Prof(Dr) Francis Xavier Head, CBF Research Station
Kerala Agricultural University
Rapid development and urbanization Constant change in consumption pattern Social behaviour and uncivil attitude
Average daily per capita generation comes to 0.178 kg 0.034 kg for Koothuparamba to 0.707 kg for Thalassery (CESS, 2001; Padmalal & Maya, 2002; Varma &Dileepkumar, 2004).
MSW generation varies between 0.21-0.35 kg/capita/day in the urban centres MSW of 0.5 kg/capita/day in large cities (NEERI, 1996).
Climate change, from anthropogenic emissions and wastes Fossil fuel use Agricultural and industrial activities, Deforestation
On farm disposal of Livestock waste in Kerala Burial (labour intensive, carelessness attract carnivores) Incineration (need an incinerator ,costly, labour intensive) Pit disposal (carnivores dig it out, pollute water bodies ) Sanitary land fill
(seepage, attract public protest ,carnivores)
Traditional Composting (Existing methods not user friendly)
Condition of manure (%)
Method of disposal (%)
Odour
Fly problem
evaluation
Seasonally yes
Farm type Dry
Dairy shed
Dry Shed
Heifer shed
Calf shed
Others
Wet
Agri use
Bio gas
Disposed
10
90
65
30
5
Odour
Seasonally yes
20
80
95
00
5
Odour
Seasonally yes
odour
Seasonally yes
odour
Seasonally yes
At times
Yes
20
80
15
85
mixed
95
95
00
00
Thrown outside
5
5
COMPOSTING “Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. �
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Thumburmuzhy Model Aerobic
Composting
for Rural Waste Management
THUMBURMUZHY AEROBIC COMPOST
RURAL TECHNOLOGY Developed by CBF Thumburmuzhy
rm a f ck o t s ive L from d ate r e en g e st Wa rations op e ure aste n a M der w Fod enta Plac r birth s Afte d calve aterials -mortum Dea birth mter post Still ase af Carc
Aerobic Vs. Anaerobic Composting Aerobic Composting
Anaerobic Composting
Oxygen present
Oxygen absent
Low methane emission
High methane emission
No bad smell
Disagreeable odour
High heat generated
Less heat generated
Rapid decomposition
Slow decomposition
Lower salinity
Higher salinity.
Aerobic composting Vs Vermi composting
• Less labour needed • High layer temperature • Less time required
• Labour intensive • No temperature rise • More time for composting • Worms care and sustainability a must
Aerobic composting takes place in the presence of ample oxygen. Temperature rises rapidly in the waste. In this process the temperature rises to 70 to 80° C. This peak temperature kills the pathogens and weed seeds. Every waste in the farm can be utilized as a raw material for the compost making and every material are put in the compost with the layers of dung. By the time the composting is completed the material become dark brown in color.
70 to 75 degrees Celsius
Thumburmuzhy Composting –Aerobic Layering
Select an ideal space. roof in monsoon
3 models were researched for economic feasibility at CBF
Floor can be Ferro cement slabs
Why Thumburmuzhy Composting? Environment friendly No disagreeable odours Organic waste converted to a value added product Improves soil stability and fertility Less area requirement Less expensive
Pathogens free
Aerobic composting takes place in the presence of ample oxygen.
.
Temperature rises rapidly in the waste. This peak temperature kills the pathogens and weed seeds
.
Every waste in the farm can be utilized as a raw material
By the time the composting is completed the material become dark brown in colour.
Layers of Dung carbon source and organic waste
Cow dung + Carbon source + Organic waste + moisture C:N ratio = 20:1 Moisture content = 60% Temperature to be checked fortnightly
.90 days for composting in Thumburmuzhy model at Kerala agro climatic conditions
LOCUS bankit1371318 524 bp DNA linear ENV 12-JUL-2010 DEFINITION 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. ACCESSION 1371318 VERSION KEYWORDS ENV. SOURCE Uncultured Alistipes sp ORGANISM Uncultured Alistipes sp Unclassified. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 524) AUTHORS Girija,D., Francis,X., Deepa,K., Sunil,E., Irin,A. and Jisharaj,K. TITLE Molecular diversity of bacteria in cow dung REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 524)
AUTHORS Girija,D., Francis,X., Deepa,K., Sunil,E., Irin,A. and Jisharaj,K . TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (12-JUL-2010) Agricultural Microbiology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India &CBF Thumburmuzhy FEATURES source
Location/Qualifiers 1..524 /organism="Uncultured Alistipes sp" /mol type="genomic DNA" / isolation source="Cow dung" /environmental sample /country="India" /identified by="Dr. D. Girija" /PCR_primers="fwd_seq: caggcctaacacatgcaagtc, rev_seq: gggcggwgtgtacaaggc" /metagenomic BASE COUNT 139 a 119 c 138 g 128 t ORIGIN 1 gtttgatcct ggctcaggat gaacgctagc ggcaggctta acacatgcaa gtcgaggggc
The Thumburmuzhy fodder grown organically
Thumburmuzhy Model aerobic compost
No fly menace or odour due to high temperature High temperature retained for about one week Decomposed wastes settle down No seepage Manure can be taken within 12-15 weeks Manure can be priced about Rs. 5 / kg
Harvested compost
A new layering system for Kerala Agro zones
New cost effective construction technique
Suitable for composting the animal waste and carcass
Not labour intensive
Minimum care needed
Less methane and carbon dioxide so Ecofriendly
Three cost effective models developed at CBF Thumburmuzhy ,KAU by Dr Francis Xavier & Team Professor and Head Mail : fx@jananeethi.org
post m o c e ing th w e i v S ISITOR V P I V AND S N O I T EXHIBI
DR FRANCIS XAVIER PROFESSOR & HEAD,CBF THUMBURMUZHY,KONNAKUZHY.P.O CHALKUDY,THRISSUR E mail: fx @ jananeethi.org Phone;0480 2746065 Mob;9447131598