Public air cph preliminary research by Frans Drewniak

CONTENT • Public Air • Scale - Powers of Ten • Pollution and health • Pollution chart • Air Cph • Noise Cph

Public Air Project in colaboration between Philippe Rahm & Frans Drewniak Preliminary Research Marts 2013 Team: Philippe Rahm, Frans Drewniak & Louise Høj

The project is supported by:

“Byernes luftkvalitet er en vital parameter for en god livskvalitet. Alligevel overses luftforureningen gang på gang, når byer og byrum designes. Dette er en en af årsagerne til den høje frekvens af for tidlige dødsfald og alvorlige sygdomme knyttet til byernes luftforurening.”

- siger Kåre Press-Kristensen, seniorkonsulent ved Det økologiske Råd i forbindelse med projektet PUBLIC AIR.

“The air quality of the cities is a vital parameter to a good quality of life. Yet air pollution is overlooked again and again, when cities and urban spaces are designed. This is one of the reasons for the high rate of premature deaths and serious illnesses related to urban air pollution.”

- says Kåre Press-Kristensen, senior consultant at The Ecological Council in relation to the project PUBLIC AIR.

PUBLIC AIR The agenda of sustainable architecture and planning is presently overwhelmed by the scale and the complexity of the problems that we face. Since a period of more than ten years their has been a growing interest among architects to work seriously on integrating environmental concerns such as energy performance in the design development. On the urban scale their is likewise a movement towards including environmental performance to the benefit of the users and citizens. Until now many of the design solutions imposed are stuck in traditional working methods without clear performance targets were resulting projects are submitted to suboptimal design solutions fulfilling some imposed demands but falling others with greater environmental drawbacks.

B NG LY

YVE

HA RE S

This project focuses on the physical phenomena, the quality and the scale of air as a material in the design of future cities and in particularly Copenhagen.

K O

VV EJ

Focussing on air we address challenges presently marginalised in the design of public space. Air being an invisible force in architecture needs new tools and mapping to unveil its full potential in the design development. The frame of the project is â&#x20AC;&#x153;life in the sustainable cityâ&#x20AC;?. The project discusses with Copenhagen as a starting point development potentials related to health, environment and climate. Copenhagen and the other Nordic capitals are interpreted generally as ideals for sustainable development but a number of paradoxes and challenges can inspire to rethink and enhance visions for a more truly sustainable architecture and urban development. TORVEJ

SCALE - POWERS OF TEN The architects Charles and Ray Eames was known for their human and holistic design and architecture approach. They were well aware of the relationship and dependence between micro and macro; between the smallest substance and the very larger. In their famous film â&#x20AC;&#x153;powers of tenâ&#x20AC;? we travel between these extreme scales situating architecture around the human body and the life in its dependency with the resources and natural processes of mother earth. This understanding is fundamental to our work with air in architecture. It exceeds even the SMLXL scales of Rem Koolhass and his important contribution to contemporary architecture and urban planning. To fully understand the importance of working with air we have to include knowledge and research from small nano particles to macro climatic changes and airborne pollution with a global scale.

P.24

P.25

Carte BLanChe “Carte BLanChe” Grant Philippe Rahm, Terroirs déterritorialisés Philippe Rahm, De-territorialised milieus

Haus Rucker, Environment Transformer, 1968 Raumlabor, Spacebuster

Philippe Rahm, Air purifying unit, 2008

Haus Rucker, Gelbes Herz, 1968

cero9, inverted air landscape, 2009 specimens refreshing, filtering and oxygenising the air

Votre Air, pollution index, Paris

Buckminster Fuller, dome over Manhattan, 1960

Theo Jansen, Strandbeest Diller Scodidio, Blur Building

HeHe, Nuage Vert, 2008

Steam Street, steam absorbing the pollution of the street.

cero9, blown bottles bottles containing microalgae, a species that produces large amounts of oxygen, humidifies, oxygenises and purifies the air naturally.

Ant Farm, Clean Air Pod, 1970

Diller Scodidio, Hirshhorn museum bubble

realized routes

Green bike network, Copenhagen planned routes

nArchitechts, Windshape, 2006 pavilion moving dynamically with the wind. palm trees absorbing pollution

Air Watch, European Environment Agency photocatalytic concrete

influences on the body by pollution.

Haus Rucker, Oasis 7, 1972

noise cancellation

Philippe Rahm, Teichung Gateway

macro

micro cell

body

building

urban space

city

world

universe

POLLUTION AND HEALTH Newer research has shown increased illness as a cause of particle pollution. The results shows that the mortality increase with 7 %, when the particle pollution increaseses 10 μg pr. m3. That means that life expectancy is reduced by approximately 1 year.

Reduced life expectancy (in month) in 2000 as a result of PM2.5 caused by people.

months 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 36

Today scientists and authorities consider particle pollution as the main air pollution problem in relation to our health. The latest calculation made by EU indicates that 420.000 premature deaths annually is caused by particle pollution. source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler - et sundhedsproblem’, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 2009 and http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-4_en.htm, Janez Potocnik, European Commissioner for Environment, 2013

POLLUTION AND HEALTH Air pollution affects our health in different ways. It can cause respiratory diseases, blood clots and cellular changes, that may possibly lead to cancer. In recent years research has shown an increased understanding of, how differences in size of particles and in their chemical composition influences the developement of injuries in especially lungs and cardiovascular diseases. source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler - et sundhedsproblem’, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 2009

AIR POLLUTION

500 DEATH

5-11 µm - throat 3-5 µm - trachea 0,5-3 µm - bronchi < 0,4 µm - alveoli

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

15 DEATH

Estimated number of deaths per year in Copenhagen (2005) caused by air pollution, in relation to deaths caused by traffic accidents. About 30 times more people dies due to pollution, than people killed in traffic accidents. source: http://ing.dk/artikel/forskere-luk-vinduerne-mod-gaden-91605?utc_ medium=mobile&utc_source=mobile&utf_campaign=mobile&force_non_mobile, article, Ingeniøren, 2008

It is shown that fine particles are more dangerous than coarse particles. The coarse ones, bigger than 5 μm is caught by defense mechanisms in nose and throat, while the smaller ones goes further into the respiratory system. The smallest particles passes the defense mechanisms in our respiratory system - cilia and the layer of mucus in the bronchi - and is allocated in the alveoli (the pulmonary vesicles). Thia is the part of the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are being exchanged with the blood.

POLLUTION CHART

List of limit values and target values of different pollutants

type of pollution

diseases caused

healing / recovery

prevention

noise - particularly in distractions of sleep

increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and strokes

- shielding with soundproof panels - low noise tires - noise redusing asphalt

- reduction of vehicle traffic. - reduced traffic speed. - keeping heavy traffic and other noisy entities away from residential areas and exposed institutions. - use of electric and gas vehicles

particles (PM10, PM2,5 and ultrafine particles)

- respiratory diseases - asthma attacks - allergy - lung cancer - cardiovascular diseases

- particle filters on cars - wearing masks that protects you from dust and particles

- reduction of vehicle traffic. - constructing green bike lanes away from heavy trafficked roads. - prohibiting heavily polluting vehicles in city centers, dense residential areas and areas of schools and daycare institutions. - shifting to electric cars.

NO (nitrogen oxides)

serious airway diseases

- treating materials with titanium dioxide which converts NOx to nonhazardous salts under the influence of UV light.

- less traffic in dense living areas. - changing from heavily polluting industri to more environmental types.

Oversigt over grænseværdier, målværdier og tærskelværdier i datterdirektiver Stof

Grænseværdi (µg/m3)

Midlingstid

Statistik

Beskyttelse af

Skæringsdato

NO2

200 40

1 time -

18 gange pr. år Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker Mennesker

2010 2010

NOx

30 (in rural areas)

Gennemsnit, år

Vegetation

2010

SO2

350 125 20

1 time 24 timer

24 gange pr. år 3 gange pr. år Gennemsnit, år og vinter

Mennesker Mennesker Økosystemer

2005 2005 2001

Partikler (PM2,5)

251 25 20a

Genemsnit, år Gennemsnit, år Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker Mennesker Mennesker

2010 2015 (2020)

Partikler (PM10)

50 40

24 timer -

35 gange pr. år Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker Mennesker

2005 2005

Bly

0,5

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2005

Benzen

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2010

10.000

8 timer (glidende)

Maks.

Mennesker

2005

Ozon

1201 1202 1803 2404 18.000 (µg/m3*timer) 6.000 (µg/m3*timer)

Maks. 8 timer (glidende) Maks. 8 timer (glidende) 1 time 1 time AOT40 AOT40

25 dage pr. år gns. 3 år 1 dage pr. år Maks. Maks. over 3 timer Maj - juli Maj - juli

Mennesker Mennesker Mennesker Mennesker Vegetation Vegetation

2010 2020 (referencepunkt) 2003 2003 2010 2020 (referencepunkt)

As1,5

0,006

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2010

1,5

0,005

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2010

1,5

0,02

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2010

Benz(a)pyrene1,5

0,001

Gennemsnit, år

Mennesker

2010

Hg6

Mennesker

Fodnoter: 1) Målværdi 2) Langsigtet målsætning 3) Tærskelværdi for information 4) Tærskelværdi for varsling 5) I PM10 6) Udviklingen følges a) Revideres 2013 på basis ny viden vedrørende sundhedsvirkning og teknisk gennemførlighed

kilde: http://www.dmu.dk/Luft/Stoffer/Graensevaerdier/

NOx

*a study from Kræftens Bekæmpelse from 2010 shows an increased risk of 45 percent if you live in areas with high concentations of NOx http://www.cancer.dk/rensluften/luftforurening/ Helbred/Helbred.htm

SO2 (sulfur dioxide)

- respiratory problems

- desulphurisation of fuel and improved smoke cleaning

- stop the burning of fossil fuels.

benzene and toluene

- carcinogenic - teratogenetic

-reduction of benzene content in gasoline - catalytic converters on cars

- using non-petrol vehicles.

CO (monoxide)

CO is a toxic gas that in large quantities may hinder the blood’s oxygen intake.

- catalytic converters on cars converting CO to carbon monoxide to CO2 and water vapour.

- using non-petrol vehicles.

O3 (ozone)

- at high concentrations highly irritating to the mucous membranes, causing respiratory problems - stinging in the eyes - damage to vegetation

heavy metals - lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zink (Zn)

- toxic in small small amounts - carcinogenic

- plants, e.g. willow and thlaspi can rins the soil for heavy metals, especially cadmium and zink.

- reduction in coal-fired power plants, waste incinterators and heavy industry.

PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbons)

- carcinogenic

- improving diesel engines

- reduction in domestic heating with wood. - preventing oil spill from rigs. - reduction of vehicle traffic.

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)

- reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons that under influence of sunlight reacts in chemical processes turning into ozone.

AIR CPH Air pollution is the environmental problem that most inhabitants of Copenhagen believe is important for the municipality to improve. The main cause of the problems with air pollution in Copenhagen is the traffic, where particularly diesel vehicles is a major source for pollution with particles and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The air pollution affects the health of the inhabitants and causes early deaths. Especially children, elderly and people with respiratory disorders are affected. The pollution with particles - especially the ultrafine on less than 0,1 μm diameter - may contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases. The particles can also contribute to the development of cancer and cause asthma and early deaths. The pollution with nitrogen dioxide can reduce the lung function and the lungs resistance to infections. source: Københavns Miljøregnskab 2011, the Copenhagen Municipality

The air in Copenhagen is still too dirty. Ingeniøren, 12.04.12

“A children’s live in heavy pollution has serious consequences for their lung function later in life, a Swedish study from the Institute of Environmental Medicine at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm shows.” DR news, 19.10.12

Air pollution in Denmark is above exceeds the limits from WHO. Politiken, 27.09.11

Danish Centre for Environment and Energy recommends introducing ‘cleanair zones’ in the city. the Copenhagen post, 08.10.12

“..the air pollution implies, that the life expectancy in the most polluted cities is reduced with about two years” - Jacqueline McGlade, chief of the European Environment Agency Organic Today, 27.09.12

“It is harmful to ventilate appartment near busy roads, a new survey shows. Do not open the windows towards the street, sounds the warning.” Berlingske Tidende, 07.11.11

AIR CPH - PARTICULATE MATTER Typical size distribution of particles on a busy street. (Note the axis is logarithmic). Bigger particles dominates in particle weight, while the quantity of particles is dominated by nano- and ultrafine particles. The limit values for particles are only measured in mass, where the ultrafine particles plays a very small role. Less research is done on the ultrafine particles, but there are many indications, that they are even more hazardous to the health. In Copenhagen we have one measuring station that measure ultrafine particles, which is situated on H. C. Andersens Boulevard. The other measuring stations only measures particle weight.

mass

quantity

soot (traffic)

0,01

0,001

0,1

It’s necesary to observe the size of these particles, as this has a huge influence on their movement, how long they stay in the atmosphere, and the risk of inhaling it. The size of the particles also determine their allocation in the respiratory system. Normally particles are divided into the three categories: ultrafine particles, fine particles (PM2,5) and coarse particles (PM10).

coarse particles (road and tire wear, construction work, natural sources)

secondary particles (long-distance)

condensates (traffic)

The pollution with particles is a serious health problem. Today most of the particle pollution in Denmark is caused by borderless pollution that travels with the wind over long dinstances to Denmark. Locally the biggest contributors are the traffic (cars and ships) and households (stoves).

brake dust (traffic)

100

diameter (µm)

nanoparticles (PM0,03)

Relative emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 (measured as mass) from Danish human sources. source: ‘Trafikkens forurening’, Det Økologiske Råd, 2011

ultrafine particles (PM0,1) fine particles (PM2,5) particles in the air (PM10)

Particles 45000

On a national level vehicles are responsible for about 15 % of the pollution with PM10 and PM2.5. Close to congested roads their relative contribution is higher. On H. C. Andersens Boulevard in Copenhagen the vehicles are responsible for about 50 % of the pollution with PM10 and 25 % of the pollution with PM2.5.

(number per cm3)

30000

15000

busy street

background city

background contryside

source: ‘Trafikkens forurening’, Det Økologiske Råd, 2011

PM10 Combustion, households: 61 % Agriculture: 19 % Transport: 13 % Other: 7 % PM2,5 Combustion, households: 65 % Transport: 16 % Other: 13 % Agriculture: 6 %

AIR CPH - TRAFFIC FLOWS Copenhagen roads seen as amounts of cars per day

source: ‘Trafikken i København’, Københavns Kommune, Teknik- og miljøforvaltningen (data from 2007)

Number of cars and bicycles per day betweend 06-18 counted at the city border and in the center.

COUNTING SPOTS VEJENSTRAND VEJE N

J VE

B NG LY

YVE

HA RE S

K O

SSU

along the lakes

YVE

EJ YV GB

IKS

B NG LY

SVE

LY N

TSHE

RREN

SVEJ

RREN

city border

SVEJ

JYLLINGEVEJ

600.000 JYLLINGEVEJ

vehicles city border

500.000

RO SKILDEVEJ

RO SKILDEVEJ DE

400.000

YGA

B VA S

J ND EVE LA GE J

KØ

EVE

E JE

SVEJ

TO RV MO ER VE

JEN

AG AM

OR OT ER M AG AM

KONGELUNDSVEJ KONGELUND

EJ EJ ND V ND V STR A GE R

PVE

TR U

ADE

EL KØ G

bikes along the lakes

AM A

KAS

200.000

STR A

PVE

vehicles along the lakes

100.000 30.000-34.999

bikes city border

35.000-39.999

55.000-59.999

60.000-64.999

65.000-69.999

> 70.000

5.000-9.999

10.000-14.999

15.000-19.999

20.000-24.999

25.000-29.999

30.000-34.999

35.000-39.999

40.000-44.999

45.000-49.999

50.000-54.999

55.000-59.999

60.000-64.999

65.000-69.999

> 70.000

40.000-44.999

300.000

GE R

TR U

R OG

B GER AMA

ADE

R OG

25.000-29.999

SVEJ

50.000-54.999

20.000-24.999

AND

15.000-19.999

ENGL

SVEJ

45.000-49.999

ERB

AND

10.000-14.999

G AMA

ENGL

5.000-9.999

AM A

TORVEJ KAS

HOLBÆKM OTO RVEJEN

YGA

TORVEJ

HOLBÆKM OTO RVEJEN

SLO

SVE

RIK

SSU

FRE

RIK

HA RE S

STRAND

J VE

IKS

FRE

EJ YV GB

LY N

city border

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

AIR CPH PARTICLE POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC PM10 emissions caused by different types of vehicles - before the low emission zone

Most of the coarse particles in the streets comes from the street itself, e.g. road dust and road salt. The fine particles mainly comes from the exhaust of vehicles.

source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler i København’, Miljøministeriet, 2003

cars

delivery vans µg/m3

The pollution from the traffic on H. C. Andersens Bolevard - calculated as mass

9 8

Source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler i Danmark’, Miljøministeriet, 2005

7 6 31%

5 4

3 21%

20% 4%

1 0

kg/day

PM10

12%

kg/day

exhaust busses

brakes

PM2.5

road dust road salt

trucks

Particles outdoor indoor

(number per cm3) 20000 15000 10000 10

kg/day

100

1000

particle size, µm

There is a huge difference in the level of pollution outside on a busy street and inside an appartment. This calculation is made on Jagvej in Copenhagen. source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler - et sundhedsproblem’, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 2009

AIR CPH - ROAD TRAFFIC 40.000

In the streets there are significant variations in the amount of particle pollution during a day. The pollution is strongest during rush hours.

Ultrafine particles (number per cm3)

30.000

The average diurnal variation in fine particles (PM2.5) in the air on H. C. Andersens Boulevard and a background monitoring station

20.000

source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler i Danmark’, Miljøministeriet, 2005 window is closed

10.000

PM2.5 25

100

diurnal variation µg/m3

time - in minutes

window is opened

Number of ultrafine particles measured inside a classroom on 1st floor at Gasværksvejens Skole, with open and closed windows.

H. C. Andersens Boulevard

Source: Det Økologiske Råd

‘background’pollution

wind 4

background pollution

daily hour

2% recirculated polluted air

lee side

wind side direct emitted polluted air

Particle emissions from exhaust (PM2.5) in Denmark 2005, by vehicle category, and the development from 1985 to 2005. The decrease in emissions since the mid-1990s is primarily due to stricter environmental requirements.

21% 33% 44%

PM2.5

2500

tons

2000 1500

Illustration of the spread of pollution in a closed street space. Pollution can be up to 5 times higher on the leeward side than the windward side. Drawn after figure in ‘Luftforurening med partikler - et sundhedsproblem’, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 2009.

delivery vans

1000

heavy vehicles cars

500 two-wheeled 1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

AIR CPH - NOx NOx emissions caused by different types of vehicles. - before the low emission zone

NOx is the sum of NO and NO2. In protection of vegetation the annual limit of NOx is set to 30 µg/m3 in rural areas.

source: ‘Luftforurening med partikler i København’, Miljøministeriet, 2003

The emission of NOx from petrol cars is decreasing due to catalysts on more and more cars.

cars

delivery vans

NOX 250

annual averages µg/m3

200

150

H. C. Andersens Boulevard

100 Jagtvej

300

kg/day

300

kg/day

50 annual limit (background) ‘background’pollution kbh ‘background’pollution outside the city

busses

1992

trucks

300

kg/day

300

kg/day

2000

2010

AIR CPH - NO2 On several places in Copenhagen the annual limit of NO2 is exceeded. Copenhagen has two monitoring stations. In addition DMU has made calculations which shows that the annual limit is exceeded on 29 out of 138 street sections.

NO2 70

annual averages µg/m3

H. C. Andersens Boulevard

50 40

annual limit Jagtvej

30 20

‘background’pollution kbh

‘background’pollution outside city

1990

annual limit exceeded 45-55 µg/m3 annual limit heavily exceeded 55-65 µg/m3

2000

2010

AIR CPH SCHOOLS & RECREATIONAL SPACES Schools, daycare institutions and recreational spaces located in polluted areas is a significant problem, especially for the health of the children. Traffical air pollution can, among the other disseases mentioned, also lead to decreased intelligence and lung capacity of children. Source: ‘Luftforureningen i indre by’, Kåre Press-Kristensen, Det Økologiske Råd

Map of schools and recreational spaces source: Copenhagen Municipality website and GIS

S S

S S S

S S

S S S

S S

annual limit exceeded 45-55 µg/m3 annual limit heavily exceeded 55-65 µg/m3

S S

AIR CPH - MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES MiljĂ¸zone - low emission zone CPH

Green bike network

A low emission zone in Copenhagen and Frederiksberg was implemented in 2008 to reduce traffic pollution. The low emission zone has demands for particle filters on heavy diesel vehicles. The red line on the map is a corridor that is not part of the low emission zone.

The municipality has planned a green bike network with new bicycle connections in Copenhagen. Upgrading Copenhagen as a bicycle city and offering alternative routes away from the heavily trafficked roads.

A report from MiljĂ¸ministeriet from 2012 shows that the annual limit of NO2 will not be achieved in 2015 several places in Copenhagen unless the low emission zone is tightened. Despite this, the requirements for tightening low emission zones is now postponed indefinitely, as well as road pricing in the city.

realized routes planned routes

NOISE CPH Noise from traffic can influence the health and lead to early deaths. It also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and strokes. WHO’s recommended limit for noise exposure is 58 dB. Between 58-65 dB cause nuisance and dwellings exposed to more than 65 dB are heavily impacted. Copenhagen Municipality estimates that about 30.000 dwellings are exposed to a hazardous amount of noise during night. 1/5 of the day care institutions and half os the schools are in areas with too much noise. Source: ‘Københavns Miljøregnskab 2011’

Hortus Conclusus (inclosed garden) Flemish illustration of the ‘Romance of the Rose’, c. 1485.

NOISE CPH - DWELLINGS For about 40 % of the dwellings in Copenhagen the daily average noise is under the limit of noise from streets on 58 dB. The noise level is unacceptably high for 17 % of the dwellings, with a noise level on 68 dB or more at the facade. Source: the municipality website: http://www.kk.dk/Borger/Miljoe/Miljoeregnskab/ Temaer/Stoej/Boliger.aspx

> 73 dB 2% 68-73 dB

15% < 58 dB

39% 16%

63-68 dB

28%

58-63 dB

Daily average of traffic noise on the dwellings in Copenhagen.

over 75 dB 70-75 dB 65-70 dB 60-65 dB 55-60 dB

NOISE CPH - SCHOOLS & DAYCARE There are 118 schools in Copenhagen. Only 1/3 of these are in areas with a low noise level (under 58 dB). Of the 675 daycare institutions 2/3 are in an area with a low noise level. Too much noise can influence on children’s acquisition of language and other learning skills.

Streets with more than 65 dB Source: ‘Støj og luftkvalitet i København - trafikkens påvirkning’, Miljøkontrollen, 2001

It is the goal of the municipality that all schools and daycare institutions in 2015 only are exposed to a low noise level. Source: the municipality website: http://www.kk.dk/Borger/Miljoe/Miljoeregnskab/ Temaer/Stoej/Institutioner.aspx > 73 dB 68-73 dB

7% 16% < 58 dB

33%

21% 63-68 dB

23%

Daily average of traffic noise on schools in Copenhagen. 58-63 dB > 73 dB 2% 68-73 dB

63-68 dB

12%

63% sections with more than 5 dwellings per 100 meter sections with less than 5 dwellings per 100 meter

17%

58-63 dB

< 58 dB

Daily average of traffic noise on daycare institutions in Copenhagen.