Vernacular Architecture Integrated in a 21st Century Korean Urban Setting :
Adaptation of Hanok Architecture Pertaining to the Change in Sociocultural Context A Group Research By : Adriana Chang Wen Qi Alia Nisa Binti Raflly Daren Lai Kam Fei Gavin Tio Kang Hui I Made Lingga Prayoga Kahying Cheok Loi Chi Wun
GA ON JAI | SEONGNAM , GYEONGGI PROVINCE, SOUTH KOREA
0332960 0320774 0332570 0333373 0332722 0328560 0328652
Hanok
Sociocultural Context
Urban Context
Purpose : ●
To examine the process by which traditional Hanoks and modern architecture can influence each other.
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Summarize the literature of reinterpreting the traditional Hanok architecture language through the change of sociocultural context within a Korean Urban Setting .
ABSTRACT
METHODOLOGIES: In order to address our research problem, we have used a qualitative approach to collect information about the hanok architecture from previous and present situation through the use of literature review in publications, online journals, book and study articles. We analysed how the hanok architecture adapts in korean urban setting through the social and cultural changes. The research background was ďŹ ltered to obtain the most important factors in the resuming, explanation and structuring method.
Online Journals
Literature Reviews
Books
FOCUS: ●
The loss in identifiable Hanok architectural characteristics due to its contextualization into the concrete jungle and accustomization to the change in sociocultural context.
●
How spatial typology, spatial hierarchy, and courtyard’s functions change when the social cultural change.
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Comparing the spatial layout from the venicular context and urban context.
Conict of Traditional Hanok and Modernism
Traditional Hanok
ISSUE Western Inuence
Vernacular vs. Modernist Architecture
CONFLICT
? Modern Hanok
Traditional Value vs. Individualistic Orientation
Ga On Jai House
Hanok Architectural Style Sociocultural Context Spatial Layout
1
2
Spatial Typology
3
Spatial Hierarchy
Courtyard Madang
VERNACULAR CONTEXT 20th Century
Past
Occupational Need
Confucian Ideology
User Interaction
Sociocultural Change
Emergence of Middle Class
Sociopolitical Progression
Adaptation of Western Values
URBAN CONTEXT 21st Century
Contemporary
Quality Living
Individualistic Orientation
Buffer Zone
CONCEPT MAPPING
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.
How does the social hierarchy affect the Hanok typology that exist in the past?
2.
Are the roles once played by the social hierarchy still relevant in shaping the building typology of a modern hanok?
3.
How does the practice of Confucianism applied through the spatial hierarchy of the traditional Hanok?
4.
How does the sociocultural evolution alter the spatial hierarchy in modern hanok?
5.
What are the role and characteristic of courtyard in traditional Hanok and how does it accomodate traditional living?
6.
How did the change in social culture affects the use and function of the courtyard in accomodationg contemporary living?
Hanok | Chosun house - Korean traditional house -
Baesanimsu principle The ideal Hanok is typically located with mountain at the back, facing the water and north in direction The spaces within the house organise in system Sarangchae ( Male | Front ) Anchae ( Female | Centre ) Sadang ( Ancestors | Back )
Pivotal elements : Wooden structure Giwa roof Ondol ( an underoor heating system ) Maru ( a wide wooden oor area )
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Living Culture : Chosun Dynasty - valued idea, philosophy and social status Modern Society - individual respect, perception and habit Intangible social cultural factors + Rapid urban development = Modern housing BUT Korean relatively lost its traditional housing identity
Ga On Jai Reinterpreting the traditional Hanok elements Modern urban setting Corresponding to the social cultural changes = Modern Hanok house
SPATIAL TYPOLOGY
1 Spatial Typology
VERNACULAR CONTEXT
Occupational Needs -
Prioritizes work Spaces of the room is based on their occupational needs
Emergences of Middle Class URBAN CONTEXT
Quality Living -
Individual respect and value Based on occupant’s personal preference Importance of the space is decided by the user
TOPIC OVERVIEW
Traditional Korea Social Status
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
Lowest Class
Yangban
Chungin
Sangmin
Cheonmin
Scholar-officials who serve duty as politician and government officials
Highly skilled workers who are competent in certain techniques
Farmer, craftsmen and merchants
‘Unclean’ professions such as slaves, prostitutes, shamans, magician, etc
Earliest photography depicting Yangban, taken in 1863
Calligraphers
Sangmin tiger hunters with matchlocks and pipes
A group of slaves hired by a Yangban
Upper Class Yangban The Hanok size for upper class occupants was larger due to the supplementary spaces needed in order to fulďŹ l the formal custom
Supplementary Yangban Hanok
Complex spatial typology
Space
Male study room owned only by Yangban
Sadang (Ancestral Shrine)
Middle to Lowest Class Chungin, Sangmin, Cheonmin The lower class dwellings lived in smaller Hanoks where the spaces are mostly arranged in I-shape or in L-shape
Spaces cater to user’s Simple spatial organization resulting in I-shaped farmhouse
Shingled Roof Hanok
occupational need
Farmhouse foyer to place dry hay
The Hanok for horse husbandry
In the early 1960’s, South Korea achieved a breakthrough in its economy.
Agrarian Economy
Export-oriented Economy
Cow plowing on a rice field
Comparing Exports from Two Koreas
‘Miracle of the Han River’ Referring to the rapid economic growth of South Korea even though the country was devoid of capital, natural resources and industrial facilities after three-year-long Korean War.
A farmer hauls rice on his back in Pong Hwang, Naju, South Korea
An increase in GDP per Capita alongside with the country economy advancement
Expose the society to the opportunities of alternative occupations
The emergence of Middle Class, Chungin
Labour Yangban
Chungin
Sangmin
Cheonmin Artist
Singer
Chef
This has resulted in a change in their demand, from ‘What they need to do’ to ‘What they want to do’. The social practice was gradually adjusted to quality living whereby personal desire and preferences were prioritised.
Functional and Occupational Needs
Personal Desire and Preference
Hanok-style Apartment in an urban context
The traditional Hanok spatial organisation is being accustomed into the modern Hanok of brand new social dimension based on occupant’s personal preference.
Personal Preference
Vernacular Hanok
Contemporary Hanok
Daechung is meant to be an opened-air living room connecting secondary spaces
Daechung (living room) is designed to be an enclosed space that provides certain extent of privacy for the occupant
Case Study Building : Ga On Jai
Home Theatre
Tea Room
All in all, these clusters of traditional low-rise family houses have evolved over centuries by introducing new social practices into them, making way into urban context. Even though the spatial typology of Ga On Jai complies to the traditional Hanok architecture conventions, the change in usage and function of the spaces draws a distinctive line between them.
SPATIAL HIERARCHY
2 Spatial Hierarchy
VERNACULAR CONTEXT
Confucian Ideology Social system: Family spatial order outlining gender roles and social status Spaces of the room is based on their occupational needs
Sociopolitical Progression URBAN CONTEXT
Individualistic Orientation
Social Behavior: Individual respect and value Importance of the space decided by the user
is
TOPIC OVERVIEW
SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System
It is the formal structure of role and status. Include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations
Confucian Ideas
Democratic System
(ii) Social Behaviour
Interactions among individuals, usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. Evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it
Social Class & Gender Distinguishment
Individual Respect & Value
SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION
Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System
(ii) Social Behaviour
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY
i
ii
iii Sadang
Anchae Courtyard
Sarangchae
Focuses on family spatial order , Filial Piety willingness to sacriďŹ ce for family and clearly outlining Gender Roles and Social Statuses
Hanok house is divided into three areas, the center Anchae, the front Sarangchae, and Sadang in the back. Smaller units of houses and rooms construct the complete the hanok complex.
Traditional hanok spatial hierarchy are, east and west ends occupied by the younger generation. Men would frequently use the sarangchae to host guests, while the anchae was used by women and family members only.
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY
Sarangchae Male members of the family Father teach son study Receive Guest & Social Exchange
Anchae Private, Restricted and gated Wives and daughters Family events
Sadang Ancestral tables Separated by walls and gate
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
i
ii
However, due to the effects of social system at korea ; Democracy. Legal equality and political freedom have been identified as important characteristics.
iii
These principles were reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.
Therefore, the change of social system have transformed the idea of Confucian to Democratic thoughts.
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
Traditional Hanok House
Ga On Jai House
SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION
Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System
(ii) Social Behaviour
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR SOCIAL CLASS AND GENDER DISTINGUISHMENT
ii
i Formal social class and gender distinguishment
Personal respect and values
Influence the structure and role of the living spaces
Housing began to be regarded as a private place for a family ( living room , bedroom and home office for the head of a family)
SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR INDIVIDUAL RESPECT AND VALUE
iv
iii
Different priorities and self-oriented. Value and prioritize things other than family, it is simply a progression in cultural evolution
Therefore, Intangible culture as value, perception and habit acts were considered as major factors to choose the living spaces
CONCLUSION : SPATIAL HIERARCHY
FEMALE
MALE
The spatial hierarchy is affected and transformed through the socio political progression change of social systems then social behaviour. The study of progression indicates the traditional hanok architecture spatial hierarchy of Chosun Dynasty was decided by Confucian Ideology whereas that of the present stress on the Individualistic Orientation. In the future, the korean culture is expected to get focused more on intangible factors such as individual value, perception and lifestyle.
MADANG - courtyard -
3 Madang Courtyard
VERNACULAR CONTEXT
User Interaction -
Lifestyle heavily influenced by Confucianism Family oriented religion and practices Courtyard function benefiting family activities
Adaptation of Western Values URBAN CONTEXT
Buffer Zone -
Legalization of New Civil Code Influenced of Western Culture Courtyard function are more towards conventional use
TOPIC OVERVIEW
Hanok Value with Korea’s Development
1970s, when the Hanoks started to gain recognition amongst the public eye
symbol of pre-modern inefficiency
traditional urban planning and architectural structures are downplayed
Ideology of Confucianism in their daily life and majority of their activities revolves in the heart of their dwellings.
Harmony and smooth flow of affection were seen as results of proper patriarchal regulation of women and children, a “benevolent monarchy”.
Upper-class Hanok
Middle-class Hanok
Middle-class Hanok
Relationship between the courtyard and the surrounding building
CHANGES IN THE KOREAN FAMILY STRUCTURE SINCE 1960 Traditional Korean family has changed, welcoming a liberating new era
The traditional Hanok seems unrealistic to accommodate various user needs. A child’s sense of autonomy is far from important compared to their family’s values.
(1) (2)
Open social family relationship became significant in World War II, where the American culture had an impact on their lifestyle.
Emphasizes independence, and no specific obligations from their childrens but decent respect.
Conserving them as a sort of cultural assets, maintaining the principle elements of a Hanok Modifying them so they fit amongst the contemporary lifestyles
Layout of an upper-class Hanok
Layout of a ready-built house
Layout of contemporary Hanok, Ga On Jai
Brings views inside and out.
Coolness in the summer and warmness during winter.
Serves as a buffer zone, providing privacy and security.
Blocks noises and smoke from outside.
PAST
PRESENT
The traditional spaces of the courtyards are the core of Koreans’ everyday lives.
Form and function of the modern courtyard that can accommodate any scenario.
Younger generations will emphasize the use of space
Elders tend to emphasize on sociality
The courtyard as an intermediate space that distinguishes between the ‘open space’ and the ‘entry space’.
Old culture of the outdoor courtyard space, where all the rooms are interconnected and linked.
Symbols of the pillars that strengthen sentiment, culture and social cohesion.
The Korean communities were made up of Hanoks since the early Korean settlement ages Industrial Revolution
Tangible
New architecture styles (Urbanization)
Intangible Mixed Scale Context
Contextualization of Vernacular Hanok Elements
Sociocultural Context
Adapting to the evolving sociocultural change
CONCLUSION
Modern Hanok
? Hanok is not a name referring to the outlook of a particular building, but is a name given to an architecture that progresses alongside its country’s development.
CONCLUSION
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