Seventh Annual Research Day Program 2017 by FVSU PR

Table of Contents Message from the President

Message from the Provost

Message from the Vice Provost

Message from the Director for Undergraduate Research

Speakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Biography

Research Day Order of Program

Oral and Poster Presentations

Faculty Mentors and Judges

Student Abstracts

12-42

College of Agriculture, Family Sciences and Technology

12-27

College of Arts and Sciences

28-41

College of Education

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A Message from the President

Greetings, One of my greatest pleasures as president is witnessing the brilliance of our students become evident through their research endeavors. Learning is certainly a noble component of the college experience, but I believe that the creation of new knowledge is an equally valuable pursuit. It is through the discoveries associated with our research that we leave legacies which impact the world long after we leave it and help improve life for people wherever they are. That is why a highlight of my year is our Annual Research Day. Fort Valley State University was designated as a land grant institution specifically to educate professionals who could impact peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives through research and practical application. We are extremely proud of the reputation for innovation our faculty has grown over the years, and events like Research Day help to raise the profile of our student researchers as well. By ensuring students develop research skills through experience, the faculty who serve as mentors are helping to solidify the place our students and alumni have earned at the forefront of the breakthroughs that will define the 21st century. Just as important as the skills they are developing is the substance of what they are discovering. Our students are boldly tackling a wide range of challenges that perplex humanity, from health and science to social policy and public discourse. Their work will serve as fuel for their own ongoing research, inform the research of others, and inspire changes in the way we live our lives. I am proud that our students are not waiting to pass some amorphous academic or professional milestone before they act on their curiosity and ingenuity. They are making a difference in the world right now. The 7th Annual Research Day will give us the opportunity to learn from these amazing scholars and celebrate excellence in the quest for insight and discernment. On behalf of the university, I thank everyone who made this day possible. We look forward to the scholarly exploration today promises. Sincerely, Paul Jones, Ph.D. President, Fort Valley State University 4 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

A Message from the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs

Greetings, It is my pleasure to welcome you to the 7th Annual Research Day at Fort Valley State University (FVSU). As one of only 19 1890 land-grant institutions, FVSU has a rich history of conducting cutting-edge research in Georgia, around the nation and throughout the world. Our unique niche in academia affords us the opportunity to engage students in research opportunities that broaden horizons while providing opportunities to conduct research in the classroom and through sponsored research funded by external sources. Research Day is a celebration of the research activities conducted by our talented students who worked collaboratively with our renowned faculty to develop meaningful research projects that challenge students to think outside the box in a critical manner as they seek plausible solutions to the challenges that plague our society and our world. I would like to give a special thanks to our undergraduate research director, Dr. Andrew Lee, and her team of dedicated volunteers who helped plan and execute the worthwhile and educational event. Because of them, we have a wide variety of research submissions from our three academic colleges. This level of diversity illustrates the talents of our students and I encourage everyone to enjoy interacting with each presenter throughout the day as we listen to the leaders of tomorrow identify and address the challenges of today. Best Wishes T. Ramon Stuart, Ph.D. Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs stuartt@fvsu.edu

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A Message from the Vice Provost for Academic Affairs

Dear Student-Scholars: Let me first commend each student selected to present research at this yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research Day at Fort Valley State University. You have demonstrated outstanding research potential, as your posters and oral presentations show that you are able to think critically, assess information analytically and work independently (and collaboratively with your faculty mentors) on complex ideas. I cannot impress upon you all how extremely critical it is for you to continue down this path of discovery. Our world is extremely complex, presenting us with daily challenges with the environment and a myriad other things, including public health crises and health disparities, poverty, political crises, the need for improvements in education, food safety concerns, threats of technology crises and so much more. We need thinkers and researchers with specialized skills and talents to come up with innovative and unique ways to solve them. What your presentations at this program signals to the world is that those thinkers and problem solvers and skilled experts are right here at Fort Valley State University. The Undergraduate Research Program is here to ensure that you have the level of support you need to pursue many of your research goals and aspirations. As you continue to do so, I challenge you to take the ideas and projects you have worked on in your research project and work with a fellow student researcher, in a completely different discipline, to strategize on ways to collaborate to address this issue, you will be amazed at what you will discover. The Undergraduate Research Program, along with your professors and mentors, will provide guidance along the way. Again, I applaud you for your research. You are on the right path to producing knowledge that will expand your field of study and make society a better place. I am proud of you and your accomplishment and I look forward to the great research achievements you will realize in the future. Sincerely, Chanta M. Haywood, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Academic Affairs

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A Message from the Director for Undergraduate Research recognition for our undergraduate and graduate academic programs.” To this end, the Undergraduate Research Program works assiduously to help students realize their research and creative oriented dreams, so that they are able to transform awesome potential into undisputed academic excellence.

Greetings, We, the director for Undergraduate Research, the Undergraduate Research Program Advisory Council and the 2017 Research Day Planning Committee, are especially pleased to welcome you to Fort Valley State University’s seventh annual Research Day. Indeed, this special event offers each of us an opportunity to recognize and celebrate the achievements of exceptional undergraduate and graduate students engaged in stellar research and creative endeavors in the areas of STEM, Social/ Human/Behavioral Sciences and the Humanities. Through generous support from the Office of the President and the Office of Academic Affairs, the Undergraduate Research Program is able to sponsor this 2017 Research Day and to achieve its threefold mission: “to foster linkages among faculty members and campus collaborators; to infuse cutting-edge research and ‘hands-on experience’ into classroom teaching; and to foster gains in the form of national and international

As we thought about a theme for this year’s program, Mrs. Cheryl Isaac reminded us that “the arts should play a central role in whatever we do.” We all concurred: This year’s program focuses on the importance of the Arts/Humanities and STEM. Without question, the phenomenological (lived) experiences of the human race require both to solve life’s greatest problems and to liberate the greatest splendors of our foremost creative imagination. That combination of that genius begins right here at Fort Valley State University. Our mission critical stance is led through a Presidential Vision: “Charting a New Direction by Solidifying Our Foundation.” In that vein, we are courageously empowering our faculty mentors and super talented student body to move from STEM with STEAM. During this 7th Annual Research Day, we proudly celebrate Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Mathematics. In closing, first, let us take this opportunity to congratulate all of the outstanding student-scholars participating in this year’s Research Day; and let us give a standing ovation to the exceptional faculty mentors who give so much of themselves to help our students excel

in their respective disciplines; and, finally, let us personally thank all the wonderful judges who volunteered their time to this worthy cause. Second, let us express our sincere gratitude to our keynote speaker of the hour: Ms. Pearl Cleage, who is a true champion of the arts and a great humanitarian. Third, let us honor Dr. Sara Bealing, a 1954 graduate and this year’s honorary chair, for her unwavering support of her alma mater: FVSU. Fourth, let us extend special thanks and acknowledgments to First Lady Sylvia Jones; the Office of the President; the Office of Academic Affairs; the Office of Marketing and Communications; the Pettigrew Center; Sodexo; Deans Kannan, McMullen, and Mehan; and the Department of Visual and Performing Arts and Media Studies for helping to make this day very special. Finally, let us give thanks to our dynamic Undergraduate Research Program Advisory Council and the 2017 Research Day Planning Committee for a job well done! Now, in the words of all of us who come now to congratulate our student-scholars for their phenomenal scholastic research and creative achievements: “Let the celebration and exhilaration of witnessing superior scholarship begin!” Sincerely,

Andrew Lee, Ph.D. Chair for Research Day and Director for the Undergraduate Research Program

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Distinguished Speaker: Pearl Cleage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. Her other plays include Late Bus to Mecca; Bourbon at the Border; A Song for Coretta, The Nacirema Society Requests the Honor of Your Presence at a Celebration of Their First One Hundred Years, What I Learned in Paris and Pointing at the Moon.

Photo Credit: Christian Bishop

Pearl Cleage is an Atlanta based writer, currently Mellon Playwright in Residence at the Tony award-winning Alliance Theatre where her play, What I Learned in Paris, opened the 2012-2013 Season. Her new play for young audiences, Tell Me My Dream premiered at the Alliance Theatre in the 2015-2016 Season. The 20th anniversary production of her play Blues for an Alabama Sky, closed the 2014-2015 Alliance season, earning critical praise and enthusiastic audiences. An evening of her one act plays will be performed at the Alliance in the spring of 2018 and she has been commissioned to write a new work for the inaugural season of their new theatre space in 2019. Pearl works in a variety of genres and her works include award winning plays, bestselling novels and numerous columns, articles and essays for a wide variety of publications including Essence, Ebony, Rap Pages, Vibe, The Atlanta Tribune, and The Atlanta Journal Constitution. Her first novel, What Looks Like Crazy On An Ordinary Day, was an Oprah Book Club pick and spent nine weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. She is the author of fifteen plays, including Flyin’ West, the most produced new American play in the country in 1994. Blues for An Alabama Sky was included in the 1996 Olympic Arts Festival and has been produced in multiple American theaters every year since it premiered at the Alliance in 1995. It is currently enjoying as extended run at The Court Theatre in Chicago and a critically praised production

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She is the author of eight novels, including Baby Brother’s Blues, which received an NAACP Image Award for Literature, I Wish I Had A Red Dress, Babylon Sisters, and Things I Never Thought I’d Do. Her memoir, entitled Things I Should Have Told My Daughter: Lies, Lessons and Love Affairs, was published by Simon and Schuster/ ATRIA Books in April 2014. She is also the co-author with her husband, writer Zaron W. Burnett, Jr., of We Speak Your Names, a praise poem commissioned by Oprah Winfrey for her 2005 Legends Weekend and A 21st Century Freedom Song: For Selma at 50, commissioned by Winfrey for the 50th anniversary of the 1965 Selma to Montgomery March. Cleage and Burnett are frequent collaborators including their award-winning ten-year performance series, “Live at Club Zebra!” featuring their work as writers and performance artists. Cleage was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts by her alma mater, Spelman College, in 2010 and spent two years as a member of the Spelman faculty. She was the founding editor of CATALYST magazine, an Atlantabased literary journal, for ten years and served as artistic director of Just Us Theater Company for five years. Her work has been given grant support through the National Endowment for the Arts, the Fulton County Arts Council, the Georgia Council for the Arts, the City of Atlanta Bureau of Cultural Affairs, and the Coca-Cola Foundation. Her current position as Playwright in Residence at the Alliance Theatre is funded by a generous grant from The Mellon Foundation. A regular columnist for The Atlanta Tribune for ten years, Cleage is a popular speaker at college campuses and book clubs across the country. Cleage and Burnett make their home in Atlanta.

Seventh Annual Research Day Program “Charting A New Direction: Moving From STEM With STEAM” Thursday, April 20, 2017 • C. W. Pettigrew Center 8-8:30 a.m.............................................................................................................................................................. Registration 8:30-9:00 a.m....................................................................................................... Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony/Plenary Session Greetings and Welcome.................. Dr. Andrew Lee, Research Day Chair and Undergraduate Research Program Director Introductory Remarks............................................... Dr. T. Ramon Stuart, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Moderator...........................................................................................Dr. Chanta Haywood, Vice Provost for Academic Affairs Presenters............................................ Dr. Govind Kannan, Dean, College of Agriculture, Family Sciences and Technology Dr. Rebecca Crocker McMullen, Dean, College of Education Dr. Uppinder Mehan, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 9:00 -11:45 a.m................................................. Oral and Poster Presentations....................... C. W. Pettigrew Center Lobby Break-out Sessions.................................................................................................................................... Rooms 106, 107, and 110 12:00 p.m...................................................................................................................................... Awards Luncheon Program Welcome Remarks...................................................................................................................................... Dr. Celia Dodd, Faculty Musical Selection.................................................................................................................Mr. Jabarri Johnson, Student-Scholar Greetings and Introduction of the President...................................................................................................Mr. Cedric Mobley Special Assistant to the President for Strategic Communications Greetings and Remarks............................................................................................................................ Dr. Paul Jones, President Lunch Introduction of Keynote Speaker........................................................................................................................... Dr. Andrew Lee Keynote Speaker............................................................................ Ms. Pearl Cleage, Renowned Playwright and Humanitarian Special Presentation.................................................................The Honorable Barbara Williams, Mayor, Fort Valley, Georgia Research Day 2017 Judges Awards........................................ Dr. Celia Dodd and Dr. Teresa Shakespeare, Faculty Members Comments........................................................................................................................................................ Dr. Chanta Haywood 2:00-3:00 p.m............................................................................................ Student Scholars and Faculty Mentor Workshops Dr. Celia Dodd and Dr. Fred McLaughlin, Faculty Members 3:00-3:30 p.m...............................................................................................................................Wrap-Up and Adjournment

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ORAL SESSIONS Undergraduate Humanities and Social Sciences Room 110 Bianca Bellamy (46) Saisha Belt (73) Hephzibah Beulah (11) Brentt Blackmon (74) Kierra Furlow (75) Takeya Goodman (80) Monet Lewis (81) Ashley Marshall (77) Prenisha Marshall (73) Brianna Nedd-Rice (77) Rose Parker (10) Angel Pruitt (73) Paul Rambeau (82) Jonathon Wakefield (83) Ben Williams (62) Stephanie Wilson (61)

Undergraduate STEM Room 106 John Battle (7) Zakiyah Brannen-Buxton (47) Amber Brown (1) Timani Gill (66) Alysia Irwin (67) Janeal Jackson (9) Kya McKenzie (6) Dequan Medina (68) Alonda Miller (71) Myron Preston (58) Kebriana Ross (59) Ben Saunders (8) Quaneisha Woodford (20)

POSTER SESSION I

Undergraduate STEM Mercy Grace Browder (69) Cleveland Ivey (14) Mikirra Bullard (48) Devantae Jernigan (64) Alexis Burdette (49) Stephanie Johnson (57) Deonte Burston (50) D’Amber Jones (15) Marion Carswell (12) Gre’Nisha Jones (16) Zandria Chambers (13) Taylor Love (53) Thu Xuan Chau (65) Yasmine Moffett (17) Deja Clay (51) Xavia Taylor (18) Amber Davenport (52) Gabrielle Van Genderen (19) Jasmine Davis (53) Destiny Veal (53) Matthew Durst-Scarlett (54) Tyler Williams (60) Jessica Hatcher (63) Danielle Henry (55) Graduate STEM Oluwatumininu Aboyeji (40) Madalyn Bryant (30) Kalu Kingsley (41) Kofi Otis Ocloo (43) Ovigueroye Lydia Ojarikre (44) Nabin Sedhain (37) Aftab Siddique (24) Vishal Singh (45)

Graduate STEM Room 107 Richa Arya (27) Lakshmi Gayitri Chivukula (31) Greg Dykes (21) Benjamin Hortman (23) Leilani Irvin (32) Badri Khanal (34) Kofi Otis Ocloo (42) Keigan Redd (36) Sanower Warsi (38)

POSTER SESSION II

Undergraduate Humanities and Social Sciences/Education Kiara Baker (78) Brian Cornish (2) Kiamata Dukes (3) Traci Holmes (56) Uzenzile Jerkins-Karega (80) Michael Johnson (70) Shakyria Lester (4) Aubrey Moore (77) Xavier Murphy (5) Hope Russell (84) Deanna Shaw (77) Graduate STEM Kiara Baker (79) Brian Cornish (2) Kiamata Dukes (3) Traci Holmes (56) Uzenzile Jerkins-Karega (76) Michael Johnson (70) Shakyria Lester (4) Aubrey Moore (78) Xavier Murphy (5) Hope Russell (84) Deanna Shaw (78) Numbers in Parentheses Represent Abstract Number

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2017 RESEARCH DAY OUTSTANDING FACULTY MENTORS Dr. Dawit Aberra Dr. Bipul Biswas Prof. Juone Brown Dr. Diane Byrd Prof. Ricky Calloway Dr. Samuel Cartwright Dr. Dwayne Daniels Dr. Josephine Davis Dr. Melinda Davis Dr. Sarwan Dhir Prof. Bobby Dickey Dr. Celia Dodd Dr. Chunhua Dong Dr. Tiffani Holmes Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Dr. Felicia Jefferson Dr. Nirmal Joshee Dr. Aditya Kar Dr. Miranda Knight Dr. Stacey Lance, UGA Dr. Andrew Lee

Dr. Xuanli Liu Dr. Ajit Mahapatra Dr. George Mbata Dr. George McCommon Dr. Frederick McLaughlin Dr. Rebecca McMullen Dr. Saul Mofya Dr. Komanduri Murty Dr. Masoud Naghedolfeizi Dr. Young Park Dr. Hao Qiu Dr. Oreta Samples Dr. Hari Singh Dr. Mahipal Singh Dr. Robert Steel Dr. Jacques Surrency Dr. Thomas Terrill Dr. Haixin Wang Dr. Hye-Jung Yun Dr. Xiangyan Zeng Dr. Jianmin Zhu 2017 RESEARCH DAY JUDGES

Dr. Sanjeev Arora Dr. Bipul Biswas Dr. Robin Bright Dr. Samueal Cartwright Dr. Shadreck Chitsonga Dr. Melinda Davis Dr. Seema Dhir Dr. Celia Dodd Dr. Gregory Green Mrs. Cheryl Isaac Dr. Aditya Kar

Dr. Ajit Mahapatra Dr. Frederick McLaughlin Dr. Komanduri Murty Dr. Jasmine Paul Dr. Tamara Payne Dr. Hao Qiu Dr. Oreta Samples Dr. Theresa Shakespeare Dr. Washella Simmons Dr. Hari Singh Dr. Archie Williams

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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level

Agricultural Economics

1. Amber Brown FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Presentation: Oral Title: What is the value of soil carbon in the Flint Hills region? Abstract: Carbon is one of the most abundant elements and it holds many benefits. Some would even go as far to say that it is invaluable. Soil organic carbon supports crop cultivation, climate change, and the survival of human life. Notwithstanding the many positive consequences of carbon, human emissions of carbon dioxide contribute to global warming and climate change. By placing a value on carbon, the number of carbon dioxide emissions can be significantly reduced. By assigning value to carbon, there will likely be an increase in global and national policies and awareness of how climate change works. The objective of this project was to place a monetary value on soil carbon. This goal was achieved through calculating the nutrient values of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and also calculating a water value. The market value was also calculated using the carbon offset value from the Alberta Climate Change. The value of soil carbon was calculated to be $777.00 per hectare, not including ecosystem service values.

2. Brain Cornish FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xuanli Liu Presentation: Poster Title: Marketing Strategies for Small Organic Farms Abstract: As more consumers shifted their preferences for organic goods, small farmers have come to realize the profitability of organic farming. Although there are continuous debates over the difference in terms of nutrients between the organic and inorganic products, the denial by large corporations on the benefits of organic goods as a marketing strategy is not very effective. In fact, organic products won over more and more consumers and typically enjoyed higher price than conventional products in food markets. Nevertheless, a question that remains to be answered is to what level the price premium received by small organic farmers can offset the higher production

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costs incurred in their production, and what marketing strategies should be adopted in order to improve their sales and profitability. Taking into consideration the strict government regulations on resources used in organic production and the small scale of organic farms, this study aimed to clarify whether the current market can support small organic farms to survive the higher production costs, and what marketing strategies should be adopted by them to grow their business. The authors identified effective marketing channels by analyzing data from the Organic Trade Association (OTA), and conducted price comparison between organic and conventional products by using the ERS and AMS data. The preliminary results indicate production cost could be offset by price premium for most small organic farms, and there are sufficient marketing channels available to support the marketing process. On the basis of this study, it will be easier for small farmers to have a clear vision of organic markets and figure out effective marketing strategies.

3. Kiamata Dukes FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xuanli Liu Presentation: Poster Title: Marketing Channels of Organic Farming Abstract: Organic farmers approach marketing in a variety of ways either using single or multiple channels. The main goal of the study is to compare different channels used by the small organic farmers in their marketing process. Organic farmers seem to adopt more direct market channels as the business grows. Many small farms start out roadside or in Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Markets until the business grows and, then, super markets, local grocery stores and restaurants are added to their marketing channels. Research suggests an effective marketing plan is vital to the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth and sustainability. A marketing plan is necessary to identify the weaknesses that must be improved to accomplish a better reach for the company. Also by establishing an effective marketing plan so the company can measure and determine what should be done to increase sales and consumer base growth. Through a wise selection of marketing channels at different stages of production an organic small farm should envision the success of the company for the future years to come.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level 4. Shakyria Lester FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xuanli Liu Presentation: Poster Title: Analyzing Critical Points in the Production Process of Crop-grown Products in Southern States Abstract: Organic farming has become the new crave for the 21st century. Government regulations outline strict Organic Farming Procedures. These determine the critical steps that organic producers must follow to ensure that their products are produced completely organically from how they handle their crops from planting to packaging. The use of synthetic chemicals, antibiotics, and hormones in crops are prohibited by the USDA in organic production, limiting organic farmers to use only environmental practices. Livestock manure as fertilizer is the start of keeping organic integrity. Crop rotation is the essential stage in planting. It ensures that pesticides and other chemicals that are harmful to humans and decrease nutrients in the crop will be prevented. This paper gives a more detailed look into the production process of organic crops in southern states. The results we derived so far will help small organic farmers find a system that both works for the environment and organic productions. The preliminary conclusion for the study that southern organic farmers need to make full use of various rotation systems to support their production and help the nature work in their favor. Agriculture Engineering Technology

5. Xavier Murphy FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xuanli Liu Presentation: Poster Title: Keeping Organic Farming Alive: The Final Verdict Abstract: Organic farming has attracted much more attention in recent years for its function as an alternative for conventional farming in avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and improving the ability of soil to sustain biological activity and diversity. Organic farming is featured with using crop rotations and cover crops, and encouraging balanced host/predator relationships. However, organic farming is laborintensive, incurs higher input costs, and obtains lower yields. Although organic farming is slowly on the rise, there are struggles organic producers still face that could cause failure for success in the years to come. The cost of production for organic farming could be a crucial factor.

Costs for controlling weeds, for organic seeds, planting, and harvest sum up to be a large number. Higher prices of organic products sometimes discourage customers to make a purchase. This leads up to the other struggle in the organic farming industry, which is marketing channel/ strategy. Besides, the USDA sets the organic standards for certification which requires farmers to forego the use of prohibited products for three years. This time frame can put a producer in a tight financial spot, thus making some producers return to conventional farming. However, with every problem, there is a solution. Using rich data from the USDA, we evaluated farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; practices and put forward suggestions for farmers and policy makers regarding high production costs, tricky markets with high demand, and intense certification. Our analysis makes us believe that there could be great chance of success in the organic farming industry for years to come. Animal Science

6. Kya McKenzie FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Mahipal Singh Presentation: Oral Title: Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) on Goat Skin Fibroblast Cells in In-vitro Culture Assays Abstract: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is considered as a super solvent due to its miscible nature with water and wide range of other organic solvents. It is used mainly for cryopreservation of cells and in medicine as a topical analgesic for transdermal drug delivery. Due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds, it is commonly used in high throughput drug screening in invitro assays using mammalian cell lines DMSO concentrations >1% usually show toxicity for mammalian cells cultured in vitro. However, the exact concentration that is safe for dissolving drugs for testing in culture assays depends on the cell type and its source. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of DMSO for in vitro culture of a goat fibroblast cell lines so that it can be used as an in vitro cell model for toxicity assays. GSF 3.2, a goat (Capra hircus) skin fibroblast cell line that was previously established in Singh lab, was used. 50 000 cells from growing cultures were treated with 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% of the DMSO (v/v) in 0.5mL of DMEM media supplemented with 10% FBS. The treated cells were cultured in triplicate in a 24-well microtiter plate at 37Â°C, in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. The number of viable cells were counted after 4 days of incubation. We observed that all cells died when cultured in the media containing >3% of DMSO. Live cell count was inversely correlated

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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level with increasing DMSO concentration from 0.5-3%. Interestingly, we observed an increase in the number of live cells, as compared to untreated controls, when the cells were cultured in media containing DMSO below 0.1%. The mechanism of enhancing cell proliferation by lower concentrations of DMSO remains to be determined in future studies. Electronic Engineering Technology

7. John Battle FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hao Qiu Presentation: Oral Title: Solar Lighting System Using Arduino Abstract: Solar energy is the most prominent among renewable sources as it is an inexhaustible resource and its exploitation has thus far been ecologically friendly. Harvesting solar energy through solar photovoltaics (PV) technology actively attempts to resolve the problem of shortage of electricity over the world which overcomes the release of carbon causing global warming by burning fuels in conventional electricity generation. In this “Solar Lighting System” project, we proposed this stand-alone solar energy system to provide power to LED lights to illuminate road, campus and residence areas. In our project, a smart solar-panel powered illuminating system will be created. It consists of a solar panel and charger, a rechargeable battery, a LED light including a reflector and a driver module, a microcontroller development board integrated with Wi-Fi, a one-channel relay, light sensors, general resistor, capacitors, inductor, diodes, transistors, indicating LEDs, etc. The Arduino MKR 1000 microcontroller controls the LED on or off depending on the light intensity detected by the light detector. During daytime, the solar panel absorbs energy and stores it in the rechargeable battery, and LED is mostly off, if there is sufficient day light, or LED is on, if cloudy or weak day light. During night time, LED is on and powered by battery.

8. Ben Saunders FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hao Qiu Presentation: Oral Title: Statistical Grade Evaluation System Using Java Abstract: Being able to self-evaluate is a great way to

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make improvements. Without proper tools to measure strengths and/or weaknesses, there would be no basis as on what to improve upon. This management of selfcritique can have an influence on a student’s future career and academic pursuits. Due to the overwhelming stress of students who are confused about their overall academic performance, such a tool was created to help factor out a student’s mental capacities. This GUI Java software program will significantly make it easier for students to evaluate themselves by their past academic ability. The student may enter name and ID number to have a record/ access to the system, and input a series of responses regarding course names in different fields (for instance, Electronics Engineering Technology, art and humanities, other science and technology, etc.), grades, credit hours, personal reflection on what they should have received versus the actual grade, and will ultimately receive a diagnostic of where their strengths and weaknesses in certain areas/fields lie. The final analysis will produce a grade table and chart in each filed with statistical average mean, standard deviation, and difference percentage that provide a visualized quantitative analysis. Family and Consumer Science

9. Janeal Jackson FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Frederick McLaughlin Presentation: Oral Title: Myths and Truths about Popular Hair Oils and Their Antimicrobial Properties Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate effects of five different oils: coconut, olive, avocado, sweet almond, and jojoba on hair growth and their antimicrobial properties. Food derived oils contain a plethora of benefits for the human body, one of which is that some can help to increase good cholesterol (HDL) and decrease bad cholesterol (LDL). It was hypothesized that popular oil treatment will have some effect on the growth of hair and antimicrobial effect. Hair samples were collected from five female subjects after treatment along with control samples during this study. The specimen were examined under a Swift comparison LED microscope to determine growth and hair thickening. The Kirby-Bauer drug sensitivity method was used to determine antimicrobial properties of the oils. The project was approved by the FVSU’s Human Subject Committee. Results indicated that after three trials were performed, two of the oils, coconut and olive, were found to inhibit bacterial growth. The oils did not increase hair growth;

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level however, the thickness of the hair was increased. When Gram stained and examined under the microscope, the bacteria were found to be Gram positive. In conclusion, the five different oils had no effect on the hair growth, but showed signs of hair thickening. The coconut oil showed some signs of antimicrobial effect against bacteria isolated from the hair of the subjects. Therefore, my hypothesis was rejected for the effectiveness of hair oil treatment. However, some of the oils did show signs of antimicrobial properties.

10. Rose Parker FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hye-Jung Yun Presentation: Oral

of these free course resources would result in improved attendance, more positive attitudes towards the course, and ultimately, improved pass rates for students enrolled in college algebra. A survey was administered to ascertain students’ attitudes towards having and using the free course materials. Attendance records were analyzed and compared with students’ end of course grades, at the group level, using descriptive statistics. Results show that students’ attitudes towards having free course resources were overwhelmingly positive (at the 90% level and above). Favorable attendance rates were recorded for those who passed the course. It was found that the higher percentages of students with failing grades also had high absentee rates. No statistical difference was found between the passing rates of students using the free course resources compared to students in the prior semester who did not purchase their course resources.

Title: Case Study on the Developmental Stages of a Toddler Abstract: This case study focused on a two-year-old toddler who was observed in a classroom for 1-2 year olds at a southern land-grant child development center during the period of January 18-February 22, 2017. This research focused primarily on the child’s physical, cognitive, language, and emotional development as compared to the expected milestones within the developmental stages that takes place in a life of a toddler. Specifically, the study examined whether the toddler was developing normally for his age through the use of observations and anecdotal records. In the final analysis, the study showed the toddler excelled in the areas of physical, cognitive, and emotional development but lagged behind in language development based on child development theories and a the expected developmental milestones for 1-2 year olds. Plant Science

11. Hephzibah Beulah FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Josephine Davis and Dr. Dawit Aberra Presentation: Oral Title: The Impact of Free Course Resources on Student Achievement in Precalculus Mathematics Abstract: To mitigate high failure rates in college algebra, owing mainly to students not purchasing and using their textbooks and other required laboratory resources, faculty within the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science acquired external funding to provide free textbooks and laboratory course resources. This study was conducted to determine whether the provision

12. Marion Carswell FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir Presentation: Poster Title: In-vitro Regeneration and Multiplication of Valeriana Officinalis - Rare Medicinal Plant Abstract: Valeriana officinalis is an important medicinal herb commonly found in Kashmir valley. It is a medicinal plant used as a muscle relaxer for anxiety relief, as well as a sleep aid. Due to its variations, poor seed production and germination, and traditional breading effects on cost and time, clonal propagation should be used in order to produce large scale homogeneous plants with high yields of Valerian. This study forms an important preliminary step for in-vitro micro propagation of V. officinalis using a simple one step method for the regeneration of plants/ multiple shoots using nodes as explants. We supplemented the MS media with various concentrations of cytokininsbenzyl amino purine (BAP) and kinetin (KN) to study which concentration had the best effect on producing Valerian efficiently and effectively. The results from this protocol indicated that KN or BAP at 2.5 mg/l was the best concentration for shoot induction. Comparing KN 2.5 mg/l with IAA, IBA, or NAA maximum number of shoots were observed with KN 2.5 mg/l + IAA 0.1 mg/l. Rooting was effectively achieved on MS supplemented with IAA at 1.0 mg/l. The subsequent hardening experiment showed that the commercial medium containing a mixture of decomposed coir waste, perlite and organic compost in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume was most effective, 80% plantlets survived. Regenerated plants were morphologically uniform having normal leaf shape and growth.

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 15

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level

13. Zandria Chambers

14. Cleveland Ivey

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. George Mbata

Presentation: Poster

Title: How Does Fusarium verticilliodes Protect Itself from its Own Toxin?

Title: Use of Entomopathogens in Postharvest Management of the Maize Weevil

Abstract: Fusarium verticillioides is a pathogen predominantly found worldwide in association with maize plants and kernels. The fungus produces and secretes harmful secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), most notably fumonisin B1 (FB1), which affects a variety of animals and potentially humans. FB₁ causes equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) in horses and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) in pigs and was shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. It is also correlated with neural tube birth defects in humans. Further, FB1 is also a phytotoxin to maize, causing leaf necrosis and reduced root growth. Fumonisins are similar in structure to free sphingoid bases sphinganine and sphingosine, which are used in the synthesis of ceramide. The structural similarity of FB1 to sphinganine and sphingosine is the basis of its toxicity and mechanism of action since it is an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, the enzyme needed to produce ceramide. Inhibition of ceramide synthase results in depleted sphingolipids. Given that FB1 inhibits ceramide synthase in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, we are curious to understand how F. verticillioides is resistant to its own toxin. Perhaps it possesses a mechanism to detoxify any FB1 inside of its own cells. A bacterium, Sphingopyxis sp., has been found to encode a carboxylesterase (fumD) that is able to detoxify FB1 by cleaving off its two tricarballylic acid side chains. BLASTP of fumD against F. verticillioides identified a putative homolog encoded by FVEG_04320 (E value 6e-66). We propose that Fusarium acquired this gene from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). FVEG_04320 was targeted for gene deletion in F. verticillioides using the OSCAR protocol, or One Step Construction of Agrobacterium Recombination-readyplasmids. Once a verified mutant is obtained, it will be compared to wild type to determine if FVEG_04320 is needed by F. verticillioides for its insensitivity to FB1 (standards).

Abstract: Maize (Zea mays Linnaeus) is an important cereal that is widely cultivated globally. In storage, maize is infested by the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky), and the attack by this pest is even more severe in regions such as sub – Saharan Africa, where maize constitutes a staple. The control of this pest has in the past depended almost entirely on chemical pesticides, but factors such as insect resistance to pesticides and contaminations of food and environment by pesticides are challenges that may be overcome with natural enemies including the use of entomopathogens in the IPM of maize weevil. Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi, were evaluated for the control of entomopathogens of the maize weevil. Six strains of nematodes, namely Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Lewiston, and Oswego strains); H. indica Poinar, Karunakar, and David (Homl strain), H. georgiana (K22), Steinernema feltiae (SN), and S. carpocapsae (All), and 2 strains of fungi, Beauveria bassiana (GHA) and Metarhizium brunneum (F52) at 3 different concentrations were evaluated for infectivity to adult weevils. Two strains of nematodes and a strain of fungus were found to cause significant mortality to the weevil compared to the rest of the entomopathogens and the control. Efforts are also geared toward identifying acceptable mode of applications of the pathogens for the protection of maize in storage.

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15. D’Amber Jones FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir Presentation: Poster Title: The Role of Sugars and Acids in Solanum Lycopersicum: Soluble Solids and Aroma Compounds in Relation to Flavor Abstract: Although a large component of tomato fruit taste is sugars, the choice of tomato cultivar and the postharvest practices implemented by industry are designed to reduce crop loss and lengthen shelf-life and do not prioritize sweetness. However, because there is a growing recognition that taste and ﬂavor are key

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level components of tomato marketability, greater emphasis is now being placed on improving traits like sugar content. In addition, tomato flavor is also balance of acidity and sugar, plus volatile compounds are for aroma and flavor. Cherry tomatoes generally reach higher sugar concentrations than full-size tomatoes, so they taste sweeter. While the contribution of sugars and acids to flavor are more fully understood, emerging science demonstrates how aroma compounds affect taste attributes. Our goal is to produce better-tasting fruit for consumers as well as high yields for commercial production. We examined sugar and acid levels of crosses between tomato variety FL 8059 and a variety from the closely related small-fruited species Solanum pimpinellifolium, confers a long shelf life (more than four months). Solanum pimpinellifolium was used as one of the parents in the crosses because it has high levels of sugars, acids and aroma volatiles. We tested for soluble solids in the juice using refractometers (the Brix measure) in combination with measuring levels of citric and malic acids and sugars such as fructose and glucose. We also asked consumers to rate the varieties on liking of the tomato’s taste. We also quantified the aroma compounds known to be important for tomato flavor. Consumer liking of tomato was inversely correlated with tomato size. Our plan is to use this data to improve flavor of tomato varieties by using molecular breeding techniques to produce tomatoes with great taste, high yield, shelf life and durability for transportation.

16. Gre’Nisha Jones FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir Presentation: Poster Title: Deleting and Sequencing of Beta lactamase in Fusarium verticillioides Abstract: Fusarium verticillioides is a plant pathogen that occurs in corn. It secretes a mycotoxin called Fumonisin in corn that causes birth defects and cancer in humans, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) in horses and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) in pigs. The project’s objective was to target a large group of Beta lactamase genes in F. verticillioides. The Beta lactamases are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, we hypothesized that Beta lactamases present in fungi will have similar type resistance. We used the OSCAR Protocol which consisted of eight steps, PCR amplification and BP Clonase to delete the gene. To verify that the gene was actually deleted we sent samples to a commercial laboratory for sequencing.

Once we verified the mutant, then we compared them to the wild type (M3125) in different environments in hopes that the gene would be susceptible to the others toxins created by the F. verticillioides.

17. Yasmine Moffett FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Poster Title: Neurotoxicity of Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster Abstract: According to seminal research, physical damage to the brain has been demonstrated following chronic partial sleep deprivation in rodents. Moreover, researchers have shown that chronic sleep deprivation increases the risk for development of neurodegenerative disorders, including the deposition of beta amyloid plaques, a feature of Alzheimer’s disease, in the brain. We used Drosophila melanogaster to analyze neurotoxic effects to the brain following long-term sleep deprivation. This included analyzing the total amount of the amyloid beta plaque equivalent protein deposited over 10-days in a model of chronically sleep deprived Drosophila. Moreover, we analyzed whether differences exist by in male and female Drosophila that undergo chronic partial sleep deprivation. We also discussed a new model of sex specific analysis of the effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation. Our next step is to produce the findings of this study for a journal article or conference presentation.

18. Xavia Taylor FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Poster Title: Regulation of Neuroendocrine Hormones on Sleep Deprivation in Male and Female Neonatal and Aged Drosophila melanogaster Abstract: Lack of sleep (sleep deprivation) has the ability to impair a number of imperative processes and physiological systems, including the immune, cardiovascular, and digestive systems and higher order cognitive functioning in a number of species. Under conditions of chronic sleep deprivation, females experience greater neurophysiological and behavioral changes than males. The purpose of this research is to identify the neuromodulatory factors that contribute to sexual dimorphism in the long-term response to chronic sleep deprivation. Using male and female Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), we investigated a well-established FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 17

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Undergraduate Level model system of sleep by observing sustained periods of quiescence associated with an increased arousal threshold over a 10-day period. Specific targeting of genes in the Drosophila ecdysteroid-juvenile hormone axis will be discussed in detail as a part of our effort to develop a genetically tractable model in day 1 flies. Taken as a whole, identifying the neuromodulatory factors that regulate the sexually dimorphic response to sleep deprivation may improve the ability to recover from sleep deprivation in both males and females and conceivably attenuate the long-term consequences of the effects of chronic sleep deprivation.

19. Gabrielle Van Genderen FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir Presentation: Poster Title: High Frequency Plant Regeneration from Axillary Shoot in Moringa oleifera Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam., commonly known as drumstick, has potential as a commercial medicinal and nutritional supplement. This plant has long been recognized in folk medicine and is extensively used in the treatment of rheumatism, venomous bites and as a cardiac and circulatory stimulant. The present study was aimed to establish an efficient and rapid protocol for in vitro plant propagation of Moringa oleifera through axillary shoot explants. Axillary shoot growth was induced by supplementing Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium with cytokinins. Of the three cytokinins tested, namely benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KN), and thidiazuron (TDZ), BAP at 0.5 mg/l showed a maximum of 92% of shoot proliferation with 15.2±0.87 number of shoots per explant with 2.26±0.05 cm mean height of individual shoots after 4 weeks. The combination of BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l) showed 95% of shooting response with 17.4±0.36 number of shoots per explant with 3.62±0.03 cm means height of individual shoots. The combination of BAP (0.5 mg/l) and IAA (0.1 mg/l) produced 71% of shooting response with 7.4±0.46 number of shoots per explants with a mean shoot height of 1.50±0.2 cm. After standardization of PGRs for shoot multiplication, the multiplied shoots were subjected for root formation using various concentrations of PGRs. IAA and NAA were tested in varying concentrations from 0.1-1.00 mg/l. IAA in a concentration of 0.5 mg/l recorded 92% of rooting response with a maximum number of 15.0±0.89 root hairs in a mean root length of 8.3±0.23 cm. NAA in a concentration of 0.1 mg/l responded 93% of root formation with 14.6±1.19 number of roots per explants with a mean root length of 11.1±0.38 cm. The rooted plants were transferred to soil and vermiculture in 18 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

the ratio of 1:1 and were kept in the humidity chamber for acclimatization. The established system is efficient enough to be used for mass production of healthy plants in a short period of time. Fast growing embryogenic callus were also established from leaf segments of in vitro raised plants on MS medium supplemented with 4.52 µM 2,4-D and 11.09 µM BAP. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on MS medium containing 13.31 µM BAP and 3% sucrose with an average of 28 embryos per gram of callus. The continuous production of Moringa regenerated plants via somatic embryogenesis could be used as a possible micropropagation and plant transformation system.

20. Quaneisha Woodford FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir Presentation: Oral Title: Morphological Comparison of Leaves in Different Grape Species Abstract: Leaf morphology is the form of a leaf. The shape of a leaf is influenced by evolution, development, and the different environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight, and shade. Some of these factors can either delay or accelerate the development of a leaf. The leaf organ is very essential to plant growth and for human survival. Having homologous points, grape leaves can be landmarkbased (a feature unique to grape leaves). These features are used when outlining leaf shape and examining the thickness of the vein. Having homologous points makes it easier to track the different developmental stages of a leaf. Grapevine (Vitis spp.) leaves from different species are very different from one another, making grapevine an appropriate model to explore the evolutionary and developmental forces shaping leaves. Our goal is to run several test to see if allometry, heteroblasty, environmental or evolutionary factors have a greater effect on grapevine leaves, over the course of a two year, 2013 and 2015, span by using morphometric analyses. We are measuring the thickness of the veins and testing to see how the different factors affects the development of the leaf using wild relatives of domestic grape leaves. Our results illustrate that there are some similarities and minor differences, between the same species over a two year time frame. One of the results showed that the angle between the distal and proximal vein is influenced by environmental factors (year). The evolutionary factors do not affect the leaf’s shape or vein thickness.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level Animal Science

21. Greg Dykes FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Thomas Terrill Presentation: Oral Title: Effectiveness of Sericea Lespedeza Leaf Meal Pellets and Whole Plant Pellets for Natural Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Coccidia in Goats Abstract: Infection with internal parasites, particularly gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidia, is the greatest constraint to profitable sheep and goat production world-wide. A study was completed with goats to test the anti-parasitic bioactivity of leaf only and whole plant sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) pellets compared with a commercially-available pellet. Twentyseven mature (18 month-old) Spanish bucks were fed diets consisting of 50% pellets and 50% supplement in individual pens for a 6-week trial at the Fort Valley State University Agricultural Research Station in Fort Valley, GA. Diets were balanced for protein and energy. Fecal samples were taken from individual animals weekly to determine GIN eggs per gram (EPG) and coccidial oocysts per gram (OPG). Blood samples were taken weekly to determine packed cell volume (PCV). Both SL pellet diets reduced ODG in the goats compared with control animals after 7 days, while EPG values were lower than control after 21 and 28 days, respectively, in the goats fed leaf only and whole plant SL pellets, and these differences were maintained until the end of the trial. Both groups of SL pellet-fed goats had higher PCV values than control animals from days 28 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 42 of the trial. Pelleted SL has potential as an alternative to anthelmintic drugs for small ruminant parasite control.

22. Loreal Greer-Mapson FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Thomas Terrill Presentation: Poster Title: Efficacy of Sericea Lespedeza Hay and Silage against Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Coccidia in Young Goats Abstract: Thirty-six intact Spanish male goats 4 to 6 months old were used to compare effects of sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) hay and silage, as well as silage with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) on measures of gastrointestinal parasitism. Naturally infected goats were housed in pens and given treatments (n = 12 per treatment) consisting of SL hay or SL silage and oral drenching with 60 ml distilled water daily (HW and SW, respectively), and SL silage and drenching with 50 g of 4500 MW PEG in 60 ml distilled water daily (SP). Fecal egg count (FEC), coccidia oocyst count (OC), and percentage packed red blood cell volume (PCV) were

conducted weekly. The FEC and OC were impacted by a treatment by week interaction. For HW, compared to Week 0, FEC were lower by the first week after treatment and remained low throughout the study. In contrast, FEC for SW treated animals were not lower until Week 2, remaining lower for Week 3 while FEC from SP treated animals were only lower than Week 0 at Week 3. Treatment with HW resulted in lower OC for all three weeks while SP and SW treatment had lower OC for Week 3 only. Packed cell volume was not different for the three treatments. Overall, as expected, sericea lespedeza reduced fecal egg and oocyst goats in goats and the tannininhibiting treatment, PEG, seemed to delay the effects on FEC, possibly pointing to a direct effect of tannins on this measure of gastrointestinal parasitism.

23. Benjamin Hortman FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Mahipal Singh Presentation: Oral Title: Establishment of Caprine Mammary Luminal Epithelial Cell Lines Abstract: As, Capra hircus, domesticated goats become more prevalent around the world, more is needed to improve their products for human consumption and use. The mammary gland, a defining characteristic of mammalian species, does not solely produce milk but is a highly sought after bioreactor in livestock species. The gland contains a series of ducts and crevices leading back to alveoli which contain milk producing cells called luminal epithelial cells. New mechanisms for additional bioreactions and production of transgenic animals can be developed through the gained knowledge of these cells, if they can be cultured in vitro. Mammary epithelial cells can be used to generate foreign compounds in milk. Cells can be modified genetically to alter certain aspects of end product concentrations produced within the milk, for example, dairy goats lacking lactose production to cater towards the lactose intolerant clientele. Therefore, the goal of the project was the establishment and characterization of caprine mammary luminal epithelial cell lines. Epithelial cell cultures from mammary tissues of two dairy goats have been established which show cobble stone-like morphology typical of these mammary cells. These cells, when stained with anti-cytokeratin 18: FITC labeled antibody in a 4 chambered slide, displayed positive signal and thus confirmed their epithelial nature. Our preliminary results showed the presence of milk production in these cells. These cell lines could have potential for future studies to understand signaling pathways of milk production in in vitro assays using these cell models. FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 19

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level 24. Aftab Siddique

25. Anil Singh

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Young Park

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Thomas Terrill

Presentation: Poster

Title: Effect of Iron Fortification with Microencapsulated and Regular Ferrous Sulfate on Textural Properties of Goat Milk Cheddar Cheese

Title: Effect of Ensiling on Anti-Parasitic Properties of Lespedeza Cuneata

Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent around the world. Although iron fortification on qualities of bovine milk and dairy products have been studied, little research has been conducted on caprine milk counterparts, including textural properties and consumer acceptability of iron fortified goat cheeses. The objective of this study was to evaluate textural characteristics of two types of iron fortified goat milk Cheddar cheeses in comparison with non-fortified control cheese (NFCC). Experimental goat cheeses were manufactured at the Georgia Small Ruminant Research and Extension Center, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA. Iron was supplemented with regular ferrous sulfate (RFS) and large microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (LMFS) by 8.23g and 9.03g each per 9kg cheese, considering 16% Fe in both forms of ferrous sulfate. Textural properties of all samples were analyzed by TA. XTPlus Texture Analyzer (Stable Micro System, Surrey, UK). Results showed that NFCC, RFS and LMFS cheeses contained 0.0162, 0.822, 0.932 mg Fe/g cheese, respectively. The respective Fe recovery rates for RFS and LMFS cheeses were 71.87 and 73.5%. Both RFS and LMFS cheeses had significantly higher protein than NFCC, while the opposite trend occurred for fat content for the microencapsulated iron fortified cheese. For textural properties, LMFS cheeses showed significantly higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness than RFS and NFCC cheeses, whereas adhesiveness revealed the opposite outcome, suggesting that microencapsulated iron appeared to produce firmer cheese curds network. No differences among cheeses were found in resilience, cohesiveness and springiness. It was concluded that iron fortification can influence cheese composition and textural characteristics.

Abstract: A study was designed to determine the effects of feeding ensiled sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) on gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and coccidia (Eimeria spp.) infections in young goats. A 28-day confinement study was completed with 36 nine-monthold Spanish bucks (53.8 Âą 8.1 lbs) fed 3 diets consisting of SL silage, chopped SL hay, or ground bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon) hay (70% of the diet) and a grain mixture formulated to balance dietary protein and energy (30% of the diet). Fecal and blood samples were collected every 7 days to determine GIN eggs per gram (EPG) and coccidial oocysts for gram (OPG) (fecal samples) and packed cell volume (blood). Both SL diets significantly reduced EPG and OPG compared to control (BG diet) animals, with greater effects on the OPG numbers. The SL hay diet was slightly more effective against GIN and coccidia than the SL silage, but the differences were not significant. There was no treatment effect on PCV values. As leaf loss during hay making can be substantial with SL, cutting and ensiling at a higher moisture level may be an effective way to capture more leaves while maintaining the anti-parasitic efficacy of this crop.

26. Evelyn Smith FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Thomas Terrill Presentation: Poster Title: Effect of an Iron Supplement on Indicators of Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasitism in Sheep Abstract: Infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), particularly Haemonchus contortus, a voracious blood-feeder, can cause severe anemia and death losses in untreated animals, and a recent rapid increase in GIN resistance to anthelmintic drugs has greatly exacerbated the problem. Treating heavily-infected animals with Red CellÂŽ, an iron, vitamin, and mineral supplement, has been suggested to improve survivability. A 2-week study was designed with naturally-parasitized mixed-sex Katahdin-Dorper cross lambs (6 months old, n = 9-10 per treatment)

20 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level given 1 of 4 treatments; the labeled dose of anthelmintic treatment (Albendzale), 30 cc of Red Cell® plus dewormer (Albendazole), 30 cc of Red Cell® only or no treatment (control). Fecal and blood samples were taken from individual animals to determine GIN eggs per gram (EPG) and packed cell volume on Days 0, 7, and 14. There was no treatment effect on GIN egg production and anemia status of the lambs in this study, suggesting that dosing with Red Cell® is not an effective supplemental treatment for GIN infection in lambs. However, positive on-farm results with this product under non-controlled conditions suggest that additional research may be warranted. Biotechnology

27. Richa Arya FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Ajit Mahapatra Presentation: Oral Title: Efficacy of Electrolyzed Acidic and Electrolyzed Alkaline Water Spray Treatment for Inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Goat Meat, Beef, and Pork Surfaces Abstract: Meat is a rich and important source of nutrition and is consumed worldwide. Recent outbreaks associated with meat products is a major concern for food industry. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the foodborne microorganisms responsible for many outbreaks in the United States and other countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of electrolyzed acidic water and electrolyzed alkaline water spray method on goat meat, beef and pork surfaces for inactivating E.coli O157:H7. Meat surfaces were inoculated with E.coli O157:H7 and then were subjected to electrolyzed acidic water and electrolyzed alkaline water treatment (spray method) for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min. Microbial analysis were performed before and after the treatment. Statistical analyses were carried out using the GLM procedure of SAS. In this study, electrolyzed acidic water showed a higher average log reduction (1.20 CFU/mL) as compared to electrolyzed alkaline water (0.81 CFU/mL) on goat meat. Electrolyzed acidic water showed higher average log reduction (1.20 CFU/mL) at 12 min on goat meat than beef (1.10 CFU/mL). Electrolyzed alkaline water showed average log reduction of 1.22 CFU/mL on pork surface which is higher than goat meat (0.81CFU/ mL) at 12 min. Inactivation efficacy of electrolyzed alkaline water was significantly higher on pork than goat meat. Electrolyzed acidic water showed significantly high inactivation efficacy on goat meat than beef. Electrolyzed acidic water and electrolyzed alkaline water can be used

as effective antimicrobial agents in the meat industry for inactivating E.coli on meat surfaces.

28. Richa Bajaj FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Nirmal Joshee Presentation: Poster Title: In vitro Mass Production and Genetic Transformation of a Potential Biofuel Tree Paulownia elongata Abstract: Paulownia elongata is a fast-growing and high biomass yielding tree species native to China and grown in several temperate zones worldwide. Paulownia trees are good candidates as a short rotation fast growing bioenergy and timber crop. Four media formulations (Chee and Pool, Gamborg’s B5, Murashige and Skoog, and Woody Plant Medium) with 13 growth regulator treatments were evaluated to establish suitability of various explants for micropropagation. Two cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron, were used in combination with auxins 1-Napthalene acetic acid, and Indole-3-acetic acid. In another experiment, flower buds were collected to excise immature ovaries/ovules and were sterilized, cut horizontally into thin slices and inoculated on respective media treatments. The initial cultures in petri dish were placed in the dark to induce callus, and then transferred to light conditions upon callus development. Chee and Pool medium favored organogenesis, and pulvinus tissue served as one of the most responsive explants. Reliable and efficient in vitro protocols have been developed for shoot induction, elongation and rooting for mass multiplication of Paulownia elongata. In the first attempt to develop a transformation protocol for genetic modification of P. elongata, susceptibility of various explants to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 was investigated. Transient GFP expression has been achieved after agro-infection and co-cultivation and regeneration of these cultures is in progress. We report suitability of Chee and Pool tissue culture medium for Paulownia micropropagation for the first time. Agrobacterium culture and transformation parameters have also been optimized.

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 21

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level 29. Tanganique Baker FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Nirmal Joshee Presentation: Poster Title: Paulownia elongata Biochar as a Suitable Carbon Rich Soil Addendum Abstract: Biochar is a high carbon product of pyrolysis used in the addition of soil and sand to increase plant productivity. Biochar’s structure allows beneficial microflora to thrive, as well as improving water and nutrient retention. Biochar was produced from Paulownia elongata wood harvested from 7 year old trees at Paulownia demonstration plot at Fort Valley State University. Biochar was produced using a top-lit updraft cookstove. Scanning electron microscopy of biochars prepared using different wood samples reveal strikingly different characteristics based on the plant used. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plants grown in 6” (15.24 cm) standard pots. Plants were supplemented with various concentrations of P. elongata acid treated biochar. Two types of P. elongata biochar were used, chemical biochar and organic biochar. Treatments included a control, 1% P. elongata biochar, 2.5% P. elongata biochar, and 5% P. elongata biochar. Tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and marigold (T. erecta L.) plant heights, root lengths, and fresh and dry weights were evaluated in mixtures grown in pots filled approximately 3/4 deep with a coffee filter inserted into the bottom, and placed in growth chambers maintained at 25 °C 16 h day, 20 °C 8 hour night. Chlorophyll measurements were obtained using a SPAD 502 Chlorophyll meter. Light absorbency was recorded using a Quantum PAR meter. Five weeks after seeding, plants grown in several of the biochar mixtures had greater fresh and dry weights, root lengths, and shoot heights than the control.

30. Madalyn Bryant FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Ajit Mahapatra Presentation: Poster Title: Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Using Ultraviolet Light on Pork, Beef, and Goat Meat Abstract: Meat consumption continues to grow worldwide. According to the FAO, pork is the mostconsumed meat in the world, accounting for over 36% of the world meat intake, followed by poultry and beef with about 33% and 24%, respectively. Pork, beef and goat meat

22 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

are considered red meats. While pork and beef have been consumed in the U.S. for centuries, the demand for goat meat is increasing due to its nutritional value. Improper handling of meat can lead to contamination by foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The FDA has approved several techniques to inactivate microorganisms in food products to ensure safety and quality of the products. Ultraviolet (UV) light has proved to be effective in reducing the amount of foodborne pathogens on products and is germicidal between the wavelengths of 200 and 300 nm. Use of UV-light in the food industry has advantages over other agents because it leaves no residues, has no effect on moisture and temperature, and is cost efficient. In this study, UV-light was used to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 on pork, beef and goat meat surfaces. Treatments with UV-light were conducted with energy dosages ranging from 0.2 - 2.4 mJ/ cm2 for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 min. Pork, beef and goat meat showed maximum log reductions of 0.73, 0.55 and 0.69 log CFU/mL at 12 min., respectively. Treatments on the meats were compared against one another. Data were analyzed using the general linear models procedures of SAS.

31. Lakshmi Gayitri Chivukula FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hari Singh Presentation: Oral Title: Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC’s) from Energy Cane Bagasse using Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis Abstract: Cellulose is one of the most abundant, renewable, natural polymers present on the earth. Bioenergy crops are grown mainly to obtain more cellulosic biomass for the sustainable production of biofuels. Energy cane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the efficient, perennial bioenergy crops, with stress tolerance ability and requires minimal energy inputs for its cultivation. It has been used as an alternative to produce bioethanol because of its high productivity of cellulosic biomass. The bagasse is obtained as a biomass waste after juice extraction from stalks which can contain up to 43% cellulose. Bagasse can be utilized to extract nanocrystals of cellulose, known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC’s). CNC’s are unique green materials having excellent physiochemical properties along with biocompatibility and biodegradability compared to cellulose and can be used as reinforcement material in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Though there are different ways to extract cellulose nanocrystals

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level from agriculture wastes, acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the commonly used method. In this research, sulfuric acid was replaced with hydrochloric acid. The extraction protocol included chemical purification of bagasse, acid hydrolysis, dialysis, and ultrasonication and characterization using light microscope, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). CNC’s were successfully extracted from bagasse. While longer fibrils were spotted in the sample, CNC with a minimum size of 90 nm were observed using XRD and AFM. The minimum size of crystals for control were between 1823 nm. The protocol needs further optimization to get uniform crystal size.

32. Leilani Irvin FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Nirmal Joshee Presentation: Oral Title: Comparison of Seven Genes for the DNA Barcoding of Medicinal Scutellaria Species. Abstract: The genus Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) has about 400 species spread all over the world. Scutellaria is a medicinal plant with high antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. Many Scutellaria species are classified as rare, threatened or endangered. DNA barcoding has been used in identifying species based on the nucleotide diversity of short DNA segments, which allows for samples to be identified even from small, damaged, or industrially processed material, holding great promise in identifying adulteration in herbal products. For developing DNA barcodes, genomic DNA was extracted from leaf samples of twenty one Scutellaria species from FVSU germplasm collection using a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The concentration and purity of the DNA was determined using a NanoDrop 2000c spectrophotometer and by amplifying the housekeeping gene, tubulin. After confirmation of DNA, five coding genes (ITS2, matK, rbcL, rpoB and rpoC1) and three noncoding spacers (psbA-trnH, psbK-psbI and atpFatpH) were amplified to discriminate between the Scutellaria species via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers used to ensure proper identification were: atpF-atpH, ITS2-3, matK2.1-5-r, matK-3f1, psbA-trnH, psbK-psbI, rbcL, rbcL2, rbcL1-99, rbcLaM13, rpoB2f3r, and rpoC1-2f4r. The amplicons were verified by gel electrophoresis and were sent for sequencing. After the DNA sequencing is complete, the sequences will be uploaded to the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) databases to analyze data.

33. Akanksha Kanwar FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hari Singh Presentation: Poster Title: Quantification of Biomass Yield of Energycane and Napiergrass on Marginal Land: An Input and Output Evaluation Abstract: The perennial crops such as such as napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schum.) and energycane (Saccharum officinarum L.) offer great potential to be developed as sustainable cropping systems on marginal land for high cellulosic biomass yielding feed stocks for ‘drop-in biofuel. The research is being conducted (20112016) at FVSU agricultural research plots to produce the perennial biomass for both the crops with 4 replications and 8 treatments. Three fertilization rates- 0, 100, 200 kg N/ha and clover crop was used to compare nitrogen input. The average yield for energy cane was observed to be 12.1, 14.3 and 15.4 Mt /ha for 0, 100 and 200 kg N/ ha respectively compared with 13.5 Mt/ha with clover cover as treatment. The average yield for napier grass was found to be 20.0, 22.8 and 22.3 Mt /ha for 0, 100, 200 kg N/ ha respectively compared with 22.0 Mt/ha with clover cover as treatment. Input-output analysis includes listing and quantifying all resources and materials consumed to produce per metric ton per acre of biomass for each crop. The total cost of production will be calculated by factoring the input costs of all the on-farm unit operations and gross value of per planted acre will be calculated by subtracting costs from income generated by feedstock in terms of per $ per ton per acre basis. The research findings will help growers and producers in decision making process to produce biomass from a sustainable cropping system as an incentive to generate profit from marginal lands.

34. Badri Khanal FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hari Singh Presentation: Oral Title: Spatial and temporal optimization of DAYCENT model for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emission prediction from lignocellulosic perennial bioenergy cropping Abstract: Perennial lignocellulosic bioenergy crops are being analyzed for potential environmental impacts. Measuring the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from these crops consume lot of time, cost, machines and manpower. Extrapolating the results for temporal and spatial variability is also difficult. For this reason, biogeochemical models are extensively used. In present FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 23

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level study, DAYCENT model was used with weekly records of GHGs - carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) measured since 2011 to 2013 for two crops napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schum.) and energy cane (Saccharum spp.) at Fort Valley research station. The model was calibrated using combined trial and error and PEST (CTEP) method and verified with measured data for year 2014. The treatment verification was made with different rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (0,100 and 200 Kg N/ha) along with clover (Trifolium incarnatum) as winter cover crop and spatial verification was made by comparing research plot at distant location (Tifton, GA). The verified model had higher goodness of fit compared to default model. The parameters like potential evapotranspiration, effect of annual precipitation on atmospheric N fixation and maximum proportion of nitrified N lost as N2O at field capacity were found to have high sensitivity for N2O emission, whereas seasonal growth restriction factor, amount of carbon that is stored in the carbohydrate storage pool and maximum temperature for production were more sensitive for CO2 emission. The optimized model can be replicated and used for prediction of GHGs emission from perennial grasses production system.

35. Kiara Lipsey FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Nirmal Joshee Presentation: Poster Title: Trichome Diversity and Morpho-histology of Paulownia elongata Leaves and Flower Buds Abstract: Paulownia elongata is known for being a fast growing tree that can be harvested in short rotation, thus a potential bioenergy crop. Trichomes are important as they serve plants in protection, absorption of heat or moisture, and they produce secondary metabolites. Glandular trichomes contribute to the secretory function, whereas non-glandular trichomes perform as a barrier to prevent insects from biting or piercing the leaf. This research focused on trying to determine the morphology and possible function(s) of the different kinds of trichomes present on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, as well as the epidermal layer of the flowering buds of P. elongata. Paulownia trichomes were studied for their biological activity due to secondary metabolites, as well as their impact on certain stress factors. Clearing methods were optimized to understand trichome morphology, and detailed structures were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Histological stains (Safranin, Sudan Black B, Lugol’s solution) were employed to understand 24 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

the distribution of various chemicals in paraffin sections. As trichomes have been linked to playing a role during adverse stress conditions and detoxification, glutathione metabolism has been studied using fluorescent dye (monochlorobimane or monobromobimane and mercury orange). Chemical composition of secretory cells was further demonstrated using fluorescent microscopy. We present our research findings on the development of branched, glandular, peltate, and dendritic trichomes during juvenile to mature stages in leaf and flower buds to predict the purpose of these hairs-like structures.

36. Keigan Redd FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Celia Dodd Presentation: Oral Title: Effects of the Organophosphate Flame Retardant TDCPP on Egglaying Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans Abstract: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that has been used for several decades. Its metabolites have been detected in human urine and breast milk. TDCPP raises a concern, because it was used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are known environmental pollutants that have been linked to hyperactivity disorders and lowered IQ in children. Although, there is limited data on TDCPP, it is similar in structure to organophosphate pesticides. Generally, OP pesticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and have been linked to developmental neurotoxicity in children. This study aims to determine if TDCPP may also work through cholinergic mechanisms, utilizing the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans a model. Egg-laying behavior in C. elegans is a function of cholinergic neurons. We hypothesize that treatment with TDCPP will disrupt egglaying behavior. Gravid N2 wild-type nemotodes were bleached to permit synchronized egg collection. L1 staged worms were treated with TDCPP (0 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM) and plated with food, E. coli (OP50-1) for 24 hours. Thirty L3/4 worms were moved to fresh plates and allowed to mature (18-24h) into gravid adults. The number of eggs released were counted over a 4h timeframe. Results from the assay showed that there was a significant dose response effect on the number of eggs laid by treated compared to control worms. Interestingly, the largest effect was seen for 10 μM TDCPP. This indicates that TDCPP does have an effect on egg laying behavior. Studies are ongoing to identify the mechanism of these effects.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level 37. Nabin Sedhain FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Bipul Biswas Presentation: Oral Title: Comparative Study of Romaine Lettuce Production in Hydroponic System and Raised Bed System Abstract: Eating green vegetables provides the health benefits reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Green vegetables/lettuce contributes the significant role in supplying folate, Vitamin A, B, C, E and K with essential antioxidants. However, vegetables grown in soil face a lot of problems due to uncontrolled environment, difference in soil physiochemical properties and soil born microbial infection. In controlled environment like soil less agriculture system (hydroponics) has brought a good alternative for producing healthy vegetables, free from soil borne pathogens. Therefore, this research was carried out on romaine lettuce to grow in two hydroponic systems ‘Nutrient Film Technique’ (NFT) and ‘Vertical Tower Garden’ (VTG) and compared with raised soil bed. All lettuce saplings of same age were transplanted on same day. Data were collected for ‘plant height’, ‘total leaf number’ and total yield for all three systems. The average plant height (H) and leaf number (LN) in NFT was H=11.52 inches, LN=19.19, in VTG was H=10.12 inches, LN=20.69) and in raised soil bed was H=7.17 inches, LN=12.44 after 6 weeks of planting. Growth and yield of ‘romaine lettuce’ form hydroponic systems were higher in compared to raised-soil-bed. This research will help to identify the more efficient system for commercial cultivation of ‘romaine lettuce.’

38. Sanower Warsi FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. George Mbata Presentation: Oral Title: Studies on the Development of Habrobracon hebetor on Diapausing and Non-diapausing Larvae of Plodia interpunctella Abstract: Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the progeny production by Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at 28 °C, 16L: 8D and 70% RH. The first experiment evaluated the effect of host (P. interpunctella) larvae density on mortality of host and progeny production by the parasitoid. Nearly 100% host mortality was observed at all larval densities of diapausing

larvae but in non-diapausing larvae the mortality consistently decreased with increase in host density. More progeny of H. hebetor was produced on diapausing larvae (3, 7, 13, 22, 38, 53) compared to non-diapausing larvae (1, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22) as host density (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30) was increased. The numbers of eggs laid by mated female wasp provisioned daily with fresh diapausing larvae up to fifth day was significantly different (F 4, 29 = 4.08, P > 0.0111) from non-diapausing larvae (F 4, 29 = 0.54, P < 0.707). The maximum number of eggs laid daily by H. hebetor provisioned with diapausing was on the third day but those provisioned with non-diapausing laid the highest number of eggs on the fifth day. The results from this study show that diapausing larvae of P. interpunctella will be ideal for mass rearing of H. hebetor for the management of postharvest moth populations.

39. Jamaura Williams FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Hari Singh Presentation: Poster Title: Importance of Row Spacing for Optimizing Energycane Biomass Yield and Evaluating Bagesse for the Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals Abstract: Energycane (Saccharum spp.) is a high cellulose biomass producing perennial crop which has become a choice for alternative non-food biofuel crop. The purpose of this study is to advance energycane biomass accumulation on marginal lands. Row spacing is very important for optimal yield because if the crops are spaced close together, it will compete for sunlight and nutrients to grow to its fullest potential. Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley, GA with three between row spacing (1.22 m, 1.52 m, and 1.83 m) and two within row spacing (0.61 m and 0.91 m) in a randomized complete block design. The treatment combinations were T1 (1.22 m x 0.61 m), T2 (1.22 m x 0.91 m), T3 (1.52 m x 0.61 m), T4 (1.52 m x 0.91 m), T5 (1.83 m x 0.61 m) and T6 (1.83 m x 0.91 m) respectively. An average biomass yield of 1922 Mg ha-1 was observed among the treatments. Highest biomass yield of 22 Mg ha-1 was reported with minimum row spacing (T1) but there was no significant difference in biomass yield among different row spacing. Further experimentation is required with multiple year growth and yield data to make suitable recommendations.

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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level Public Health

40. Oluwatumininu O. Aboyeji FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Oreta Samples, Dr. George McCommon, Dr. Miranda Knight Presentation: Poster Title: Environmental Impact of the Woolfolk Chemical Site on Dogs: Determination of Lead Contamination in Blood Samples of Companion Dogs Living within the Woolfolk Chemical Site Area in Fort Valley, Georgia Abstract: Is it possible that dogs residing in the geographic area known as Woolfolk Chemical Site can harbor unsafe hematological lead levels? This would allow for testing for lead in the blood of canines currently living in the area designated as the Superfund Site (i.e. Woolfolk Chemical Co.) This review is in partial fulfillment of a NIFAsponsored Evans-Allen project being carried out by members of the MPH Program within the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health and the Stallworth Agricultural Research Station in support of an EvansAllen project entitled: “The Environmental Impact of the Woolfolk Chemical Works Site on Drainage Run-Off and Indigenous Plants in the Fort Valley Community”. As a producer of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and fertilizer products, Woolfolk Chemical Co. practiced unsafe disposal practices during chemical residue disposal. Historically there is concern by residents for their children residing in the area. It is hypothesized that companion animals residing in the area may be good indicators of mammalian lead uptake. Companion animal species have long been regarded as sentinels capable of measuring toxic effects of chemicals in human living environs. Similar to the canary in the coal mine, companion dogs living within the Superfund Site may register unsafe lead blood levels.

41. Kalu Kingsley FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Oreta Samples Presentation: Poster Title: Retrospective Study of Lead Exposure in Children Less Than 5 Years Old Over Three Decades from the Woolfolk Site in the Fort Valley Community Abstract: As a producer of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and fertilizer products, Woolfolk Chemical Co. did not practice good management practices in regards to chemical residue disposal. Historically there is concern by residents of the health of children residing in the area over the past three decades. Children are at risk of contamination by lead if they are exposed to soil, water or 26 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

house dust that is contaminated with lead. This can lead to blindness, CNS disorders and hematological effects such as interference with heme biosynthetic pathways which may cause zinc to be chelated in place of iron and lead to iron deficiencies. The is a retrospective study of health department and other medical records on the incidence of arsenic and lead contamination of children under the age of 5 years old that resides within the geographic area contaminated by residual lead from the Woolfolk Chemical Site from 1970-2000. This review is in partial fulfillment of a NIFA-sponsored Evans-Allen project being carried out by members of the MPH Program within the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health and the Stallworth Agricultural Research Station. The information gathered is in support of an EvansAllen project entitled: “The Environmental Impact of the Woolfolk Chemical Works Site on Drainage Run-Off and Indigenous Plants in the Fort Valley Community”.

42. Kofi Otis Ocloo FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Saul Mofya Presentation: Oral Title: Exploring Effects of Probiotic (Lactobacillus sp.) on Mastitis Pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus) Isolated from Caprine Abstract: Mastitis as a disease of dairy animals is economically devastating to those who rely on the milk for food as well as health and beauty aids as well as debilitating for the animal. Antibiotic resistance by a variety of bacterial forms in such animals compounds the loss as well as contributes to treatment challenges of the animals. Probiotics are being examined as a novel treatment/preventative measure in the eradication of antibiotic-resistant strains of mastitis causing bacteria. This project is part of a NIFA-sponsored Evans-Allen project being carried out by the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health in support of a project entitled: “Exploring Effects of Probiotic (Lactobacillus sp.) on Mastitis Pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus) Isolated from Caprine”. 40 goats selected from a closed herd at FVSU are tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test as well as confirming bacterial resistance to the antibiotic - Cephpirin- Sodium via the Kirby-Bauer Method. These bacterial samples were then subjected to probiotics as an alternative form of treatment. Bacteria isolated from goats suffering from mastitis and exhibiting antibiotic resistance are being tested in a pilot study to test efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus species in vitro. If successful, probiotics may be a novel line of defense in treatment/ prevention of mastitis in dairy goats.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Graduate Level 43. Kofi Otis Ocloo FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Oreta Samples and Dr. Saul Mofya Presentation: Poster Title: Detection of Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Dairy Goats Treated with Cephpirin Sodium at FVSU Abstract: Mastitis as a disease of dairy animals is economically devastating to those who rely on the milk for food as well as health and beauty aids as well as debilitating for the animal. Antibiotic resistance in such animals compounds the loss as well as contributes to treatment challenges of the animals. It has become evident that there are many bacterial forms exhibiting antibiotic resistance including Staphylococcus aureus. This project is part of a NIFA-sponsored Evans-Allen project being carried out by the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health in support of a project entitled: “Detection and Treatment Options for Mastitis Treatment and Prevention of Mastitis in Caprine and Subsequent Drug Residue and Drug Resistance in Caprine Milk”. 40 goats selected from a closed herd at FVSU were tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test; bacteria from positive samples are isolated in vitro to ascertain if bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic - Cephpirin- Sodium via the Kirby-Bauer Method. Animals within the test group were found to be suffering from sub-clinical or clinical mastitis as well as harboring antibiotic resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus that were non-responsive to Cephpirin Sodium during in-vitro testing. It is therefore plausible that the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has the potential for resistance to other forms of antibiotic treatment.

44. Ovigueroye Lydia Ojarikre FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Oreta Samples and Dr. Saul Mofya Presentation: Poster Title: A Retrospective Study of the Woolfolk Related Arsenic and Lead Contamination in Fort Valley Four Decades Ago Abstract: The Woolfolk Chemical Site of Fort Valley, Georgia, is located in Peach County on 31 acres of land surrounded by both residential and commercial areas; 18 acres are identified as the original site of the Woolfolk Chemical Works Company. It was a site for production and packaging of chemicals, such as herbicides, pesticides

and insecticides, to include arsenic and lead products from 1910 to 1980. Through EPA investigation, it was determined that contamination of soil, water and attic environments of homes adjacent to the 18 acres has occurred, spreading over 31 acres. Many remediation efforts have been carried out on the site, however, there remains concern among residents regarding lingering contamination. The Site was declared a “Superfund Site” in 1990 when the EPA listed Woolfolk on the National Priorities List (NPL), requiring environmental monitoring every five years. Presently there is still lingering fear of environmental pollution by residents still living in the area. The affected areas which require monitoring include the five Operational Units (OU) recognized by EPA to include: ground water contamination, contaminated soil, former Woolfolk Chemical Works facility, soil and attic dust of homes adjacent to the site, and the Preston Street drainage ditch. This retrospective study reviews the history of remediation of the site and identify future needs in regards to environmental monitoring of water, soil and plants for higher than normal amounts of lead and arsenic.

45. Vishal Singh FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Oreta Samples and Dr. Jacques Surrency Presentation: Poster Title: Mastitis in Dairy Goats - A Nutritional Concern Abstract: Mastitis, a disease of the mammary system is caused by such bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus. This causes a loss of revenue to dairy farmers due to the presence of coliform and non-coliform bacteria which renders milk unusable. This is of public health concern as well as commercial concern. A literature review was completed to ascertain what effects sub-clinical and clinical mastitis in dairy goats have on the nutritional quality of milk. This review is in partial fulfillment of a NIFA-sponsored Evans-Allen project being carried out in the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health. Sources included Journal of AVMA, Small Ruminant Research, Veterinary Medicine International, Jornal de Pediatria, American Dairy Science Association, Journal of Microbiology, Journal of Infection in Developing Countries and African Journal of Microbiology Research. The information gathered is in support of an Evans-Allen project entitled: “Detection and Treatment Options for Mastitis Treatment and Prevention of Mastitis in Caprine and Subsequent Drug Residues and Drug Resistance

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 27

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level in Caprine Milkâ&#x20AC;?. Mastitis has become a public health concern due to contamination with coliform and noncoliform bacteria. Mastitis as a disease of dairy goats has become a nutritional concern as well as national concern within the agricultural-public health community as it leads to a loss in production and subsequent financial gain in regards to food, milk and health and beauty products. Biology

46. Bianca Bellamy FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Frederick Mclaughlin Presentation: Oral Title: An Evaluation of Personal Care in Geriatric Patients Abstract: Elderly people, usually beginning at the age of 65, often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease syndromes than younger adults. The purpose of this research was to identify the appropriate medical treatments that would increase the longevity of geriatric patients. Geriatric care is a specialty that focuses primarily on the healthcare of elderly patients. We hypothesized that elderly patients that received personal care benefited more than elderly patients placed in assisted living and nursing homes. As a Medical Assistant, the first approach was to select elderly patients and determine their level of mobility and care and select a health care plan under the Affordable Health Care Act. Specifically, it involved a screening interview process to identify the different aspects on the quality of life for aging people. The second approach was to discuss medical treatments and different demographics, including various issues such as low income, poverty, disability, and activity limitations. Conducting interviews and discussing and explaining realistic issues that play important factors in the daily lives of elderly people can have a profound impact on their life span. This study supports the notion that people are living longer because of more advances in medicine and an increased level of physical activity and personal care to improve elderly peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outlook on life.

47. Zakiyah Brannen-Buxton FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Oral Title: A Profile of Age-specific Neuromodulators of Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster Abstract: Sleep deprivation has become increasingly common in the modern world. Hormones are the 28 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

chemical signals of the body, regulating whole systems by the basis of both positive and negative feedback and differing in organisms based on sex and age, characterizing benchmarks in a developing organism. Model organisms, such as the Drosophila melanogaster that we employ, are used to study and research diseases as theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re cost efficient, often have a previously identified genomes (which has been related back to the human genome), and many yield large numbers of offspring in a relatively short gestation period. All these factors, work together to give researchers a more controlled reliable subject to study. The epicenter of this research is to build a characteristic profile of how specific hormones are altered as sleep levels change in four basic parameters: young female Drosophila melanogaster, aged female Drosophila melanogaster, young male Drosophila melanogaster, aged male Drosophila melanogaster. In this particular study, we compare sleepwake behavioral patterns of male and female flies on days 1, 2, 8, 9, and 10 against days 3-6. Additional criteria used to measure sleep efficiency across age included an overnight video behavioral recording of periods of quiescence and increased arousal threshold. Alterations in sleep-wake behavior may affirm that aging reduces locomotor activity and changes behavioral functioning. Overall, understanding how neuromodulatory factors associated with changes in age may bring researchers closer to developing an intervention for improved aging and wellness under conditions of common day challenges with sleep deprivation.

48. Mikirra Bullard FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Frederick Mclaughlin Presentation: Poster Title: The Bioaccumulation of Depleted Uranium in Doped Soils by Kentucky Bluegrass Abstract: The purpose of this research was to address concerns that depleted uranium (DU) introduced into the environment by Army testing could lead to elevated DU levels in the resident whitetail deer population at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The assumed pathway for intake was the consumption of contaminated grasses by the whitetail deer and the resultant bioaccumulation in the body. Uranium is ubiquitous in the soils; however, the concentration varies widely depending on soil type and origin. It is expected that many plants and grasses will contain some level of uranium. This investigation focuses on whether increasing the level of uranium available to the grasses in the soil will lead to an increased uptake above background in the Kentucky bluegrass plants. This grass was chosen due to its common availability in seed form. It is hoped that this grass is a true surrogate for native grasses,

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level but this has not yet been determined. In this experiment, nine soil samples with three varying concentrations of DU were tested and compared to a background sample that did not contain DU. After a growth period of twenty-five days, the plants grown from seed were extracted, ashed, and tested for DU concentration in the shoots. The results showed that there was no significant elevation above that of background in the Kentucky Bluegrass plants and that further testing would be needed to obtain conclusive results.

49. Alexis Burdette FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Celia Dodd Presentation: Poster Title: The Effects of Organophosphate Flame Retardants on the Developing Nervous System of Caenorhabditis elegans Abstract: Flame retardants are chemicals used in many factory-made goods including furniture, electronics, and building supplies to reduce flammability. Human Exposure to flame retardants has been correlated to health effects in children such as lower IQs, birth weight, and poor coordination. Currently, organophosphates are the most commonly used flame retardants found in foam baby products including mattresses, car seats, and changing pads. Since organophosphate flame retardants have a similar structure to some organophosphate pesticides that were banned due their induction of locomotor and neurological effects in children, the use of OPFR in child products is especially concerning. Because the effects of organophosphate flame retardants on the nervous system remain unclear, research into their possible neurotoxicity is imperative. This study aims to assess the effects of chronic exposure to Tris (1, 3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, TDCPP, on the developing nervous system in Caenorhabditis elegans. Due to their rapid development, transparency, fully sequenced genome, limited amount of cells, and ability to self-fertilize C. elegans are an excellent model to assess the effects of neurodevelopmental toxicants. The NW1229 strain, maintain pan-neuronal expression in all neurons. Following worm synchronization, NW1229 L1 stage worms were chronically treated with 100 µM, 50 µM, 25µM , 20 µM, 10 µM, 5 µM, and 0 µM of TDCPP. TDCPP caused a dose dependent change in the developing central nervous system (nerve ring). The size of the nerve ring decreased significantly by 30 % (100, 50, 25), while the brightness significantly increased by 7% compared to control. This suggests that OP flame retardant exposure

can have neurotoxic consequences. Further studies will elucidate target mechanisms.

50. Deonte Burston FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Celia Dodd (Dr. Stacey Lance, UGA) Presentation: Poster Title: Trace Element Accumulation and Maternal Transfer in the Southern Toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) Abstract: Amphibian species and populations exhibit varying levels of tolerance to heavy metals commonly found in the environment. Heavy metals are common byproducts of agricultural, urban and industrial practices and do not degrade in the environment, producing environments where multi-generational exposure can occur. One of the leading sources of metal contamination is energy production, particularly coal combustion. The Savannah River Site is hormone to >40 species of amphibians and has multiple disposal sites to manage the waste generated by coal combustion power plants, offering an ideal location to examine the effects of heavy metals on amphibians. Exposure to metal, such as those found in coal combustion waste can result in increased mortality and reduced growth rates in amphibians, yet uncertainty still persists regarding the long-term impacts of exposure to these contaminants. We investigated how adult southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris) accumulated trace elements from the terrestrial environment and how those levels relate to parental body condition, egg size, and trace element transfer to offspring. We collected and measured adult toads from one contaminated and three reference wetlands and bred them in the lab. We analyzed adult and offspring body burdens using an ICP-MS by taking sublethal tissue samples and subsets from egg clutches, respectively. We found 1) parental body burdens of heavy metals were elevated in individuals collected from ash plume wetland, 2) no relationship between adult trace element body burden and body condition, and 3) mothers with greater levels of trace elements transferred greater levels to their offspring. These results demonstrate that even decades after initial inputs of coal ash into the environment, those contaminants are still bioavailable to amphibians living in the area. Because some of these elements are transferred from parent to offspring, these results also suggest that while there is little impact of terrestrial exposure to trace elements on adult body condition; however negative effects on offspring health have been documented.

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 29

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 51. Deja Clay FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Aditya Kar and Dr. Celia Dodd Presentation: Poster Title: Dietary Effects on Energy Storage in Drosophilia Abstract: Based upon previous research conducted on how dietary sugar and protein influence lipid storage in Drosophila, we investigated how macronutrients contribute to the triglyceride and protein storage of each fruit fly. We dispersed the diets between the fed controlled and the starvation selected Drosophila. The objective of this experiment was to observe the development time and the triglyceride and protein content of the Drosophila placed in each diet. The experiment began by first creating seven diets as follows; standard diet (equal amounts of yeast and sugar), high sugar, sugar and vitamins, sugar and RNA, sugar and cholesterol, sugar and salts, and a diet that contained all of these macronutrients named ALL. The larvae were exposed to the diets as soon as they hatched. Several observations were depicted among the larva like their development time and size over the course of days. After all of the larvae had pupated and metamorphosed into their adult stages, we collected them to measure triglyceride and protein storage. As of now, we found that starved selected fruit flies subjected to the high sugar and ALL diet tended to have the largest triglyceride standards.

52. Amber Davenport FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Poster Title: Neurotoxicity of sleep deprivation in young and aged Drosophila melanogaster Abstract: The focus of my research is in the severity of neurotoxic damage resulting from repeated bouts of sleep deprivation, particularly in young and old fruit flies. We analyze this by determining if the brain obtains chemical or physical injury due to chronic sleep deprivation and testing to discover possible differences in the effects of chronic sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation encourages significant reductions in performance and awareness and impedes the brainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cognitive ability. Moreover, aging

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adds an additional layer of complexity to an already stressed homeostatic system. Based on previous research, we anticipated less damage to the brains of young flies versus aged flies. However, this resulting effect is not clear. The study will allow us to examine further our protocol for sleep deprivation and attempt to optimize our model system.

53. Jasmine Davis, Taylor Love, and Destiny Veal FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Celia Dodd Presentation: Poster Title: Concentration Effects of E-liquids with and without Nicotine in Caenorhabditis elegans Abstract: E-cigarettes are becoming a new public health challenge. Some users believe e-cigarettes are a safer alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes, however limited data exists on the safety of e-cigarette smoking. Additional concern lies with the rise in use by the millennial generation. A recent report by the CDC stated that the number of teens trying e-cigarettes rose from 1 in 20 in 2011 to 1 in 4 in 2014. The liquid used in e-cigarettes is composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, water, and natural and artificial flavoring. Many e-liquids are also infused with different concentrations of nicotine. These liquids are heated into a vapor and inhaled by the user. At this time it is unknown if the e-liquids themselves or rather the nicotine in e-liquids may have negative consequences. This study aims to determine concentration effects of e-liquids with and without nicotine in Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans, N2 wildtype- strain were grown on nematode growth medium (NGM) along with OP-50 E. coli as a food source. In order to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) for e-liquids, L-1 staged C. elegans were treated with e-liquid concentrations (7.5%, 15%, and 30%) with or without nicotine. One-thousand L1 treated worms were placed on fresh OP-50 plates for 18-20 hours prior to observation. Worms were counted using the grid method. Briefly, the number of live healthy worms in 12 designated squares were counted and multiplied by the total number of squares. Results suggest that nicotine continuing e-liquids have a stronger effect on the nematodes. Nicotine exposed nematodes have the lowest amount of healthy nematodes. Further research will be conducted to determine developmental effects associated with e-liquids containing nicotine.

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 54. Matthew Durst-Scarlett FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Melinda Davis Presentation: Poster Title: Evaluation of Duckweed Wolffia spp. Growth in Various Water Conditions Abstract: The term “duckweed” is used to refer to five genera of small, floating, freshwater, aquatic plants in the Lemnaceae family. These genera include Lemna, Landoltia, Spirodel (duckweed); Wolffia (watermeal); and Wolffiella (bogmeal). The purpose of this experiment is to determine various growth parameters (ammonia, oxygen, temperature, and salinity) of an unidentified Wolffia species. Wild type Wolffia spp. duckweed was divided into nine (9) groups. Each group was made up of four (4) 21-gallon plastic tubs with 25 grams of duckweed added as a starter colony. One group was set aside as a control. One group was a “low” group while one was a “high” group. The high ammonia group showed no statistically significant difference from the control. The moderate ammonia group did show a statistically significant difference from the control. There was also a statistical difference between the moderate and high ammonia groups. Lack of significant growth in the high ammonia group may be due to toxic levels of ammonia from the raceway aquaculture system. Both the higher temperature and lower temperature group showed a statistically significant difference from the control. There was also a significant difference between the two heated groups. None of the aeration groups showed any statistical difference between the control or between experimental groups. None of the salinity groups showed any statistical difference neither between the control nor between experimental groups. According to this experiment, ideal growth conditions appear to be 26.7°C , non-aerated, freshwater with moderate levels of ammonia.

55. Danielle Henry FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Saul Mofya and Dr. Celia Dodd Presentation: Poster Title: E. coli Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles in Backyard Chickens

were collected from backyard chickens 5 weeks age to adult from randomly selected households from different counties in Georgia, and analyzed in the bacteriology lab in the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, at Fort Valley State University. A total of 60 rectal swab samples were examined for the presence of E. coli by culture. The samples were grown on McConary agar and the cultures were further tested with API 20 commercial biochemical strips to confirm the presence of E. coli. All the E. coli isolates were tested against 10 antibiotics using the standard Kirby-Bauer disc method to assess their antimicrobial susceptibility. This study helped to establish if backyard chickens are major reservoirs for multiple resistant to E. coli.

56. Traci Holmes FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Oral Title: Male Bariatric Patients Five Years Later: Where Are They Now? Abstract: In this study, the authors explored the experiences and perspectives of male patients regarding life after their participation in the original study, which took place five years ago. Specifically, authors explored the meaning of bariatric surgery and the lived experiences of male patients after having weight loss surgery both within the context of individual, couple, and family relationships. Utilizing qualitative research, the authors conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with members of the previous study cohort and examined experiences since the original research took place. In the study, authors found: 1) Most patients kept the majority of their previous weight off, 2) Personal attention to physical appearance by individual patients increased, both in positive and negative ways, and 3) Overall, patients stated they were happier today than they were prior to surgery. Clinical implications are discussed specifically as it relates to male patients and weight loss surgery from a longitudinal perspective. Additionally, recommendations are provided for marriage and family therapists, other allied health professionals, and medical professionals, as to how they might be able to support males who still may be transitioning through the weight loss surgery process.

Abstract: This project aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. coli isolates of backyard chickens in Middle Georgia. During the period of January to March 2017, rectal swab samples

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COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 57. Stephanie Johnson FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felecia Jefferson Presentation: Poster Title: Spatial Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Artificial Light at Night in Select Rural and Suburban Wildlife Abstract: Natural light cycles provide critical information to organisms pertaining to its circadian cycle, visual perception, and spatial orientation. Artificial light at night (ALAN), also known as light pollution, can extensively alter normal light cycles as it is displayed at times and places in which it does not naturally occur. Moreover, pervasive use of ALAN can be regarded as a stressor on the physiologies of organisms and has adversely affected the natural daily processes of ecological wildlife systems. In this study, we evaluate spatial and temporal dimensions in our ecological analysis of the effects of ALAN in select communities of deer and rodent populations. Data obtained from ArcGIS is used to investigate the effects of ALAN to deer and rodents over the previous 30 years. Spatial statistics is conducted to analyze data obtained from the ArcGIS subscription database. An increase in deaths, movement, and decrease in select deer and rodent populations could be attributed to growth in human population where the addition of ALAN often occurred. This data provide insights into the long-term effects to communities and deer and rodent populations following addition of ALAN. Future investigation into the sleepwake effects is anticipated.

58. Myron Preston FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Masoud Naghedolfeizi Presentation: Oral Title: Statistical Analysis of Radiation Measurements Abstract: The purpose of this research is to understand the statistics related to measurements with a Geiger Muller counter equipment that is commonly used for radiation measurements in the nuclear industry. Specifically, the Poisson and Gaussian distributions will be compared for both background radiation and radiation from Cs137 source. The knowledge of radiation distribution is important to determine the shielding materials needed to significantly reduce the amount of radiation exposure to both biological and non-biological systems. Statistics is an important feature especially when exploring nuclear and particle physics. In those fields, we are dealing with very large numbers of atoms simultaneously. We cannot possibly deal with each one individually, so we turn to statistics for help. Its techniques help us obtain predictions 32 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

on behavior based on what most of the particles do and how many follow this pattern. A measurement counts the number of successes resulting from a given number of trials. Each trial is assumed to be a binary process in that there are two possible outcomes: trial is a success or trial is not a success. For our work, the probability of a decay or non-decay is a constant every moment in time. Every atom in the source has the same probability of decay, which is very small. Experiments were setup in the Nuclear Engineering Lab at CTM building to measure both background radiation and the Cs-137 radiation source. A large number of measurements were obtained in both cases in order to find a suitable distribution pattern for each case. We repeated the same experiment with different shielding materials (such as aluminum and lead) placed between the source and the radiation measurement system (Geiger counter). The radiation distribution for each shielding material was obtained and then the required thickness for a given shielding material is estimated to reduce the radiation levels to those of background radiations.

59. Kebriana Ross FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Felicia Jefferson Presentation: Oral Title: Effects Sleep Deprivation on Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster Abstract: Sleep and metabolism imbalances are known to have an enormous effect on health consequences. The lack of sleep is commonly linked to an increase in appetite linking sleep deprivation to disorders closely related to obesity such as Type II diabetes and high blood pressure. Our research seeking to understand the neuroendocrinological effects on metabolism due to sleep deprivation is important in understanding and answering basic questions linked to obesity. In this research, we will analyze recent findings in the fruit fly that advanced knowledge of how the endocrine system and hippocampal neural activity relate to the effects of metabolism due to sleep deprivation. The amount of sleep and metabolic malfunction are commonly linked, although the relative relationship between them is uncertain. Increased sleep debt has a negative impact on metabolism, neurological, and endocrine functions. Sleep loss is correlated to increased appetite, insulin insensitivity, likeliness to develop obesity, Type II diabetes, and high blood pressure (Chaput et al. 2007). Flies and mammals suppress sleep when starved, presumably to forage for food, revealing the integration of sleep wake regulation with metabolic state (Keene et al. 2010). Overall, these links demonstrate the need for adequate quality sleep across species.

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 60. Tyler Williams FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Frederick McLaughlin Presentation: Poster Title: An Analysis of Dioxin at Fort Valley’s Superfund Site: Three Miles Outside the Fence Abstract: This research was conducted to evaluate the soil near the Woolfolk Chemical Works, Inc. superfund site for 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzeo-p-dioxin or TCDD. TCDD is the most toxic form of dioxin and is linked to a number of health issues such as cancer, developmental complications in children, as well as rashes and painful acne-lesions. The EPA report indicated that TCDD may have been present in areas closer to the super fund site with no current data present on areas south of Spiller Street. Using the EPA last 10 year report on Woolfolk Chemical super fund site, TCDD is unlikely to be found in areas south of Spiller Street, due to previous areas closer to the site being under control. We collected soil samples from three different sites at different depths to be tested at the University of Georgia’s Environmental Analysis Lab. Samples were extracted and tested using GC/MS and it was concluded that the three locations contained no TCDD. While TCDD was not found at the sites, GC Mass Spec data indicated that there were other forms of dioxins present in the soil. These results proved my hypothesis to be correct under these conditions. Negative results for TCDD correlates with the EPA’s 10 year report of maintaining optimal conditions for residents and wildlife in the area.

61. Stephanie Wilson and Ceola Mitchell FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Robert Steel Presentation: Oral Title: Who is at Risk for the Zika Virus? Abstract: This paper comes to present a new, unfamiliar and mysterious threat to our health, the Zika virus that is transmitted when the Aedes aegypti mosquito bites a person or animal with an active infection of the virus and then spreads the virus by biting others. Most people are unlikely to ever come in contact with the Zika virus, but two groups need particular attention. First, people living in the common wealth of Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Caribbean or Pacific territories, Central and South America, Africa and Jamaica are likely to see an increase in the spread of Zika virus. In these areas, women who are pregnant need to protect themselves

from mosquito bites by using repellents, wearing clothing with long sleeves and pants, and stay indoors (ideally in places with air conditioning) as much as possible. In the second group, it is also recommended that pregnant women postpone travel to areas where Zika is spreading. The virus has also been detected as being spread through blood transfusion. In addition, sexual contact has been reported in several rare and isolated cases. In conclusion, for most of the non-pregnant population there is no reason to think Zika presents a particular risk. In this study we investigated differences between male and female knowledge attitude toward the Zika virus as well as differences between the knowledge level of upper class college students when compared to the lower division college students (freshmen and sophomores). The data from this study indicated that there was a slight increase in the difference in the knowledge level of upper class students when compared to the knowledge of freshmen and sophomores. The data also reveal that more research and education is needed to improve both the knowledge and attitude of the Zika virus and viruses in general. Business Administration/Communication

62. Ben Williams FVSU Research Mentor: Juone Brown Presentation: Oral Title: You Are Not Alone: Suicide Prevention Research Analysis Abstract: Suicide (i.e., taking one’s own life) is a serious public health problem that affects today’s youth. Two of the critical questions that guide this research is how many high school and college students consider suicide and how many of them actually commit suicide. These questions were examined in the context of the COMM 1110 Public Speaking course, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the informative speech assignment. The compelling literature on the subject was read through the lens of a qualitative method that looked at the number of high school and college students who were vulnerable to suicide or who communicated suicide ideations to their peers. The preliminary results of the research (which included the review of secondary research on the subject) showed the following results: 17% of high school and college students have considered suicide. Additionally, over 232,000 teens and young adults were treated for selfinflicted injuries in the US due to suicidal wishes and/ or ideations. The top three methods used in suicides of young people include firearm (45%), suffocation (40%),

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COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level and poisoning (8%) (www.cdc.gov). Research showed, most tragically, for youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third leading cause of death. It results in approximately 4600 lives lost each year. Given the magnitude and significance of the high number of suicidal deaths, the researcher plans to expand this study to explore ways to help administrators develop more effective prevention programs for this at-risk population of students. Chemistry

63. Jessica Hatcher FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Tiffani Holmes Presentation: Poster Title: Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships for Biological Effects of Synthetic Cathinone’s Abstract: This project is motivated by the need to understand the physiological effects of synthetic cathinone’s on the human body. The hypothesis is that there is a relationship between the biological activity related to dopamine/ serotonin transporters and the structural and electronic properties of the amino region of cathinone compounds. The group will develop a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) to adequately support the hypothesis. Project results are expected to improve our knowledge of a class of compounds that have been found to be extremely dangerous. We are using computational chemistry approaches and Niche to calculate descriptors. Results as of today include: geometry optimizations for 56 compounds were performed where 35 of the compounds were synthetic cathinone’s. From the output, 5 descriptors were compared to the IC50 of the dopamine transporter inhibition activity. Comparison revealed the highest correlation between activity and the charge of the nitrogen. In conclusion, the highest correlation coefficient is 0.32 and of all of the descriptors calculated, there was no correlation between calculated descriptors and biological activity. Additional results including binding affinities of compounds to the dopamine transporter protein will be presented.

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64. Devantae Jernigan FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Dwayne Daniels Presentation: Poster Title: Effect of Potassium Chloride on Zebra Mussels Abstract: The invasive species Dreissena polymorpha, also known as zebra mussels, have caused huge problems to aquatic infrastructures for decades and one question that has been continually asked during that time was how do we get rid of them? Millions of dollars of research has gone into finding a solution and few have had results. Since the discovery of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes in 1985 there has been one successful eradication at the isolated Millbrook Quarry, VA. So how do we get rid of them in open reservoirs where water is flowing and people also use it as an irrigation source? Potassium chloride (KCl or potash) was used in the first successful eradication so why not use it again? The United States Bureau of Reclamation owns San Justo Reservoir but it is being operated by the San Benito County Water District. In a cooperative effort we ran a 60 day experiment to determine what would be an effective dosage of KCl in this reservoir, when would be the best time to enact this plan, and what effect does water quality have on the toxicity of KCl. Computer Science

65. Thu Xuan Chau FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Haixin Wang Presentation: Poster Title: Noisy Gene Regulatory Networks Analysis using Polynomial Ordinary Differential Equations and Recursive Least Square Algorithm Abstract: Genes in such networks are subject to expression noise, resulting in isogenic cell populations exhibiting of cell-to-cell variation in protein and gene levels. Rising evidence shows that cells have developed regulatory strategies to limit, tolerate, or amplify expression noise. Knowledge from mathematics, information science, engineering, and social sciences is used to measure single cell level and execute different kinds of computational techniques to conclude networks of varying levels of accuracy. In this research, gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are modeled by noisy polynomial ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Recursive least square (RLS) filtering is applied to estimate parameters in the model. Simulation results using noisy synthetic data show the effectiveness of proposed method.

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 66. Timani Gill

68. Dequan Medina

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xiangyan Zeng and Dr. Chunhua Dong

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xiagyan Zeng and Dr. Chunhua Dong

Presentation: Oral

Title: GUI Diagnostics for CT Images

Title: A Patch-based K-Means Algorithm for CT Image Segmentation

Abstract: A graphical user interface (GUI) is a popular way to assist doctors in the interpretation of medical images. Hence, in our research, we designed a GUI system for CT scans to observe significant features on processed images for diagnosis. This GUI was created by using the Matlab software. Matlab includes enhancement, segmentation, as well as the ability to append a regionof-interest (ROI). In the enhancement module, we can extract the boundary of the target organ as well as enhance the blood vessels. In the ROI module, we can select the ROI in the target organ. Meanwhile, a preview window of the ROI is implemented for doctors to review possible lesions noted by other doctors. In the segmentation module, we can segment the target organ using the region growing method. Feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system have been evaluated through CT scans by different users. Experimental results show our GUI is a user-friendly system which displays the processing results and guides doctors and students intuitively.

67. Alysia Irwin

Abstract: Segmenting organs in a computer tomography (CT) image is important in the medical image processing and analysis field. The extracted CT images of an organ can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of the organ. It is easier to evaluate an isolated organ in twodimensional or three-dimensional space for detecting and diagnosing diseases. The K-Means clustering algorithm is a simple yet effective way for segmenting organs in a CT image. In the K-Means algorithm, pixel intensity values may fail to produce smooth segmentation near cluster boundary points whose intensity values can be sensitive to disruption. In this research, we propose a novel patch-based K-Means algorithm, which calculates the distance between a pixel and the cluster centers based on the intensity values in a small neighborhood. A pixel is assigned to a cluster not only by the intensity value of itself but by the intensity values of its neighboring pixels. Experiments have been conducted to segment the liver from a CT image. Compared with the conventional K-Means algorithm, our proposed method generated smoother segmentation results.

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Xiangyan Zeng and Dr. Chunhua Dong

Mathematics

Presentation: Oral

69. Mercy Grace Browder

Title: Organ Segmentation for CT Image using a Region Growing Algorithm

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Aditya Kar

Abstract: Region growing (RG) is a region-based image segmentation algorithm. This approach is an efficient way to segment the organs in a Computed tomography (CT) image using an initial seed pixel and preset growing condition. The condition can be used to determine a suitable threshold value for the region membership criterion. In our research, we firstly define an initial seed pixel in the target organ. Then the RG algorithm examines four neighboring pixels of this initial seed pixel (above, below, left, and right), and if any of those pixels meet the growing condition they are added to the grown region. This process is iterated in the same manner for the whole image until no other pixels satisfy the condition. We applied our RG algorithm to segment a liver from an abdominal CT scan. The experimental results show an accurate image of the segmented liver. This method can also be applied to segment other organs such as the kidneys, spleen, or heart.

Presentation: Poster Title: Modeling the Crustal Structure of the Bushveld Complex Using Receiver Functions Abstract: Encompassing a volume of up to 1,000,000 cubic kilometers, the 2.06 billion year old Bushveld Igneous Complex contains the largest layered mafic intrusion on Earth. In addition to hosting the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important reserve of platinum group elements, this large igneous complex can help us to better understand the largescale processes involved in extracting continental crust from the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mantle. The Bushveld Igneous Complex is located within the northern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, and intruded into the sedimentary sequences of the Transvaal Supergroup. The mafic intrusive units outcrop in four distinct limbs (Eastern, Western, Far Western, and Northern), with an unexposed fifth limb to the south and a newly discovered sixth limb in the far north FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 35

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level buried under Karoo sediments. There is controversy, however, as to whether or not these limbs are connected at depth. Early studies used gravity to construct a model of detached inward dipping magma sheets, suggesting separate intrusive limbs, each having its own magma feeder system. More recently, xenoliths from a kimberlite pipe in the center of the Bushveld Igneous Complex have been used to demonstrate the presence of the layered mafic suite at depth. Additionally, structural studies have shown that the dip angle of sedimentary beds surrounding the Bushveld Igneous Complex is consistent with weighting in the middle, which hints at connectivity between the limbs. Three new seismic stations were deployed in 2015, and serviced July 2016. Analysis of the receiver functions generated from this new teleseismic data shed light on the deep crustal structure of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, enabling assessment of connectivity of the limbs at depth. The preliminary results from this study indicate a high velocity layer consistent with a mafic intrusive layer at approximately 9 to 15 kilometers depth, overlaying a lower velocity layer consistent with Transvaal sediments. In contrast, a station closer to the exposed Eastern Limb indicates a much shallower contact between the high velocity and low velocity layers. Together, these observations are consistent with a continuous, bowlshaped mafic intrusive complex.

believe that there is little interference with their learning of their phone during class, and a third believes that it never interferes with their learning. A little over half of the male students see the cell phone as a productive tool that can help them improve their success within the classroom. About 75% of female students use their cell phones for learning purposes, (from heavy usage to the slightest usage) and 25% of female students never use their cell phone for learning purposes. 13% of female students always feel their cell phone usage in class helps them learn. About 35% of female students find that using the cell phone in class to sometimes be distracting from their learning and also, 34% of male students find that using the cell phone in class to be a distraction from their learning is seldom. Most female students believe that using a cell phone in class is of little or no distraction at all from their learning, however about one-third recognizes the potential risk and problems that would allow for the cell phone to be a distraction.

71. Alonda Miller FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Jianmin Zhu Presentation: Oral

70. Michael Johnson FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Samuel Cartwright Presentation: Poster Title: A Productive Distraction: The Impact of Cell Phone Utilization in the Classroom Abstract: As technology rapidly advances, there has been a great increase in the interest of promoting cell phone usage within the classroom, depending on whether it is a method of assistance more than a distraction. In this present study, we investigated student’s utilization of cellular devices within the classroom to understand if it has a positive or negative impact on students’ performance. Students in the College of Arts and Sciences, taking pre-calculus courses during the fall 2016 semester, were asked to complete the survey. The data collected was analyzed using cluster sampling techniques. Some of the findings indicate about 79.55% of male students use their cell phones for learning purposes, (from heavy usage to the slightest usage) and 20.45% of male students never use their cell phone for learning purposes. 20% of male students always feel their cell phone usage in class helps them learn. 49% of male students, which is almost half, 36 | FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day

Title: A Quantitative Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Full-Term Low Birth Weight in Chatham County, Georgia Abstract: This study is to identify and analyze significant risk factors associated with full-term low birth weight in Chatham County, Georgia. Birth data was obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. The sample included 2772 women giving live and full-term birth in Chatham County in the year of 2004. Multivariate Logistic Regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with low birth weight. The risk factors analyzed included sex of the infant, mother’s age, race, education level, marital status, prenatal visits, as well as maternal tobacco and alcohol use. The analysis results showed that mothers of African American and other ethnic group (including Hispanic and Asian ethnicity) had a significantly positive association with giving low birth weight babies, compared with non-Hispanic whites. Other significant risk factors associated with full-term low birth weight in Chatham County were beginning prenatal visits in the third trimester, and maternal tobacco use. This study identified significant risk factors associated with low birth weight in Chatham County, Georgia, which should be targeted for interventions in the county to improve the health of babies.

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level 72. Filmore Thomas, Jessica Clarke, and Ashwin Pitts FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Aditya Kar

for a small rural school that has risen to respond to the need of the country by STEM-ulating the American and Geoscience workforce of today and tomorrow.

Presentation: Poster Title: Academically Talented Fort Valley State University Students STEM-ulating the American and Geoscience Workforce

Psychology

Abstract: Fort Valley State University (FVSU), an HBCU, and its majority partners, Pennsylvania State University, University of Texas, Austin, University of Oklahoma and University of Arkansas have an outstanding record of producing thirty geoscientists and four petroleum engineers. Additionally, they have produced close to eighty engineering graduates, raising the total number of Cooperative Developmental Energy Program (CDEP) dual degree graduates standing to 140. These dynamic and talented individuals now employed with Fortune-500 oil and gas corporations, federal governmental agencies and academia are coming back to their alma mater to recruit more students into the geosciences pipeline. Experiences over a decade indicate that many factors may have played critical roles in attracting, retaining and graduating these students who are now serving as peer mentors. The factors include but are not limited to the following: 1) a fully paid scholarship with 2 STEM degrees, 2) an excellent yet rigorous education with research and internship experiences, 3) high salaries in the energy industry and 4) growing our own STEM pre-collegiate pipeline summer program, Mathematics, Science and Engineering Academy (M-SEA). M-SEA. This organization like CDEP is an academic excellence program that targets and recruits nationally minority and female students in their 9th grade year; invites them to weeklong summer experiences at FVSU and its partnered universities in geosciences, math, engineering; and provides a SAT workshop with geologic field trips to Stone Mountain, GA and Grand Canyon, AZ. Built in the curriculum are opportunities for the CDEP geosciences and engineering graduates to interact with the middle and high school students. The peer mentors help faculty teach during hike at the Grand Canyon and are present in the class room and hold a session in Houston during the fourth and final year of the MSEA program, when the students visit the oil and gas industry. The M-SEA program has contributed 12 of the 36 minority geoscientists that have been recruited, retained and graduated by FVSU and its partner universities mentioned above. Today, another 20 academically talented minority students are in the pipeline, ready to matriculate at Fort Valley and its partner institutions, and thus, ready to graduate in the next few years. This is a remarkable achievement

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd

73. Saisha Belt, Prenisha Marshall and Angel Pruitt Presentation: Oral Title: Millennials and Church Attendance Abstract: There is a trend happening in churches all over the nation. Often, the same story is heard over and over again, the fact that there is a lack of young people in the church. Many have tried a plethora of ways to bring back the youth. However, the majority of these strategies have not worked. . The groups that comprise a large portion of non-church goers are Millennials. Millennials are leaving church in record numbers and in most cases; do not return (Expotential, 2016). The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons why Millennials are less likely to attend church. This preliminary study included nine participants between the ages of 20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;-36. It advanced a qualitative methodological approach, using a focus group design. Participants responded to five questions about their lack of church attendance. Results showed that the major reason for not attending church was a perceived hypocrisy of church members. Participants also reported other reasons for not attending church, including their perception of judgmental attitudes among church leaders. The results of the study suggest changes in perceived church hypocrisy and leadersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; judgmental attitudes may increase church attendance among the millennial population.

74. Brentt Blackmon FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd Presentation: Oral Title: African-American Natural Hair and Identity Abstract: Eurocentric beauty standards have caused many African Americans to neglect their natural state of hair. These factors can lead to reactions such as discrimination, self-esteem issues and negative social perception (Lawrence, 2017). There are a number of cases in which an individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s choice to don their natural hair has caused a load of negative perception, discrimination or so much

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COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level as to being relieved of their occupation (Honey, 2017). The decision to wear natural hair should not be taken as a plot to parade oneself but should regarded as an extension of the person’s identity. This study examined natural hair and its effect on the identity of African American individuals. Participants included 30 individuals ranging from ages of 20 – 75. This was a qualitative research design where participants responded to open-ended questions via survey. Data was analyzed using a reduction analysis. The results of this study showed that a majority of participants reported that hairstyle (i.e., natural hair) is an extension of individuality. In conclusion, it was found that the participants in the study viewed natural hair as a central part of a person’s identity.

75. Kierra Furlow FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd Presentation: Oral Title: Intelligence and Physical Attractiveness Abstract: The value of physical attractiveness, along with its correlation with intelligence, have been an interest for researchers throughout the years. The idea that physical appearance defines an individual’s intelligence is important in the field of psychology. Previous research found that physical attractive people are praised more often than unattractive people. It is important to know that something as simple as someone’s facial characteristics can influence judgment on their intelligence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether attractiveness influences the perception of intelligence among college students. Participants were 90 college students. This was a 2 x 3 experimental design. Participants were randomly assigned to groups and viewed a picture of a male or a female who was either attractive, unattractive or neutral looking. Perception of intelligence was measured by participants rating the intelligence of the person in the photograph on a scale of 1 to 10. There was no difference between groups. However, a correlation analysis showed a relation between gender of the participant and gender of picture for intelligence perception. Female participants were more likely to rate the female pictures as more intelligent than male pictures.

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76. Uzenzile Jerkins-Karega FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd Presentation: Poster Title: Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome on African Americans across the United States. P.T.S.S. is a theory developed by Dr. DeGruy. P.T.S.S. is a condition due to the multi-generational oppression of descendant Africans from centuries of slavery, which causes African Americans to portray an obsessive behavior of slave mentality. This addictive mentality makes African Americans believe that they were inherently predicated to be inferior to whites. This is reinforced by the physiological damaging concept of institutionalized racism. This is caused by M.A.P. M.A.P. stands for Multigenerational trauma together with continued oppression; Absence of opportunity to heal or access the benefits available in the society; which leads to Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome. My findings are based on the book by Joy DeGruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome and articles from T. Conswello Davis, Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome: Trauma in Your DNA and Cindy George, Do You Have Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome? By identifying the effects of P.T.S.S. as a destructive behavior, we will minimize the ideology of the oppression in America and heal African Americans from there suffrage. (Leary, Joy DeGruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing. Milwaukie, Oregon: Uptone Press, 2005. Print.) 77. Brianna Nedd-Rice and Ashley Marshall FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd Presentation: Oral Title: Cognitive Interpretation: The Misinformation Effect Abstract: Eye witness testimony is when an individual has observed an activity or an event and then reports what he or she has seen. In the misinformation paradigm, participants are exposed to misleading details about a previous event. Researchers (e.g., Pansky and Tenenboim, 2011) are examining suggestibility to reduce the misinformation effect. The current study utilized an experimental design with two parts. The participants were 33 college students. For part one, participants watched a short video clip of a crime. After watching the video, participants were asked to write a paragraph about whether they believe this crime should be reported to the police. For part two, participants

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level were asked to recall information about the video clip via a ten item questionnaire. Participants were asked to read a paragraph describing the video they watched earlier. The control group received correct information about the video while the experimental group received incorrect information (i.e., misinformation). Results show that participants who received the misinformation had lower recall.

athletes at the professional and collegiate level to assess the effect these doping habits/behaviors have on the youth population. Preliminary research suggest athletes, at the professional and collegiate level, who are seen as role models for adolescents and young adults, and who engage in doping behaviors can influence youth negatively because youth are more likely to mimic the behaviors of their athlete role models.

78. Deanna Shaw and Aubrey Moore

Visual and Performing Arts and Media Studies

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Diane Byrd

80. Takeya Goodman

Presentation: Poster

FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Andrew Lee

Title: Time Management and Stress

Presentation: Oral

Abstract: Between the ages of 19-25 most young adults attend college. Studies show that college has been linked to increased stress in young adults. College can be a very difficult transition in a young person’s life. Time management is the ability to plan and control your time in your day to day life. On average, college student report that they procrastination with academic work about 30% to 60% of the time. Time management can help poor grades and decrease stress for college students. The purpose of the current study is to examine the correlation between time management and stress level among college students. Participants completed questionnaires (one on time management behavior and the other on stress level). Similar to Macan, Shahani, Dipboye and Phillips (1990), our results were supported. We found a negative correlation between time management skills and stress level. Individuals who have poor time management skills are likely to have higher stress levels.

Title: Media Portrayal and Public Perceptions of African Americans

Sociology 79. Kiara Baker FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Komanduri Murty Presentation: Poster Title: Drug Abuse in Sports Abstract: Doping is a worldwide problem that occurs at almost every level of competition, in almost every category of sports. Anti-doping organizations such as the International Olympic Committee and World AntiDoping Agency, have attempted to stop the spread of this unethical issue. With little effect, this substance-abusing behavior is increasing due to the new and undetectable doping techniques and substances available to athletes. This paper examines drug abuse within the realm of

Abstract: J. G. Dubriel observes: “Communicative research continues to establish the idea that what is seen or heard on the media influences perceptions of reality.” Thus, much of what we conceive about the world around us is a result of constant exposure to repetitive images that are shown in the media. Research suggests media portrayals can influence public perception towards a specific group, individual, event, etc. In that vein, this study examined the correlation of media portrayal, public perception, and racial bias. It focused on how mediagenerated negative portrayals of African Americans perpetuate forms of racial bias, which, in turn, propagate negative public perceptions of African-Americans. First, using the cultivation theory, the study examined the overall influence of the media as it relates to public perception of African Americans in comparison to Caucasian Americans. Cultivation theory simply states that preconceived attitudes are cultivated from excessive exposure to recurring images in the media. Next, racial bias was defined and broken down into three categories including stereotypes, racial profiling, and racism. To determine the influence of racially biased media coverage on viewer perceptions, two recent media stories were examined. The two stories consisted of two separate families, in two fairly similar incidents. The difference between the stories, give or take a few details, was the race of the family. In the first story about the toddler in the Cincinnati Zoo Gorilla incidence, the family was AfricanAmerican and in the second story about the toddler killed in an alligator attack at Disney, the family was Caucasian American. The results of the examination of media FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 39

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level coverage of both incidences revealed evidence of racial bias in the media and in the public’s perceptions of the African-American family. This study found that AfricanAmericans are more prone to negative media exposure than Caucasian Americans. This study concludes also understanding how media influence public perceptions and how it historically promotes and reinforces racial bias is an important facet in changing the way AfricanAmericans are portrayed in the media. This researcher believes when this problem is acknowledged it can then be corrected. 81. Monet Lewis FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Andrew Lee Presentation: Oral Title: Objectification of Women in the Media Abstract: Three scholarly journals/articles: “The Media’s Effect on Women’s Body Image,” “Women in American Media: A Culture of Misperception,” and “How Woman Are Portrayed in the Media” inform the researcher’s understanding of the media’s influence on women and teens’ self-esteem and self-image. In spite of positive strides in society, women are consistently portrayed negatively across a multiplicity of mainstream media platforms. Sexuality and objectification of women seem to go hand in hand. Scantily clad women gracing television screens, movie screens, billboards and magazines appear to be the norm in today’s society. The portrayal of women on mainstream media platforms is a multilayered issue. However, the main root is in the objectification of women. According to B. Valderrama, while women have made major accomplishments in a variety of areas historically triumphed by their male counterparts, female stereotypes continue to thrive in the media we consume every day. Valderrama asserts there is a constant pressure placed on women and young girls through ads, television, film and new media to embody the image portrayed as acceptable by society. This research study examines the issue of objectification of women in mainstream media and its negative impact on women and teen’s self-esteem, through the capable lens of a qualitative methodological approach. It engages the subject through probing the content analysis of two videos: “Media’s Effect on Teen Girl’s Body Image and Self Esteem” and “Media Distorts our Perception of Beauty”; and interpreting the responses of four women known to the researcher on their assessment of the media’s role in objectifying women across various media platforms. Both the videos and the women interviewed

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support the hypothesis of the study. Specifically, data presented in the videos show a clear correlation between negative self-image and the objectified portrayal of women in mainstream media. Likewise, each of the women interviewed expressed dissatisfaction with the way the media objectify women. The study concludes low-selfesteem and a negative self-image stem from women and teen’s persistent exposure to their objectification as sexual objects. The study concludes: media should reframe from perpetuating the negative portrayal of women and teens across its mainstream media platforms. 82. Paul Rambeau FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Andrew Lee Presentation: Artistic Expression Title: Creating a Photographic Signature without Fear Abstract: This capstone project (a series of photographs) stands as a culminating representation of my photographic acumen as an artist. Photography is the essential medium that gives me creative freedom. I no longer allow the fears (of failing and not being good enough) that held back in my early years to hold me back today. Something changed for me when my father gave me an old Polaris camera; it was like a whole new world opened up to me: I no longer felt the fear that plagued me so long ago. Overcoming my fears allowed me to create my own business in photography. Currently, the majority of my photography depicts the joys of everyday life, where ordinary people gather to celebrate different life events. As a college student, some aspects of my work centers on images of college life. I am beginning to develop an authentic signature for a level of uniqueness in my photography, which produces classy elements of being clean and crisp but which, simultaneously, allows each of my pictures to “breathe” and show its individuality. The capstone class has allowed me to see my work through the lens of sophisticated artists, such as Gordon Parks, Sebastiao Salgado, and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Their world famous photographic signatures inspire me to perfect my own. When I am editing my photographs I find that each tells its own story with its own voice; it is as if each picture has a transactional relationship with me when it is completed. In closing, my father’s gift to me; my training at Fort Valley State University; and the courage I have found within myself make me the creative artist I am today. Now, every time I pick up my camera I am reminded I have two choices when it comes to fear: Either Fear Everything and Run or Face Everything and Rise. Without equivocation, I choose to Rise.

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Undergraduate Level

83. Jonathon Wakefield FVSU Research Mentor: Bobby Dickey and Ricky Calloway Presentation: Artistic Expression Title: For the Love of Blues (My Lullaby) Abstract: In a time before I was ever thought of the riotous adventures of black people were vocalized by the soulful music of Blues. This genre of music was born from the infusion of Negro spirituals with American folk music. One of the greatest additions to the bellowing vocals of the Blues was the guitar. I now connect myself with the Blues through my love for the guitar and through my haunting life experiences. When I was young I was always the outsider. I always was too white for the black kids and too black for the white kids. In this milieu of loneliness, some days I would play my guitar so much I would fall asleep curled up to it the next day; so, I named my first guitar Lullaby. This lifelong connection to my guitar is what is

depicted in my art. This artistic piece is mostly a painting accented with collage elements. The only colors used were to create this artistic piece was blue and red. I mixed these two colors to create all the different tones of violet; they were either physically mixed or mixed using a technique called optical color mixing. The reason behind choosing both red and blue is because of the mix of the two. They are the ultimate complement and contrast, symbolizing the metaphoric Blues showcasing the blistering riffs and mellow voices of Blues singers long gone, where the lyrics of death ride over a mysterious melody, and the uncanny rumors of â&#x20AC;&#x153;the devil stealing the souls of cool gentlemen.â&#x20AC;? Through the arc of three extraordinary musical icons who influence my art: Jimi Hendrix, BB King, and Muddy Waters, the single guitar is a representation of loneliness, love, and unorthodox thought. I have found that Blues provides me with the mental freedom to play my guitar literally and metaphorically; when it all said and done, I do not care about the labels others put on me because between me and the world it is just me, the Blues and my ever faithful guitar, Lullaby.

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 41

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Undergraduate Level Middle Grades Education 84. Hope Russell FVSU Research Mentor: Dr. Rebecca McMullen Presentation: Poster Title: Examining the Effectiveness of a Vocabulary Strategy using the Frayer Model Abstract: Research suggests that fifty percent of the students in the 5th grade are reading below grade level. In an effort to seek a solution to this problem, a research study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using the Frayer Model as an effective strategy for increasing students’ vocabulary skills. The Frayer Model is a graphic organizer for building student vocabulary. This technique requires students to define target vocabulary and apply their knowledge by generating synonyms and antonyms use in sentences. The guiding question for the study was: Is there a difference between those students who build vocabulary using the Frayer Model and those who do not? The working hypothesis for this study was that it is highly probable that the Frayer Model is an effective tool/ instrument for building students’ vocabulary. This study compared the test scores of those who employ the Frayer Model versus those who do not. The study took place

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in a general education classroom with instruction being given by the student teacher. Participants in the study included six girls and six boys from the inner city, who were recipients of either free or reduced lunches. Students were randomly assigned to Group 1, using conventional methods, and Group 2, employing the Frayer Model. Students were given a class period of an hour and fifteen minutes to complete the assignment. Group 1 was given ten words to define and use in a sentence. Group 2 was given ten words to define and use in a sentence, using the Frayer Model. The research showed Group 1 had a lower passing and failing rate compared to Group 2. The data showed that the percentages of building vocabulary were increasing in Group 2. In conclusion, the research indicated the Frayer Model was an effective tool/ instrument for building students’ vocabulary skills.

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROGRAM ADVISORY COUNCIL Dr. Sara Bealing Mrs. Victoria Dubriel Dr. Chanta Haywood, Ex-Officio Mrs. Cheryl Isaac Dr. Andrew Lee, Chair Dr. Kristini Miles Dr. Komanduri Murty Dr. Clarence Riley Dr. Teresa Shakespeare Dr. Mahipal Singh

2017 PLANNING DAY COMMITTEE Dr. Sara Bealing, Honorary Chair Dr. Andrew Lee, Chair Mr. Ed Boston Mr. Bobby Dickey Dr. Celia Dodd Ms. Amanda Glover Dr. Gregory Green Dr. Linda Johnson Dr. Nirmal Joshee Dr. Frederick McLaughlin Dr. Bridget Moss

FVSU Seventh Annual Research Day | 43

Fort Valley State University 1005 State University Drive Fort Valley, Georgia 31030-4313 www.fvsu.edu Fort Valley State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and educational specialist degrees. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 300334097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of Fort Valley State University. Fort Valley State University is an affirmative action, equal opportunity institution and does not discriminate against applicants, students or employees on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability or marital or veteran status.