ä t]mse tZin-bØm-]-\-§-fp-sSbpw hfÀ¨ apc-Sn¨p \n¡p¶ ImgvN F´m-bmepw {]Xym-i-P-\-I-a-Ã. Cu Npäp-]m-Sn-emWv Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\w krjvSn-¡p¶ {]Xym-Lm-X-§sf t\cn-Sm-\pÅ bÚ-§sfbpw ImtW-Xpw. CXn-sâ-sbÃmw A´n-a-\jvSw Hcp IW-¡n\v t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Irjn-¡mÀ¡mWv kw`-hn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Irjn-¡msc-¡mÄ F´-psImpw kzm[o-\hpw DbÀ¶ PohnX \ne-hm-c-hp-apÅ D]-t`m-àm-¡-fpsS kaqlw CXv Irjn-bn krjvSn-¡m³ CS-bpÅ tZmj-^-e-§sf Adn-bp-¶n-Ã. s]mÅp¶ hne¡b-ähpw hn`h iq\yXbpw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Ahcpw IÀj-I-k-aq-l-s¯-bmWv ]gn-¡p-¶-Xv.
CS- \ n- e - ¡ mcpw \b- c q- ] o- I - c - W - ¡ m- c p- a mb bYmÀ° {]Xn-kÔn krjvSm-¡Ä At¸mgpw em`w-sIm-¿p¶ km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨ t\Sp-¶p. Imem-h-Ø-mamäw Irjn-bn hcp-¯p¶ hyXnbm-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-ku-I-cy-§fpw AXn\pÅ {]Xn-hn-[n-Ifpw IÀj-IÀ¡v e`y-am-¡m\pÅ {Inbm-ßI bÚ-§Ä bYmÀ°-¯n \S-¡p-¶ptm F¶p kwi-b-ap-v. FÃm ImÀjnI hnf-I-fnepw Imem-hØ hyXn-bm\w Dev]m-Z\w CSn¨p Xmgv¯n-tb¡p-sa¶ `bw hfsc hn]p-e-am-bn-«p-v. F§ns\Cu ØnXn hnti-js¯ \mw t\cn-SWw F¶v IÀjI kaql-t¯mSv ]d-bm\pw Ah {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡m-\papÅ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Dm-I-Ww. Ct¸mÄ GXp hnf-bpsS hne-¡-b-ä-¯n\pw bYmÀ°- Im-cWw IW-¡n ImWn-bv¡p¶ Af-hn-epÅ Dev]¶§sf Dm-Im-¯Xpw, DmIp¶ DÂ]mZ-\s¯ h³InS B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-k-t¦-X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v kw`-cn¨v kq£n¨v hn]-Wn-bn-te¡v hne-XmgvN Dm-ImsX {Iao-I-cn¨v e`y-am-¡p¶ hn]- W n- i - à n- I - f psS anI¨ at\- P v s aâ v sshZ²yw aqehpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶-XmWv F¶ kXyw Bcpw hninjym imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI hnZ²À t]mepw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. asäm-cp-Imcyw, Dev]m-Z\D]m-[n-I-fpsS e`yX Npcp-§p-¶p F¶-XmWv. `qan, shÅw, cmk-h-fw, ssPh-h-fw, IoS-\m-in-\n, b{´-§Ä Ch-bp-sSsbÃmw e`yX Npcp-§p¶p sh¶v am{X-aà hneIÄ Gdp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. DZmlc-W-¯n-\v, cmkhf e`yX Xosc Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. tIc-f¯n Hcp Ime¯pw 5500  ]cw Unt¸m-Ifn cmk-hfw hnän-cp-¶-bn-S¯v Ct¸mÄ icn-bmb \qdv, \à Unt¸m-IÄt]mepanÃ. cmk-hf£maw XoÀ¡m³ ssPh-Irjn hn]p-eo-I-cW¯n\v Ignªn«n-Ã. F´pw ssPh-h-f-sa-¶-t]-cn BÀ¡pw hn¡m³ Ign-bp¶ \mY-\n-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø-bmWv kkym-lmc aqeI Dev]m-Z\hnX-c-W-ta-J-ebn ImWp-¶-Xv. ssPh-h-f-am-bmepw cmk-h-f-am-bmepw AXv Irjn-bn-S¯v F¯n-¡m³ `oa-amb IS-¯p-Iq-enbmWv thn hcp-¶p-Xv. AXp-IqSn IW-¡m-¡n-
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bm hf-¯nsâ hne Cc-«n-bm-Ipw. C¯-c-¯n \nc-h[n "NnÃd' Nne-hp-IÄ¡p ]pdta Ch-sbÃmw \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ BÄ¡msc In«m-¯Xpw hfscb[nIw {]iv\§Ä krjvSn¡p-¶p. Irjn-hn«v aäp ]Wn¡v ]Wn-¡mÀ t]mIp-¶-Xns\-¡p-dn¨v hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ]T-\-§Ä Bcpw Dm¡n {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Imem-h-Ø-amäw Hmtcm tZi¯pw Htcm hnfbnepw Hmtcm coXn-bn {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-Xmbn IÀj-IÀ ]d-bp-¶p. dº-dnsâ Id-sb-Sp-¸v, tX³ kw`-cWw ]«-a-c-¸nsâ BLmXw Ch-sb-t¸mse Xs¶ ]¨-¡dn Irjn-bnepw hmg-Ir-jn-bnepw Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn-bnepw hcp¯p¶ hyXn-bm-\§Ä ]e-Xm-Wv. Ah-sbÃmw \nc-´-c-ambn ho£n-¡m\pw IÀj-I-k-lm-bn-bmbn ip]mÀiIÄ \ÂIm-\pÅ bÚw A{X Ffp-¸-a-Ã. hfsc hn]p-e-ambn \ne-hn-epÅ kÖo-I-c-W§sf CXn\v D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]{Inb Xs¶ hfsc ]T\w Bhiyambn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. C{X-b-[nIw ZoÀL-Im-e-hn-f-Ifpw CS-hn-f-Irjn-Ifpw Ch-tbmSv tXmfp-cp½n \n¡p¶ ]ip, BSv, tImgn, tX\o¨ hfÀ¯-ep-sam-s¡-bpÅ \½psS sNdp-InS Irjn-bn-S-§sf Imem-hØ hrXn-bm-\- B-Lm-X-§-fn \n¶p c£n¨p \ne\nÀ¯Ww F¶-Xns\sNdp-Xm-bn-«Ã, hepXmbn Xs¶ ho£n-bv¡-Ww. CXn-\pÅ Kth-jW ]T\-¯n\p Hcp A´m-cm-jv{S-K-th-j-W-tI{µw Ip«\m-«n Øm]n-bv¡-W-sa¶v UmIvSÀ Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y³ Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw kb³kv Im¬{KÊnepw XpSÀ¶v ]e kt½-f-\-§-fnepw iànbmbn Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sh-¦nepw AXnsâ XpSÀ bÚ-§Ä th{X iàn-bm-¡m³ \ap¡v Ignªn-«n-Ã. ]T-\-§fpw Kth-j-W-§fpw sImpam-{Xta ]pXnb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä¡v hgn sXfnbp-I-bp-Åq. AÃmsX \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-XpI hnXcWw F{X DZm-c-am-bmepw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-am-hnà Xs¶! `£y-kp-c-£bv¡pw Imem-hØm amä-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-bv¡m\pw hnhn[ Unkn-¹n-\p-Isf Iq«n-bn-W-¡n-bpÅ Kth-jWw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. CXn\p ^n-Ã. imkv{X-Ú-·m-cpsS \nb-a\w ac-hn-¸n-¡Â XpS-§nb Nph-¸p-\mSm ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ hnLm-X-am-I-cp-Xv. `£y-kp-c-£m-b-{´-§Â¡v \nc-h[n ]²-Xn-Ifpw AXn-hn-]p-e-amb hmbv]m sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
hnX-c-W-§fpw {]Nm-cW i_vZ-§-tfmsS \S-¸nem-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Ah-bpsS icn-bmb D]-tbmK-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hne-bn-cp-¯Â AXym-h-iy-amsW¶v DÂ]m-Z-\-cw-Ks¯ DbÀ¨-Ip-dhpw hne-Ib-ähpw ImWp-t¼mÄ tXm¶p-¶p. \mepe£w tImSn-bnÂ]cw cq]bpsS ImÀjnI hmbv] CXn\Iw Cu hÀjw Irjn-¡mbn \ÂIn Ign-ªp. ]t£ AXnsâ {]Xn-^-e\w DÂ]m-Z-\-cw-K¯v ImWp-¶n-Ã. tIc-f-¯nse Xs¶ Irjnhmbv] D]-tbm-K-\n-co-£Ww hfsc ZpÀº-e-am-Wv. Gähpw \à kl- I - c W kwhn- [ m- \ - a pÅ kwØm-\-amWv tIc-fw. aäp-Å-bn-S¯v C¡mcyw CXnepw hfsc tami-as{X! Irjn-bv¡pÅ [\-\n-t£]w Irjn-bn-S-§-fnte¡v hn\n-tbm-Kn-bv¡msX aäp D]-tbm-K§Ä¡mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶Xv kmÆ-{Xn-I-am¡p-¶Xv ]ptcm-K-Xnbv¡p ]Icw ]nt¶m-«pÅ Xncn-¨-Sn-bnse Iem-in¡q!. AXp IqSn Imem-hØ-am-ä-¯nsâ tXmfn-te¡v Ibän c£-s¸Spw hn[-apÅ {]tbm-K-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn ImWp-¶-Imcyhpw ZuÀ`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. Hcp lcnX iàn-bmbn amdm-\p-Å FÃm kuI-cy-§fpw C´y-bn-en-¶p-v. Ahsb ^e{]-Z-ambn AXn-hn-]p-e-amb IÀj-I-]-¦m-fn-¯t¯msS icn-bmb \nim-t_m[w DÄs¡mv \S¸n-em-¡m-\m-bn-cn-¡Ww {iaw. AXnsâ ap³]´n-bn Kh¬saâ v Xs¶ Dm-I-Ww. "]n³ koäv' ssUhn§v \S¯n kÀÆhpw kzmIm-cy-ta-Je¡pw hmWn-Py-i-àn-IÄ¡pw ssIam-d-cp-Xv. 1960þ70 Ime¯v ap³]-´n-bn \n¶v Kh¬saâ v \bn- ¨ - t ¸mÄ `£ykzbw- ] - c y- ] v X - X - s b¶ kz]v\w \ap¡v bYmÀ°y-am-¡m³ Ign-ªp. Ct¸mÄ AXm-hÀ¯n-¨m C´y Hcp ap³\nc BtKmf [m\y-i-àn-bmbn DbÀ¶v temI-¯nse Xs¶ ]«nWn amäm-\pÅ bÚ-¯nsâ t\XrØm-\-t¯bv¡v DbÀ¯-s¸-Spw. `£y kpc£bpw Imem-h-Ø-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw \nb-{´nbv¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp amXrIm iàn-Iq-Sn-bmbn At¸mÄ C´ysb temIw hmgv¯pw. (tI-c-f-¯nse ImÀjnI ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\ cwK¯v hyàn ap{Z ]Xn-¸n¨ {io. BÀ. tlen ^mw C³^Àtaj³ _yqtdm-bpsS {]Ya {]n³kn-¸Â C³^Àta-j³ Hm^o-k-dm-bn-cp-¶p. Irjn hIp¸v Ub-d-IvS-dmbn kÀÆokn \n¶v hnc-an-¨p.)
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lcn-X-hn-¹hw! kn. tPmÀPv tXmakv
ÌÀ sN¿p¶ hn¯n-\-§-sf-bm-Wv t\mdn³ F¶p hnfn-¡p-I. CXn t\mdn³þ10 F¶ Ipdnb C\w tKmX¼v skkn-ensâ khn-tij {i² ]nSn-¨p-]än. 1946  skkn CXv Ata-cn-¡-bn-te-¡-b-¨p. ]pÄam-\nse hmjnw-KvS¬ tÌäv kÀÆ-I-em-im-ebnse H.-thm-K Cu Ipdnb tKmX-¼n-\-§-fn Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-¨p. CXn-\n-sS, saIvkn-t¡mbn ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n¨ ImÀjnI Kth-jW tI{µ-¯n \n¶pw t\mÀa³ C. t_mÀtemKv 1953  ]pÄam³ kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw Ipų tKmX-¼n\-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ t\cn«v t_m²ys¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw thmK-ep-ambn tKmX-¼n-\-§Ä ]¦p-sh-¨p. ]pÄam-\n \n¶p In«nb C\-§Ä \ne-hn-epÅ saIvkn-¡³, sImf¼n-b³ tKmX-¼n-\-§-fp-ambn k¦-cWw \S-¯pIbpw 1961  BZy-ambn t\mdn³þ10 Po³ AS§nb hk-´-Ime tKmX-¼n-\-§Ä ]pd-¯n-d-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. bYm-À°-¯n lcnX hn¹-h-¯n\p Imc-Wamb kwK-Xn-IÄ saIvkn-t¡m-bn 1943 Xs¶ Bcw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXn-\p- ap¼v saIvkn-t¡m-bnse ImÀjn-I-cwKw hf-sc-b-[nIw XIÀ¶-Snª \nesaIvkn-t¡m- ImWn¨ hgn bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. tdm¡v-s^-ÃÀ ^ut-j\pw lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-km-¡n-bnepw Ata-cn¡ saIvkn-¡³ kÀ¡mcpw tNÀ¶v Hcp kky-{]-P-\t_mw_p hÀjn-¨Xpw cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²- \-tI{µw XpS-§p-¶Xv B hÀj-am-Wv. an¶-tkm« ¯n kJy-I-£n-IÄ hnPbw t\Sn-bXpsams¡ kÀÆ- I - e m- i m- e - b n tPmen sNbv X n- c p¶ GhÀ¡pw AdnhpÅXmWtÃm? bp²-¯n-\p- t\mÀa³ C. t_mÀtem-Kn-\m-bn-cp-¶p Npa-X-e. tijw P¸msâ ]p\À\nÀ½m-W-¯n\v ]e ]²- 1961  {]kvXpX tI{µw ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb Xn-Ifpw kJy-I-£n-IÄ BtemNn¨p. Ata-cn- t\mdn³þ10 AS-§nb tKmX-¼n-\-§Ä saIvkn¡³ Irjn-h-Ip-¸nse Fkv. skkn kmÂa¬ ¡³ `£y-[m\y DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n Hcp h³IpP¸msâ bp²m-\-´c ImÀjnI {]iv\-§-fn-emWv Xn¨p Nm«w Xs¶-bp-m-¡n. 1944  saIvknt¡m {i²-sh-¨-Xv. “ t\mdn³” F¶p hnfn-¡p¶ tKmX- Bh-iy-amb tKmX-¼nsâ ]Ip-Xnbpw Cd-¡p-aXn ¼n-\-§Ä At±-l-¯nsâ {i²-bnÂs¸«p. P¸m- sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n 1956 HmsS AhÀ Cd\n t\mdn³ F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°w Irjnbpw ¡p-aXn \nÀ¯n kzbw ]cym-]vXX t\Sn. 1964  h\hpw” F¶m-Wv. Irjn þ h\w-h-Ip-¸n cPn- tKmX¼v Ib-äp-aXn Bcw-`n-¡-¯-¡-hn-[-¯nÂ
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
X{´m\´c `mcX¯n hfsc tbsd Ne\§Ä kyjvSn¨ H¶mWv lcn-X-hn¹hw F¶ t]cn ChnsS kw`hn¨ Irjnbnse amÁ§Ä. lcnXhn-¹h kay²n Ahkm\n¨psh¶pw `t£ymÂ]mZ\w Gsd¡psd \nÝeambn Htc X«n \n¡p¶p sh¶XpamWv Hcp cmw lcnX hn¹hs¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡m³ \s½ t{] cn¸n¡p¶Xv. Btfmlcn Irjn `qan Ipdªp hcp¶p F¶ bmYmÀ°yw \½psS ap¼nepvv. asÁmcp hn-¹hs¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼mbn H¶mw lcnX hn-¹h¯nte¡p \bn¨ Imcy§fpw AXnsâ _m¡n]{Xhpw IqSn hniIe\w sNt¿Xpv. lcn-X-hn-¹hw Hcp ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p hnebncp¯p¶phcpw IpdhÃ. Nne-sc-¦nepw Btcm-]n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse cmk-h-f-hpw, IoS-\m-in-\nbpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Hcp X{´w am{X- a m- b n- c pt¶m CXv v ? aÁv _ZepIÄ Dmbncpt¶m? C¡mcy§Ä hniZambn¯s¶ ]cntim[nt¡nbncn¡p¶p.
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
4
DÂ]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡m\pw km[n-¨p. Cu hnP-bKmY C´ym, ]m¡n-Øm³ t]mepÅ Zcn{Z cmPy§-fn h³ {]Xo-£-bp-WÀ¯n-bXv kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw.
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
am{Xw. cmk-h-f-§-fpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw D]-tbmKn¨p XpS-§p-¶-tX-bp-Åq (shdpw cp iX-am\w am{Xw) ]«n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nXy kw`-h-§Ä. `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä¡v Xohn-ebpw. hntZ-i-¯p-\n¶v `£y-[m-\y-hp-am-bpÅ I¸Â sshIn-bm ]«nWnbpw el-fbpw \S-¡p¶ Ah-Ø. Pe-tkkar²n C´y-bnte¡v hym]n¡p¶p N\kuIcyw Iq«pI, IqSp-X Øe¯v Irjn `mcXw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew apXÂt¡ £ma-§- Cd-¡p-I, sa¨-s¸« C\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI XpSfpsS \mSm-bmWv Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. {_n«o-jp- §nb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sfm¶pw P\-kwJym hÀ²-\-hpImÀ C´y-bn hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pÅ alm-£-a- ambn X«n¨p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Gip-¶n-Ã. Iq\n§-sf-¸-änbpw hdp-Xn-I-sf-¸-änbpw IrXy-amb IW- t·Â Ipcp-t]mse ]m¡n-Øm³ þ ssN\m B{I¡p-I-fn-Ã. 1765  {_n«o-jp-ImÀ _wKmÄ {]hniy a-W-§fpw XpSÀ¶pÅ sISp-Xn-Ifpw. `£y-cwssI¸n- S n- b n- e m- ¡ nbXp ap- X  C´y¡v K¯v Hc-ÛpXw kw`-hn-¡-W-sa¶v Ghcpw B{KkzmX{´yw e`n-¡p-¶-Xp-h-sc-bpÅ Ime¯v 21 ln-¨p. saIvkn-t¡m-bn hnPbw Ip-Xp-S-§nb {][m\£ma-§fpw At\Iw sNdp-£m-a-§fpw ImÀjnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-§Ä C´y-bnse `c-W-t\hdp-Xn-bpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Xr-Xz-s¯bpw imkv{X-Ú-·m-scbpw BIÀjnHmtcm alm-£m-a-¯n\pw tijw ^mao³ I½o-j- ¡p-¶-Xv A§n-s\-bmWv. \p-IÄ \ntbm-Kn-¡pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Nne `t£ymÂ]m-Z\hÀ²-\hv e£y-am¡n `mcXw s]mSn-ss¡-IÄ, AXm-bXv ImÀjnI Kth-jW \S-¸n-em-¡n-b Hcp {][m-\-s¸« ]cn-]mSnbmWv tI{µ-§Ä, Nne ]²-Xn-IÄ, Ch-sbms¡ \S-¸n- 1961  Xnc-sª-Sp¯ PnÃ-I-fn XpS-§nb em¡n t\m¡n-sb-¦nepw £ma-§Ä BhÀ¯n-¨psIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. Gähpw HSp-hn-e-t¯Xv 1942þ43 DuÀÖnX Irjn PnÃm-]-²Xn (IADP). CXn\v  kw`-hn¨ _wKmÄ £ma-am-Wv. BhÀjw t^mÀUp ^ut-jsâ klm-b-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. am{Xw acn-¨-h-cpsS F®w 15 e£w hcpw. CXp Pe-tk-NnX taJ-e-bnse Irjn-bpsS A`n-hr-²nIqSmsX]«n-Wnbpw ZpcnXhpw At\-Im-bn-c-§-sf- bm-bn-cp¶p e£yw. asämcp £ma-]ÀÆw hcp-¶psh¶v Xncn-¨-dn-ª-tXmsS kÀ¡mÀ 1964  bmWv _m[n-¨-Xv. DuÀÖnX ImÀjnI {]tZ-i-]-²Xn (IAAP) Bcwcmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e-¯-\p-`-h-s¸« h³ `£y-£m-a-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n {_«o- `n-¨p. B[p-\nI ImÀjnI apd-IÄ \S-¸n-em-¡p-Ijp-ImÀ tImf\n cmPy-§-fn-seÃmw 1939  XpS- bm-bn-cp¶p Dt±-i-sa-¦nepw \ne-hn-epÅ \mS³ C\-§fp]tbmKn¨vv hnfhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡pI Akm§n-sh¨ “ `£y-[m\yw IqSp-X Irjn sN¿pI” ²y-am-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-bn. hf-{]-tbmKw IqSn(Grow More Food) ]cn-]mSn Dt±-in¨ ^e-sam¶pw bm tKmX¼v adnªp hogp-¶-X-ÃmsX hnfhv \ÂIn-bn-Ã. C´y- kzmX{´w t\Spt¼mÄ `£y hÀ²n-¡p-¶n-Ã. hnfhv {]Xn slIvS-dn\v 1000 kpc£bpambn _Ôs¸« C§s\bpÅ Intem{Kmw F¶ Af-hn X«n-\n-¶p. hnfhv CXn\nch[n {]iv\§fpmbncp¶p. kzm`mhnI \- ¸ p- d - t ¯¡v sImp- t ]m- I m- \ m- I p- ¶ n- à . ambpw `£y-Im-cy-¯nemWv kzX{´ `mcXw CXns\F§s\adn-¡-S-¡m-sa-¶mbn imkv{XGhpa[nIw {i² sNep¯nXv. “ asäÃmw AÂ]w Ú-·m-cpsS Nn´. CXnsâ D¯-c-am-Wv sshIn-bmepw kmc-an-Ã. ]t£, Irjn H«pw t\mdn³þ10 Po\p-I-fpsS cq]-¯n t\mÀa³ sshIn-¡q-Sm” . ]Þnäv Ph-lÀem s\lr- t_mÀtemKv sImp-h-cp-¶-Xv. hnsâ 1947 se {]kn-²-amb Cu hmNIw `£y-Im1964  ]Þnäv s\lr-hnsâ ac-Ws¯ cy-¯n cmjv{S-¯nsâ DXvIWvT shfn-hm-¡p-¶Xm-Wv. 1951  C´y-bnse P\-kwJy 36 tImSn, XpSÀ¶v em _l-ZqÀ imkv{Xn {][m-\-a-{´n`£y-[m-t\ymÂ]m-Z\w shdpw 51 Zi-e£w S¬ bmbn. {]K-Û-\m-bn-cp¶ kn. kp{_-Ò-Wy-am-bn-
5
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
cp¶p `£y-þ-Irjn hIp¸v a{´n-bm-b-Xv. cmPyw hen-sbmcp ZpÀLS kÔn-bn-eqsS IS¶p t]mhpt¼m-gmWv kp{_-ÒWyw a{´n-bm-hp-¶-Xv. `£y\o-¡n-bn-cp¸v iq\yw. 1961 \pw 1965 \pw CS-bn C´y 25.4 Zi-e£w S¬ [m\yw Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXp. 1967þ67 hÀj-§-fn asämcp £ma-Zpc´w XcWw sN¿p-hm³ 19.0 Zi-e£w S¬ `£y-[m\yw IqSn Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXp. A¶s¯ {][m-\-a{´n imkv{Xn cmjv{S-t¯mSv BgvN-bn Hcp t\cw D]-h-kn-¡m³ ]d-ªXv C¯-cp-W¯n kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. A{Xbpw Zb-\o-b-am-bncp¶p C´y-bnse `£y-cw-Kw. C´y-bn lcn-X-hn-¹hw kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv kn. kp{_-Ò-Wy-s¯-t¸m-semcp {Im´-ZÀin-bmb `cW-IÀ¯mhv Dm-b-Xp-sImv am{X-am-sW¶v ]ecpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. t_mÀtem-Knsâ tKmX¼n-\-§-fpsS km²y-X-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡nb kp{_ÒWyw Ch- b psS AXn- t h- K - h ym- ] - \ - ¯ n\v h³tXm-Xn-epÅ tKmX¼v hn¯v Cd-¡p-aXn¡v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-Ibpw AXn\v ]mÀe-saânsâ A\p-aXn t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1966  23,000 S¬ hn¯mWv Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvX-Xv. C{X h³tXm-Xn-epÅ hn¯n-d-¡p-aXn Ch hf-sc-s¸s«¶v tKmX¼v taJ-e-I-fn hym]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-Sbm-¡n. CXnsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ C´y-bmsI am{X-a-Ã, ]m¡n-Øm³t]m-epÅ Ab cmPy-§fnepw F¯n. C´y-bn lcn-X-hn-¹hw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv 1967-þ78 Ime-L-«-¯n-em-Wv. \mep-Im-cy-§-fmWv \S-¸n-em-b-Xv. 1) AXypÂ]m-Z\tijn-bpÅ C\-§Ä {]Nmc-¯n-em-bn. 2) D¯-tc-´y³ tKmX¼p taJ-e-bn Hcp¸q tKmX-¼n-\p-]-Icw tKmX¼v þ s\Ãv ]cn-{I-a¯n-eqsS Ccp-¸p-Irjn Bcw-`n-¨p. 3) IqSp-X Øe-t¯¡v Irjn hym]n-¨p. 4) \qX\ImÀjnI apd-IÄ (cm-k-h-fw, IoS-\min-\n, Pe-tk-N-\w, b{´-§Ä) hym]-Iambn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«p.
Norman E.Borlaugh
h³\miw HgnhmIp¶p C´y-bnse lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ apJy inev]nbmb {io. kn. kp{_-Ò-Wysâ _lp-am-\mÀ°w 2011  ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb X]m Ìm¼v
lcnX hn¹-h-k-ar²n £ma-§Ä Dm-hp-¶Xn \n¶v C´y-sbbpw ]m¡n-Øm-s\bpw c£n¨p. A§n-s\-bmWv 1970 se kam-[m-\-¯n-\pÅ t\m_ ]pc-kvImcw CXnsâ {][m\inÂ]n-bmbn-cp¶ t\mÀa³ t_mÀtem-Kn\v e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. `£y-[m-t\ymÂ]m-Z-\-¯nse Cu IpXn-¨p-Nm-«t¯m-sS, Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-§-fn \n¶v ]«nWn ac-W§Ä h³tXm-Xn Hgn-hm-Ip-¶-Xp-I-v, A´ÀtZ-
Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw kpØn-c-amb \ne-bn `£Ww In«p-¶-Xn\v Btfm-lcn 0.5 slIvSÀ Irjn thW-sa-¶mWv s]mXp-sh-bpÅ IW-¡v. Øe-hn-kvXrXn CXnepw Ipd-ªm kpØn-cXsb l\n-¡p¶ ISpw-Irjn {]tbm-K-§Ä sImt Blm-c-ap-m-¡m³ Ign-bq. ISpwIrjn coXn-IÄ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-¨m Hmtcmcp¯À¡papÅ `£-W-ap-m-¡m³ 0.05 apX 0.5 slIvSÀ hsc `qan Bhiyambnhcpw. Irjn-bpsS hnIm-k]- c n- W m- a - § Ä ]cn- t im- [ n- ¨ m \ap¡nXv a\ÊnemIpw. a\pjy³ Irjn XpS§p¶Xv 10,000 hÀjw ap¼mWtÃm? BZyIme {]mIrXIrjncoXnIÄ amÁ§Ä¡p sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
iob hnI- k - \ - ¯ n- \ m- b pÅ Ata- c n- ¡ ³ GP³kn (USAID) bpsS Xe-h³ hneyw tKmUv, 1968  Cu {]Xn-`m-ks¯ “ lcn-X-hn-¹hw” F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xn \n¶mWv Cu t]cv e_v [ - { ]- X njv T am- I p- ¶ - X v . “ lcnXhn¹hw” F¶ hnti-jWw icn-b-sÃ-¶mWv ]e ImÀjnI hnZ- K v [ cpw A`n- { ]m- b - s ¸- S p- ¶ - X v . Imc- W w, CsXmcp ]pXnb hn¹-h-sam-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. CXv hnI-knX apX-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fn ]t Dmb-Xm-Wv. tKmX-¼nsâ Imcy-¯n hSt¡ Ata-cn¡bpw bqtdm-¸pw, s\Ãn P¸m\pw Xmbvhm\pw ssIh- c n¨ kmt¦- X nI t\«- § Ä aq¶mw temI¯v {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. tKmX- ¼ nsâ Imcy- ¯ n “ t\mdn³þ10” BWv“ hn¹hw” Dm-¡n-b-sX-¦n s\Ãn Xmbvhm\n \n¶v Is-Sp¯“ UnþPnþhpþsP³ F¶ C\-amWv amäw Ipdn-¨-Xv. 1966  sF.-BÀþ8 F¶ AÛp-X-s\Ãv ]pd-¯n-d-§n. XpSÀ¶v aäp hnf-I-fnepw amä-§-fp-m-bn. ]t£, tKmX-¼n-epm-b-Xp-t]m-epÅ Hcp IpXn-¨p-Nm«w Acn-bntem aäp hnf-I-fntem Zriy-am-bn-Ã. 1960þ2000 Ime-L-«sa-Sp-¯m C´y-bnse tKmX-¼pÂ]m-Z\w ]¯nc-«n-tbm-f-am-b-Xmbn ImWmw. s\Ãv, \men-c-«n, ]cp¡³ [m\y-§Ä, cn-c-«n, ]b-dp-hÀ¤-§Ä, 75 iX-am\w F¶n-§-s\-bmWv DÂ]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¨Xv. 1960-þ2000 ImeL«saSp¯m icm-icn hÀ²\\men-c«n hcpw.
6
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw! 7
hnt[bambn Xmsg¸d-bp¶ L«-§-fn IqS-n IS¶pt]mcp-¶Xmbn ImWmw. 1) Blmcw Im«n \n¶v tiJ-cn-¡epw th«bm-Sepw 2) {]IrXn Irjn (BZyImeIrjn.-þ- Dghv, hfw, IoS\min\n Chsbm¶panÃ) 3) ]p\wIrjn AYhm amä-Irjn (a®nse ^e]qjvSn Ipdbp¶tXmsS AXpt]£n¨v ]p¯³ `qanbn Irjnbnd¡p¶p) 4) ssPh-Irjn (ssPh-hf§Ä D]bmKn¨p XpS§p¶p) 5) B[p-\nI Irjn ({SmIvdpw, cmkhf§fpw IoS\min\nIfpw {]Nmc¯nembn.) 6) l c n X h n ¹ h w t a m U  I r j n (]pXphn¯pIÄ DÄs¸« kmt¦XnI hnZyIÄv) 7) kpØnc Irjn (?) Ch Hmtcm¶ns\bpw Hcp ImÀjnIL«w F¶p k¦ån¡m³ km[n¡pw. IrjncoXn-IfpsS Hmtcm -]-cn-Wm-a-Znibnepw Hmtcmcp¯À¡p-apÅ `£-W-ap-m-¡m³ Bhiyamb `qan-bpsS Afhv Ipdªv Ipdªv h¶Xmbn ImWmw. Btfm-lcn `qan-bpsS C¶s¯ AhØ t\m¡mw. a\pjy³ Irjn XpS§p¶ ImeL«¯n Cu temI¯msI Act¡mSn P\§sf Dmbncp¶pÅp. ]Xn\mbncw hÀj§Ä¡ptijw 1804 emWv Cu kwJy 100 tImSn IS¡p¶Xv. 1901  CXv 140 tImSnbmbn¯oÀ¶p. temI-P-\-kwJy 1960 300 tImSnbmbn IpXn¨pbÀ¶p. F¦nepw, A¶pw Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡p-apÅ `£Ww D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶Xn\v 0.5 slIvSÀ `qan hoXw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£, 1999sâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS, tIhew 39 hÀjw sImv, temI-P-\-kwJy CXnsâ Cc-«nbmbn 600 tImSn Ihn-ªp (temI- P-\-kwJy 500 tImSnbnse¯nbXmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn ¡p¶Xv 1987 Pqsse 11 BWv. Pqsse 11 temI-P\-kwJymZn\ambn sImmSp¶p). C¸mÄ -P-\kwJy 690 tImSn Ihnªncn¡p¶p. AXm-bXv, e`y-amb Btfm-lcn Irjn-`q-an-bpsS Afhv 0.5 slIvS-dn \n¶pw 0.21 slIvSÀ Bbn. temI¯v P\-kwJym hÀ²-\-hnsâ tXmXv 1.2% BWv. AXnsâ AÀ°w ASp¯ 58 hÀjw sImv temI P\X hopw Cc-«n-bmhpsa¶mWv. 2057 Bhp-t¼m-tg¡pw P\-§-fp-sSF®w 1200 tImSn Ihnbpw, Btfm-lcn Irjn `qan 0.12 slIvS-dn\pw Xmtg¡v t]mIp-Ibpw sN¿pw. FÃm Z¼-Xn-Ifpw cp-Ip-«n-IÄ aXn F¶v C¶p apX Xocp-am-\n¨m Xs¶ temI-P-\-kwJy 1300 tImSnbnse¯ntb Ønc-amhq. CXn\v 70 hÀjw ka-b-sa-Sp¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. C\n C´y-bnse ØnXn t\m¡mw. 1901 23.8 tImSn am{X-am-bn-cp¶p C´y-bnse P\-kw-Jy. 1961 CXv 43.9 tImSn-bm-bn.. 2001 Â, tIhew 40 hÀjw sImv, P\-§-fpsS F®w 102.7 tImSn-bmbn; GI-tZiw cc Cc«n hÀ²\! Ct¸mÄ 121 tImSn-bn-se¯n \n¡p-¶p. C´y-bnse P\-s¸cp-¸-¯nsâ tXmXv 1.68% BWv. AXm-bXv, 41 hÀjw sImv C´y³ P\-kwJy Cc-«n-bm-hpw; 2042  C´y-bn 205 tImSn-bn-e-[nIw P\-§-fpm-hpw! C´y-bn Ct¸mÄ 142 Zi-e£w sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
slIvS-dn-emWv Irjn. CXv ASp¯ 30þ40 hÀjw sImv 100 Zi-e£w slIvS-dmbn Ipd-bp-sa-¶XmWv \s½ Ipg-¡p¶ {]iv\w. Btfm-lcn Irjn `qan Ct¸mÄ 0.12 slIvSÀ am{X-am-Wp-Å-Xv. CXv 2042 HmsS 0.049 slIvSÀ Bbn Ipd-bp-sa¶Xv XoÀ¨-bmbpw \s½ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-¡pw. lcnX hn¹-h-¯n\v Fs´ms¡ Ipg-¸-§Ä Ct¸mÄ Is-¯n-bmepw aq¶mw temIs¯ 20mw\qÁmnse hensbmcp {]Xn-kÔnbn \n¶v c£n-¡m-\mbn F¶-Xn kwi-b-an-Ã. tXmakv tdm_À«v am¯p-kv, At±-l-¯nsâ kp{]-kn-²-amb P\-kwJym kn²m-´-¯n (1798Â) ]d-ª-Xv, `t£ymÂ]m-Z\w P\-kwJy hÀ²-\-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Db-cnà F¶pw henb Zpc´-§-fp-m-Ip-sa-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1967  ]mUIv ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ (hn-eyw-]m-UIpw t]mÄ ]mU-Ipw) “ ^mao³ 1975” F¶ ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn. 1975 BIp-¶-tXmsS C´ym D]-`q-J-Þ-¯n h¼n¨ £mahpw ]«n-Wn-bp-ap-m-Ip-sa¶v {]h-Nn-¨p. t]mÄ GÂdn¨nsâ 1968  Cd-§nb “ Zn t]m¸pte-j³ t_mw_v” F¶ ]pkvX-Ihpw C´ysb Fgp-Xn-¯-Ån. Cu {]h-N-\-§-sfÃmw sXämsW¶v sXfn-bn-¨p-sIm-mWv lcnX hn¹hw ChnsS kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ignª aq¶v þ \mep ZiI-§Ä¡p-Ån {]Xo-£nX BbpÊv 10 hbÊv Iv IqSn. ac-W-\n-c¡v Ipd-ªp. P\kwJy cc Cc«n hÀ²n¨psh¦n `t£y-mÂ]m-Z\w \menc«nIv hÀ²n¨p. lcnX hn¹hw aq¶mw temI-cm-Py-§-fnse 100 tImSn P\-§sf ]«nWn ac-W-§-fn \n¶v c£n-¨-Xmbn IW-¡p-Iq-«p¶p. ChÀ apgp-h³ kaq-l-¯nse {]m´-h¡-cn¡-s¸« Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv.
Bhm-k-tijnbpsS {]iv\w lcn-X-hn-¹hw Hcp -h³ hnP-b-am-bn-¯oÀ¶tXmsS hnaÀi-\-§fpw Db-cm³ XpS-§n. Ignª Ipsd hÀj-§-fmbn lcnX hn¹-hs¯ XÅn-¸-dbp¶ Hcp {]h-WX hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp-¶p-v. CXv
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
{][m-\-ambpw A´Àt±-iob kÀ¡m-cn-Xc kwL- epÅ A]-ISw H¶m-tem-Nn¨p t\m¡q. CXp S-\-IÄ (F³.-Pn.-H.) XpS§n h¨-Xm-Wv. ASp¯ Xs¶-bmWp ssPh {]mtZ-in-I-hm-Zhpw (bioIme¯v {]_-e-am-b-XmWv F³.-Pn.-H. XcwKw. regionalism). Hmtcm {]tZ-i¯pw DÅ hn`-h-§Ä¡v BtKmf h¡-c-W-¯nsâ clky AP--IÄ ]cn-[n-bp-v. Cu hn`-h-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v Pohn-¡m\S-¸n-em-hp-¶Xv F³.-Pn.-H. IÄ hgn-bm-sW¶ hp¶ Pohn-I-fpsS F®-¯nepw ]cn-[n-bp-v. Cu hnaÀi\w \ne-\n¡p-¶p. C´y-bn {]hÀ¯n- ]cn-[n-bmWv Bhm-k-tijn (carrying capacity). a\p¡p¶ kÀ¡m-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-IÄs¡Ãmw IqSn jy-s\m-gn-¨pÅ Pohn-I-fpsS Imcy-¯n Bhm-k10,000 tImSn cq]-bpsS hntZi klmbw e`n-¡p- ti-jn-¡-¸pdw t]mIm³ Ign-bn-Ã. A§ns\kw`¶p-sh-¶pw, AXn {][m\w Ata-cn-¡, {_n«¬, hn-¨m {]IrXn CS-s]-Spw. Akp-J-§Ä, £maPÀ½\n F¶o cmPy-§-fm-sW¶pw Adn-bp- §Ä, {]IrXn Zpc-´-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eqsS Bhmt¼mÄ CX-{X- \n-Êm-c-ambn XÅn-¡-f-bm-\m-hn-Ã. k-ti-jn-bn-se¯n \nt¶m-fpw. kz´w Bhm-kkmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-²-X-tbmsS {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ti-jn-bn ssII-S-¯m-hp¶ Htc Hcp Pohn a\pF³.-Pn.-H.- I-fp-ap-s¶ Imcyw hnkva-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. jy-\m-Wv. sa¨-s¸« BtcmKy c£m-kw-hn-[m-\C´y-sb-t¸m-epÅ cmPy-§-fn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸- §-fn-eq-sS-bpw, Blmcw e`y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqSp¶ B[p-\nI Irjn k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡v kÀÆ{X sSbpw, {]IrXn Zpc-´-§sf ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-SpIpg-¸-amsW¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯v ]n´n-cn-¸³ ¶-Xn-eq-sSbpw Ir{Xn-a-ambn Bhm-k-tijn “ _Z” Irjn coXn-I-fn-te¡v XÅn-bn-Sp-¶-Xn\p DbÀ¯m-\m-hpw. ]n¶n KqV e£y-§-fp-s¶v kwi-bn-¡-Ww. lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯n-eqsS `£y-[m\y DÂ]m-Z\w lcnX hn¹-hs¯ XpSÀ¶v 1974  Kmcäv IqSn-b-Xp-sImv C´y-bp-sSbpw aäv aq¶mw lmÀUn³ F¶ Ata-cn-¡³ a\pjy ]cn-ØnXn temI cmjv{S-§-fp-sSbpw Bhm-k-tijn Ir{Xn-aimkv{X (human ecology) s{]m^-k-dm-Wv kZm-Nm-c- ambn IqSn. C§s\Ir{Xn-a-ambn Bhm-k-tijn ]-c-amb Hcp {]iv\w D¶-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. _tbm-k- IqSp-¶Xv Ahn-Sps¯ kzm`m-hnI hn`-h-§-fpsS b³kv F¶ hnJymX imkv{X-am-kn-I-bn ASn-¯d XIÀ¡pw. CXv `mhn-bn Ct¸mÄ At±lw “ sse^v t_m«v kZm-Nmcw” (Life Boat kzm`m-hnI Bhmk tijn-¡p-Ån am{Xw Ethics) F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpmbn. \n¡p¶ apX-em-fn¯ cmPy-§-sfbpw _m[nsse^v t_m«nse PohnXw” (Living on a lifeboat) ¡pw. HmÀ¡p-I, C´y¡v `qan-bpsS 2.4 iX-am\w F¶v t]cn« Cu teJ-\-hpw, Ct±-l-¯nsâ `q`m-K-§-sf-bp-Åq, ]t£, temI P\-X-bpsS 17 Xs¶ 1968  kb³kv amkn-I-bn h¶“ s]mXp- iX-am-\hpw I¶p-Im-en-I-fpsS 15 iX-am-\hpw Ø-e-§-fpsS Zpc-´-hpw” (Tragedy of the commons) Chn-Sp-v. k¼¶ cmjv{S-§Ä ]e-Xnepw P\hf-sc-b-[nIw P\-{i² ]nSn¨p ]än-b-h-bm-Wv. kwJym hÀ²-\hv ]qPy-tam, \yq\tam BWv. lmÀUn³ `qansb Hcp I¸-ep-am-bn D]-an-¨-p.. AtX kabw Zcn{Z cmjv{S-§-fn 37 hÀjw GXp I¸epw ap§n \in-¡m³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ sImv P\-kwJy Cc«n¡psa¶v IW¡p Iq«pPoh- c - £ mÀ°w IS- e n- t e- ¡ n- S p- ¶ - X m- W tÃm ¶p. lcnX hn¹hw sImv am{X-amWv ChnsS sse^v t_m«v. Hcp sse^v t_m«n 50 t]À¡v Bhm- k - t ijn hÀ²n- ¨ - X v . CXn- s \- b mWv Ib- d m- s a¶v Icp- X p- I . CXmWv AXnsâ lmÀUn\pw knÂ_-Ôn-Ifpw hnaÀin-¨-Xv. temI]camh[n tijn (carrying capacity). \mÂ]-Xp-t]À P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS shdpw 5 iX-am\w (30 tImSn) CXn Ib-dn-¸-än-sb¶pw Icp-Xp-I. IS-en am{Xw A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ bp.-F-kv.-F. temI CXn\p Npäp-ambn 100 t]ÀIq-Sn-bp-v. Chsc c£- DuÀÖ-¯nsâ 25 iX-am-\hpw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sps]-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¨m t_m«n-ep-Å-hcpw acn¡pw. ¯p-¶p-sh¶v Adn-bp-t¼mÄ Cu Ien-Xp-Å-ensâ ]¯p-t]sc IqSn Ib-ämw. ]t£ 100 t]cn clkyw a\-Ên-em-hpw. lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯n\v _Z-ep\n¶pw Xnc-sª-Sp¸v ZpjvI-chpw Akm-²y-hp-am- IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, `£y-k-lm-b-§Ä Wv. am{X-a-Ã, IrXyw 50 t]sc sh¨pÅ bm{X sh«n-¡p-d-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-sams¡ lmÀUnsâ kn²mA{X kpc-£n-X-hp-a-Ã. t_m«n-ep-ÅXv apX-em- ´-§Ä t{]c-I-am-bn. Ipä-t_m[w sImmtWm fn¯ cmPy-§-fm-Wv. IS-en \o´p-¶Xv Zcn-{Z-cm- F¶-dn-bn-Ã. C{X-sbms¡ Zcn{Z cmjv{S-§sf Py-§-fpw. Ahsc sSIvt\m-f-Pnbpw `£y-k-lm- t{Zmln¨ Kmcäv lmÀUn³ Ah-km\w Bßbhpw \ÂIn klm-bn-¡p-¶Xv apX-em-fn-¯-cm-Py- lXy sN¿p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv (2003Â). lmÀUn³ §-fpsS kpc£sb A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¯p-sa-¶mWv ]d- ª - X n- t \mSv tbmPn- ¨ mepw CsÃ- ¦ nepw lmÀUn³ kn²m-´n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Hcp kn²m´w Bhm-k-tijn Fs¶m¶v Ds-¶pw, P\-kwJy hyàn-Ifpw cmPy-§fpw FSp¯p {]tbm-Kn-¨m- Ipd-¨p-sIm-p-h-tc--Xm-sW¶pw AwKo-I-cnt¨ aXn-bm-hq.
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
8
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
tIc-f-¯n lcnX hn¹hw Dmbnà !
9
ioen¨ ae-bm-fn-Isf sh«n-em-¡pw. D¯-tc-´y³ taJ- e - b nse Pe ZuÀe- ` y- ¯ nsâ Hcp {][m\Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-¶Xv Aim-kv{Xo-bamb tKmX¼vþs\Ãv ]cn-{I-a-am-Wv.
D¯-tc-´y-bn `£y-[m-t\ymÂ]m-Z\cwK¯v hen-sbmcp IpXn-¨p-Nm-«-ap-m-sb-¦nepw cmPy¯nsâ ]e `mK-§-fnepw CXp-t]m-epÅ IpXn¸v Dm-bn-Ã. tIc-f-¯n `£y-[m-\y-Irjn F¶p ]d-bm³ s\Ãp-am-{X-ta-bp-Åq. Ignª 50 hnaÀi-\-§fnse s\Ãpw ]Xncpw hÀjs¯ tIc- f - ¯ nse s\ÂIr- j n- b psS lcnX hn¹-h-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ hnaÀi-\Ncn{Xw XIÀ¨-bpsS IY- am-{X-amWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. §sf hkvXp-Xm-]-c-ambn hne-bn-cp-t¯--Xp-v. tIc-f-¯nse 3 tImSn 33 e£w P\-§Ä¡v Hcp hn¹-hhpw Ønc-a-Ã. Ah Ah-km\]cn-lm-c(2011 se sk³kÊv aXn¸v) {]Xn-Zn\w 460 {Kmw amÀ¤-hp-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. Hmtcm hn¹-hhpw ]pXnb F¶ IW¡v sh¨v BsI 50 e£w S¬ [m\yw {]iv\-§Ä Dm-¡n-tb-¡mw. Ah Xncn-¨-dnªv thWw. 2008-þ09 hÀjs¯ \½psS [mt\ymÂ]m- ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ t\m¡msX “ hn¹-h” - s¯-¯s¶ Z\w 2.34 e£w slIvS-dn \n¶v 5.902 e£w \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv {]Xnhn¹-h-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]WnS¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1965 þ66  (l-cn-X-hn-¹-h-Im- bm-Wv. lcnX hn¹hw Ipsd-b[nIw {]iv\e- L - « - ¯ n\v sXm«p- a p- ¼ v) tIc- f - ¯ nse §Ä¡v ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]pXnb Ipsd {]iv\s\ÃpÂ]m-Z\w 8.02 e£w slIvS-dn \n¶v 10.06 §-fp-mbn F¶Xv t\cp-am-Wv. e£w S¬ Bbn-cp-¶p. CtX-hsc tcJ-s¸-SpbYmÀ°-¯n lcnX hn¹-h-¯nsâ ]cn¯nb ]c-am-h[n DÂ]m-Z\w 1975-þ76  BWv, 8.85 ØnXn kwc-£-W-hiw th coXn-bn Bcpw e£w slIvS-dn \n¶v 13.65 e£w S¬. AXm-b- hne-bn-cn¯nbn-«n-Ã. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, 1950 se Xv, “ hn¹hw” F¶p hnfn-¡m³ ]änb Hcp amähpw temI `t£ym¸m-Z\w 60 tImSn slIvS-dn tIc-f-¯nse `£y cwK-¯p-m-bn-«n-Ã. Ipd¨p \n¶v 69.2 tImSn S¬ Bbn-cp-¶p. cm-bn-c-¯n ]pXnb s\Ãn-\-§fpw, cmk-h-f, IoS-\m-in\nIfp- GXm-ntX Øe¯p \n¶p Xs¶ 207 tImSn ap-]-tbm-Kn¨p XpS§n F¶-Xp-am-{X-amWv amäw. S¬ `£Ww hnf-bn-¡m-\m-bn. icm-icn aq¶n-c«n {]Xn slIvSÀ icm-icn hnf-hp- IqSn h¶p-sh- hnfhv! 1950 Ifnse kmt¦-XnI hnZy 2000 epw XpS¦nepw BsI hnfhv Ipd-ªp-h-cn-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv . tIc- f - ¯ n- \ p- t h `£y- [ m- \ y- ¯ n cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n BsI 180 tImSn GXmv ap¡m `mK-¯n\pw D¯-tc-´y³ slIvSÀ Øew thn hcp-am-bn-cp¶p! Cu lcnX hn¹-h-k-ar-²nsb B{i-bn-¡p¶ \ap¡v AÀ°-¯n GI-tZiw 120 tImSn slIvSÀ h\`q-ansb lcn-X-hn-¹hw c£n-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXlcn-X-hn-¹-hs¯ No¯ ]d-bm³ F´-h-Imiw? Xv. C´y-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-¯m 53 Zi-e£w `£y kpc£ Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯m³ tIc-fo-bÀ slIvSÀ `qan-bmWv agp-hn \n¶v Hgn-hm-b-Xv. H¶pw sN¿p-¶n-sÃ-¶-XmWv kXyw. tIc-f-¯n C{Xbpw `qan sh«n-s¯-fn¨p Irjn-bn-d-¡m-\p-m1960-þ61  GI-tZiw 41 iX-am\w Øe¯v `£y- Ip-am-bn-cpt¶m F¶ tNmZyw XXvImew ad-¡mw. hn- f - I Ä Irjn sNbv X n- c p- ¶ p. CXnsâ lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ Gähpw henb \yq\-XCt¸mgs¯ IW¡v tIhew 12 iX-am\w am{Xam-Wv. s\Ãn-sâbpw ac-¨o-\n-bp-tSbpw Irjn bmbn ]mÝm-Xy-temIw ImWp-¶Xv CXv P\-kwhnkvXoÀ®w GXmv aq¶n-sem-¶m-bn. ]¨-¡-dn- Lym- h À²- \ - h n\v t{]c- I - a mbn F¶- X m- W v . IÄ, ]gw, ]m F¶n-h¡v A\y kwØm-\- aq¶mw temI-cm-Py-§-fn icm-icn BbpÊpw §sf B{i- b n- t ¡ Ah- Ø - b n- e p- a m- b n. ImÀjnI Kth-jW t\«§Ä tIc-f-¯n\p shfnbn-epÅhÀ `£y-hnf cwK¯v {]tbm-Kn-¨-t¸mÄ \maXv dº-dn {]tbm-Kn-¨p! Fs´-¦nepw “ hn¹hw” \S-s¶-¦n AXv dº-dn am{X-am-Wv. 1950  tIhew 0.75 e£w slIvSÀ Øe¯p am{X-am-bn-cp¶p dºÀ Irjn, DÂ]m-Z\w 0.16 e£w S®pw. 2008-þ-09  dºÀ Irjn-bpsS hnkvXoÀ®w 5.17 e£w slIvS-dmbn DbÀ¶p,. DÂ]m-Z-\-am-Is« 7.83 e£w S®p-am-bn. AXm-bXv kmt¦- X nI Adn- h n- s \- ¡ mÄ hn]- W n- b mWv Irjnsb \bn-¡p-¶Xv! Npcp-¡-¯n Cu BtKmfh¡-c-W-¡m-e¯v Irjn ChnsS \ne\n¡-W-sa-¦n BZyw hn]Wn Dd-¸m-¡-Ww. bYmÀ°-¯n D¯-tc-´y-bn Dmb lcn-Xhn-¹hw \½psS s\ÂIrjn taJ-esb XfÀ¯pI-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. lcnX hn¹hw \S¶ kwØm\-§-fn \n¶v \nÀºm[w Acn-bpw, tKmX¼pw Ipdª hne¡v Hgp-Im-\m-cw-`n-¨-tXmsS \mw s\ÂIrjn Dt]-£n¨p XpS-§n. Cu Hgp¡v XpScp-¶n-sÃ-¦n \mw ]«nWnbmb-Xp-X-s¶. Hcp Imcy-¯n ae-bm-fn-IÄ Bi-¦-s¸t« aXn-bm-hq. D¯-tc-´ybn s\ÂIrjn Ipd-¡m\pÅ \nÀt±iw Acn Blmcw am{Xw Xn¶p sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
IqSn. a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn thK-¯n \jvS-am-bn, kky-t]m-j-W-¯nse Ak-´p-en-Xm-hØ Pe-e-`yX Ipdªp; cmk-h-f-§Ä, IoS-\m- ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v kwtbm-PnX t]mjI {Iain\nIÄ XpS-§nb \nth-i\-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw amWv apt¼m«p sh¡p-¶-Xv. ssPh-h-f-§-fpw, hÀ²n-¨p þ F¶n-h-sbms¡ DbÀ¶p-h¶ amäp cmk-h-f-§fpw k´p-enX tXmXn \ÂIp¶ {]iv\-§-fm-Wv. C´y-bn-em-sW-¦n lcnX imkv{Xo-b-co-Xn- Xs¶. kky-tcm-K þ IoS-\n-bhn¹hw Pe-tk-NnX taJ-e-bn am{X-amWv Ne- {´-W-¯n\v imkv{Xo-b-amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡\-§-fp-m-¡n-bXv. ag-Irjn {]tZ-i-§Ä Ah-K- Ww. IoS-§sf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw km¼Wn-¡-s¸-«p. CXn-s\ms¡ ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-I-Ww. ¯nI t{Zml-]-cn[n (economic threshold level) ISag-Irjn {]tZ-i-§-fpsS Ak-´p-en-Xm-hØ ]cn- ¶m am{Xta IoS-\m-in\n Xfnt¡-Xp-Åq. l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ IoS-\m-in\n Xfn-¨m ]men-t¡ Im¯n-cp¸v Hcp ]²-Xn-bmWv ag-Irjn {]tZ-i-§Ä¡pÅ Imew (waiting period), IoS-\m-in\n hm§p-t¼m-gpw, tZiob \oÀadn hnI-k\]²Xn. asäm¶v {Kma Xfn-¡p-t¼mgpw FSp-t¡ ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ hnI-k\a{´m-ebw \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ “ lcn-bmen” F¶nh IÀj-IÀ Ct¸mgpw Kuc-h-ambn FSp-¡p]²-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn-tâbpw A´-ʯ ag-Irjn ¶n-Ã. kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-I-sf-bpw, FXnÀ {]tZ-i-§-fpsS \oÀadn hnI-k\w Xs¶. Pe- {]mWn-I-sf-bpw, {]Xn-tcm[ tijn-bpÅ kky-bnapÄs¸-sS-bpÅ {]IrXn hn`-h-§-fpsS ]p\-cp-²m- \-§-sfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]äp-¶n-S¯v cmk-Ioc-Whpw kwc-£-W-hp-amWv e£yw. S-\m-in-\n-bpsS Bh-iy-an-Ã. CsXÃmw kwtbm-Pnkwtbm-PnX kky-kw-c-£-WP\- k w- J ym- \ n- b - { ´- W - ¯ nsâ Imcy- ¯ n ¸n-¨p-sIm-pÅ “ am\p-jnI coXn-IÄ am{Xta \ap¡v kzoI-cn-¡m- ¯n\v \nÀ`m-Ky-h-im {]m[m\yw In«n-Im-Wp-¶n\m-eq. P\n-¨p-ho-gp¶ Ipªp-§fpw, {]mb-am-b- Ã. H¶p-In If-cn-¡p-]p-d-¯v, AsÃ-¦n F¶-XmWv IoS-\m-in\n hcpw ]«n-Wn-In-S-¶pw, ]«nWn P\y tcmK-§Ä Bimsâ s\©¯v” _m[n¨pw acn¨v P\-kwJy Ipd-b-W-sa¶v B{K- cwKs¯ Ah-Ø. CXv amdntb Xocq. ln-¡p-¶Xv F{X {Iqc-amWv! Bh-iy-¯n IqSpt_mÀtemKv ]d-bp¶p “ a\p-jy-\p-m-¡nb X a\p-jyÀ P\n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ t\m¡mw. ssPh-ssh-hn[yw ({]m-tZ-inI C\-§fpw aäpw) AXmWv \mw sN¿p-¶Xpw sNt¿--Xpw. P\- \jvS-s¸-Sp¶psh¶mWv Nne-cpsS ]cm-Xn. CXv kwJym \nb-{´W Imcy-¯n C´y-bpsS Po³ _m¦p-I-fp-m¡n kwc-£n-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bpapt¶äw {it²-b-am-Wv. Åq. {]Ir-Xn-bnse kzm`m-hnI ssPh-ssh-hn[yw
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
Bcv kwc-£n¡pw? ImSn-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶-Xtà henb am\w shs¨-¦nepw IqSn hc-Ww. C§ns\kw`-hn{]iv\w?” ImÀjnI C\-§-fpsS sshhn[yw kwc- ¡m-¯-Xnsâ ImcWw lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ ]cm£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdmanse CâÀ\m-j-W ¹mâ v P-b-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv icnbÃ. lcn-X-hnP\-änIv dntkmgvkÊv C³Ìn-äyq«v (IPGRI) A´m- ¹hw AXnsâ ISa \nÀvÆ-ln¨p Ign-ªp. C\n cm-jv{S-X-e-¯n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-v. C´y-bn- ]pXnb hn¹-h§Ä \S-¡-Ww. P\-kw-Jym-hÀ²em-sW-¦n \yqUÂln tI{µ-ambn \mj-W \-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨v `£y-kp-c£ Dd-¸m¡n t]mh-W_yqtdm Hm^v ¹mâ v P\-änIv dntkmgvkÊpw sa-¦n ]pXnb hgn-IÄ t\m¡-Ww. Irjn-Øew (NBPGR) AXnsâ hnhn[ {]mtZ-inI tI{µ-§fpw Ipdªp hcp¶p F¶ bmYmÀ°yw In-söv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Ch-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w Xr]vXn- \Sn-¨n«v Imcy-an-Ã. P\-s¸-cp-¸-ap-m-Ip-t¼mÄ kw`-hn-¡p¶ Hcp I-c-hp-am-Wv. {][m\{]iv \w [mcmfw Irjn-`qan ImÀjn-tI-Xc C´y-bnse sdt¡mÀUv `£y-[m-t\ymÂ]mZ\w 2008-þ09 embn-cp-¶p, 234.47 Zi-e£w S¬. ]c- Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn amä-s¸-Sp-sa-¶-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm am-h[n Øe¯v Irjn Cd-¡p-¶p-v. Ignª ]uc\pw ]mÀ¸n-Sw, KXm-K-Xw, hyh-km-bw, Ipsd hÀj-§-fmbn Cu ]cn-[n¡v apI-fn-te¡v h m W o - P y w , h n t \ m - Z w , h n Z y m - ` y m - k w , DÂ]m-Z\w Db-cp-¶n-Ã. 2009-þ10  `t£ymÂ]m- tZhmeb§Ä, aÁv Bßo-bImcy§Ä F¶o Z\w 218.11 Zi- e £w S¬ Bbn- c p- ¶ p. Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn Øew Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hmtcm cmPy¯nsâ Nne `mK§fn A\p`hs¸« hyàn¡pw 0.025 slIvSÀ Øew hoXw Cu BhhcĨbmWv ImcWw. P\-kwJy 1.68 iX-am\w iy-¯n\v thn hcp-sa-¶mWv IW¡v. Irjnsh¨v hÀ²n-¡p-t¼mÄ `t£ymÂ]m-Z\w 3 iX- `qan hymh-km-bn-Im-h-iy-§Ä¡mbn amäm³ sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
10
thWw C\nbpsamcp lcn-X-hn-¹hw!
]mSnövv Fw.-F-Êv. kzman-\m-Ysâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nepÅ IÀj-IÀ¡m-bpÅ tZiob I½o-j³ ip]mÀi sNbvXn-«p-s-¦nepw \S-¸n-em-hp¶ Imcyw Ip Xs¶ Adn-b-Ww. C´y-bn Ct¸mÄ 142 Zi-e£w slIvS-dn-emWv Irjn. CXv ASp¯ 30þ40 hÀjw sImv 100 Zi-e£w slIvS-dmbn Ipd-bp-sa-¶-XmWv \s½ Ipg-¡p¶ {]iv\w. `£y [m\yw Ønc-ambn Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXv `£y kpc£ Dd-¸p-h-cp-t¯n hcptam F¶ `oXn \s½ th«bmSp¶pv. `£y-[m-\y-§fpsS hne DbÀ¶m ]mh-§-fpsS ]n¨-¨-«n-bnemWv a®p-ho-gp-I. Irjn-bn-S-§-fn DÂ]m-Z-\£-aX Iq«n BsI `£ym-hiyw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶ \S- ] - S n- b mWv GsXmcp t£a- c m- j v { Shpw ssIsIm-Åp-I. CXn-\p-X-Ip¶ GXv _Zepw kzoImcyw Xs¶.
11
{][m\shÃp-hn-fnbpw CXp-X-s¶. {]iv\-§Ä Xncp¯n apt¼m-«p-t]m-hm³ B[p\nI imkv{Xw “ kpØnc hnI-k\w” F¶ Bib- a mWv apt¼m«p sh¡p- ¶ - X v . “ \½psS s]mXp`mhn (Our Common Future) F¶ {_vemâ v dnt¸mÀ«v C¯cpW¯n kvacWobamWv. 1987 emWv t\mÀth {][m\a{´nbmbncp¶ t{Km lmÀsew {_vemâ v (Gro Harlem Bruntland) F¶ alXnbpsS A²y£Xbn temI ]cnØnXn hnIk\I½oj³ Cu dnt¸mÀ« v apt¼m«p sh¡p¶X.v 1992 se `ua D¨tImSnbn kpØnc hnI-k\w F¶ Bi-b-w AwKoIcn¡ s¸«p. `mhn- X - e - a p- d - b psS hn`- h m- S n- ¯ d XIÀ¡m¯ Xc- ¯ n- e pÅ hnI- k \amWv kpØnc hnI-k\w. ImÀjnI cwK¯mW¦n kwtbm-PnX t]mjW hyhØ, kwtbm-PnX IoS-\n-b-{´-Ww, kwtbm-PnX If-\n-b-{´Ww, `qan ]cn-]m-e\w (land husbandry), \oÀ \ne-§-fpsS kpkvYnc hnIk\w, \½psS {]Xo-£]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-p-hsc temI-amsI hnf- kwc-£-Ww, h\-kw-c-£-Ww, \oÀadn hnI-k\w hÀ²-\hv Dm-bXv IqSpX Øe¯v Irjn XpS-§n-b-h-sbms¡ tNÀ¶ Hcp B[p-\nI sNbvX-Xp-sImv am{X-am-Wv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- k p Ø n - c - I r j n h y h Ø b m W v \ m w \à ImÀjnI apd-IÄ” Bbnm-b-t¸m-tg¡pw Irjn Øe-¯nsâ ]cn[n e£yantSXv. “ hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³ Ffp-¸-a-söv a\-Ên-embn, DÂ]m- cn-¡Ww \½psS e£yw. DÂ]m-Z\£aX Z\£a-X-bn-te¡v Du¶Â amdn. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- C\nbpw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶ C\-§fpw Irjn-co-Xnn-ep-mb hnf-hÀ²-\-hnsâ 80 iX-am-\hpw Ifpw CtXm-sSm¸w kwtbm-Pn-¸nt¨ aXn-bm-hq. DÂ]m-Z\£aX IqSn-b-Xp-sImv kw`-hn-¨-Xm- _tbmsSIvt\m-f-Pn-bp-sSbpw \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fWv. Ct¸m-gs¯ `t£ymÂ]m-Z\w \ne-\nÀ¯n- Pn- b psSbpsams¡ km²y- X - I Ä ImÀjnI bm am{Xw t]mc, P\-kwJy hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn-\- cwK¯v XoÀ¨-bmbpw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Spw. C¯cw \p-k-cn¨v `£y-[m\y hfÀ¨ Iq«n-s¡m-p-h-cn- K t h j W § f m W v C \ n t h X p w Ibpw thWw. \nÀ`m- K y- h - i mÂ, ]ecpw t { ] m Õ m l n ¸ n t ¡ X p w . C X n \ p ] I c w Bthit¯msS DbÀ¯n¡m«p¶ ssPhIrjn D¯cm[p\nI ZÀi\§fne[njvTnXamb t]mepÅ “ _Z” coXnIsfm¶pw DÂ]m-Z-\-£- Aimkv{Xob IrjncoXnIÄ ]e tImWpIfn a-X¡v Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. lcnXhn¹h¯n\p \n¶pw DbÀ¶p hcp¶p. Ch¡v t{]mÕml\hpw ap¼pv, 1950þ-60 Ifnse AhØ GhÀ¡padnhpÅ In«p¶p. C¯cw {]hWXIsf apfbnse \pÅn XmWtÃm? ]ecpw ]dbp¶Xp t]mse Cu kpØn-cXbpsS hnhn[am\§Ä ]cnKWn¨p AhkvY hnXcW¯nse AkaXzw sImp sImpÅ Xo{h]co£W§Ä¡v \mw apt¼m«p am{Xw DmbXÃ. P\- k w- J ym- h À²- \ - h n- htcnbncn¡p¶p. Hcp cmw l-cn-X-hn-¹-h-tam \m\p]mXnIambn `t£ymÂ]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n¨v As¦n \nXy- l - c n- X - h n- ¹ - h - w Xs¶tbm `£y-kp-c£ Dd¸p hcp-¯pI F¶ {ia-I-c-amb Bbncn¡Ww \½psS e£yw. ZuXy-amWv C´y³ ImÀjnI cwK¯n\p ap¼n-epÅ-Xv. ]t£, ]cn-Øn-Xnsb Ah-K-Wn-¡m\pw (tUm. kn. tPmÀPv tXmakv shÅm-\n-¡c tlmÀ«n]än-Ã. C´y-sb-t¸mse P\-_m-lp-ey-apÅ ¡Ä¨d tImtf-Pn At{Km-Wan hn`mKw s{]m^-kaq¶mw-tem-I-cm-jv{S-§Ä A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ dm-Wv) sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw:Hsc¯nt\m«w eo\m Ipamcn. Fkv.
A
Hssdk kssäh bpsS C³Un¡ D]hÀ¤¯nÂs¸« C\§fmWv. Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶ s\ÃpIfpw AhbpsS Im«p _Ôp¡fpw X½n kz`mh¯n henb hyXymk§fpv. Im«ps\-ÃpIfn \n¶pw B[p\nI s\ÃpIfnte¡pÅ ]cnWmaw Nn{Xw 1 Nn{Xw 1. Im«p s\Ãn \n¶pw B[p\nI s\Ãnte¡pÅ ]cnWmaw Common Ancestor Wild perennials Oryza rufipogon (AA)
Oryza longistaminata (AA)
Wild annuals Oryza nivara (AA) Cultivated annuals
Oryza barthii (AA)
Wild annuals Oryza spontanea (AA) Oryza glabberima (AA)
Oryza sativa (AA) Oryza stapfii Indica
Japonica
Javanica
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
Xnhnimeamb kky temI¯n s¸Sp¶ {Kao\ntb ( Graminiae ) AYhm t]mtbkntb ( Poaeceae ) IpSpw_¯nse Hssdtk (Oryzae) hwi¯nÂs¸Sp¶ Hcp {][m\ [m\yamWv s\Ãcn. 20 e[nIw AwK§fpÅ Cu hwi¯n [m\y¯n\mbn Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv cs®w am{XamWv, Hssdk kssäh (Oryza sativa)bpw Hssdk ¥m_dna (Oryza glaberrima) bpw. _m¡n FÃmw Xs¶ s\Ãnsâ Im«p PmXnIfmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. HcÀY¯n¸dªm Cu Im«p s\ÃpIfn \n¶mWv C¶p \mw Iyjn sN¿p¶ s\Ãn\§Ä Dcp¯ncnªn«pÅXv. Hssdk kssähbpw AXnsâ ASp¯ _Ôp¡fmb Im«p s\ÃpIfpw Gähpw IqSpXembn ImWs¸Sp¶Xv Z£ntWjybnepw Z£nW ]qÀtÆjybnepambXn\m CXv Gjy³ s\Ãv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. Hssdk ¥m_dna AYhm B{^n¡³ s\Ãv ImWs¸Sp¶Xv B{^n¡³ cmPy§fnepw sk³{S Atacn¡³ \mSpIfmb Kzm\, F kmÂhtUmÀ F¶nhnS§fnepamWv. Hssdk kssähsb AXn\pffnse sshhn[ys¯ ASnØm\am¡n C³Un¡, Pmt¸mWn¡, PmhmWn¡ F¶n§s\ aq¶v D] hÀ¤§Ä (k_v kv ] ojokv ) Bbn¡qSn hn`Pn¨n«pv. C´ybpw tIcfhpw DÄs¸Sp¶ Gjy³ `qJÞ¯n Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv
12
aWw, LS\ ChbnseÃmw Xs¶ [mcmfw sshhn[yw ZyiyamWv. s\Ãnsâ DXv`hw Xs¶ tIcfamtWm F¶p kwibw tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ Xc¯nepÅXmWvv tIcf¯nse s\Ãn Ip hcp¶ ssPhsshhn[yw. s\Ãn BsI 20 Hmfw Im«pPmXnIfpÅXn Oryza nivara (AA), Oryza rufipogon (AA), Oryza officinalis( CC) Oryza malampuzhaensis( BBCC) Oryza granula F¶o 5 F®w tIcf¯nsâ
]e `mK§fnembn ImWs¸Sp¶Xmbn A´Àt±iob s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw \S¯nb kÀtÆ dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXn«pv. tIcf¯nse s\ÂhbepIfn C¶v kpe`ambn Ip hcp¶ hcns\Ãv Oryza sativa, Oryza nivara , Oryza rufipogon Ch X½nepÅ k¦cW {]{InbbneqsS Dcp¯ncnªXmsW¶mWv A\pam\n¡p¶Xv . s\Ãns\B{Ian¡p¶ H«pan¡ IoS§Ä¡pw tcmK§Ä¡psaXnsc {]Xntcm[tijn \ÂIp¶Xn\pw aät\Iw kz`mh hntij§Ä¡pw \nZm\amb Po\pIÄ Cu Im«ps\ÃpIfn AS§nbncn¡p¶Xn\m Chsb kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pw ]pXnb C\§Ä cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn Chsb D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\papÅ {ia§Ä temIsa¼mSpw \S¶p hcp¶p.
tIcf¯nse ]c¼cmKX s\Âhn¯n\§Ä
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
B[p\nI s\Ãn\§Ä {]Nmc¯n hcp¶Xn\p ap¼v tIcf¯n IrjnsNbvXncp¶Xv AXXv {]tZi§fnse hyXykvX kmlNcy§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyambXpw hncn¸n\pw apI\pw ]p©bv¡pambn {]tXyIambn«pÅhbpamb \mS³ s\Ãn\§fmbncp¶p. hncn¸p Irjn¡pw ]p©Irjn¡pw kab¢n]vXnbpÅXpw apI³ Irjn¡v EXp¢n]v X nbpÅXpamb C\§fmWv {][m\ambpw Irjn sNbv X ph¶ncp¶Xv . Z£nW tIcf¯n H¶mw hnf¡pw (tabv BKÌv) ]p©Irjn¡pw (Unkw_À, amÀ¨v) {lkzIme hn¯pIfpw
13
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
cmw Irjn¡v (Ppembv, P\phcn) shŨ¼mhv, AXn¡ncmgn, apI³, tNdmSn XpS§nbhbpamWv {]Nmc¯nencp¶Xv. a²ytIcf¯n H¶mw Irjn¡v Adp]XmwImcn, HmWm«³, Noc XpS§nb {lkzIme C\§fpw apI\v C«n¡¸³, Nntäy\n XpS§nb aqt¸dnb C\§fpw Irjn sNbvXpt]m¶p. D¯c tIcf¯n hncn¸pIrjn¡p]tbmKn¨ncp¶ {][m\C\§Ä Bcy³, Xhf¡®³, Iga, ]d¼ph«³ F¶nhbmbncps¶¦n cmw Irjn¡v shÅcn, Ihp§n³ ]p¯me, Fch¸mn, Nntä\n F¶nhbpw ]p©Irjn¡v sX¡³ Noc, sXm®qdm³ F¶nhbpamWv km[mcWbmbn Irjn sNbvXph¶ncp¶Xv. CXn\p ]pdta Bgw IqSnb {]tZi§fn hben¯qÆ, sImf¸me, Ip«mS³, sImSnb³ F¶nhbpw, s]m¡mfn \ne§fn hncn¸phn¯v, s]m¡mfnhn¯v, IpdpI XpS§nbhbpw tamS³ \ne§fn I«tamS³, Idp¯tamS³, Nph¶ tamS³, N¼mhv F¶nhbpw hn]peambn Irjn sNbvXph¶ncp¶p. kpKÔ s\Ãn\§fmb PocIime, KÔIime, Iba, ]p¡pe¯cn, XpS§nbhbpw Huj[KpWapÅ \hc, Fcpa¡mcn, Idp¯ N¼mhv F¶nhbpw A¡me¯v {]Nmc¯nencp¶ C\§fs{X. B[p\nI s\Ãn\§fpsS BhnÀ`mht¯mSpIqSn Chbntesdbpw A{]Xy£ambn«ps¦nepw Bcy³, Xhf¡®³, sN¦ga, apI³, tNdmSn, PocIime, KÔIime, Nntä\n XpS§nb C\§Ä C¶pw IÀjIcpsS CSbn {]Nmc¯nepv. ta hnhcn¨ ]e C\§fpw AhbpsS {]tXyI kz`mh hntij§Ä sImpXs¶ {]ikvXnbmÀÖn¨hbmbncp¶p. {]XnIqe kmlNcy§sf AXnPohn¡phm³ Ignbp¶Xpw s\ÃnepmIp¶ IoS tcmK _m[IÄs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅXpamb Cu s\Ãn\§fmWv ]n¶oSv ]pXnb s\ÃpIfpsS hnIk\¯n s\SpwXqWpIfmbn hÀ¯n¨Xv. C¯cw kz`mh hntij§Ä {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶ Nne \mS³ s\Ãn\§fpsS ]«nI Xmsg s¡mSp¡p¶p.
]«nI 1. {]Xn-tcm[ tijn-bpÅ \mS-³ s\Ãn-\-§Ä -{]tXyIX
C\§Ä
Kmfo¨bvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
AXn¡ncmb, Acph¡mcn, Acn¡ncmbn, sNs¶Ãv, Nntä\n, Fch¸mn, I«tamS³, sImSnb³, ]d¼ph«³, ]d¡pfwNntä\n, Xhf¡®³, hS¡³ Nntä\n, shůn¨oc, shfp¯Noc
HmeNpcp«nbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
AXn¡ncmb, Acn¡ncmbn, sN¼³, sN¼mhv, Nntä\n, shůn¨oc
XpXpc¸s\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
AXn¡ncmb, Acn¡ncmbn, Fch¸mn, Ihp§n³]q¯me, sX¡³Nntä\n, sX¡³Noc, hÂkcs¨¼mhv, Ipfs¸cphmf
shÅapªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
sN¼³, sNdnbNntä\n, Nntä\n, sN¼c¼mn, sX¡³
]¨¯pÅs\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
AXn¡ncmb, Fch¸mn, sImSnb³,s]m¶mcy³, Xhf¡®³, sX¡³ h«³, shfp¯Noc
Ce¸pÅntcmK¯ns\ Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Idp¯tamS³, I«tamS³, sImSnb³, ]d¼ph«³, Icnsh®Â, XSp¡³, sXmn, ]mÂs¯mn, hS¡³ Nntä\n
t]mf Ahn¨nens\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Fch¸mn, sXmn, ]mÂs¯mn, shÅcn
aqSpNobens\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]d¼ph«³
_mIväocnb CeIcn¨nens\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Idp¯tamS³, sX¡³Nntä\n
hcĨbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Nph¶ tamS³, sNdnbmcy³, tamS³, Idp¯tamS³, I«tamS³, Ip«ntamS³, ]d¼ph«³, ]md]nfÀ¸³, Ics\Ãv, sXm®qdm³, ]S\shÅ, Np«mcy³, ssh¡¯mcy³, Ichmf
shÅs¡«ns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Bcy³, sN¦ba, sN¼mhv, Iba, Ihp§n³]q¯me, sImSnb³, Ip«mS³, Xhf¡®³, shÅt¡men hben¯qÆ, shůn sImf¸me, tNdmSn
D¸pck¯ns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
B\s¡mS³, sN«nhncn¸v , sNdphncn¸v , Nq«ps]m¡mfn, IpXncphn¯v, HmÀ¡ba, HmcpapI³, s]m¡mfn, hncn¸v, HmÀ¸mba, IpdpI
Huj[ KpWw
sNs¶Ãv, Fcpa¡mcn, Ifa¸mcn, IcnwIpdph, Idp¯N¼mhv, Ihp§n³]q¯me, Ipªns\Ãv, Rhc, s\Sphmen, \cn¡mcn, s]cps\Ãv, ]qhmen, X\hmf, DfpwI¯n, hmes\Ãv, hmcI³, thÂhmen
Db˦ ]mNIKpWw
sX¡³, h«³, Ihp§n³]q¯me
kpKÔ s\ÃpIÄ
PocIime, KÔIime, Iba, sIm¯w]mecn¡ba, s\bv¨oc, ]q¡pe¯cn, Ipªn¡ba, cmPIba sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
AXn¡ncmb, Acn¡ncmbn, sN¶n\mbI³, sN¼³, sNdnbNntä\n, Nntä\n, sN¼c¼mn, Fch¸mn, CuizcawKew, Iba, Icnsh®Â, Idp¯shům³, Ihp§n³]q¯me, sIm¨phn¯v, sImSnb³, ]d¡pfwNntä\n, Xhf¡®³, sX¡³, hS¡³ Nntä\n, henbsN¼m³, hÂkcs¨¼mhv, shůnn¨oc, shfp¯Noc, shÅt¨\n¸³,
14
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
tIcfw s\Ãp KthjW¯nsâ \mÄ hgnIfneqsS
15
tIcfobcpsS apJymlmchpw `£y kpc£bpsS apJap{Zbpamb s\ÃcnbpsS DXv¸mZ\w hÀ[n¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn {_n«ojv A[o\Xbnembncn¡pt¼mįs¶ Nn«tbmsSbpÅ s\Ãp KthjW¯n\pÅ {ia§Ä tIcf¯n Bcw`n¨ncp¶p 1905  Xfn¸d¼n Hcp ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw Øm]n¨p sImv XpS§nb s\ÃpKthjW¯n\v C¶v Hcp \qämne[nIw ]g¡apv. tImb¼¯qcn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ DXv ¸ mZ\tijn IqSnb C\§Ä sImph¶p ]co£n¨p t\m¡pIbmbncp¶p Xfn¸d¼n Øm]n¨ KthjW tI{µ¯nsâ Dt±iyw. CtX¯pSÀ¶v 1914  \mKÀtImhnen s\Ãn\p thn Hcp ^mapw 1916  Be¸pgbv¡Sp¯v Ip¸¸pdw F¶ Øe¯v Hcp ]co£WtI{µhpw Øm]nXambn. Ip«\m«n cpsImÃw IqSpt¼mÄ am{Xw sNbvXp h¶ncp¶ ]p©Iyjn hÀjw tXmdpw sN¿m\pÅ km²yX ]cntim[n¡p¶Xn\mbn Øm]n¨ Cu tI{µw 1921  \nÀt¯nh¶p. 1917  HÃq¡cbn Øm]n¨ tI{µoIyX ^man \S¯nh¶ KthjW§fpsS ^eambn 'sIm¨n³1', sIm¨n³ 2 F¶o s\Ãn\§Ä ]pd¯nd¡pIbpw CXn 'sIm¨n³1' hfsc {]Nmcw t\SpIbpw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSv sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnse PeZuÀe`yw A\p`hs¸«ncp¶ Øe§Ä¡p tbmPn¨ {lkzImebn\§Ä Is¯p¶Xnte¡mbn 1921  Fct\enepw Icn\ne§fnse A¾Xzw Ipd¡p¶Xn\pÅ ]co£W§Ä¡mbn 1926  Be¸pgbnse ]pd¡mSpw Hmtcm ]co£WtI{µ§Ä Øm]n¨psh¦nepw {ItaW Ahbpw AS¨p]q«pIbmWpmbX.v D¯ctIcfhpw Z£nW Im\dm PnÃIfpw DÄs¸Sp¶ ]ÝnaXocs¯ s\ÂIyjn kap²cn¡p¶Xn\mbn 1927 ]«m¼nbn Hcp s\Ãp {]P\\tI{µw (]mUn {_oUnwKv tÌj³) Øm]n¨tXmsSbmWv tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWcwKw iàn {]m]n¨sX¶p ]dbmw. XpSÀ¶v 1940  as¦m¼nepw ASqcnepw 1944  ImbwIpf¯pw Hmtcm KthjW tI{µ§Ä IqSn \nehn h¶p. C´y³ ImÀjnI KthjW kanXnbpsS `mKnIamb km¼¯nI klmbt¯msS as¦m¼n \S¯nb KthjW§fn Ip«\mS³ {]tZi§Ä¡\ptbmPyamb s\Ãn\§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\mWv Du ¶  s I m S p ¯ n c p ¶ s X ¦ n  I m b w Ipf¯pÅ tI{µw HmWm«pIcbv¡p sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
thnbpÅ KthjW {]hÀ¯\§fmWv \S¯nbncp¶Xv. sh«pI {]tZi§fnte¡p th KthjW{]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mbn C´y³ ImÀjnI KthjW kanXnbpsS `mKnIamb km¼¯nI klmbt¯msS ASqcn Øm]n¨ KthjW tI{µw G.Un.BÀ 1 apX G.Un.BÀ 11 hscbpÅ C\§Ä ]pd¯nd¡nb tijw 1954  sIm«mc¡cbnte¡p amän Øm]n¡pIbpw tIcf¯nsâ sX¡³ {]tZi§Ä¡mbpÅ C\§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡p¶Xn {i² tI{µoIcn¡pIbpw sNbv X p. tIcf¯nse ae{¼tZi§Ä¡pÅ KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mbn 1946  hb\m«nepff A¼ehb F¶ Øe¯v Hcp KthjW tI{µw Øm]n¡pIbpw ChnsS ^ehy£§fnepÅ KthjWt¯msSm¸w s\Ãp KthjWhpw Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbv X p. shÅmbWnbnemcw`n¨ ImÀjnI tImtfPn\v kao]w 1955  Ica\bnemcw`n¨ amXyIm ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw s\Ãnsâ ]cn]me\apdIsf¸änbpÅ ]T\§fn {i² tI{µoIcn¨p. . 1956  tIcf kwØm\¯nsâ ]ndhnsb¯pSÀ¶v s\Ãp KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p ]pXnsbmcp am\w ssI h¶p. KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p Np¡m³ ]nSn¡p¶Xn\mbn a®p¯n tI{µ¯n Hcp ssdkv kvs]jyenÌns\” \nban¡pIbpw Nme¡pSn, ]cnbmcw, IpgÂaµw F¶o Øe§fn¡qSn s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ§Ä XpS§pIbp-apmbn. 1970 aäp cp tI{µ§fpw \nÀ¯em¡n s¡mv Nme¡pSn tI{µs¯ C´y³ ImÀjnI KthjW kanXnbpsS km¼¯nI klmb¯n\p Iogn sImp hcpIbpw s\Ãnsâ PetkN\hpambn _Ôs¸« KthjW§Ä Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. C´y³ ImÀjnI KthjW kanXnbpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw 1963  kwØm\s¯ s\ÃpKthjWw Hcp tI{µoIyX KthjW tI{µw, aq¶p {]mtZinI KthjW tI{µ§Ä, cp D]tI{µ§Ä F¶nhbnembn ]p\kwLSn¸n¡phm³ Xocpam\n¨p. CtX¯pSÀ¶v ]«m¼nbnse s\Ãp {]P\\tI{µs¯ tI{µ s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ ambpw a®p¯n, as¦m¼pv , ImbwIpfw F¶nhnS§fnepÅ
CXphsc \qdne[nIw s\Ãn\§Ä tIcf¯n {]Imi\w sN¿s¸«n«pv.
sa¨s¸Sp¯nb \mS\n\§Ä IÀjIcpsS CSbn {]NmcapÅ \mS\n\§fn \n¶pw \nÀ²mcWw hgn sa¨s¸Sp¯nb C\§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡p- ¶ Xnembncp¶p BZyIme KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä {][m\ambpw {i²]Xn¸n¨n-cp¶Xv. ]«m¼n {]mtZinI ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw CXp hsc {]Imi\w sNbvX 58 C\§fn 34 F®hpw C{]Imcw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯hbmWv . CXp IqSmsX sIm«mc¡cbn \n¶p 1, sshäne, ImbwIpfw, A¼ehb F¶nhnS§fn \n¶pv 2 hoXw, as¦m¼n \n¶p 3 F¶n§s\ \m¸¯n\mev C\§Ä \mS\n\§fn \n¶pw \nÀ²mcWw hgn hnIkn¸n¨v {]Imi\w sNbvXhbmWv. AhbpsS hniZmwi§fpw {]tXyIXIfpw ]«nI 1  sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. DbÀ¶ KpWta·bpw {]XnIqe kmlNcy§sf AXnPohn¡ph\papÅ Ignhn\pw ]pdta s\Ãns\B{Ian¡p¶ ]ehn[ IoS§tfmSpw tcmK§tfmSpw s]mcpXn \n¡phm\pÅ tijnbpamWv Cu X\Xv C\§sf IÀjIÀ¡p {]nbs¸«Xm¡nbXv . AXnep]cn ChbpsS KpW§Ä BtKmf hym]Iambn¯s¶ Gsd hneaXn¡s¸Sp¶Xv ssPh AssPh k½À±§sf AXnPohn¡phm\pXIp¶ ]pXnb C\§Ä Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¡p¶Xn Ch hln¡p¶ ]¦neqsSbmWv. DZmlcW¯n\v IoStcmK {]Xntcm[tijnbnepw Imcy£aamb {]Imi kwtÇjW¯nepw ap³]´nbn \n¡p¶Xpw hfsc Ipdª aq¸papÅ ]nSn_n 10 F¶ s\Ãn\w tIcf¯n\I¯pw ]pd¯papÅ At\Iw ]pXnb C\§fpsS hnIk\¯n {][m\ ]¦p hln¨n«pv. IoStcmK {]Xntcm[tijnbpsS Imcy¯n A´mcm{ã{]ikvXn t\Snbn«pÅ C\§fmWv ]nSn_n 18, ]nSn_n 19, ]nSn_n 21 XpS§nbh. tZiobhpw A´Àt±iobhpamb At\Iw C\§Ä Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\v Cu C\§Ä D ] t b m K s ¸ S p ¯ n b n « p v . C ¶ p w Cu C\§fn ]eXpw IÀjIcpsS CSbn {]Nmc¯nepapv.
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
tI{µ§sf {]mtZinI KthjW tI{µ§fmbpw DbÀ¯pIbpw sIm«mc¡cbnepmbncp¶ D]tI{µt¯msSm¸w s]m¡mfn \ne§Ä¡\ptbmPyamb hn¯n\§fpw IyjncoXnIfpw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\mbn sshänebn Hcp D]tI{µw IqSn XpS§pIbpw sNbvXp. ]T\w, KthjWw, hnÚm\hym]\w F¶o taJeIsf kwtbmPn¸n¨p sImpt]mIp¶Xn\mbn 1972 tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemime Øm]n¡pIbpw AXphsc Iyjn hIp¸n\p Iogn \S¶p h¶ncp¶ s\Ãp KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä kÀÆIemimebnte¡p amäpIbpw sNbv X tXmsS kwØm\s¯ s\Ãp¸mZ\ cwK¯v Hcp IpXn¨pNm«w thWsa¶ hyàamb Dt±i e£yt¯msS KthjW {]hÀ¯\§Ä XzcnXs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pÅ {ia§Ä Bcw`n¨p. hnfbne[njvTnXamb KthjW§Ä¡p ]Icw hnjbm[njvTnXamb KthjW§Ä¡mbn ap³Xq¡w. 1981  tZiob ImÀjnI KthjW ]²Xn \nehn hcpIbpw tIcf¯nse hnhn[ {]tZi§fnse {]iv \ m[njv T nX KthjW§Ä¡p thn A©p taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µ§Ä Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Xmsg¸dbp¶ Cu taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µ§fnepw AhbpsS IognepÅ D] tI{µ§fnepambmWvv C¶pv tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw ]ptcmKan¡p¶Xv. 4taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, shÅmbWn 4t{Im¸nwKv knkväw dnkÀ¨v skâÀ, Ica\ 4taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, IpacIw 4s\Ãp KthjW tI{µw, as¦m¼pv 4s\Ãp KthjW tI{µw, ImbwIpfw 4s\Ãp KthjW tI{µw, sshäne 4s\Ãp KthjW tI{µw, a®p¯n 4taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, ]«m¼n. 4taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, ]oent¡mSv 4taJem ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, A¼ehb ta¸dª tI{µ§fnseÃmambn \S¶p h¶ KthjW {]hÀ¯\§fpsS ^eambn
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
16
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
]«nI 1. \mS\n\§fn \n¶pw \nÀ²mcWw hgn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯n«pÅ C\§Ä.
17
C\w
\mS³ t]cv
aq¸v
Irjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
]nSn_n 1
Bcy³
145þ150
hncn¸v
shÅs¡«pÅ ]mS§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 2
s]m¶mcy³
135þ140
hncn¸v
]nSn_n 3
Fch¸mn
125þ130
apI³
shÅs¡«pÅ ]mS§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xv Pe£maapff ]mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 4
shÅcn
140þ145
apI³
]nSn_n 5
shfp¯cn¡ba
140þ145
hncn¸v
]nSn_n 6
AXn{Imb
145þ150
apI³
sX¡³ IÀWmSI{]tZit¯¡mbn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv
]nSn_n 7
]d¼ph«³
125þ130
hncn¸v
]Ånbm \ne§fnte¡pw HmcpÅ ]mS§fnte¡pw tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 8
Nph¶cn Xhf¡®³
130þ135
hncn¸v
kzmtZdnb tNmdvv. Xn\pw CeIÄ¡pw sNdnb hbeäv\ndw
]nSn_n 9
shfp¯cn Xhf¡®³
135þ140
hncn¸v
kzmtZdnb tNmdvv. Xn\pw CeIÄ¡pw sNdnb hbeäv\ndw
]nSn_n 10
sX¡³ Noc
100þ105
hncn¸v
DbÀ¶ {]ImikwtÇjtWtijn, DbÀ¶ amwkt¯mXv
]nSn_n 11
lÃnK
145þ150
hncn¸v
sX¡³ IÀWmSI {]tZit¯¡mbn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv
]nSn_n 12
sX¡³ Nntä\n
130þ135
apI³
apª, HmeNpcp«n¸pgp, ]¨¯pff³, _mIvSocnb CeIcn¨n F¶nhbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn
]nSn_n 13
Iba
134þ140
aq¶p]qhpw
sX¡³ IÀWmSI {]tZit¯¡mbn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv
]nSn_n 14
akvImXn
130þ135
hncn¸v
sX¡³ IÀWmSI {]tZit¯¡mbn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv
]nSn_n 15
Ihp§n³ ]q¯me
165þ170
apI³
Icns¦md Irjn¡p tbmPn¨Xv aecpm¡m³ Gähpw tbmPn¨bn\w
]nSn_n 16
Ihp§n³ ]q¯me
155þ160
apI³
Icns¦md Irjn¡p tbmPn¨Xv aecpm¡m³ Gähpw tbmPn¨bn\w
]nSn_n 17
PÍp lÃnI
145þ150
hncn¸v
sX¡³ IÀWmSI {]tZit¯¡mbn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯Xv
tNämgapff ]mS§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xv Pe£maanÃm¯ Ccp¸q \ne§Ä¡v tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 18
Fch¸mn
130þ135
apI³
hcĨsb {]Xntcm[n¡m\pff Ignhv, apª, Kmfo¨, ]¨¯pų, XpXpc¸³ F¶nhbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn.
]nSn_n 19
AXn{Imb
145þ150
apI³
apªs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn
]nSn_n 20
hS¡³ Nntä\n
125þ130
apI³
t]mftcmKw, Kmfo¨ Chs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn, DbÀ¶ Acn hogvN
]nSn_n 21
sX¡³
125þ130
apI³
apª, ]¨¯pų, XpXpc¸³, Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw F¶nhs¡Xnsc DbÀ¶ {]Xntcm[tijn
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
C\w
\mS³ t]cv
aq¸v
Irjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
]nSn_n 22
shfp¯h«³
115þ120
hncn¸v
]nSn_n 23
sNdnbmcy³
110þ115
hncn¸v
]nSn_n 24
Nph¶ h«³
115þ120
hncn¸v
aW IeÀ¶ {]tZi§fn s]mSn hnX¡v tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 25
sXm®qdm³
115þ120
hncn¸v
aW IeÀ¶ {]tZi§fn s]mSn hnX¡v tbmPn¨Xv
s]mSn hnX¡v A\ptbmPyw aW IeÀ¶ {]tZi§fn s]mSn hnX¡v tbmPn¨Xv
hbeäp \ndapff CeIfpw Xpw IfItfbpw hcns\Ãnt\bpw Ffp¸¯n \o¡w sN¿m³ klmbn¡p¶p. ]¨¯qhÂ, »mÌv, t]mftcmKw F¶nhsb sNdp¯p \n¡p¶p.
]nSn_n 26
sN¦ga
115þ120
hncn¸v
]nSn_n 27
sImSnb³
130þ135
apI³
]nSn_n 28
I«tamS³
115þ120
hncn¸v
»mÌv tcmKs¯ sNdp¯p \n¡p¶p. tamS³ Irjn¡v A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 29
Idp¯tamS³
110þ115
hncn¸v
»mÌv tcmKs¯ sNdp¯p \n¡p¶p. tamS³ Irjn¡v A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 30
Nph¶tamS³
110þ115
hncn¸v
»mÌv tcmKs¯ sNdp¯p \n¡p¶p. tamS³ Irjn¡v A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 31
Ce¸¸q¨¼m³
120þ125
hncn¸v
sN¦Â {]tZit¯¡v tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 32
Acph¡mcn
120þ125
apI³
]nSn_n 33
Acp¡ndmbv
125þ130
apI³
]nSn_n 34
henbN¼m³
105þ110
hncn¸v
s]mSn hnX¡v A\ptbmPyw
Fw H 1 Fw H 2
sN«nhncn¸v IÃS¨¼mhv
105þ110 085þ110
hncn¸v hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ sNdp¯p \n¡p¶p. DbÀ¶ IoS {]Xntcm[tijn
Fw H 3
IpªXn¡nc
165þ180
hncn¸v
A¾ck¯nt\bpw Hmcnt\bpw sNdp¡m\pÅ Ignhv
bp BÀ 19
N¼mhv
85þ110
hncn¸v
»mÌns\{]Xntcm[n¡m\pÅ Ignhv
bp BÀ 110
HmcpapMI³
140þ150
apI³
D¸pckapÅ a®n\v tbmPn¨Xv
sIm«mc¡c1
Ipänt¨dmSn
140þ150
apI³
tIcf¯nsâ sX¡³ PnÃIfn cmw Irjn¡v tbmPn¨Xv
sshäne 1
sN«nhncn¸v
85þ110
hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p.
sshäne 2
Nq«ps]m¡mfn
125þ130
hncn¸v
D¸pckt¯bpw A¾ckt¯bpw AXnPohn¡m\pff Ignhv
hb\mSv 1
sXmn
140þ150
\©
DbÀ¶ IoS{]Xntcm[ tijnbpw ssiXys¯ AXnPohn¡phm\pÅ Ignhpw.
hb\mSv 2
]mÂs¯mn
140þ150
\©
DbÀ¶ IoS{]Xntcm[ tijnbpw ssiXys¯ AXnPohn¡phm\pÅ Ignhpw.
t]mf tcmK¯ns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn Cet¸³, CeNpcp«n]pgp, apª, ]¨¯pų, shůpų Chs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
18
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
C³Un¡ Pmt¸mWn¡ k¦cW ]²Xn
19
Ime¯pXs¶bmWv ^nen¸o³knepÅ A´mcm{ã s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw Hssdk kssähbnse cv D] hÀ¤§fmb sF. BÀ 8 F¶ C\hpw ]pd¯nd§nbXv. C³Un¡, Pmt¸mWn¡ F¶nhbpsS temIsa¼mSpw {]Ncn¨ sF. BÀ 8 KpWta·IÄ Hcpan¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn 1950- -60 tIcf¯n ]co£n¡p¶Xn\mbn sImpImeL«¯n temI¯nsâ hnhn[`mK§fn XpS§nsh¨ C³Un¡ Pmt¸mWn¡ k¦cW h¶Xv 1960 IfpsS Ahkm\amWv. A¶phsc ]²Xn tIcf¯nepw GsäSp¯p \S¸nem¡n- Iyjn sNbvXp h¶ncp¶ \mS\n\§tf¡mÄ sb¦nepw AXv A{Xta hnPbn¨nÃ. aq¶nc«ntbmfw hnf hÀ²\hv \ÂInb Cu k¦cW¯neqsS Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯ hn¯p- AXv`pX hn¯ns\ IÀjIÀ lÀjmcht¯msS Ifnse hÔyXbmbncp¶p Cu {iaw ]cmPb- hcthäpsh¦nepw IoS§fpsS B{IaW¯n\v s¸Sm\pmb ImcWw. F¶m Cu ]²Xnbn- hfsc thKw hgns¸Sp¶ CXnsâ kz`mhw eqsS atejybn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ 'ajqcn' tIcf¯nse s\ÂIyjnbnepw \mi\ã§fpF¶ C\w tIcf¯nÂ, {]tXyIn¨v ]me¡m«p m¡n. 1970 Ifn aq¶p hÀjw XpSÀ¨bmbn Ip«\m«nepmb apª_m[ bpsS {][m\ PnÃbn h³ {]Nmcw t\SpIbpmbn. ImcWw apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn CÃmXncp¶ sF. BÀ 8 C\¯nsâ hym]Iamb D]tbmKamWv v . k¦cW¯neqsS ]pXnb AXy¸mZ\tijnbpÅ s\Ãn\§Ä s\Ãnse Ipdnb Xn\m[mcamb Po³ s\Ãn\§Ä Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¡pt¼mÄ DXv¸mZ\ Is¯pIbpw k¦cW¯neqsS Cu Po\ns\ £ a X b v s ¡ m ¸ w I o S t c m K { ] X n t c m [ aän\§fnte¡mhmln¨v DXv¸mZ\£aX IqSnb t i j n b v ¡ p w { ] m [ m \ y w \  I W s a ¶ C\§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡phm\papÅ {ia§Ä X n c n ¨ d n h m W v ] n ¶ o S p Å K t h j W temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn Bcw`n¨Xvv { ] h À ¯ \ § s f \ b n ¨ X v . A X n \ m  Adp]XpIfpsS XpS¡¯nemWv. C§s\ A¶]qÀ®bv¡p tijw ]pd¯nd¡nb hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ Nne C\§Ä A\ykwØm- C\§fn A¡me¯v s\Ãns\ _m[n¨ncp¶ \§fn \n¶pw A\ycmPy§fn \n¶p {][m\IoSamb apªs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ Xs¶bpw DXv¸mZ\ hÀ²\hn\mbn tIcf¯n tijnIqSn DÄs¸Sp¯phm\pÅ {ia§fpw sImp h¶p ]co£n¡pIbpmbn«pv . \S¯pIbpmbn. A§ns\ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ tImb¼¯qcn \n¶pw sImph¶ Pn. C. _n . C\§fmWv Fgp]XpIfn ]pd¯nd§nb 24, ssXhm\n \n¶pw sImph¶ ssX\m³ 3, tcmlnWn, AizXn, tPymXn, `{Z XpS§nh. hnhn[ Sn. F³.1 F¶ s\Ãn\§sfÃmw Xs¶ CXnsâ DbÀ¶ DXv¸mZ\ £aXbvs¡m¸w {]Xy£ DZmlcW§fmWv. DXv¸mZ\£aX- Iyjn kab§Ä¡pw Iyjn coXnIÄ¡pw bn ap³]´nbn \n¶ncp¶ Cubn\§Ä Hcpt]mse tbmPn¨ tPymXn, AcnbpsSbpw ]t£ AcnbpsSbpw tNmdnsâbpw KpW\nehmc- tNmdnsâbpw KpW ta³a sImv FÃmhn`mK¯nepw IoStcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbnepw ]mtS ¯nÂs¸«hcpsSbpw {]iwk ]nSn¨p ]äpIbpw ] c m P b a m b n c p ¶ p . A X p s I m p X s ¶ tIcf¯n Gähpa[nIw Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶ Chbn¸eXpw IÀjIÀ XnckvIcn¡pIbmWp- C\ambn amdpIbpw sNbv X p. 1974  mbXv. Cu A\p`h¯nsâ shfn¨¯nemWv ]pd¯nd¡nb Cu C\w C¶pw hym]Iambn Nmªp hogp¶ kz`mhapÅ, C³Un¡ D] Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶p. 1976  ]«m¼n KthjW tI{µ¯n\v hÀ¤¯nÂs¸« \½psS \mS\n\§fpsS k z ` m h K p W § Ä \ n e \ n À ¯ n s ¡ m v t^mÀUv ^utjsâ km¼¯nI klmbw Ahbnte¡v Ipdnb Xnsâ Po³ IS¯nhn«v e`yamIpIbpw IqSn sNbvXtXmsS apª]pXnb C\§Ä kyãn¡pIbpw AXp hgn s¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅ C\§Ä DXv ¸ mZ\ £aX hÀ[n¸n¡p¶Xn\papÅ h n I k n ¸ n s ¨ S p ¡ p ¶ X n \ p Å K t h j W {ia§Ä \½psS \m«nemcw`n¨Xv. CXn\mbn {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡pv ]pXnsbmcpWÀÆv ssIh¶p. ]«m¼n s\ÃpKthjW tI{µ¯nemcw`n¨ Cu ]²Xnhgn Is¯nb {]Xntcm[tijn{]hÀ¯\§fpsS ^eambmWv 1966  bpÅ IĨdpIÄ ]n¡me¯v ]pXnb Z£ntWjybnse¯s¶ BZys¯ aq¸p C \ § f m b n h n I k n ¡ p I b p w ] p X n b IpdªXpw AXyp¸mZ\tijnbpapÅ C\§fpsS hnIk\¯n\pÅ t{kmXÊmbn “ A¶]qÀ®” F¶ C\w ]pd¯nd¡nbXv. CtX D]tbmKs¸SpIbpw sNbvXn«pv. 1992-  ]«m¼n s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯nd¡nb 'PbXn' F¶ C\w Cu ]²XnbneqsS Dcp¯ncnªXmWv. CXn\nsS 1990  as¦m¼p s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw apªs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijnbpÅ Bi, ]hngw, ImÀ¯nI, AcpW, aIw, cay, I\Iw XpS§nb C\§fpw ]pd¯nd¡n. kwtbmPnX IoS tcmK \nb{´W¯n H¶ntesd IoS§Ä¡pw tcmK§Ä¡psaXnsc {]Xntcm[tijnbpÅ C\§fpsS {]m[m\yw a\kvknem¡n AhbpsS hnIk\¯n\mbpÅ KthjWw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv F¬]XpIfpsS ]IpXnbnemWv. CXnsâ ^eambn 1993 Â
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸«p. AXypXv]mZ\tijn¡p ]pdta kpjp]vXmhØbpw, {][m\ tcmK§Ä¡pw IoS§Ä¡psaXnsc {]Xntcm[tijnbpw H¯nW§nb Un.1 AYhm Da, 1996þ98 Imebfhn Ip«\mS³ ]mS§fn \miw hnX¨ Kmfn¨bv s ¡Xnscbpw \à \nebnepff {]Xntcm[tijn {]ISam¡n. Ip«\mS³ IÀjIÀ¡p hfsc {]nbs¸«Xmbncp¶ ]hngw F¶ C\w amXrkkyambpw D¸pcks¯ sNdp¯p \n¡p¶Xn\v temI {]ikvXXnbmÀÖn¨ s]m¡mfn ]nXrkkyambpw D]tbmKn¨mWv Cu C\w Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯Xv. \à _eapÅ Xpw a®n Bgv¶nd§p¶ thcp ]Se§fpapÅ Da km[mcW \nebn adnªp hogpIbpanÃ, ]pfn ckapÅ a®nepw D¸p ckapÅ a®nepw Iyjn sN¿m³ km[n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. 1998  {]Imi\w sN¿s¸« Da 2008  ]¯p hbkvkp ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbt¸mÄ t\«§fpsS Hcp \o \nc Xs¶ IcØam¡n. 96 98 Imebfhnepmb Kmfn¨bpsS B{IaWw Ip«\m«nse s\ÂIyjnbnepm¡nb \ãw 80 tImSnbne[nIambncp¶p. ]n¡me§fn CXv Hgnhm¡m³ klmbn¨Xv Da F¶ s\Âhn¯mWv. A¶phsc D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ C\§sf At]£n¨v slÎdn\v 1.5 apX 2 S¬ hsc hnfhÀ[\\ÂIm³ Ignbp¶Xp aqew slÎsdm¶n\v 12000 apX 18000 cq] hsc A[nI em`apm¡m³ IÀjI\p km[n¡p¶p F¶Xv Hcp \nkvkmc Imcyaà Xs¶. C¶v Ip«\mS³ ]mS§fpsS 80 iXam\¯ne[nIhpw Iyjn sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv Da bmWv. 2007- 08 epmb th\ agbn tIcfamsI IpfnÀ¶p hnd¨p \n¶t¸mÄ Ip«\mS³ IÀjIsc Hcp ]cn[n hsc c£n¨p \nÀ¯nbXv Da F¶ Cu AXv`pX hn¯p Xs¶ bmsW¶Xn\p kwibanÃ. Ip«\mS³ ]mS§Ä¡p thn Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯sX¦nepw tIcf¯nse aäp Øe§fnepw Da hym]n¨p Ignªp. tIcf¯nse GXmv 50 iXam\¯n\-Sp¯v hbepIfnepw C¶v Da hym]n¨p Ignªncn¡p¶p. CXp hgn kwØm\¯n\v Hcp hÀjw GXmv 120 apX 150 tImSn cq]bpsS A[nI hcpam\w Dm¡m³ km[n¡p¶p. FIvkvtd, BÂ^m, Kmam XpS§nb hnIncW civanIfp]tbmKn¨v sNSnIfpsS Po³LS\bnÂ
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
]«m¼n s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw ssIcfn, Im©\, BXnc, sFizcy F¶o C\§fpw as¦m¼p s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n \n¶pw cRvPn\n, ]©an, ]hn{X F¶o C\§fpw hnIkn¸n¨p ]pd¯nd¡n. XpSÀ¶v hnhn[ ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µ§fn \n¶pw {]Imi\w sN¿s¸« C\§fnseÃmw Xs¶ DXv¸mZ\ £aXbv¡pw IoStcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbv¡pw Bhiyamb Po\pIÄ k¶nthin¸n¨n«pv. BcXn, awKfajqcn, hÀj, tizX, Kucn, Aley, a\p{]nb F¶o C\§Ä CXn\v DZmlcWamWv. CXn\pw ]pdta hnhn[ Iyjnkab§Ä¡pw IyjncoXnIÄ¡pw tbmPn¨Xpw {]XnIqe kmlNcy§sf AXnPohn¡phm\pÅ Ignhp {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xpamb C\§Ä¡mbpff KthjW§Ä hnhn[ KthjW tI{µ§fn Bcw`n¡pIbpw Ah ^e{]m]v X nbnse¯pIbpw sNbv X Xnsâ ^eambn hncn¸p Iyjn¡p thn HmWw, `mKy, Nn§w, lÀj; apI³ Iyjn¡mbn IcpW, [\y, s]m¡mfn \ne§Ä¡p thn sshäne 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; ImÀ¯nI¸Ån Xmeq¡nse D¸pckapÅ a®n apI³ Iyjn¡p thn kmKc; tNämgapff \ne§Ä¡mbn aIcw, Ipw`w; Icn\ne§fnse ]pfnckapÅ a®nte¡mbn Icnjva, IyjvWm©\; ssltd©pIfnse XWp¸ns\ AXnPohn¡p¶ Zo]vXn F¶o C\§fpw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯p. tIcf¯nse s\Ãp¸mZ\w hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xnsâ `mKambn tIcf¯nsâ s\Ãdbmb Ip«\m«n {][m\ Iyjnbmb ]p© Iyjn¡p ]pdta cmwIyjnbpw hn]peoIcnt¡Xps¶ Bibhpw F¬]XpIfn iàambn. F¶m A¶p Ip«\m«n {]Nmc¯nencp¶ s\Ãn\§fpsS, {]tXyIn¨pw tPymXn, ]hngw XpS§nb C\§fpsS s\·WnIÄ sImbv X p kab¯pmIp¶ agbn IXncnÂv¡nfnÀ¡p¶ kz`mhw {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶Xv Hcp henb t]mcmbvabmbn. Cu Ahkc¯nemWv IXncnÂv¡nfnÀ¡m¯ AYhm kpjp]vXmhØbpÅ AXypXv]mZ\C\§Ä Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¡m³ thnbpÅ ]²Xn as¦m¼v s\Ãv KthjW tI{µ¯n Bcw`n¨Xv. 1983þ84  XpS§nb Cu ]²XnbneqsS as¦m¼v s\Ãv KthjW tI{µ¯nepmbncp¶ Ccp\qtdmfw s\Ãn\§sf kpjp]vXmhØbpsS ASnØm\¯n ITn\ kpjp]vXmhØbpÅXv, kpjp]vXmhØ IpdªXv, kpjp]v X mhØ CÃm¯Xv F¶n§s\ aq¶m¡n Xcw Xncn¨p. XpSÀ¶v ITn\ kpjp]vXmhØ {]ISn¸n¨ s]m¡mfn, IpdpI, sNs¶Ãv F¶o \mS³ C\§fpw kpjp]vXmhØ CÃm¯Xpw F¶m AXypXv]mZ\ tijnbpÅXpamb `{Z, Bi, ]hngw, ImÀ¯nI F¶o C\§fpw X½n k¦cWw \S¯pIbpmbn. C§s\ DXv ] mZn¸n¨ k¦cs\ÃpIfpsS ]n³Xeapd-Ifn \n¶pw sa¨amb sNSnIsf ]e L«§fnembn sXcsªSp¯v ]e hnf]co£W§Ä \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp. CXn hfsc sa¨amb \nehmcw ]peÀ¯nb cv IĨdpIÄ - Un 1 Dw Un 6 Dw ]n¶oSv Da, tchXn F¶o t]cpIfnÂ
20
sNdnb hyXymk§Ä hcp¯m³ km[n¡p¶ Cu b n \ w h n I k n ¸ n s ¨ S p ¯ n c n ¡ p ¶ X v . DĸcnhÀ¯\w” F¶ {]{Inb hgnbpw ]pXnb c i v a n b v ¡ p ] p d t a t I c f I m À j n I C\§Ä hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡phm\pÅ {ia§Ä kÀÆIemimebpsS hnhn[ s\Ãp KthjW t I c f I m À j n I k À Æ I e m i m e b n  tI{µ§fn \n¶mbn caWnI, A\izc, [\p, \S¶n«pv. ]«m¼n s\Ãp KthjW tI{µ¯n sshäne 5 XpS§nb C\§fpw DĸcnhÀ¯\w \n¶pw ]pd¯nd¡nb “ civ a n C\amWv hgn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯n«pv. DĸcnhÀ¯\w hgn tIcf¯n tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebnse hnhn[ hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ BZys¯ C\w. D¸pshÅw KthjW tI{µ§fn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ I b d p ¶ H m c p ] m S § Ä ¡ \ p t b m P y a m b AXy¸mZ\tijnbpff s\Ãn\§fpsS hniZ HmÀ¸mn F¶ \mS\n\¯n \n¶pamWv hnhc§Ä ]«nI 3  sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. Iyjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
1966
95-þ100
aq¶p ]qhpw
DbÀ¶ hnfhv, F¶m apª, Ce¸pÅn t]mftcmKw ChbpsS B{IaW¯n\p thKw hnt[bamIp¶p.
]nSn_n 10/ sFBÀ 8
1971
85-þ110
hncn¸v, ]p©
Ce¸pÅn, ]pÅn¡p¯v Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn.
AizXn
]nSn_n 10/ UoPn H hq sP³
1971
120-þ125
hncn¸v, ]p©
Ce¸pÅn, ]pÅn¡p¯v Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn.
{XnthWn
A¶]qÀ®/ ]nSn_n 15
100-þ105
aq¶p ]qhpw
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw ChbpsS B{IaW¯n\p thKw hnt[bamIp¶p.
]nSn_n 39
tPymXn
]nSn_n 10/ sFBÀ 8
1974
110þ125
aq¶p ]qhpw
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw ChbpsS B{IaW¯n\p thKw hnt[bamIp¶p.
]nSn_n 40
i_cn
A¶]qÀ®/ sFBÀ 8
1974
130þ135
hncn¸v, apI³
t]mftcmK¯n\p thKw hgns¸Sp¶p.
]nSn_n 41
`mcXn
]nSn_n 10/ sFBÀ 8
1974
120þ125
hncn¸v, apI³
Ce¸pÅn, ]pÅn¡p¯v Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
]nSn_n 42
kphÀ® tamS³
G BÀ kn 11775  \n¶pw \nÀ²mcWw
1976
110þ115
hncn¸v
hcĨbv¡pw Ce¸pÅn tcmK¯n\psaXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
amXr ]nXy kky§Ä
]nSn_n 35
A¶]qÀ®
SnF³ 1 / ]nSn_n 10
]nSn_n 36
tcmlnWn
]nSn_n 37
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
]nSn_n 38
21
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸« hÀjw
aq¸v
t]cv
C\w
1971
]nSn_n 43
kzÀ®{]`
`hm\n/ {XnthWn
1985
105þ110
hncn¸v
DbÀ¶ {]ImikwtÇjtWtijn hcĨbv¡pw, XpXpc¸\pw Ce¸pÅn tcmK¯n\psaXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. t]mftcmK¯n\pw _mIvSocnb CeIcn¨nen\pw thKw hgns¸Sp¶p.
]nSn_n 44
civan
HmÀ¸mn bpsS ayq«â v
1985
150þ160
apI³
apª, Kmfo¨, XpXpc¸³, CeNpcp«n¸pgp F¶nhbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 45
a« {XnthWn
{XnthWnbn \n¶pw ]p\À \nÀ²mcWw
1990
100þ105
aq¶p ]qhpw
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw ChbpsS B{IaW¯n\p thKw hnt[bamIp¶p.
]nSn_n 46
PbXn
{XnthWn/ sFBÀ 2061
1992
120þ125
hncn¸v, apI³
shff Acn. apª, Ce¸pÅn, ]pÅn¡p¯v Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
hncn¸v, apI³
shÅs¡«pÅ ]mS§Ä¡pw ]q´Â¸mS§Ä¡pw tbmPn¨ C\w. Ce¸pÅn, t]mf Icn¨nÂ, CeNpcp«n¸pgp F¶nhbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. t]mftcmK¯n\p hgns¸Sp¶p.
]nSn_n 47
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
\ocP
sFBÀ 20/ sFBÀ 5
1992
140þ150
t]cv
amXr ]nXy kky§Ä
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸« hÀjw
aq¸v
Iyjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
]nSn_n 48
\nf
{XnthWn/ shff¯n sImf¸me/ kn H 25
1992
160-þ180
apI³
apª, Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn Ce¸pÅn tcmK¯n\p hgns¸Sp¶p.
]nSn_n 49
ssIcfn
sFBÀ 36/ tPymXn
1993
110-þ115
aq¶p ]qhpw
Kmfo¨, CeNpcp«n¸pgp, Ce¸pÅn t]mftcmKw Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn
]nSn_n 50
Im©\
sFBÀ 36/ ]hngw
1993
105-þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
Ce¸pÅn, ]pÅn¡p¯v, Xpw{Kq sshdkv Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 51
BXnc
_n BÀ 56- 46 -1 / IĨÀ 23 332 2
1993
120-þ130
hncn¸v, apI³
apª, Kmfo¨, Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 52
sFizcy
tPymXn/ _n BÀ 56- 46 -1
1993
120-þ125
hncn¸v, ]p©
apª, Kmfo¨, Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 53
awKf ajqcn
ajqcn bn \n¶pw ]p\À \nÀ²mcWw
1998
130-þ140
hncn¸v, apI³
t]mftcmKw, thÄ am¤«v, Ccp¼bncv Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 54
IcpW
kn H 25/ F¨v 4
1998
135-þ140
apI³
XpXpc¸³, Ce¸pÅn, t]mftcmKw, Ccp¼bncv Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 55
lÀj
Fw 210/ ]nSn_n 28
2000
105-þ115
hncn¸v
hcĨbv¡pw Ce¸pÅn tcmK¯n\psaXnsc {]Xntcm[tijn. s]mSnhnXbv¡v A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 56
hÀj
Fw 210/ ]nSn_n 28
2002
110-þ120
hncn¸v, apI³
hcĨbv¡pw Ce¸pÅn tcmK¯n\psaXnsc {]Xntcm[tijn. s]mSnhnXb¡pw \Sn¨nen\pw A\ptbmPyw
]nSn_n 57
tizX
sFBÀ 50/ kn 14 40
2002
130-þ135
hncn¸v, apI³
shff Acn. ]me¡Snsâ Ing¡³ {]tZi§fnse cmwIyjn¡p tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 58
A\izc
]nSn_n 20 sâ ayq«â v
2006
130-þ135
apI³
Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
]nSn_n 59
kwbpà
Fw2/]nSn_n 28
2010
115-þ120
hncn¸v
Iq«papI³ Iyjn¡v tbmPn¨Xv
]nSn_n 60
sshimJv
kzÀ®{]` bn \n¶pw \nÀ²mcWw
2010
115-þ120
hncn¸v
Ics\ÂIyjn¡v tbmPn¨Xv. hcĨbv s¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
FwH 4
`{Z
sFBÀ 8/ ]nSn_n 20
1978
110-þ140
hncn¸v, apI³
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. t]mftcmK¯n\p hgns¸Sp¶p.
FwH 5
Bi
sFBÀ 11 1 66/ sIm¨phn¯v
1981
115þ120
hncn¸v, apI³
apª, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨nÂ, Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
FwH 6
]hngw
sFBÀ 8 / Icnsh®Â
1985
115þ120
hncn¸v, apI³
apª, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨nÂ, Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
FwH 7
ImÀ¯nI
{XnthWn/ sFBÀ 1539
1987
105þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨nÂ, Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
C\w
22
Iyjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
1990
100-þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, XpXpc¸³, t]mftcmKw, ]pÅn¡p¯v, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
G BÀ kn 6650/ Pb
1990
100-þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, XpXpc¸³, t]mftcmKw, ]pÅn¡p¯v, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
cay
Pb/ ]nSn_n 33
1990
115-þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
FwH 11
I\Iw
sFBÀ 1561/ ]nSn_n 33
1990
120-þ125
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, XpXpc¸³, t]mftcmKw, Ce¸pÅn, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwH 12
cRvPn\n
FwH 5/ Cw{]qhvUv tkm\
1995
120-þ130
aq¶p ]qhpw
Ce¸pÅntcmK¯ns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwH 13
]hn{X
kptcJ/ FwH 5
1998
115-þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwH 14
]©an
t]mX\/ FwH 5
1998
115-þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwH 15
caWnI
Fw H 1 sâ ayq«â v
1998
105-þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw, Ce¸pÅn, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn.
FwH 16
Da
]hngw/ s]m¡mfn
1998
120-þ125
hncn¸v, apI³
apª, Kmfo¨ Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. Hcp amkw hsc kpjp]vXmhØ.
FwH 17
tchXn
IĨÀ 12814/ FwH 6
1998
100-þ105
aq¶p ]qhpw
apªbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. Hcp amkw hsc kpjp]vXmhØ.
FwH 18
Icnjva
Fw H 1/ FwH 6
1998
115-þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, Ccp¼bncv Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
FwH 19
IyjvWmRvP\
Fw H 1/ FwH 6
1998
105-þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, Kmfo¨, Ccp¼bncv Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
Kucn
`{Z / IĨÀ 25331 1
2002
115þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
apª, XpXpc¸³, CeNpcp«n¸pgp, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
102þ105
aq¶p ]qhpw
Ip«\m«nse Ccp¸q ]mS§Ä¡p tbmPn¨Xv. apª, Kmfo¨, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨nÂ, ]pÅn¡p¯v, Chbvs¡Xnsc, Hcp {]n[n hsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. apª, XpXpc¸³, CeNpcp«n¸pgp, t]mftcmKw, ]pÅn¡p¯v, Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn
t]cv
amXr ]nXy kky§Ä
FwH 8
AcpW
Pb/ ]nSn_n 33
FwH 9
aIw
FwH 10
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
FwH 20
23
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸« hÀjw
aq¸v
C\w
{]Xymi
sF.F.än.4786/ AcpW
sIssh FÂFw 2
e£van
sIm«mc¡c/ s]mUphn
1981
175þ180
apI³
sIssh FÂFw 3
`mKy
XSp¡³/ Sn F³1
1985
120þ125
hncn¸v ]p©
apª, shÅñ apª, t]mf tcmKw, hcĨ Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
sIssh FÂFw 4
HmWw
sIm¨phn¯v/ Sn F³ 1
1985
95þ105
aq¶p ]qhpw
t]mftcmKw, Ce¸pÅn, t]mf Icn¨n hcĨ Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwH 21
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
2010
t]cv
amXr ]nXy kky§Ä
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸« hÀjw
aq¸v
Iyjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
sIssh FÂFw 5
[\y
Pb/ ]nSn_n 4
1992
120þ125
apI³
XpXpc¸³, CeNpcp«n¸pgp, t]mftcmKw, Ce¸pÅn Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
sIssh FÂFw 6
kmKc
HmcpapI³
1993
175þ180
apI³
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. HmWm«pIcbnse HmcpapI³ ]mS§Ä¡p tbmPn¨Xv.
sIssh FÂFw 7
Nn§w
Fw 2/ IĨÀ 25331 1
2002
95þ100
hncn¸v
hcĨsb AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]mSnhnXbv¡v A\ptbmPyw
sIssh FÂFw 8
[\p
]nSn_n 20 sâ ayq«â v
2002
150þ160
apI³
{][m\ tcmK§Ä¡pw IoS§Ä¡pw FXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
sIm«mc¡c 2
aIcw
Ipänt¨dmSn
2002
150þ160
apI³
tIcf¯nsâ sX¡³ PnÃIfnse tNdmSn \ne§fnte¡v cmw Irjn¡v tbmPn¨Xv
sIm«mc¡c 3
Ipw`w
Ipänt¨dmSn
2002
165þ170
apI³
tIcf¯nsâ sX¡³ PnÃIfnse tNdmSn \ne§fnte¡v cmw Irjn¡v tbmPn¨Xv
sIm«mc¡c 4
Xpemw
Hm.Fw 1/ ]¦Pv
2010
135þ140
apI³
HmWm«pIcbnse cmw Iyjn¡v tbmPn¨ C\w
hnänFÂ 3
sshäne 3
sshäne 1/ Sn F³1
1987
110þ115
hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw
hnänFÂ 4
sshäne 4
sN«nhncn¸v/ sFBÀ 4630-22- 2- 17
1993
120þ125
hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw
hnänFÂ 5
sshäne 5
ajqcn ayq«â v
1995
115þ120
hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw
hnänFÂ 6
sshäne 6
sNdphncn¸v/ sF BÀ 5/ Pb
2004
115þ120
hncn¸v
D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw
hnänFÂ 7
sshäne 7
sFBÀ 8/ ]mävss\23
2006
115þ120
hncn¸v
shff Acn. DbÀ¶ amwkt¯mXv. D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn ¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw.
hnänFÂ 8
sshäne 8
sF. BÀ 4730-94-43-1 / kn.Fkv BÀ 10
2010
115þ120
hncn¸v
shff Acn. DbÀ¶ amwkt¯mXv. D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. s]m¡mfn ¸mS§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyw.
Gknhn 1
BcXn
Pb/ ]nSn_n 33
1993
120þ135
hncn¸v, apI³
FwF³ssh 1
{lkz
sFBÀ 8/ Sn 140
1993
70þ75
aq¶p ]qhpw
hfsc aq¸p IpdªXv
FwF³ssh 2
Aley
]nSn_n 10/ Sn F³1/Sn F³1
1998
90þ102
aq¶p ]qhpw
t]mftcmKw, CeNpcp«n¸pgp, hcĨ Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
FwF³ssh 3
a\p{]nb
]n sI 3355- 5- 1 4- / `{Z
2006
105þ110
aq¶p ]qhpw
{][m\ tcmK§Ä¡pw IoS§Ä¡pw FXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
IpªpIpªv hnsIF 1 IpªpIpªp C\¯n \n¶pw hÀ® \nÀ²mcWw
2002
115þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
{][m\ tcmK§Ä¡pw IoS§Ä¡pw FXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. kzmtZdnb tNmdv.
apª, t]mftcmKw, t]mf Icn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
C\w
24
C\w
hnsIF 2
Ftgmw 1
Ftgmw 2
t]cv
amXr ]nXy kky§Ä
IpªpIpªp IpªpIpªv C\¯n \n¶pw {]nb \nÀ²mcWw
Ftgmw 1
Ftgmw 2
Pb/IpXncv
Pb/HmÀ¡ba
{]Imi\w sN¿s¸« hÀjw
aq¸v
Iyjn kabw
{]tXyIXIÄ
2002
115þ120
aq¶p ]qhpw
{][m\ tcmK§Ä¡pw IoS§Ä¡pw FXnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn. kzmtZdnb tNmdv.
hncn¸v
ssI¸mSv \ne§Â¡v tbmPn¨Xv. D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. Kmfo¨, Ipg¸pgp, CeNpcp«n¸pgp t]mftcmKw, _mIvSocnb CeIcn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
hncn¸v, apI³
ssI¸mSv \ne§Â¡v tbmPn¨Xv. D¸pcks¯ AXnPohn¡p¶p. Kmfo¨, Ipg¸pgp, CeNpcp«n¸pgp t]mftcmKw, _mIvSocnb CeIcn¨n Chbvs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijn.
2010
2010
k¦c s\Âhn¯v
tIcf¯nse s\Ãp KthjWw: Hsc¯nt\m«w
k¦c hocyw F¶ {]Xn`mkw NqjWw sNbvXp hnfhp hÀ[n¸n¡m\pÅ KthjW§fpw tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebn \S¶p hcp¶p. cv hyXyاfmb s\Ãn\§Ä X½n _oP k¦e\w \S¯n e`n¡p¶ hn¯v H\mw Xeapdbn¯s¶ IrjnsN¿m\p]tbmKn¡p¶XmWv k¦cs\Âhn¯v AYhm ssl{_nUv ssdkv. k¦c hocyw Gähpa[nIw {]ISambn¡mWp-¶Xv H¶mw XeapdbnemIbm AXv Gähpw IqSnb Afhn NqjWw sN¿m³ km[n¡p¶p F¶XmWv CXpsImpÅ t\«w. k¦cs\Ãn\§sf At]£n¨v DbÀ¶ hfÀ¨m\nc¡v, \n_nUamb thcp]Se§Ä, DbÀ¶ {]ImikwtÇjWw, hÀ²n¨ tXmXnepÅ Nn\¸pIfpw, IXncpIfpw, Hmtcm IXncnepapÅ aWnIfpsS hÀ²\hpw `mc¡qSpXepw, hnfhnepÅ hÀ²\hv ChsbÃmw k¦cs\Âhn¯nsâ {]tXyIXIfmWv. k¦chn¯pIÄ k¦cs\Ãn\§sf At]£n¨v 20 - - 25 iXam\t¯mfw hnf hÀ²\hv Xcp¶XmWv. AXmbXv k¦chn¯nsâ D]tbmKw sImpam{Xw Hcp slIvSdn GXmv 1 S®n IqSpX hnfhÀ²\hv \ap¡v
25
135þ140
120þ125
{]Xo£n¡mw. {Kao\ntb IpSpw_¯nÂs¸Sp¶ s\Ãv, tKmX¼v apXemb kky§Ä kzbw ]cmKWw s]mXpXXzambn kzoIcn¨n«pÅhbmIbmÂv C§s\bpÅ kky§fn ]c]cmKW¯n\mbn amXrkky§sf X¿mdm¡n FSpt¡Xpv. CXn\mbn amXr kkyambn D]tbmKn¡p¶ C\§fpsS tIkc§Ä Ir{XnaamÀ¤§fp]tbmKn¨v \o¡w sNbvXtijamWv ]nXr kky¯nsâ ]cmKw D]tbmKn¨v _oPk¦e\w \S¯p¶Xv. F¶m hym]Iamb Irjn¡mhiyamb k¦chn¯pIÄ Dev]mZn¸n¡m\mbn Cu amÀ¤§Ä kzoIcn¡pI {]mtbmKnIaÃ. AXn\mbn {]tXyI kt¦XnI hnZyIÄ D]tbmKnt¡Xpv. {]IrXymXs¶ tIkc§Ä \nÀÖohhpw kzbw ]cmKWtijnbnÃm¯Xpamb amXr kky§sf hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯v Ahbp]tbmKn¨mWv hn¯pIÄ Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶Xv. C§s\ hn¯pev]mZn¸n¡p¶ coXnbn F \ncIÄ, _n \ncIÄ, BÀ \ncIÄ F¶n§s\ aq¶p Xcw kky \ncIÄ DÄvs¸«ncn¡p¶p. tIcf¯n hn`n¶§fmb ImemhØ¡pw IrjncoXnIÄ¡pw tbmPn¨ k¦cs\Âhn¯pIÄ Dcp¯ncn¨v FSp¡m\pÅ {ia§Ä tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemimebn \S¶phcp¶p hnhn[ {]tZi§fnte¡p tbmPn¨ F \ncIfpw _n \ncIfpw hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¡phm\pw sshhn²yamÀ¶ \½psS P\nXI tiJc¯n \n¶pw AXypev]mZ\ tijnbpÅ BÀ \ncIÄ Is¯n KpWta\vabpw Dev]mZ\tijnbpw IoStcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbpw H¯nW§nb k¦cs\Âhn¯pIÄ Dev]mZn¸n¡phm\papÅ KthjW {]hÀ¯\§fpsS ^eambn aq¶p k¦c s\Âhn¯pIÄ Dcp¯ncns¨Sp¯n«pv. F¶m Chsbv¡Ãmw Xs¶ shÅ AcnbmWpÅXv. sa¨s¸« ]mNI KpWhpw Nph¶ AcnbpapÅ k¦c hn¯n\mbpÅ KthjWw XpSÀ¶p sImncn¡p¶p
(tUm. Fkv. eo\m Ipamcn as¦m¼v s\Ãp Kth-jW tI{µ-¯n ¹mâ v {_oUnwKv hn`mKw s{]m^-kdpw Øm]\ ta[m-hn-bp-am-Wv)
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ
kmt¦-XnIhnZybpw KpW-tZm-j-§fpw Pn. FÂkn .kn.-BÀ.
t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fmWv Po\p-Isf hln-¡p-¶-Xv. t{Ima-tkm-ap-IÄ¡p-Ånse Un.-F³.-F. \mS-Ifn ]än-t¨À¶n-cp¶v Pohn-bpsS kI-e-hn[ kz`m- h - k - h n- t i- j - X - I - s fbpw \nb- { ´n- ¡ p¶ Po\p-Isf Hcp Pohn-bnÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯v asämcp Pohn-bn-te¡v amän-sh-¡m³ P\-änIv F©n-\o-bdn-§n-eqsS a\p-jy-\n¶v km[y-am-Wv. Cu kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS kky-§-fnÂ\n¶v P´p¡-fn-te-¡pw, Xncn-¨pw, kq£vam-Wp-¡-fnÂ\n¶v kky-§-fn-te-¡pw, P´p-¡-fn-te-¡p-saÃmw Po\pIsf amän-Øm-]n-¡mw. Po\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\s¯ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-tbm, aµo-`-hn-¸n-¡pItbm sN¿mw. C§ns\Po\p-Isf amän Øm-]n¨pw, H«n-¨p-tNÀ¯pw, sh«n-sbm-Xp-¡nbpw Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-sf krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶p. P\n-XI amä kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bn-eqsS ]nd-hnsb-Sp¯ "^vfmhÀ tkhÀ' F¶ X¡m-fn-bmWv It¼m-f-¯n-se-¯nb BZy Pn.-Fw. hnf. hnf-shSp-¸p-I-gn-ªm hfsc s]s«¶p ]gp¯v tISp-hcp¶ ^e-am-WtÃm X¡m-fn. F¶m ^vfmhÀ tkhÀ X¡m-fn-I-fn P\n-XI kmt¦-XnI hnZybp-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]gp-¡Â {]{Inb hfsc kmh-[m-\¯n-em¡n. A§ns\tISp-h-cmsX IqSp-XÂImew kq£n¨p sh¡m-hp¶ ^vfhÀtk-hÀ X¡m-fnIÄ 1996 It¼m-f-¯n-se-¯n. ^vfmhÀ tkhÀ X¡m-fn-¡p-tijw Ht«sd Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ temIsa-¼mSpw hb-ep-I-fn-se-¯n. C¶v Gähpw hym]I-ambn Irjn-sN-¿-s¸-Sp¶ Pn.-Fw. hnf tkmb-
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ kmt¦-XnIhnZybpw KpW-tZm-j-§fpw
Fw. AYhm "P\-än-¡en tamUnss^Uv' hnf-IÄ C¶v ]{X-Zr-iy-am-[y-a-§-fn hf-sc-b-[nIw hmÀ¯m-{]-[m\yw t\Sp-¶p. Pn.Fw. hnf-IÄ Irjn sN¿m³ IÀj-Isc A\p-h-Zn¡-W-sa¶ A`n-{]m-b-§-fpw, -A-Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn Ahsb Irjn-bn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶v ]qÀ®-ambn amän\nÀ¯-W-sa-¶p-apÅ A`n-{]m-b-§fpw ià-ambn DbÀ¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ Cu Pn.-Fw. F´mWv F¶-dnbmsX Hcp henb hn`mKw P\-§Ä ImgvN-¡mcmbn amdn \n¡p-¶p. Nne-t¸m-sg-¦nepw Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ Fs´-¶-dn-bm-¯-hÀt]mepw Ah-sb¸än A`n-{]m-b-§Ä ]dªv P\-{i² t\Sp-¶Xp ImWp-v. Cu kml-N-cy-¯n Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ F´m-sW¶pw temI-ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯v AhbpsS Øm\w Fs´¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¨pt\m-¡mw. "P\-änIv F©n-\o-b-dnwMv' AYhm P\n-X-Iamä kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS Pohn-I-fpsS P\n-XI-L-S-\sb \nb-{´n-¡p¶ Po\p-I-fn amäw hcp¯n krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ hnf-I-sf-bmWv Pn.Fw. hnf-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Po\p-IÄ, PohPm-e-§-fn {]Ir-Xn-sbm-fn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ \nKqV P\n-XI IWn-I-I-fm-Wv. Poh-Pm-e-§-fnse kz`mh-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Xe-ap-d-I-fnÂ\n¶pw Xe-ap-dI-fn-te¡v ]I-cp-¶Xv Po\p-I-sf¶ AXn-kq£va ]mc-¼-cy-L-S-I-§Ä hgn-bm-Wv. GI-tIm-iambpw _lp- t Im- i - k - a p- ¨ b- a mbpw \ne\n¡p¶ Pohn-I-fnse tImi-§fen-tem-tcm¶nepw AXn-`-{Z-ambn AS¡w sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶
26
_o-\m-Wv. temI-sa-¼m-Sp-apÅ tkmb-_o³ ]mS§-fn 52 iX-am-\-¯nepw Pn.-Fw. tkmb-_o³ C\-§-fmWv Irjn-sN-¿p-¶Xv F¶-dn-bp-t¼mÄ Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS kzoIm-cyX \ap-¡q-ln-¡mw. Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS Imcy-¯n tkmb-_o-\n\p sXm«p-]n-dsI Pn.-Fw. tNmf-hpw, AXn\pw ]nd-In ]cp-¯nbpw \n¡p-¶p. 2009se Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS IW¡v ]«nI 1 sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]«nI 1. 2009se Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXrXn hnf
\¼À
1 2 3 4 5 6
hnkvXrXn (an. slIvSÀ)
tkmb-_o³ tNmfw ]cp¯n It\me (I-Sp-Ip-hÀ¤w) jpKÀ _oäv ]¸mb
sam¯w Irjn-bpsS iX-am\w
69.2 41.7 16.1 6.4
52 31 12 5
0.5 <0.1
<1 <1
Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ kmt¦-XnIhnZybpw KpW-tZm-j-§fpw
(A-h-ew_w þ ISAAA dnt¸mÀ«v, 2009)
27
hnhn[ ImÀjn-Im-h-iy-§Ä¡mbn Dcp-¯n-cns¨-Sp-¡p¶ hnf-I-fnÂ, If-\m-in-\n-I-f-Sn-¨mepw \in-¨p-t]m-Im¯ Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fmWv {]Y-a-Øm\¯p \n¡p-¶-Xv. tkmb-_o³ ]mS-§-fnse If-Isf \in-¸n-¡m³ If-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn-¡pt¼mÄ If-IÄam{Xw \in-¡p-Ibpw Pn.-Fw. tkmb-_o³ sNSn-IÄ c£-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. If-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\p IÀjIsc Gsd klm-bn¡p¶ Hcp kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bm-Wn-Xv. Pn.-Fw. tkmb-_o-\n-s\-t¸mse If-\m-in-\n-Isf sNdp¡p¶ tNmfw, ISp-Iv, ]cp-¯n, jpKÀ_o-äv, BÂ^mÂ^m F¶n-h-bpsS Pn.-Fw. C\-§fpw e`y-am-Wv. temI¯v BsI Irjn-sN-¿-s¸-Sp¶ Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fn 62 iX-am-\-hpw If-\m-in-\nIsf sNdp-¡p¶ Irjn-bn-\-§-fmWv Irjn-sN-¿s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C´y-bn hb-ep-I-fn Irjn-sN-¿m³ A\paXn e`n-¨n-«p-Å- H-tc-sbmcp hnf _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯nbm-Wv. _kn-Ãkv Xpdn³P-b³knkv (Bacillus thuringiensis) F¶ _mIvSo-cn-b-bn-epÅ Po\mWv _n.-Sn. Po³. "ss{I' Po\p-I-sf¶mWv Chsb imkv{Xo-b-ambn hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. _n.-Sn. Po\pIÄ Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ _n.-Sn. hnjw Nne {]tXyI IoS-§sf sImÃm³ {]m]vXn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. _mIvSocn-b-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ _n.-Sn. Po\ns\ssPh-km-t¦XnI hnZy-bn-eqsS hnf-s¨-Sn-I-fn-te¡v amäp-t¼mÄ _n.-Sn. hnf-s¨-Sn-IÄ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. _n.-Sn. sNSn-IÄ Ah-bpsS kky-`m-K-§-fn _n.-Sn. hnjw Dev]m-Zn-¸n¨v IoS-§-fpsS B{I-a-Ws¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶p. alntIm F¶ I¼-\n-bmWv C´y-bn-emZyw _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-b-n\-§sf It¼m-f-¯n-se-¯n-¨Xv. C´y-bn-en-t¸mÄ At\Iw I¼-\n-IÄ _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-bpsS hn¯p-ev]m-Z\hnX-cW cwK-¯pv. 2002-emWv C´y-bn _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-bn-\-§fpsS Irjn¡v BZy-ambn A\p-aXn \ÂIn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-b-n\-§Ä D]-tbmKn-¡p¶ IÀj-I-cpsS F®w hÀjw {]Xn Gdn-hsabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
cn-I-bm-Wv. C´y-bnse ]cp¯n Ir-jn-¸m-S-§fpsS 80 iX-am-\-¯nepw _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-bn-\-§Ä BWv hnf-bp-¶-Xv. 2002 shdpw 50,000 slIvSÀ Øe¯mbncp¶p _n.-Sn. ]cp¯n F¦n 2009 CXv 8.4 Zi-e£w. slIvSÀ Bbn DbÀ¶p. C´y-bn kzIm-cy-hn-¯p-I-¼-\n-IÄs¡m¸w kÀ¡mÀ Øm]-\-§fpw _n.-Sn. ]cp-¯n-b-\§sf Dcp-¯n-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn ]¦p hln-¡p¶p. If-\m-in-\n-I-sfbpw IoS-§-sfbpw sNdp¡p¶ hnf-I-tfm-sSm¸w Chsb cn-s\bpw Htct]mse sNdp-¡p¶ C\-§-fp-ap-v. sshdkv tcmK-§sf sNdp-¡p¶ Pn.-Fw. hnf-Ifpw [mcm-fambn Irjn- s N- ¿ - s ¸- S p- ¶ p. IoS- t cm- K §Ät]mse IÀj-Isc hnj-an-¸n-¡p¶ eh-Wm[nIyw, hcĨ, s]Å-s¡-«v, DbÀ¶ NqSv, aªv XpS-§nb {]Xn-Iq-e-L-S-I-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n¡p¶ Pn.-Fw. C\-§-fpsS ]co-£-W-§fpw Ht«sd \S-¡p-¶p. tIm«-bs¯ C´y³ dºÀ Kth-jW-tI-{µ-¯n Dcp-¯n-cn-s¨-Sp¯ Pn.-Fw. dºÀ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡mbn X¿m-dm-bn-¡-gn-ªp. dº-dnsâ Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb _m[n-¡p¶ ]«-a-c¸v, hcĨ F¶n-hsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³ Pn.-Fw. dº-dn-\mIpw F¶mWv {]Xo-£. {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-§sf AXn-Po-hn-¡p¶ Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄs¡m¸w DbÀ¶ t]mj-I-aq-eyapÅ Pn.-Fw. hnf-Ifpw krjn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. t]mj-I-¡p-d-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ Kth-j-W-^-eambn krjvSn-¡-s¸« kphÀ® s\Ãv (Golden rice) Gsd {i² ]nSn-¨p-]-äp-I-bp-m-bn. _mIvSo-cn-bbnÂ\n- ¶ pw, Umt^m- U n F¶ ]qs¨- S nbnÂ\n¶pw "hnä-an³ F'bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-¡m-h-iyamb Po\p-Isf amän-sb-Sp¯v s\Âs¨-Sn-bn-te¡v k¶n-th-in-¨-t¸mÄ hnä-an³ F kar-²-amb kphÀ® s\Ãp-m-bn. Ct¦m t]m{Sn-¡-kv, ]oäÀ t_bÀ F¶o F¶o imkv{X-Ú-cm-bn-cp¶p tKmÄU³ s\Ãnsâ krjvSn-bn apJy-]¦p hln¨- h À. ]mh- s ¸- « - h - c psS apJy- ` - £ - W - a mb Acnbn "hnäm-an³ F' IqSn tNÀ¯v AÔ-Xbn \n¶v Ahsc tamNn-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bncp¶p Cu imkv{X-Ú-cpsS e£yw. F¶m ]e-hn[ Imc-W-§-fm kphÀ® s\Ãv C¶pw IÀj-I-h-b-ep-I-fn-te-s¡-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. 2009 IW¡p{]Imcw Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ Gä-hp-a[nIw Irjn-sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡-bn-em-Wv 64
Zi-e£w slIvSÀ Øe-¯v. cmw Øm\w {_ko-en-\mWv, 21.4 Zi-e£w slIvSÀ. sXm«p]n- d sI AÀPâo- \ bpw \memw- Ø m- \ ¯v C´ybpw \n¡p-¶p. hnhn-[-cm-Py-§-fnse Pn.Fw. hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXrXn ]«nI 2 sImSp-¯ncn-¡p-¶p. ]«nI 2. 2009 hnhn[ cmPy-§-fnse Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXrXn cmPyw
Ata-cn¡ {_ko AÀPâo\ C´y I\U ssN\ ]cmtKz sXt¡ B{^n¡ DdptKz s_mfo-hnb ^nen-ss¸³kv
hnkvXrXn (Zi-e£w slIvSÀ)
64.0 21.4 21.3 8.4 8.2 3.7 2.2 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.5
(A-h-ew_w þ ISAAA dnt¸mÀ«v, 2009)
(tUm. kn.-BÀ FÂkn shÅm-\n-¡c tlmÀ«n¡Ä¨-d tImtf-Pn kky {]P-\\ hn`mKw s{]m^k-dm-Wv.)
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ kmt¦-XnIhnZybpw KpW-tZm-j-§fpw
DbÀ¶ IoS-tcmK {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn,- I-f-\min\n {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn, DbÀ¶ `£y-aq-eyw, {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-§sf sNdp-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ignhv F¶n- § s\hnh- n [- § - f mb Bh- i y§Ä¡p-thn \nÀ½n¨ Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ temIsa-¼mSpw hym]n-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ Ah-s¡-Xn-scbpÅ hmZ-§fpw Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. CXn P\n-X-Iam-ä-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS krjn-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ ]pXn-b-Xcw hnf-s¨-Sn-IÄ Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw {]Ir-Xn¡pw `oj-Wn-bp-bÀ¯p-¶p-sh¶ Btcm]Ww ià-am-Wv. ]co-£-W-im-e-bn _n.-Sn. tNmf-s¨-Sn-I-fpsS ]qs¼mSn ]pc-«nb Ce-IÄ `£n¨ \ncp-]-{Z-hn-I-fmb samWmÀ¡v ie-`-]p-gp¡-fn Nne-Xnsâ hfÀ¨ apc-Sn-¡p-¶-Xm-bpw, aäp NneXv N¯p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xmbpw Btcm-]-W-apbv¶p. XpSÀ¶v Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fp-bÀ¯p¶ BtcmKy ]mcn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§-sf-]-än-bpÅ Ht«sd ]T-\-§Ä \S-¶p. Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fnÂ\n¶pÅ `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä Ign¨ Fen-I-fn Ipsdsb®w N¯p-t]m-b-Xm-bpw, aäp Nne-Xnsâ Bami-b-`n-¯n-I-fn Ipcp-¡Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶XmbpapÅ hnhmZ ]T-\-dn-t¸mÀ«pw h¶p. Ch icn-bm-sW-¦nepw AsÃ-¦nepw Pn.-Fw. `£y-hkvXp-¡Ä IÀi-\-amb BtcmKy kpc£m ]cntim-[-\-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-v. Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ {]Ir-Xnbn-te-ev]n-¡p¶ {]Xym-Lm-X-§-sf-]-d-dnbpw hniZ-amb ]T-\-§Ä Bh-iy-amWv. AXn-\m IÀi\-amb ]co-£-W-\n-co-£-W-§Ä¡pw, ]T-\§Ä¡pw, hne- b n- c p- ¯ - e p- I Ä¡pw tijw \nÀt±mjIc-am-sW¶p sXfn-bp¶ Pn.-Fw.- hn-fIsf am{Xsa Irjn-bn-S-§-fn-te-s¡-¯n-¡p-I-bpffp F¶ \b-amWv Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS ]co-£-W¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ an¡ cmPy-§fpw ]n³Xp-Scp-¶-Xv. Hcn-¡Â Irjn-¡mbn A\p-aXn \ÂInsb-¦n-epw, ]n¶oSv {]Ir-Xn¡pw Poh-Pm-e-§-epsS Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw `oj-Wn-bp-s¶p sXfn-ª-Xn\m A¯cw Pn.-Fw. hnf-Isf Irjn-bn-S-§-
fnÂ\n¶v \nbaw aqew ]n³h-en¨ Ncn-{Xhpw ]e cmPy-§-fn-ep-ap-v. Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS ]co-£-W-¯n\pw Irjn¡papÅ A\p-a-Xn-¡p-ambn C´y-bnepw \nb-a§Ä Dv. 1986se ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W BIvSn\p Iogn "Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fp-sSbpw kq£vam-Wp-¡-fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z-\w, D]-tbm-Kw, Ib-äp-a-Xn, Cd-¡p-a-Xn, kw`-cWw F¶n-h¡v amÀ¤-\nÀt±iw' \ÂIp¶ {]am-W-tcJ 1989 \nehnÂh-¶p. tZio-b-X-e-¯n C´y-bn aq¶p hnZ-KvZ-k-an-Xn-I-fmWv Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS ]cn-£-W-§-fpw, Irjn-bpsS A\p-a-Xnbpw \nb{´n-¡p-¶-Xv. P\n-X-I-amä Un.-F³.-F. D]-tZ-iI kanXn Pn.-Fw.- hn-f-I-fpsS ]co-£-W-§-fn -{]tXy-In¨v Ah-bpsS kpc-£n-XXz {]iv\-§-fn \nÀt±iw \ÂIp¶ Hcp kan-Xn-bm-Wv. C´y-bn \nb-{´nX kml-N-cy-§-fn Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS ]co-£-W-§-fpw, P\n-X-I-amä ]co-£-W-§fpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv BÀ.-kn.-Pn.-Fw. (dnhyp I½nän Hm¬ P\-änIv am\n-¸p-te-j³) F¶ kan-XnbmWv. Cu kanXn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv ]cn-Øn-Xnþ-h\a{´m-e-b-¯nsâ Iogn-em-Wv. Pn.-C.-F.-kn. (P-\-änIv F©n-\o-b-dnwMv A{]q-h I½n-än-bmWv P\n-X-I-hn-f-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-]m-cn-Øn-XnI {]iv\-§-sf-]-ddn A´n-aambn hne-bn-cp-¶p¶ kan-Xn. kq£vam-Wp-¡-fp-sSbpw Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsSbpw hym]-I-amb coXn-bn-epÅ ]co-£-W-¯n\pw, Irjn¡pw A\p-aXn \ÂtI-Xv Cu kanXn-bm-Wv. taev]-dª tZiob kan-Xn-IÄ¡p ]pdsa P\n-X-I-amä ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p¶p Hmtcm Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-¯nepw Øm]-\-¯nepw ssPhkp-c-£n-XXz I½nän (Institutional Biosafety Committee) cq]o-I-cn¨p {]hÀ¯n-¡-Ww. CXn\p]p-dsa P\nX-I-amä ]co-£-W-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn FÃm PnÃ-I-fn-epw, kwØm-\-§-fnepw kan-Xn-IÄ Dm-I-W-sa¶pw \nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p. C§s\taÂ]-dª kan-Xn-I-fpsS hni-Z-ambn ]cn-£W \nco-£-W§Ä¡pw, hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ¡pw tij-amWv Pn.Fw. hnf-Isf IÀj-I-h-b-ep-I-fn-te-s¡-¯n-¡Wtam thtbm F¶v C´y Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. IoS-tcm-K-§-tfm-Spw, If-I-tfm-Spw,- {]-Xn-Iq-ekm-l-N-cy-§-tfmSpw aÃ-Sn¨p \S-¯p¶ Irjnbn IÀj-I\p XpW-tb-Im³ ]e-t¸mgpw Po.Fw. hnf-IÄ¡m-Ipw. Pn.-Fw. hnf-IÄ temI-sa¼mSpw hf-sc-th-Kw -{]-N-cn-¡p-¶Xpw C¡m-c-W¯mÂX-s¶. F¶m bmsXmcp \nb-{´-W-hp-anÃmsX Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fsS Irjn¡v A\p-aXn \ÂIp-¶Xpw A_-²-am-Wv. Ipä-a-ä-co-Xn-bn-epw, kp-Xm-cy-ambpw Pn.-Fw. hnf-I-fpsS ]co-£-W-\nco-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-I-bpw, hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXv, BtcmKy ]mcn-Øn-XnI cwK-§-fn bmsXmcp tZmjhpw hcp-¯p-¶n-söv Dd-¸pÅ Pn.-Fw. hnf-Isf am{Xw Irjn-¡mbn AwKo-I-cn¡p¶ kao-]-\-am-bn-cn¡pw C¶s¯ kml-N - cy¯n Gsd A\p-tbm-Pyw.
28
Photo : JP
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
khnXm Bâ-Wn, kn. tPmÀÖv tXmak
29
hm-kn-I-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-Xs¶ `ojWn ¯n\v hgn sh¡p-¶p-v. lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§DbÀ¯n- s ¡m- n- c n- ¡ p¶ alm- h n]- ¯ mWv fpsS krjvSn-bn GXmv 90 iX-am-\-¯nImem-h-Ø-bn ASn-¡-Sn-bp-m-Ip¶ amä-§Ä. tâbpw D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw a\p-jy-\p-X-s¶! A´-coImem-hØm hyXn-bm-\-§Ä A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶- £-¯ - nse lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS Afhv Xnsâ {]m[m\ImcWw “ BtKm-f-Xm-]\w” F¶ DbÀ¶p- X s¶ \n¶m BtKm- f - X m- ] - \ ne {]Xn-`mkw sImm-sW¶v 2007 ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb C\nbpw Db-cpw. 2100 -B-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw BtKm-fsFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS CâÀ Kh¬saâ Xm-]-\ne 1.1°C apX 6.4°C hsc hÀ²n-¡m-\n-S-bp]m\ Hm¬ ss¢aäv tN©v” AYhm IPCCbpsS s-¶mWv {]h-N-\w. ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivsskdnt¸mÀ«v Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. Db-cp¶ BtKmf Xm]- Un-tâbpw aäv lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-§-fp-sSbpw \ne Zpc-´-§-fpsS Hcp ]c-¼-c-Xs¶ krjvSn- Afhv \n{´n¨p \nÀt¯--Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X¡m³ km²y- X - b p- v . \nb- { ´- W - a n- à m¯ bmWv CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. t^mkn CÔ-\hcĨbpw, Imew sXäp¶ agbpw, aªp-cp-Iepw, §-fpsS Pze\w hgn ]pd-t¯¡p hnSp¶ shÅ-s¸m-¡hpw, aÁp {]IrXn Zpc-´-§fpw, ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Uv BWv CXn apJyw. ImÀjnI XIÀ¨bpw, Ch -aq-e-apÅ A`-bmÀ°n `qan-bpsS Imem-hØ BXy-´n-I-ambn \nÀ®{]hm-l-§-fp-sams¡ bmYmÀ°y-am-bm \mw bn-¡p-¶Xv kutcmÀÖ-am-Wv. kqcy-{]-Imiw Ipg-ª-Xp-X-s¶. 1900\p tijw `qan-bpsS Xm]- `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-es¯ NqSm-¡n-b-Xn-\p-tijw \ne 0.74° Iv hÀ²n-¨n«pv. 1995-þ2010 Imew XncnsI A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v t]mhp-¶p. lcn-Xam{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-¨m 0.5°C hÀ²-\-hm-Wp-Å-Xv. Kr-l-hm-X-I-§Ä CXn Iqsd Xm]w BKn-cWw A´-co-£-¯nse ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk- sN¿p-¶p. -CXv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc \ap¡v KpW-I-c-amUnsâ Af-hm-Is« Ignª 250 hÀj-¯n-\p- Wv. `qan XWp-¯p-dªp t]mIm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ån km[m-cW A´-co-£-¯n-epÅ 280 Zi-e- lcn-X-Kr-l-§-fpsS C¯-c-samcp Bh-cWw DÅ£-¯n-sem-cwiw F¶ Af-hn \n¶pw 379 Zi-e- Xp-sIm-m-Wv. ]t£, ]cn-[n-bn IqSp-X lcnX-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§Ä `qan Np«p-]-gp-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bm£-¯n-sem-cwiw Bbn DbÀ¶p. lcn-X-Krlw” AYhm “ {Ko³lu-kn ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Un\p ]pdsa ss\{S- ¡pw. Hcp “ P³ HmIvssk-Up-IÄ, t¢mtdm-þ-^vfqtdm ImÀ_- se ]m\-ep-IÄ sN¿p¶ [À½-amWv Cu hmX-IWp-IÄ, sslt{Um-þ-^vfqtdm ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ, §Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv Cu {]Xn-`maotY³, \ocmhn F¶n-hbpw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\- ks¯ lcn-X-Kr-l {]-`mhw AYhm {Ko³lukv sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
Photo : JP
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
C^IvSväv” F¶pw AXn\p Imc-W-amb tIymt«m DS-¼Sn lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS hmX-I-§sf lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-§Ä F¶pw ]d- A´-co-£- KmVX Ipd¡phm\pÅ temI cmbp-¶-Xv. jv{S-§fpsS XmXv]-cy-¯n \n¶p-m-b-XmW¶v IphtÃm? hyh-km-bnI cmPy-§Ä ]pd¯p-hn-Sp¶ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS {]XntIymt«m DS-¼-Sn-bpsS {]m[m\yw ioÀj Afhv hnIkzc Ahn-I-knX cmPy-§-fp-tSlcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS A´-cn-£-Km-VX Xn-t\-¡mÄ ]Xn³a-S§v IqSp-X-em-Wv. DZm-l-cWa\p-jy³ hnNm-cn-¨m Ipd-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶ ¯n-\v, Hc-ta-cn-¡³ ]uc³ icm-icn 20 S¬ Nn´ Dm-bn«v A[nIw Ime-am-bn-«n-Ã. 1988- ImÀ_¬ Utbm-IvsskUv DÕÀÖ\w \S-¯pemWv sFIy-cmjv{S k`bpw temI Imem-hØm t¼mÄ C´y-¡m-c-tâXv shdpw 1.67 S¬ am{X-amkwL-S-\bpw tNÀ¶v IPCC (CâÀ\m-j-W-\ Wv. tIymt«m DS-¼Sn {]Imcw hyh-km-bnI cmPy]m\ Hm¬ ss¢aäv tN©v) Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv. §Ä¡p lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS A´-co-£1992 \S¶ `ua D¨-tIm-Sn-bn sFIy-cm-jv{S- ¯nse Afhp Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {][m\ D¯-chm-ZnXzw Npa-¯p-Ibpw Ahsb ]«nI I cmPy-§k` Imem-hØm hyXnbm\IqSnbmtemN\IÄ” (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, fm-bpw, aäp cmPy-§sf ]«n-I-bn-Xc cmPy-§fmbpw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 2005  \ne-hn h¶ UNFCC) \S¯pIpbpmbn. Zqc-hym-]I {]XymCu DS-¼-Sn-bpsS H¶mw L«w 2012 Ah-km-\nLm-X-§Ä Df-hm-¡p¶ Nne [mc-W-IÄ¡v Cu ¡pw. {]kvXpX DS-¼Sn {]-Imcw ]«nI I bnepÅ I¬sh³j³ cq]w \ÂIn. 1994 50 cmPy-§Ä cmPy§ Ä Ah-cpsS sam¯w lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI Cu [mc-W-IÄ AwKo-I-cn-¨-tXmsS Ch \nehn h¶p. 1997 P¸m-\nse tIymt«m-\-K-c- DÕÀÖ\w Gähpw IpdªXv 1990 Dm-bn-cp¯n _Ô-s¸« cmPy-§-fpsS aq¶m-as¯ IqSn- ¶- X nsâ 5.2 iX- a m\w Iv 2008- þ 2012 bn-cp¸v \S-¶p. UNFCCsb \nb-a-]-c-ambn km[y-X- Imebfhn Ipd-bv¡p-hm³ _m[y-Ø-cm-Wv. bpÅ Hcp DS-¼-Sn-bm-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Dt±- F¶m ]«n- I - b n- e n- à m¯ cmPy- § - f psS iw. Cu kt½-f\w Imem-hØm amä-hp-ambn DÕÀÖ\w XmcXtay\Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\mepw Ah _Ô-s¸« hnj-b-§fn Hcp \mgn-I-¡-Ãm- hnI-k-\-¯nsâ ]mX-bn-em-b-Xn-\mepw Ahsb Cu am\-Z-Þ-¯n \n¶pw Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-«p-v. sW¶v ]d-bmw. tIymt«m DS-¼Sn {][m-\-ambpw aq¶p {]hÀ¯UNFCC F¶ [mc-Wm-]{Xw BZy-ambn X¿m-dm- \-§-fmWv hn`-mh\w sNbvX-Xv. bXv 1992epw AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv 1994epw 1. t^mkn DuÀÖw {Iam-Xo-X-ambn D]BsW¶v kqNn-¸n-¨p-htÃm? CXv FÃm temI-cmtbm-Kn-t¡-n-h-cp¶ kmt¦-XnI hnZyjv{S-§fpw AwKo-I-cn-t¡- Hcp Icm-dnsâ cq]I-fnse k_-vkn-Un-IÄ {ItaW Ipd-¨p¯n-em-b-Xv 1997 BWv. XpSÀ¶v CXv {]m_-eysIm-p-h-cn-I. ¯n hcm³ hopw ka-b-sa-Sp-¯p. 2005 emWv 2. ImÀ_¬ _lnÀK-a\w Gä-hp-a-[nIw IpdtIymt«m IcmÀ \ne-hn hcp-¶-Xv. F¶m an¡ ¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ _Z kmt¦-XnIhnZytemI-cm-Py-§fpw AwKo-I-cn¨ Cu temI-I-cmÀ IÄ (Green technologies) kzoI-cn-¡p-I. Ata-cn-¡³ sFIy-\m-Sp-IÄ- C-tX-hsc AwKo-Icn-¨n-«n-Ã! Btfm-lcn DÕÀÖ-\-¯nepw BsI 3. ImÀ_¬ DÕÀÖ- \ - ¯ n\v \nIpXn DÕÀÖ-\-¯nepw Gähpw ap¼n \nev¡p-¶Xv GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I. Ata-cn-¡-bm-W-t¶mÀ¡-Ww. BsI DÕÀÖ-\Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, tIymt«m DS-¼-Sn-bnse e£y¯nsâ 20 iX-am\w kw`m-h-\bpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm- §Ä ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v H¶mw-]-«nI cmPy§Ä Wv. apS´³ \ymb§Ä ]dªv sImv h³ _m²yX Gsä-Sp-¡-Ww. CXnsâ Nnehp amdn\n¶ Ata-cn¡ H¸p-sh-¨n-«n-sÃ-¦nepw A´m- am{X-aà {]iv\w; CXp-f-hm-¡p¶ cmjv{Sob cmjv{S k½À±s¯ XpSÀ¶v Ct¸mÄ \S-¡p¶ {]Xym- L m- X - § fpw IW- ¡ n- s e- S p- ¡ - W w. Imem-hØm NÀ¨-I-fn kPo-h-ambn CS-s¸-Sp- tIymt«m DS-¼Sn C¯cw hnI-knX cmPy-§Ä¡v ¶p-v. henb km¼¯nI cmjv{Sob {]Xym-Lm-X-
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
30
§fnÃmsX Ah-cpsS ImÀ-_¬ \yq\o-I-cW e£yw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-ambn aq¶p {]hÀ¯\ X{´-§-Ä Bhnjvv-I-cn-¨n-«p-v. 4A´m-cmjv{S ImÀ-_¬ DÕÀP-\-hym-]mcw (International Emission Trading,IET) 4kwbpà \nÀh-lWw (Joint Implementation, JI) 4kwip² hnI-k\X{´w (Clean Development Mechanism, CDM) taÂ]dª {]hÀ¯\ X{´-§Ä \nb-{´nX ImÀ_¬ It¼mf {]hÀ¯\ X{´-§-fmbn Dcp¯n-cn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ImÀ_¬ It¼m-f-¯nse hn]-W-\-¯n\v Hcp s]mXp GIIw ImWp-¶-Xn-\mbn FÃm lcn-X-Krl-hm-X-I-§-tfbpw ImÀ_¬ Utbm-IvsskUn\p kam-\-ambn (CO2 Xpey-X) ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§-fpsS Xmc-Xßy ]T-\-¯n\mbn BtKmf Xm]\tijn (Global Warming Potential, GWP) F¶ Af-hp-tIm D]-tbm-Kn¨v ImÀ_¬U-tbm-IvsskUv Xpey-X-I-fmbn amäp¶p.- D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v ImÀ_¬ Utbm-IvsskUnsâ Pn.-U-»n-bp.-]n. 1 F¶pw antY-sâXp 21 F¶pw ]d-ªm AÀ°w, antYsâ 1 X·m{X sImpÅ ImÀ-_¬ aen\oIcWw ImÀ_¬ UtbmIvssk-Unsâ 21 X·m-{X-IÄ sImpÅ ImÀ-_¬ aen\oIcW¯n\v kam-\amWv F¶m-Wv.
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
A´m-cmjv{S DÕÀP-\-hym-]mcw (IET)
31
A´m-cmjv{S DÕÀÖ\ hym]m-c-¯n D]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-Isf \o¡n-sh¡-s¸« bqWn-äp-IÄ (Assigned Amount Units) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-IcW e£y-§sf \o¡n-sh-bv¡-s¸« bqWn-äp-Ifmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶p. IET bpsS ASn-Øm-\¯n Hcp hnI-knX cmPy-¯n\v Ah-cpsS ImÀ_¬ DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-I-cW e£yw ssIh-cn-¡p¶Xn\mbn asämcp hnI-knX cmPy¯nsâ \o¡n-h-bv¡-s¸« bqWn-äp-IÄ hm§m-hp¶-Xm-Wv.
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
kwbpà \nÀÆ-lWw (JI) H¶mw ]«n-I-bnÂs¸« Hcp hnI-knX cmPy¯n\v asämcp H¶mw ]«n-I-bnÂs¸« hnI-knX cmPy-¯n Nne-hp-Ip-dª DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-IcW ]²-Xn-IÄ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. CXn \n¶p-ap-m-Ip¶ DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-IcW bqWn-äp-IÄ (Emission Reduction Units) Asæn ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-IÄ ]²Xn Bhn-jv¡cn- ¨ cmPy- ¯ n\p hm§p- I bpw Ah- c psS DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-I-cW e£yw ssIh-cn-¡pIbpw sN¿mw. ta ]dª cp {]hÀ¯\ X{´-§Ä hnI-knX cmPy-§Ä¡p am{Xta _m[-I-am-hp-Ibp-Åq.
kwip² hnI-k\X{´w (CDM) hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-§Ä hnI-kz-c-þ-A-hn-I-knX cmPy-§fpambn _Ôs¸«p \S¸nem¡p¶ Hcp ]²XnbWnXv. lcnXKrl-hm-X-I-§-fpsS A´co-£-¯nse Afhp Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn cp amÀ¤-§-fmWv kzoIcn¡mhp¶X.v H¶v,v lcn-X-Krl-hm-X-I-§sf kky-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v BKn-cWw sN¿p-I (Carbon sequestration), cv, lcn-X-Kr-lhm-X-I-§-fpsS DÕÀÖ\w Ipd-¡p-I. kn.-Un.-Fw.]²XnbneqsS hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-§Ä hnI-kz-c-þ-A-hn-I-knX cmPy-§Ä¡p {]kvXpX amÀ¤-§-fpsS ]²Xn Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v km¼¯nI kmt¦-XnI klmbw \ÂIp-¶p. {]Xn^e-ambn hnI-kzc Ahn-I-knX cmPy-§Ä hnIknX-cm-Py-§Ä¡p ImÀ_¬ DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-IcW s{IUn-äp-IÄ \evIp-¶p. XXv^-e-ambn hnIknX cmPy- § Ä¡p Ah- c psS tIymt«m DÕÀÖ\ \yq\o-I-cW e£yw X«n-¡n-gn-¡phm³ km[n-¡pw. kn.-Un.-Fw.- ]²XnbneqsS DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-Isf kÀ«nss^Uv Fan-j³ bqWnäp-IÄ (CER) F¶mWp ]d-bp-I. Hcp S¬ ImÀ_¬ Utbm-IvsskUv A´-co-£-¯n-te¡p ]pdw XÅp-¶Xp Ipd-¡pItbm AYhm BKn-cWw sN¿p-Itbm BsW¦n AXn\p Hcp km£y-]{Xw \evIp-¶p. AXn-
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
s\-bmWv kÀ«n-ss^Uv Fan-j³ dnU-£³ bqWn-äp-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv. kn.-Un.-Fw ]²- X n- I Ä kn.- U n.- F w FIvkn- I yq- « ohv t_mÀUnse A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS taÂt\m«-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-Wv. ]²Xn \nÀÆ-l-W-¯n\p aq¶p \n_-Ô-\-I-fp-v. 4A\p-_-ÔX (additionality) : lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI-§-fpsS \yq\o-I-cWw AsÃ-¦n BKn-cW ]²Xn hgn XS-b-s¸-Sp¶ ImÀ_¬ ssU-tbmIvsskUv, ]²-Xn-bpsS Akm-\n-²y-¯n XSb-s¸-Sp¶ ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Un\p ]pdsa-bm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. 4ØncXzw (permananence) : h\-h-Xv¡-cW ]²Xn-IÄ¡p Aán-_m[ IS-¶p-I-bäw XpS-§nb {]Xn- k - Ô n- I Ä t\cn- t S- n- h - c n- I - b m A¯cw ]²-Xn-I-fpsS Imem-h[n 5þ30 hÀj¯n-\p-Ån-em-Wv. AXn-\m Ah-bpsS tcJIÄ ]pXp-t¡--Xp-v. 4 tNmÀ¨ (leakage) : s{]mPIvSv \S¸nem¡p- \nb-{´W hnt[b It¼mfw t¼mÄ AdnbmX kw`hn¡mhp¶ lcn-X-Kr-l\nb-{´W hnt[b It¼m-f-§-fpsS hn]hm-X-I tNmÀ¨bmWv ChsS ]cnKWn¡p¶Xv. W\X{´-§Ä tIymt«m t{]mt«m-tIm-fnsâ DZmlcW¯n\v, Hcp {]tZiw h\hev¡ t\cs¯ ]dª aq¶p {]hÀ¯\ X{´-§-fpsS cn¡p¶psh¶p IcpXI. ChnsS \n¶pw ASnØm\-¯n-em-Wv. {]kvXpX It¼m-f-¯n Hgnªp t]mhp¶hÀ asÁmcnS¯v h\w A´m-cmjv{S Xe-¯n-epÅ I¼-\n-Ifpw kÀ¡m\in¸n¨v Irjnbnd¡nbm {]tbP\anÃm- cp-amWv ImÀ_¬ s{IUnäv hn]-W-\-¯n Xmhpw. GÀs¸Sp-¶Xv. DuÀÖ £aXm ]²-Xn-IÄ, Imcy£aamb KXm-KXw, aossY³ hnapà ]²-Xn-IÄ, A\p_Ô DXv]m-Z\ ]²-Xn-IÄ XpS§n Ht«sd hnhn- ImÀ_¬ hn]-W\ FIvkvtN-©p-IÄ [-X-cw lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI \yq\o-I-cW AsÃHml-cn-hn-]-Wn-I-fn I¼-\n-I-fp-sS Hmlcn ¦n BKn- c W ]²- X n- I Ä kn.- U n.- F w. {Ibhn-{Ibw sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse ImÀ_¬ hn]]²XnbneqsS \S¸nem¡m\mhpw. W\ FIvkvtN-©p-I-fn ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-IfpsS hn]-W\w \S-¡p-¶p. Xmsg ]d-bp-¶phbmWp {][m-\-s¸« A´m-cmjv{S ImÀ_¬ ImÀ_¬ It¼mfw hn]-W\ FIvkvtN-©p-I-Ä. 4Hmtcm cmPy¯n\pw tIymt«m t{]mt«m-t¡mÄ 4Nn¡mtKm ss¢aäv FIvk-vtNbv©v {]Im- c - a pÅ e£yw ssIh- c n- ¡ p- ¶ - X n\v ImÀ_¬ t{SUnwKv \S-¯m³ B\p-hm-Z-ap-v. 4bqtdm-]y³ ss¢aäv FIvkvtNbv©v ImÀ_¬ It¼m-f-¯n C O 2 XpeyX 4\mkvtSIv OMX Itam-Unän FIvkvtNbv©v ASn- Ø m- \ - ¯ n hn]- W \w \S- ¯ mw. 4]hÀ s\IvÌv ImÀ_¬ It¼m-f-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ \mW- b - a mWv ImÀ_¬ s{IUn- ä v . Hcp 4Itam-Unän FIvkvtNbv©v (_m-«n-Ém-hnb) ImÀ_¬ s{IUnäv Hcp S¬ ImÀ_¬U-tbm- 4bqtdm-]y³ F\ÀPn FIvkvtNbv©v (PÀa\n) Ivssk-Unsâ DÕÀÖ-\-¯n\p kam-\-am-Wv. thÄUv _m¦v dnt¸mÀ«v {]Imcw ImÀ_¬ cpXcw ImÀ_¬ It¼m-f-§-fmWv C¶v s{IUn-äp-IÄ Gähpw IqSp-X hm§p¶ cmPyw \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv. bp.-sI-bpw, hnev¡p¶ cmPyw ssN\-bp-am-Wv. 4kzbw t{]cnX It¼mfw (Voluntary Market) C´ybpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw 4\nb-{´W hnt[b It¼mfw (Regulatory Market) C´y-bpsS Imem-hØm hyXn-bm\hpambn _Ôs¸«v \b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S¶Xpw \S-¸n-emkzbw t{]cnX It¼mfw ¡p-¶Xpw h\w-þ-]-cn-ØnXn a{´m-e-b-am-Wv. kn.kzbw t{]cn-Xm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv C¯cw Un.-Fw. ]²-Xn-IÄ AKoIcn¡p¶Xv h\w-þ-]-cnIt¼m-f-§-fn ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-I-fpsS hn]- ØnXn a{´m-e-b sk{I«dn Xeh\mbpÅ W\w \S-¡p-¶-Xv. {]kvXpX It¼m-f-¯nse \mj\ kn.-Un.-Fw. FIvknIyq«ohv BWv. ImÀ_¬ s{IUn-äp-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸« hnI-kn¨psIm-n-cn¡p¶ cmPy-am-b-Xn-\m Cu DÕÀP\\yq\o- I - c Ww ( V e r i f i e d E m i s s i o n taJ-e-bn C´y¡p hf-sc-tbsd km²y-X-IÄ Reductions)F¶mWv ]d-b-p-¶-Xv. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-I- \ne-hn-ep-v. C´y³ Kh¬saânsâ IW¡p fmWv Cu ImÀ_¬ hn]-W\ It¼m-f-¯n {]Imcw cmPy¯v 2000-þ A[nIw kn.-Un.-Fw. ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-bn-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. 2012 {][m-\-ambpw GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BIp-t¼m-tgbv¡pw C¯cw ]²-Xn-I-fnÂ\n¶pw sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse
32
\sÃmcp hcp-am\w cmPy-¯n\p {]Xo-£n-¡mw. C´y-bpsS ià-amb hyh-km-bnI ASn-¯-dbpw, AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb kmt¦-XnI a\p-jy-hn-`hhpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\-¯n km²y-X-IÄ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p. cmPy¯p ImÀ_¬ hn]W\w \S-¯p-¶Xp Gjy-bnse BZys¯ ImÀ_¬ hn]-W\ FIvtN-bv©mb apss_ BØm-\-amb aÄ«n-I-tam-Unän FIvtN-bv©n-em-Wv.
ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\-¯nsâ KpW-h-i§fpw tZmj-§fpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\-¯n\v AXn-tâ-Xmb KpWtZm-j-h-i-§-fp-v. Hcp {][m\ sa¨-ambn ]d-bp¶Xv Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\ D¨-tIm-Sn-bpsS AXy-´nI e£y-§Ä kzmb-¯-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv. kwip² hnIk\w (kn.-Un.-Fw) \S-¸n-em-¡m³ C¯-c-samcp hn]Wn thWw. hntZ-i-aq-e-[\\nt£-]-¯nsâ km²y-X-bmWv asäm-¶v. hnI-kzc Ahn-I-knX cmPy-§-fnse kpØnc km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨¡v ImÀ_¬ hn]Wn klm-b-I-amIpw F¶ {]Xo£-bmWv asäm-¶v. sXmgn km²y-X-IÄ hÀ²n¡p-¶-Xn\pw km²y-X-bp-v. kn.-Un.-Fw. ]²-XnI-fpsS Bhn-jv¡-c-W-¯n-eqsS hyh-km-bnI Imcy-£-a-Xbpw hÀ²n-¡pw. Npcp-¡-¯n hnIkzc cmPy-§Ä¡v ]cn-Øn-Xn-¡n-W-§p¶ ]²Xn-IÄ¡mbn hntZi aqe-[\w BIÀjn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p. hnI-knX cmPy-§Ä¡v Ah-cpsS C¶s¯ hnIk\ IpXn-¸n\v XS-bn-SmsX Xs¶ apt¼m«v t]mIm³ Ign-bpw. kn.-Un.-Fw.s\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-hcpw [mcm-f-ap-v. hnI-knX cmPy-§-fnse h³ Ip¯-I-Isf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mWv CXv F¶v ]d-bp-¶-hÀ [cmfapv. hnI-kzc Ahn-I-knX cmPy-§-fnse A\n-b-{´nX h\-h-XvI-cW ]²-Xn-IÄ hyh-kmbnI hfÀ¨sb apc-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶Xv bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. kky Ft®m¸m-Z\ ]²-Xn-I-fpsS \nÀÆ-lWw `£y kpc-£¡p `oj-Wn-bp-bÀ¯p¶p. ]²-Xn-I-fpsS \nÀÆ-l-W-Im-e-L-«-¯n Dm-Im-hp¶ A\n-b-{´nX ImÀ_¬ Utbm-
IvsskUv DÕÀÖ\w Hcp `oj-Wn-bm-Wv. X§fpsS I¼-\n-Isf ImÀ_¬ cln-X-am-¡m-\pÅ kq{X-¸-Wn-bmbn ImÀ_¬ It¼m-fs¯ ImWp¶-hcpw Dv. AXn-\m¯s¶ \nc-h[n Øm]\-§-fpw I¼\n-Ifpw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n X§Ä¡pÅ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-¯n Hgn-bm³ In«nb kphÀ®m-h-kcw Bbn ImÀ_¬ It¼mfs¯ Ip. ImÀ_¬ It¼m-f-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ AXp-sImv Xs¶ s]s«-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. 2005 1000 tImSn tUmf-dnsâ I¨-h-S-am-bn-cp-¶psh-¦n 2006 Ign-ª-t¸m-tg¡pw hn]-Wn 3000 tImSn tUmf-dn-e-[n-I-am-bn. C\nbpw CXv hÀ²n¨p hcn-Itb DÅq. C´y³ Ip¯-I-Ifpw CsXmcp em`- I - c - a mb Ah- k - c - a m- b n- ¡ v ImÀ_¬ hym]m-c-¯n-te¡v Imse-Sp¯v sh¨pI-gn-ªp. C´y-bn 460 e£w tUmf-dnsâ hn¡m¯ ImÀ_¬ {IUn-äp-I-fp-s¶v Hcp dnt¸mÀ«p ]d-bp-¶p. tImSm-\p-tImSn hÀj-§ÄsImp {]IrXn A[nIw hcp¶ ImÀ_-Wns\ t^mkn CÔ-\§-fmbn kq£n-¨p-sh-¨p-sh-¦nepw a\p-jy³ Cu ]cn-]m-Sn¡p `wKw hcp-¯n. ImÀ_¬ UtbmIvssk-Unsâ hÀ²\hv ]nSn¨m In«m¯ Xc¯nembn. Cu ]ß-hyq-l-¯nÂ\n¶v ]pd¯p htc-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Imem-hØm amäw FÃm temI cmjv{S-§-sfbpw Hcp Xc-¯n-e-sÃ-¦n asämcp Xc-¯n _m[n-¡p-sa¶ Imcyw Ghcpw k½Xn-¡p-¶p-v. BtKmf Xm]-\-¯n\p ImcW-amb ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns\ Xf-¡pIbpw hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ amä-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n¡p¶ Xc-¯n Irjnbpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw amÁpItb Xc-ap-Åq. ImÀ_¬ hn]-W\w t]mepÅ {]h-W-X-Isf `qan-bpsS A´-co-£-¯n \n¶pw ImÀ_¬ Utbm-IvsskUv Ipd-¨p-sIm-p-h-cnI F¶ hnime ZuXy-¯nsâ `mK-ambn am{Xw ImtW-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kz´w cmPy¯nsâ ImÀ-_¬ DÕÀP-\w Ipd¨p sImphcnI F¶ D¯chmZnXz¯n \n¶v hnInknX cmjv{S§sf Hgn¨p\nÀ¯m\mhnÃ. CXpÄs¸- s S- b pÅ hnhn[ X{´- § - f n- e qsS am{Xta Imem-h-Øm-amäw F¶ h³ hn]-¯ns\ sNdp¯p tXm¸n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bq.
ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw dºdpw
Imem-hØm amähpw ImÀ_¬ hn]-W-\hpw
Hcp slIvSÀ dºÀ 21 hÀjw sImv 165 S¬ ImÀ_¬ - BKn-cWw sN¿p¶p F¶p dºÀ t_mÀUv hnebncp¯p¶p. CXv 605 S¬ ImÀ_¬ Utbm- I v s sk- U n\p kaamWv . AXmbXv 605 S¬ ImÀ_¬ {IUnÁv. Hcp S¬ ImÀ_¬ {IUnÁn\v 28 bqtdmbpsS IW-¡n e`n-¡m-hp¶ aqeyw 16,940 bqtdm BWv (Hcp bqtdm¡v 52 cq] {]Imcw 8.47 e£w cq]!). ]t£, 1989 Unkw_À 31 ë ap¼pmbncp¶ tXm«§Ä¡v ImÀ_¬ {IUnÁv e`n¡pIbnÃ. Ch BhÀ¯\Irjn sNbvXmepw XssYh!
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(k-hnXm BâWn shÅm-\n-¡c tlmÀ«n-¡Ä¨-d tImtf- P n At{Km- W an _ncp- Z m- \ - ´ c _ncpZ hnZymÀ°nbpw tUm. kn. tPmÀPv tXmakv At{Km-Wan hn`mKw s{]m^-k-dp-am-Wv)
sabv-þ-Pq¬-þ-Pqsse