Building Services by Gavin Tio

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM

MALAYSIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND EXHIBITION CENTRE

Building Services BLD 60903

Prepared by Esther Wong Jia En 0332188

Lecturer : Ar. Zafar Rozaly

Gavin Tio Kang Hui

0333373

Loi Chi Wun

0328652

Priscilla Huong Yunn 0332599 Wendy Lau Jia Yee 0333538 Yong Ping Ping

0332585

LIST OF FIGURES 2.0

Fire Protection System………………………………………………………………….

Figure 2.1

An overview of fire pump system and sprinkler tank

Figure 2.2

Fire sprinkler tank and wet riser-hose reel tank

Figure 2.3

EBSRAY Jockey Pump

Figure 2.4

Duty Pump

Figure 2.5

Standby Pump

Figure 2.6

Pumpset Pressure Indicator

Figure 2.7

Fire Pump Controller

Figure 2.8

Electric Service Room

Figure 2.9

Indoor Second Floor Corridor

Figure 2.10

First Floor Loading Bay

Figure 2.11

Basement Level 1

Figure 2.12

Upright fire sprinkler

Figure 2.13

Alarm Valve System for each zonings

Figure 2.14

System Side Water Gauge

Figure 2.15

Alarm Valve Clapper

Figure 2.16

Water Cannon System

Figure 2.17

Testing out water cannon

Figure 2.18

Wet Riser System

Figure 2.19

Wet riser system that located in the wall

Figure 2.20

Wet riser main

Figure 2.21

Air Vent

Figure 2.22

Landing Valves on the top floor

Figure 2.23

Canvas hose placed on the cradle

Figure 2.24

L1-H3-FYHR80 stands for ‘Level 1, Hall 3, Foyer Hose Reel 80’

Figure 2.25

Cabinet for hose reel system and fire extinguisher

Figure 2.26

Hose Reel System

Figure 2.27

Drum

Figure 2.28

Stop Valve

Figure 2.29

Rubber Hose

Figure 2.30

Spray Nozzle

Figure 2.31

Dry Riser Outlet

Figure 2.32

Dry Riser Inlet

Figure 2.33

Fire Hydrant located at staff car park

Figure 2.34

ABC Fire Extinguisher in MITEC

Figure 2.35

ABC Fire Extinguisher

Figure 2.36

CO2 Fire Extinguisher

Figure 2.37

Electric Control Room

Figure 2.38

Fire Curtain

Figure 2.39

Damper

Figure 2.40

Solenoid 24V DC Tripping Device

Figure 2.41

Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

Figure 2.42

Fireman switches located at basement escape staircase

Figure 2.43

Fireman Intercom located at basement escape staircase (left) and fire pump room

Figure 2.44

Emergency Speaker

Figure 2.45

Emergency light

Figure 2.46

Emergency Break Glass

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.47

Smoke Detector

Figure 2.48

Heat Detector

Figure 2.49

Fire Detection Control Panel

Figure 2.50

Smoke Detector in Mega Exhibition Hall

Figure 2.51

Smoke Detector in Control Room

Figure 2.52

Ionization Smoke Detector

Figure 2.53

Photoelectric Smoke Detector

Figure 2.54

Heat Detector on ceiling of ground floor

Figure 2.55

Heat Detector on ceiling of ground floor

Figure 2.56

Heat Detector in MITEC

Figure 2.57

Smoke and heat detectors in lift lobby

Figure 2.58

Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 2.59

Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 2.60

Indication of location of Manual Call point

Figure 2.61

Manual Call Point

Figure 2.62

Fire escape staircase towards main lobby

Figure 2.63

Fire escape staircase 2 on Basement 1

Figure 2.64

Immense area for horizontal circulation

Figure 2.65

Multiple exit available on ground floor

Figure 2.66

Fire escape plan provided on ground floor lift lobby

Figure 2.67

Fire escape plan provided on lift lobby floor 1A

Figure 2.68

Fire escape plan with clear annotations on floor 2

Figure 2.69

South exit point on ground floor

Figure 2.70

North exit point on ground floor

Figure 2.71

Storey exits with clear fire escape signage

Figure 2.72

Storey exits with clear fire escape signage

Figure 2.73

Broad aisle towards assembly point

Figure 2.74

Clear signage to indicate location of assembly point

Figure 2.75

Assembly point around the public parking area

Figure 2.76

Evacuation route towards assembly point

Figure 2.77

Horizontal exits access from basement to fire lobby

Figure 2.78

Horizontal exit in between basement and lift lobby

Figure 2.79

Staircase as vertical exit in basement

Figure 2.80

Enclosed stairway in basement 1 with fire-rated door

Figure 2.81

Dog legged staircase in MITEC

Figure 2.82

Dog legged staircase in MITEC

Figure 2.83

Dog legged staircase in MITEC

Figure 2.84

Louvered heat ventilator found in loading bay

Figure 2.85

Louvered heat ventilator with permanent openings

Figure 2.86

Permanent opening in stairwell

Figure 2.87

Louvered structure details

Figure 2.88

Structure embedded into wall

Figure 2.89

Louvered openings

Figure 2.90

Fire escape staircase provided with handrails

Figure 2.91

Cafeteria of MITEC

Figure 2.92

Kitchen of MITEC

Figure 2.93

Organiserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Control Room

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.94

Fire Rated Lock

Figure 2.95

Fire Rated Glass

Figure 2.96

Door Closer

Figure 2.97

Accreditation from Sirim

Figure 2.98

Concrete Slab at MITEC

Figure 2.99

Concrete Floor at MITEC

Figure 2.100

Reinforced Concrete wall of MITEC

Figure 2.101

Reinforced Concrete wall of MITEC

Figure 2.102

Masonry wall at MITEC

Figure 2.103

Reinforced Concrete Columns at MITEC

Figure 2.104

Fire roller shutter at Basement 1

Figure 2.105

Close-up of Fire Roller Shutter

Figure 2.106

Detail of Controller

Figure 2.107

Fire engines

Figure 2.108

Assembly point

Figure 2.109

Location of Fire engines space

Figure 2.110

Driveway of Fire engines

Figure 2.111

Exterior view of MITEC’s firefighting Shaft

Figure 2.112

Fire fighting lobby in MITEC at Level 1

Figure 2.113

Fire Escape Staircase

Figure 2.114

Louvered Ventilator at Fire Escape Staircase

Figure 2.115

Fire-fighting lobby at MITEC

Figure 2.116

Indication sign of fire lift

Figure 2.117

Elements of Active Fire Protection Shaft

Figure 2.118

Fire Escape Plan

Figure 2.119

Fire Intercom

Figure 2.120

Fire Alarm

3.0

Air-Conditioning System……………………………………….…………………….

Figure 3.1

View of cooling tower

Figure 3.2

Water tank with ladder to access the top

Figure 3.3

View of chiller in MITEC.

Figure 3.4

View of chiller in MITEC

Figure 3.5

Row of chiller water pump

Figure 3.6

Temperature sensor is placed on the pump unit

Figure 3.7

Individual control panel

Figure 3.8

Control unit in the mechanical room

Figure 3.9

Model of AHU used in MITEC

Figure 3.10

AHU unit in AHU room

Figure 3.11

AHU unit in AHU room

Figure 3.12

Air Filter in AHU room

Figure 3.13

Cooling coil inside AHU

Figure 3.14

Fan Blower and Motor inside AHU

Figure 3.15

Chill water pipes

Figure 3.16

FCU and diffuser inside one of the halls of MITEC

Figure 3.17

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Figure 3.18

Location of rooms with FCU units at Level 1

iii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.19

Ductworks outside the AHU room

Figure 3.20

Linear slot diffuser in MITEC meeting rooms

Figure 3.21

Indoor unit in fire control room

Figure 3.22

Outdoor unit outside the fire control room

4.0

Mechanical Ventilation System……………………………………….…………………

Figure 4.1

Propeller fan

Figure 4.2

Axial fan

Figure 4.3

Centrifugal fan

Figure 4.4

Wall mounted propeller exhaust fan found in the lift motor room

Figure 4.5

Wall mounted propeller exhaust fan found in the lift motor room

Figure 4.6

Induced jet fan found in basement of MITEC

Figure 4.7

Axial fan found in MITEC

Figure 4.8

Axial fan found in MITEC

Figure 4.9

Centrifugal fan found in MITEC

Figure 4.10

Types of air filters (Activated carbon, electrostatic and viscous air filter)

Figure 4.11

Linear grille with filters found at the loading bay of MITEC

Figure 4.12

Linear grille with filters used for ductwork at the carpark basement of MITEC

Figure 4.13

Ductwork found in basement of MITEC

Figure 4.14

Ductwork found in one of the halls in MITEC

Figure 4.15

Ductwork found in electric supply room of MITEC

Figure 4.16

Combined use of ductwork found in one of the halls in MITEC

Figure 4.17

Combination of fire and smoke damper found in electric supply room of MITEC

Figure 4.18

Combination of fire and smoke damper found in electric supply room of MITEC

Figure 4.19

Pressure relief damper found at enclosed staircase in MITEC

Figure 4.20

Pressure relief damper found at enclosed staircase in MITEC

Figure 4.21

Types of grilles and diffusers

Figure 4.22

Egg crate grilles found in MITEC

Figure 4.23

Egg crate grilles found in MITEC

Figure 4.24

Air transfer grilles found in utilities room in MITEC

Figure 4.25

Air transfer grilles found in fire staircase in MITEC

Figure 4.26

Return air grille found in MITEC

Figure 4.27

Return air grille found in MITEC

Figure 4.28

Round diffusers found in concourse area of MITEC

Figure 4.29

Round diffusers found in concourse area of MITEC

Figure 4.30

Louvre faced diffusers found in MITEC

Figure 4.31

Louvre faced diffusers found in MITEC

Figure 4.32

Pressure relief damper found in the enclosed fire staircase in MITEC

Figure 4.33

Louvre heat ventilators are used for natural ventilated staircase

Figure 4.34

Louvre heat ventilator found in MITEC

Figure 4.35

Pressure relief damper in lift lobby

Figure 4.36

Induced jet fan found in the basement car park

Figure 4.37

Ductwork in the basement carpark

Figure 4.38

Single duct system used in the electric supply room

Figure 4.39

Single duct system used in the electric supply room

Figure 4.40

Ventilation control panel in electric supply room

Figure 4.41

Propeller fan is used in the lift motor room

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.42

Natural inlet diffuser found in the lift motor room

5.0

Mechanical Transportation System……………………………………….………...

Figure 5.1

Example of TransitMasterTM 140 type escalator

Figure 5.2

Specification tag of escalator

Figure 5.3

Example of TravelMasterTM 110 type escalator

Figure 5.4

Specification tag of escalator

Figure 5.5

Escalators with combination of parallel and criss-cross arrangement

Figure 5.6

Escalators with parallel arrangements but different passenger flow

Figure 5.7

Escalator at basement

Figure 5.8

Multiple parallel arrangement

Figure 5.9

Quiescent state direction indicator

Figure 5.10

Dynamic state direction indicator

Figure 5.11

Floor plate and comb

Figure 5.12

Moving handrail

Figure 5.13

Glass panel balustrade

Figure 5.14

Demarcation lines

Figure 5.15

Skirt guard

Figure 5.16

Passenger lift and fire lift placed together

Figure 5.17

Glass lift

Figure 5.18

Freight lift near kitchen

Figure 5.19

Freight lift behind Hall 4

Figure 5.20

Exterior of lift motor room with warning sign

Figure 5.21

Sign indicating Lift Motor Room

Figure 5.22

Interior of lift motor room

Figure 5.23

Example of control panel for MRL lifts

Figure 5.24

Lift controller for gearless traction lift found in lift motor room

Figure 5.25

Overspeed governor for gearless traction lift found in lift motor room

Figure 5.26

Overspeed governor for MRL lift

Figure 5.27

Lift motor machine found in lift motor room

Figure 5.28

Lift motor machine of MRL lift

Figure 5.29

Guide rail of lift in MITEC

Figure 5.30

Spring lift buffer

Figure 5.31

Suspension steel wire ropes

Figure 5.32

Example of car sill

Figure 5.33

Travelling cable

Figure 5.34

Example of two-panel central opening landing door in MITEC

Figure 5.35

Stainless steel car wall

Figure 5.36

Glass panel car wall

Figure 5.37

Car floor with marble stone finish

Figure 5.38

Car floor with black-coin-patterned rubber finish

Figure 5.39

Car ceiling mounted with fluorescent tube lighting

Figure 5.40

Car ceiling mounted with LED spot lighting

Figure 5.41

Car operating panel

Figure 5.42

Floor indicator

Figure 5.43

Call button

Figure 5.44

Floor designator with fire escape plan

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Figure 5.45

Fireman’s lift switch

Figure 5.46

Smoke and heat detector placed at lift lobby

Figure 5.47

Example of lift door sensor

2.0

Fire Protection System………………………………………………………………….

Diagram 2.1

Jockey Pump Components

Diagram 2.2

An overview of automatic fire sprinkler system

Diagram 2.3

Call-out details

Diagram 2.4

Components of a pendant fire sprinkler

Diagram 2.5

Types of the bulb liquid colour

Diagram 2.6

Pendant fire sprinkler

Diagram 2.7

Upright fire sprinkler

Diagram 2.8

Both pendant and upright sprinkler head spray water in circle pattern

Diagram 2.9

An overview of valve system mechanism

Diagram 2.10

Location of Fire Pump Room on the Level 1A Floor Plan

Diagram 2.11

Location of Pillar-less Exhibition Hall where the water cannon system is located

Diagram 2.12

Water Cannon Plan

Diagram 2.13

Water Cannon Elevation

Diagram 2.14

System Operation Overview

Diagram 2.15

Overall layout of Fire Detection System

Diagram 2.16

Normal conditions heat detector

Diagram 2.17

Fixed Temperature heat detector

Diagram 2.18

ROR heat detector

Diagram 2.19

Diagram of Alarm Control Panel

Diagram 2.20

Programme of type of system and hazards

Diagram 2.21

Fire Alarm System

Diagram 2.22

Section showing general direction of evacuation route from each level to ground floor

Diagram 2.23

Evacuation Route on Basement 1

Diagram 2.24

Evacuation Route on Basement 1A

Diagram 2.25

Evacuation route on ground floor

Diagram 2.26

Evacuation route on Level 1

Diagram 2.27

Evacuation route on Level 2

Diagram 2.28

Evacuation route on Level 3

Diagram 2.29

Evacuation route on Level 1A

Diagram 2.30

Evacuation route on Level 2A

Diagram 2.31

Evacuation route on Level 3A

Diagram 2.32

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 1

Diagram 2.33

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 2

Diagram 2.34

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 3

Diagram 2.35

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 1A

Diagram 2.36

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 2A

Diagram 2.37

Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 3A

Diagram 2.38

Distance radius as 61 metres on Basement 1

Diagram 2.39

Distance radius as 61 metres on Basement 1A

Diagram 2.40

Mega exhibition hall highlighted with 4.5 metres radius distance at the storey exits

Diagram 2.41

Mega exhibition hall highlighted with 4.5 metres radius distance at the storey exits

Diagram 2.42

Evacuation route on ground floor plan to assembly point

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 2.43

Plan view of dog legged staircase with dimensions

Diagram 2.44

Elevation view of dog legged staircase

Diagram 2.45

Swing shall of door does not affect circulation in escaping route

Diagram 2.46

Headroom distance labelled in section

Diagram 2.47

Air flow diagram through louvered openings labelled in section

Diagram 2.48

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 1

Diagram 2.49

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 2

Diagram 2.50

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 3

Diagram 2.51

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 1A

Diagram 2.52

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 2A

Diagram 2.53

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 3A

Diagram 2.54

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Basement 1

Diagram 2.55

Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Basement 1A

Diagram 2.56

Basic Components of Compartmentation

Diagram 2.57

Level 1 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones

Diagram 2.58

Typical Components of Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area

Diagram 2.59

Level 1 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Diagram 2.60

Level 2 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Diagram 2.61

Level 2A indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Diagram 2.62

Level 1 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Diagram 2.63

Level 2 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Diagram 2.64

Typical Components of Fire Rated Door

Diagram 2.65

Typical Reinforced Concrete Structure

Diagram 2.66

Sectional diagram highlight location of Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab

Diagram 2.67

Indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones in Level 1A

Diagram 2.68

Components of Fire Roller Shutter

Diagram 2.69

Indication of Fire Engine Access Route and Assembly Point

Diagram 2.70

Basic Components of Firefighting Shaft

Diagram 2.71

Location of Firefighting Shaft in MITEC

Diagram 2.72

Location of fire-fighting lobby in MITEC

Diagram 2.73

Location of Fire Escape Staircase at MITEC

Diagram 2.74

Location of Firefighting Lift at MITEC

Diagram 2.75

Location of Active Fire Protection Shaft at MITEC

Diagram 2.76

Location of Fireman Intercom System at MITEC

3.0

Air-Conditioning System……………………………………….…………………….

Diagram 3.1

Introduction of components in an air-conditioning system (Source : Khemani , 2009)

Diagram 3.2

Location of the plant room

Diagram 3.3

Location of AHU room on level 1A plan

Diagram 3.4

Location of rooms with FCU units

4.0

Mechanical Ventilation System……………………………………….……………..

Diagram 4.1

Details of induced jet fan

Diagram 4.2

Application of induced jet fan in basement

Diagram 4.3

Type C singlet inlet centrifugal fan with forward wheels

Diagram 4.4

Ductwork installation of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system

Diagram 4.5

Operation of supply ventilation

vii

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 4.6

Typical staircase pressurization system in buildings

Diagram 4.7

Level 1 floor plan showing location of enclosed staircases in MITEC.

Diagram 4.8

Level 1 floor plan showing location of staircases that are naturally ventilated

Diagram 4.9

Level 1 floor plan showing location of lift lobbies

Diagram 4.10

Diagram showing location of duct in lift lobby

Diagram 4.11

Operation of exhaust ventilation

Diagram 4.12

Basement 1 floor plan showing location of fan rooms.

Diagram 4.13

Basement 1A floor plan showing location of fan rooms.

Diagram 4.14

Shutter of propeller fan

5.0

Mechanical Transportation System……………………………………….….……

Diagram 5.1

Various arrangements of escalator (From left: Single, Continuous, Parallel and Criss cross)

Diagram 5.2

Location of escalators based on model type

Diagram 5.3

Parallel arrangement

Diagram 5.4

Criss-cross arrangement

Diagram 5.5

Location of escalator based on different arrangements

Diagram 5.6

Escalator with dual drive machine outside the step band

Diagram 5.7

Type of lifts according to working mechanism

Diagram 5.8

Location of lift lobbies in MITEC

Diagram 5.9

Anatomy of a gearless traction lift

Diagram 5.10

Location of normal passenger lift

Diagram 5.11

MRL lift, showing the hoisting machine

Diagram 5.12

Location of glass lift and freight lifts

Diagram 5.13

Switch circuit

Diagram 5.14

Control system

Diagram 5.15

Position of drive sheave within the lift motor machine

Diagram 5.16

Placement of counterweight in hoisting mechanism of lift

Diagram 5.17

Anatomy of counterweight components

Diagram 5.18

Car frame

Diagram 5.19

Components of compensation rope installation

Diagram 5.20

Location of car apron

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0

Introduction

1.1

Abstract

1.2

Acknowledgement

1.3

Overview of MITEC

2.0

Fire Protection System

2.1

Active Fire Protection System 2.1.1

Literature Review

2.1.2

Water Based System

2.1.3

2.1.2.1

Fire Pump System

2.1.2.2

Fire Sprinkler System

2.1.2.3

Water Cannon System

2.1.2.4

Wet Riser System

2.1.2.5

Hose Reel System

2.1.2.6

Dry Riser System

2.1.2.7

Fire Hydrant System

Non-water Based System 2.1.3.1

Fire Suppression System 2.1.3.1.1 ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher 2.1.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher 2.1.3.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

2.1.3.2 Voice Communication System

2.1.4

2.1.5

2.2

2.1.3.3

Fire Switch

2.1.3.4

Emergency Speaker

2.1.3.5

Emergency Light

Fire Detection System 2.1.4.1

Smoke Detector

2.1.4.2

Heat Detector

Fire Alarm System 2.1.5.1

Fire Alarm Control Panel

2.1.5.2

Fire Alarm Bell

2.1.5.3

Manual Call Point

Passive Fire Protection System 2.2.1

Literature Review 2.2.1.1

2.2.2

Purpose Group

Mean of Escape 2.2.2.1

Evacuation Route

2.2.2.2 Travel Distance to Exit

TABLE OF CONTENT 2.2.2.3 Arrangement of storey exit 2.2.2.4 Assembly Point 2.2.2.5

Horizontal Exit

2.2.2.6 Vertical Exit 2.2.2.6.1

Exit Stairway

2.2.2.6.2

Headroom

2.2.2.6.3

Louvered Heat Ventilator

2.2.2.7 Handrail 2.2.3

2.2.4

Passive Containment 2.2.3.1

Compartmentation of Fire Escape

2.2.3.2

Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area

2.2.3.3

Fire Containment 2.2.3.3.1

Fire Rated Door

2.2.3.3.2

Fire Rated Floor

2.2.3.3.3

Fire Rated Wall

2.2.3.3.4

Structural Fire Protection

2.2.3.3.5

Fire Roller Shutter

Fire Appliance Access 2.2.4.1

Fire Engine Access

2.2.4.2

Fire-fighting Shaft 2.2.4.2.1 Fire-fighting Lobby 2.2.4.2.2 Fire Engine Staircase 2.2.4.2.3 Fire-fighting Lift

2.3

Conclusion

3.0

Air-conditioning System

3.1

Literature Review

3.2

Type of Air-conditioning System

3.3

3.2.1

Split Air-conditioning System

3.2.2

Centralized Air-conditioning System

Case Study of MITEC for Air-conditioning System 3.3.1

Chilled Water Central Air-conditioning System 3.3.1.1

Cooling Water and Water Tank

3.3.1.2

Chiller Plant Room

3.3.1.3

Chiller

3.3.1.4

Chiller Water Pump

3.3.1.5

Control Unit

3.3.1.6 Air Handling UNit (AHU) 3.3.1.7

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

TABLE OF CONTENT 3.3.1.8 Air Duct and Diffuser 3.3.2

Split Air-Conditioning System (VRF) 3.3.2.1

Indoor Unit

3.3.2.2

Outdoor Unit

3.3.2.3

Cassette Type

3.4

Conclusion

4.0

Mechanical Ventilation System

4.1

Literature Review

4.2

Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

4.3

4.2.1

Fan

4.2.2

Filter

4.2.3

Ductwork

4.2.4

Damper

4.2.5

Grille and Diffuser

Types of Mechanical Ventilation system 4.3.1

4.3.2

Supply ventilation system (Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract) 4.3.1.1

Overview

4.3.1.2

Staircase Pressurisation System

4.3.1.3

Lift Lobby Pressurisation System

Extract Ventilation System 4.3.2.1

Overview

4.3.2.2

Basement Car Park Exhaust System

4.3.2.3

Utility Room Extract System

4.3.2.4

Lift Motor Room Extract System

4.4

Conclusion

5.0

Mechanical Transportation System

5.1

Literature Review

5.2

Escalator 5.2.1

121

Case Study of Escalator in MITEC 5.2.1.1

Overview

5.2.1.2 Arrangement of Escalators 5.2.1.2.1 Main Types of Escalator Arrangement

5.3

5.2.1.3

Components of Escalator

5.2.1.4

Safety Features of Escalator

Lift 5.3.1

Case Study of Lifts in MITEC 5.3.1.1

Overview

TABLE OF CONTENT 5.3.1.1.1

Passenger Lift

5.3.1.1.2

Freight Lift

5.3.1.1.3

Location of Lifts

5.3.1.2 Traction Lift 5.3.1.2.1

Gearless Traction Lift

5.3.1.2.2

Machine Room-less (MRL) Lift

5.3.1.3

Control System

5.3.1.4

Main Components of Lift

5.3.1.5

Exterior of Lift Car

5.3.1.6

Interior of Lift Car

5.3.1.7

Floor Indicator and Designator

5.3.1.8

Safety Features

5.4

Conclusion

6.0

Conclusion

152

7.0

Reference

154

8.0

Appendix

161

xii

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Introduction

1.1

Abstract

This project aims to provide real-life case as an introduction to building services system installed in a multi-storey building. By introducing the common system used in the bigger volume of space with a variety of users, this knowledge can be integrated into future design studio project to ensure a practical and technically functional building design proposal. The case study building that our group have chosen is the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre. We are to analyse four system associated with building services which are active and passive fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. A thorough research was done prior to site visits. Two site visits were conducted to ensure complete data collection such as information and pictures of building services components. The complete data is then analysed with reference to Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL 1984), MS 1184 and MS 1525. We are to produce a documentation and analytical report with a 5-minute video to present our findings about the building services in MITEC. Pictures and video taken on site were used to visually portray the components of each building services system with a comprehensives study describing the function and its importance. All in all, we have learned a substantial amount of knowledge regarding to building services and its functions in creating a safe environment for the occupants of the buildings. The site visit provides us an insight and a realistic simulation of how building services are done in our local buildings and its implication towards a building design.

Building Services

Page 2

Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

Introduction

1.2

Acknowledgement

We have taken much efforts in this assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to express of sincere appreciation to all of them. We are highly indebted to Mr. Zafar Rozaly for his guidance and constant supervisions as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project. Also, we would like to express special gratitude to Ms. Mawar, Assistant Training Manager from Human Resource Department of MITEC and Mr. Jaque, Mechanical and Electrical Manager of MITEC for giving us the opportunities to visit the building and also spending time explaining the services system in MITEC to us.

Building Services

Page 3

Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

Introduction

1.3

Overview of MITEC

MALAYSIA INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND EXHIBITION CENTRE Address : MITEC, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

The brand new MITEC is the largest exhibition centre in Malaysia located at Jalan Dutamas, Kuala Lumpur. It derives its unique shape from the rubber seed; a symbol of the Malaysia historical trade business. It is located in Segambut, KL, next to Menara MATRADE. The architect firm for the project is RSP, one of the largest architectural practices in the world with more than 1,300 professionals. To ensure a perfect waterproofing under the decorative cladding system, Sika has developed a unique anchoring system that is hot-air welded to the Sarnafil G-410 L Felt membrane. Simple, effective & efficient. The system was applied over the 57,000 square meter roof surface to allow the astonishing finish expected by the architects and owner. Kudos to Swissma Building Technologies Sdn Bhd and Sarnatec Sdn Bhd for a very professional work on this exceptional structure.

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Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

Introduction

Building Services

Overview of MITEC

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Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Fire Protection System

2.0

Active Fire Protection System

Fire Protection System

Fire protection system is the means to inhabit or mitigate the ignition, growth and spread of fire and its effects through the built environment. The system serves the purpose to extinguish the fire, control the fire and provide exposure protection to prevent domino effects. It can be classified into two types, which are active fire protection system and passive fire protection system. Active fire protection system is the component of fire detection and prevention which reacts to action or motion, while passive fire protection system is the component which seeks to contain or slow down the spread of a fire. In general, the role of active fire protection within the fire containment process is to detect, alert about, and seek to eliminate the fire hazard; passive fire protection, on the other hand, is in place in case the active component fails in its objective, and is put in place as more of a failsafe measure, rather than an active way to combat a fire hazard.

2.1

Active Fire Protection System

2.1.1

Literature Review

Active Fire Protection System requires a certain amount of motion and response in order to for it to work during the event of fire. The system is either manually operated like a fire hydrant system or functioned automatically like the water sprinkler and cannon system.The design of fire fighting systems should conform to specified standards of Part VIII of Uniform Building By-Laws 2006 of Malaysia.

Fire Detection System

FIRE

Detect the fire by detecting heat, smoke or flames Example : Smoke Detector

Fire Alarm System Initiated by fire detection system and triggers the following active system Example : Fire Alarm Bell

Automatic Active System

Manual Active System

Activated automatically to impede the spread of

Managed mainly by firefighters or users who

fire and prevent damage to other area of the

have knowledge of using them to combat and

buildings

put out the fire

Example : Water Sprinkler System

Example : Fire Extinguisher

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2

Active Fire Protection System

Water Based System

Water based system utilizes the inexpensive, non-toxic and readily available medium of water to discharge onto flames through a variety of carriers. The properties of water being able to be stored at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures and to take the heat out of fire promptly make water better than any other recognized liquid for fighting the majority of fire. There are 5 types of water based systems that present in the case study building.

WAT E R Hose Reel and Wet

Sprinkler Water Tank

Riser Tank

Water Pump System To provide a steady flow of water ranging different pressure levels

Fire Sprinkler System

Wet Riser System

System

Extinguishes

Built-in

Source of water

fire

intervention of human

which is permanently

factor

charged with water

Water Cannon System

Hose Reel System

Automated

tracking

Manually operated and

system with positioning

activated by opening a

fire artillery, operating

valve that enables the

on the infrared sensor

water

technology

system

Fire

Hydrant

assist

fire

authorities in a

incipient

without

the

water

distribution

system

fire.

Dry Riser System Only charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when necessary

2.1.2.1

flow

into

the

Water Pump System

Water pump system is required to provide adequate pressure to meet the hydraulic demands of the case study building, especially when water supply is provided from the water storage tank located on ground floor. There are two main water tanks which are fire sprinkler - water cannon tank and hose reel - wet riser tank. Both of the tanks have their respective sets of water pump to facilitate the operation. The system operates when the pressure drops below a threshold. For instance, the fire sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire sprinklers are activated or alternatively when other firefighting connections are opened, causing a pressure drop. In the building, the system mainly comprises of Jockey Pump, Duty Pump and Standby Pump.

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

Common Suction Pipe Jockey Pump Duty Pump Standby Pump Common Discharge Pipe Figure 2.1 An overview of fire pump system and sprinkler tank

Figure 2.2 Fire sprinkler tank and wet riser-hose reel tank

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 247 ] Water Storage (1)

Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2)

Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 87) (Original work published in 1984)

2.1.2.1.1

Jockey Pump

Jockey pump, also known as a pressure-maintenance pump, is a relatively small device that works together with the fire pump. It is designed to keep the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so that the fire pump doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to run all the time. This prevents the sprinklers from going off unnecessarily.

Moreover, since pipes are

susceptible to leakage over time, the water pressure inside them tends to go down. As soon as the jockey pump senses this, it fills them back up to normal pressure. Also, it can also help prevent the system from damage when a fire happens and pressurized water rushes into the pipes by regulating the pressure. It is powered by electric supply and is connected directly to the fire sprinkler water tank.

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Figure 2.3 EBSRAY Jockey Pump

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

Jockey Pump Components

Legends

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Pump casing

11.

Clutch

Tensile bolt

12.

Linking seat

Outer cylinder

13.

Air nozzle

Impeller

14.

Mechanical seal

Impeller baffle

15.

Shaft

Muff

16.

Middle section

Seal-washer

17.

Muff out

Nut

18.

Miner

19.

Return pipe part

10.

Motor

1 19

Diagram 2.1 Jockey Pump Components

2.1.2.1.2

Duty Pump

If the pressure continues to drop under the threshold

Duty Pump

during the operation of jockey pump,duty pump will start working and give a high pressure supply. This is to boost the pressure lost in the system. Duty pump in MITEC is a horizontal split case pumps whereby it is easy to be accessed to all of its working parts and has a

Figure 2.4 Duty

high efficiency in delivering water pressure.

Pump

2.1.2.1.3

Standby Pump

Standby pump is driven by a diesel engine. The pump is controlled and starts automatically when a fall in pressure occurs in piping exceeding three per cent of the normal static pressure, and to stop automatically when the normal pressure is re-established. Generally, it operates during power supply failure.

Building Services

Figure 2.5 Standby Pump

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.1.4

Active Fire Protection System

Pumpset Pressure Indicator

Figure 2.6 Pumpset

it operates during power supply failure.

Pressure Indicator

2.1.2.1.5

Fire Pump Controller

The fire pump controller is designed to monitor the operation status and in the case of fire, the controller will receive a signal from the pressure switch and start the fire pump. The fire switch in the controller is passive, requiring no manual operation by the owner. Water pressure does it all. When the pressure drops, the normally open contacts close, completing the electrical circuit and activating the pump.

Figure 2.7 Fire Pump Controller

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 226 ] Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 82) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Pump) : The water storage tank for both wet riser system and fire sprinkler system meets the UBBL 1984 requirement listed under Clause 247, (2). The tanks are located on the fire appliance access level for the ease of monitoring. The automated system including fire pump system, fire sprinkler system and water cannon system meets the UBBL 1984 requirement listed under Clause 226.

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.2

Active Fire Protection System

Fire Sprinkler System

Fire sprinkler system acts as the crucial first-line of active fire protection. The system extinguishes or prevents spreading of fire in its early stage, keeping the fire under control until the fire brigade arrives. Water extinguishes the given area during fire, cools building structures and the surrounding area and at higher temperatures it evaporates quickly, displacing oxygen and thus creates an inert atmosphere, which prevents the access of oxidant, i.e. the atmospheric oxygen that is needed for combustion. It consists of distribution piping system that is permanently attached to building structures, valve station and sprinkler heads that are firmly attached to the distribution pipes in the protected area. Pipeline network together with sprinkler heads are connected to a water source that provides adequate pressure.

Structural Beam Water Distribution Piping System Fire Sprinkler Head Gate Valve

Pressurised water

Water Supply

Diagram 2.2 An overview of automatic fire sprinkler system

Legends

automatic

Water motor alarm

Alarm line strainer

Check valve

System side water gauge

8 9

Fire department connection

Automatic drip valve

Alarm pressure switch

Retard chamber

Alarm test shut-off valve

13 14

10.

Main drain valve

11.

Main drain piping

12.

Alarm valve trim

13.

Alarm check valve

14.

Underground supply

sprinkler

1 2 3 4 5 6

Water Supply

Diagram 2.3 Call-out details

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.1.1

Active Fire Protection System

Sprinkler Head

The system operates on wet pipe fire sprinkler system. The system employs fixed fire sprinkler heads and sprinkler piping filled with pressurized water supplied from a dependable source at all times. Sprinkler heads are equipped with a glass trigger filled with a glycerin-based liquid that expands with temperature. As the liquid expands, it shatters its glass confines and activated the sprinkler head, water is then discharged immediately onto the fire. The sprinkler heads are not all activated at once since each one of them is independent, thereby minimizing water damage. Only sprinklers in the area of the fire that have reached the temperature required to melt. The type of bulb used in the case study building is red liquid bulb.

Orifice (Opening)

Bulb Liquid Colour

Rupturing Temperature

Orange

Red

Plug

Yellow

Frame

Green

Frangible Sealed

Blue

141

Mauve

182

Black

260

Ceiling plate seating surface

40mm

Threading

Liquid-Filled Bulb Deflector Diagram 2.4 Components of a pendant fire sprinkler

2.1.2.1.2

Diagram 2.5 Types of the bulb liquid colour

Pendant Fire Sprinkler

A pendent fire sprinkler hangs from above-ceiling pipes and distributes water in a domed or conical pattern using a convex deflector. Unlike concealed pendent sprinklers which hide behind decorative plates, the head of a traditional pendent fire sprinkler remains visible after installation.

Figure 2.8 Electric Service Room

Diagram 2.6 Pendant fire sprinkler Figure 2.9 Indoor Second Floor Corridor

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.1.3

Active Fire Protection System

Upright Fire Sprinkler

An upright fire sprinklers spray water upward to a concave deflector, producing a dome-shaped spray pattern. They are used mostly in places where obstructions may block water spray during a fire, and their height allows them to aim water around possible obstacles. While they can't be hidden behind a cover

Figure 2.10 First Floor Loading Bay

plate, system design can make upright models less of an eyesore.

Diagram 2.7 Upright fire sprinkler Figure 2.12 Upright fire sprinkler

Figure 2.11 Basement Level 1

Diagram 2.8 Both pendant and upright sprinkler head spray water in circle pattern

2.1.2.1.4

Alarm Valve System

These sprinkler heads are attached to a reliable system of water pipes that are typically built into the walls or ceiling. Beneath the sprinkler heads, a valve keeps the water from leaking out. When the sprinkler head is triggered, the valve is opened and pressurized water is released from the pipe system. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important for water in a fire sprinkler system to be pressurized. This allows the water to spray outward in an arc to more thoroughly douse the fire and prevent it from reigniting.The alarm check valve is a key component of the wet pipe system. It is designed to indicate when a sprinkler has operated as well as to provide a system check valve. The alarm check valve serves as a check valve by holding the pressurized water above the clapper and preventing reverse flow from the sprinkler piping. The valve initiates an alarm during a sustained flow of water by operating a water motor alarm and alarm pressure switch. When it is installed with the water motor alarm, the system can provide a local alarm even when electric power is lost.

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

System Mechanism When a sprinkler (1) opens, the discharging water

lifts the alarm valve clapper (2) and flows through

the alarm port (3) to the retard chamber (4). When 6

the retard chamber is filled, water flows to the water motor alarm (5) and the alarm pressure switch (6) which signal an electric alarm bell.

To prevent false alarm due to variable water

Diagram 2.9

supplies, the retard chamber (4) collects small

An overview

surges of water which flow through the alarm port

during pressure fluctuations.

system

Figure 2.13 Alarm Valve System for each zonings

mechanism

Figure 2.14 System Side Water Gauge Figure 2.15 Alarm Valve Clapper

Diagram 2.10 Location of Fire Pump Room on the Level 1A Floor Plan

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valve

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LEVEL 1A

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 228 ] Sprinkler Valves (1)

Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority

(2)

All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 82) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Sprinkler System) : The fire sprinkler system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under clause 228, (1) and (2). In Figure 2.13, the sprinkler alarm valve system is placed along the exterior wall of the fire pump room located at ground floor. This allow ease of monitoring during the event of fire even without access into the fire pump room. Also, it is connected to the fire alarm system which is directly linked to the nearest fire station through the fire control panel.

2.1.2.3

Water Cannon System

There are 12 water cannons located at level 3 in the largest exhibition pillar-less hall. The water cannon system employed in MITEC is an automatic tracking technology with mechanized positioning fire artillery, combining the infrared sensor technology. The signal processing technology, communication control technology, computer technology and mechanical driven technology work together effectively. It is exceptionally suitable for tall and big space like the pillar-less hall.

Figure 2.16 Water Cannon System

SECTION B-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Diagram 2.11 Location of Pillar-less Exhibition Hall where the water cannon system is located

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.3.1

Active Fire Protection System

Water Cannon System Components Water Supply 20

5 9 17 18

15 7

12 11 6

Diagram 2.12 Water Cannon Plan

Diagram 2.13 Water Cannon Elevation

Legends 1.

Head

Electric Putter

14.

Nuts

Outlet Elbow

Double Flange Elbow

15.

Controller

Pitching Knuckle

Horizontal Rotary Motor

16.

Pitching Rotary Motor

Hexagon Screw

10.

Small Camera

17.

Solenoid Valve

Horizontal Rotation

11.

Lengthened Tube

18.

Electronic Wire

Section

12.

Connector

19.

Area Control Panel

Horizontal Head Screw

13.

Round Head Screw

20.

Big Camera

2.1.2.3.2

System Operation

When fire occurs, the temperature rises due to the heat released from the fire source. It will smart-scan immediately from horizontal and vertical directions to determine the fire source exact location. Then, the central controller issues instructions and sends alarm signals while starting the pump and opening water valves. The fire artillery will aim at the fire source to put it off. Upon detected that fire has been put off, the central controller will issue instructions again to stop water jetting. In case of fire resurgence, the system will restart again by repeating the same procedure. The fire artillery shoots water in the form of cylindrical water column or water mist with long range, hence providing wide range protection and powerful fire-fighting capability.

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Figure 2.17 Testing out water cannon

Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

Fire Protection System

2.1.2.4

Active Fire Protection System

Wet Riser System

MITEC has a height of 63 metres above the fire appliance access level therefore wet riser system is installed to supply pressurized water within buildings for firefighting purposes. The wet rise system in MITEC consists of a wet riser main, a wet riser landing valve and a hose cradle. Some of the system are being recessed in the wall located in a cabinet clearly labelled ‘Sesalur Basah’ on a red panel, which means ‘wet riser’ when being direct translated into English language.

Wet Riser Main

Wet Riser Landing Valve

Canvas Hose

Hose Cradle

Figure 2.18 Wet Riser System

Figure 2.19 Wet riser system that located in the wall

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 231 ] Installation and testing of wet rising system (1)

Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

[ Clause 248 ] Markings on wet riser, etc. (1)

Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

(2)

All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 84, 87) (Original work published in 1984)

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

2.1.2.4.1

Wet Riser Main and Air Vent

Wet fire mains are 150mm in diameter and are installed owing to the pressures required to provide adequate fire-fighting water supplies at the landing valves at upper floors and also to ensure that water is immediately available at all floor levels. The provision of a built-in water distribution system means that firefighters do not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching of fire compartments by running hose lines between them.

2.1.2.4.2

Figure 2.20 Wet riser main

Figure 2.21 Air Vent

Wet Riser Landing Valve

Landing valves which are 65mm in diameter, connecting directly to

Outlet

Coupling Adapter

the wet riser main, serve as the main water supply to fire department to the upper floors in MITEC whereas fire hydrants serve as the water source on the ground level. It functions as a water tab whereby it is to connect the canvas hose to access to the water source on the upper levels for fire-fighting. The valves are equipped with a coupling adapter which is directly screwed to the outlet and stoppered with a cap.

2.1.2.4.3

Figure 2.22 Landing Valves on the top floor

Canvas Hose and Hose Cradle

Hose Cradle and Canvas Hose of brand â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Proflexâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is used in MITEC. The canvas hose has a length of 30 metres and 65mm in diameter. It is connected to a faucet and placed on a hose cradle nearby the landing valve. The hose has no all-time water supply like hose reel system. Figure 2.23 Canvas hose placed on the cradle

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 231 ] Installation and testing of wet rising system (4)

Each wet risers outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 84) (Original work published in 1984)

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

Summary (Wet Riser System) : The wet riser system system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under clause 231, (1) and (4) and clause 248, (1) and (2). Since MITEC is higher than 30.5 metres, the installation of wet riser system is a requirement. Clear indication in red and room labelling ensure fire brigades to easier recognize the locations.

2.1.2.5

Fire Hose Reel System

A fire hose reel system consists of a pump, pipework, direct water supply from a fire water tank and hose reel located strategically in a building to provide a reasonably access and to ensure a proper coverage of water to combat a fire. Together with wet riser system, both of the hose reel system and wet riser system share a water source from the same water storage tank. The system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and generally serves as an initial firefighting aid. If the placement of the system is recessed in the wall, a clear label for the cabinet will be pasted on the exterior.

Hose Reel Pipework Drum Rubber Hose Figure

2.24

Spray Nozzle

L1-H3-FYHR80 stands for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Level 1, Hall 3, Foyer Hose Reel 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Stop Valve Figure 2.25 Cabinet for hose reel system and fire extinguisher

2.1.2.5.1

Figure 2.26 Hose Reel System

Drum

The hose reel drum is a universal swing type, where the hose drum rotates around a horizontal shaft and the hose can be withdrawn from any direction.

2.1.2.5.2

Stop Valve

A 25mm diameter stop valve to BS 1010 is provided for the connection of the hose reel to the water supply.

Building Services

Figure 2.27 Drum

Page 20

Figure 2.28 Stop Valve

Malaysia International Trade And Exhibition Centre

Fire Protection System

2.1.2.5.3

Active Fire Protection System

Spray Nozzle

The shut-off nozzle assembly which is fitted at the end of the hose is constructed of corrosion resistant material. There are markings to indicate the open/shut positions of the nozzle.

2.1.2.5.4

Rubber Hose

The fire hose reel is made of non-kinking, braided Figure 2.29 Rubber Hose

rubber type and the length of the hose is 30 meter.

2.1.2.5.5

Figure 2.30 Spray Nozzle

System Operation

The system is manually operated and activated by opening the stop valve, enabling the water to flow into the hose that is 30 meters long. The system pressure loss will activate the pump, ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle (0.33L of water per second). The nozzle attached to the hose enables the operator to control the direction and flow of water to the fire.

Turn water on to the hose reel

Proceed to a safe distance

Direct the water at the base of

by operating the control valve

from the fire and turn the

the flames and extinguish the

and remove the nozzle from its

water on by operating the

fire by using a sweeping

bracket.

nozzle.

action.

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 231 ] Installation and testing of wet rising system (2)

A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 84) (Original work published in 1984)

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Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection System

Summary (Fire Hose Reel System) : The fire hose reel system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under clause 231, (2). Each fire lobbies is provided with the system, clearly indicated with numbering system.

2.1.2.6

Dry Riser System

Dry riser system is empty and is only filled with water by fire fighters when they arrive. Fire fighters will connect the pump outlet in one of their appliances to the dry riser inlet located at fire appliance access level. The system in MITEC consists of an empty pipe of a diameter of 150mm running up the inside of a building which can be connected to by firefighters. Water is then drawn from the nearest public fire hydrant and this is pressurised by the fire pump to provide water at the correct flow and pressure for fire fighting operations at the relevant upper floor level. Air Vent

Figure 2.31 Dry Riser External Wall

Outlet

Figure 2.32 Dry Riser Inlet

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Clause 230 ] Installation and testing of dry rising system (1)

Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 83) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Dry Riser System) : The dry riser system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under clause 230, (1) whereby MITEC is provided with the system since it is more than 18.3 metres from the fire appliance access level

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Fire Protection System

2.1.2.7

Active Fire Protection System

Fire Hydrant System

A fire hydrant system is a water supply with a sufficient pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout a building to strategically located network of valves for fire-fighting purposes. Two way fire hydrant installation in MITEC consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water supply main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. Where the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps are provided to pressurize the fire mains. A firefighter connects a fire hose

Figure 2.33 Fire Hydrant located at staff car park

Body Material

: Cast Iron to BS 1452

Outlet

: Copper alloy BS 1400

to the fire hydrant and releases a valve to get water from

Test Pressure

: 30 bar (435 Psi)

the water main. The fire hydrants are designed to allow

Working Pressure

: 20 bar (290 Psi)

250 gallons of water to flow through the hydrant per

Finishing

: Yellow painting

minute.

Private hydrant

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 225 ] Detecting and extinguishing fire (3)

Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 82) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Hydrant System) : The external fire hydrant system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225, (3) whereby they are placed around the perimeter of the building to provide immediate access for the fire brigades during the event of fire.

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Fire Protection System

2.1.3

Active Fire Protection System

Non-Water Based System

Non-water fire suppression system is a fire suppression mechanism which works on putting the fire out without using water-based agents. A common belief among the people is that the best way to fight fire is by using water. But that is not the case, as not all fires can be dozed out using water. There are many cases where a standard water-based fire protection system cannot and will not protect the building in the event of a fire. For instances where you are fighting electrical fires, certain chemicals, metals, or flammable materials less dense than water you need a specialty system to extinguish fires. In fact, most of the time water can cause more damage than damage-controlling.

2.1.3.1

Fire Suppression System

Fire suppression system in MITEC is designed to protect a specific hazard and may be used to supplement the active fire protection system by providing protection in the fire risk areas. To ensure proper fire protection, the extinguishing agent compatibility with the protected hazard is concerned. The system functions to protect a specific hazard when water is not a key suppression agent. This article will review some of the basic concepts of three of these types of alternative fire suppression systems; wet chemical, dry chemical, and foam suppression systems.

Fire Suppression System

Dry Chemical System

Gas System

The system consists of dry chemical such as

The system are stored as liquid, with nitrogen used

phosphate compound monoammonium phosphate.

to pressurise it. Upon releasing the chemical agent,

The dry chemical extinguishes the fire by

chemical reacts with the fire and extinguishes it. It

interrupting the chemical reaction and cutting out

is suited to data rooms and switch rooms in

the oxygen source.

MITEC.

Example :

ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

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Fire Protection System

2.1.3.1.1

Active Fire Protection System

ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

The ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher can be seen in most of the place in MITEC. It is a portable fire extinguisher which can take down all the major kinds of fires though it specially tackles Class A, B and C fires. The dry chemical in the units is monoammonium phosphate. When the ammonium phosphate and aluminum sulfate particles are ejected with massive force from the extinguisher, they fuse together to form an airtight barrier that completely chokes off the oxygen from a fire. The powder chemical works differently to extinguish the various fires. It chemically insulates a Class A fire, smothers and breaks the chain reaction for a Class B fire and will not conduct electricity back to the operator in a Class C fire. However it is not recommended to be used in enclosed spaces. This is because the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to clean up after.

Figure 2.34 ABC Fire Extinguisher in MITEC

Class A

Class B

Class C

Ordinary combustibles,

Flammable liquids like

Flammable gases, such

such as wood, paper,

gasoline, kerosene and

as butane, methane and

cardboard and cloth as

diesel fuel, oil-based

propane

well as solid plastic

paint and grease

2.1.3.1.2

Figure 2.35 ABC Fire Extinguisher

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher

Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher types smothers the fire by displacing oxygen in the air but do not leave any substances unlike the other fire

Colour : solid red

extinguishers. It is particularly useful for offices and computer server

Nozzle :

rooms in MITEC where electrical fires may likely to occur. They also

put out Class B fires (flammable liquids, such as paint and petroleum).

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hornedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hose unlike

It suffocates fires by displacing the oxygen the fire needs to burn. It is

other

placed near to the source of the fire risk areas and the fire exits in MITEC.

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distinctive

black fire

extinguishers Figure 2.36 CO2 Fire Extinguisher

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UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 227 ] Portable Extinguishers Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 82) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Extinguisher) : The fire extinguishers system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 227, (3). The fire extinguishers are strategically placed at many locations to be easily accessible by users in the building during the event of fire.

2.1.3.1.3

Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily available and electrically non-conductive that leaves no residue behind. This means any sensitive equipment that is in the protected space is not damaged by the CO2, which reduces downtime and costs. Once the CO2 has dispersed to safe levels from the protected space, personnel can access any damage from the fire or smoke and quickly get back to work with no cleanup needed. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion. This mechanism of fire suppression is highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up and is used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when discharged. In MITEC, each electrical room has an carbon dioxide suppression system. System Operation A carbon dioxide fire suppression system eliminates the oxygen to suppress the fire. The system is equipped with a smoke and heat detector which will trigger the alarm system and send signal to the fire control room through the fire control panel upon detecting smoke and temperature rise. It then releases the carbon dioxide agent into the space it is protecting. After 30 seconds, all the gas inside will be discharged

Nozzle

through piping, leaving only carbon dioxide inside with the fire curtain

Detector

opened and smoke damper closed. The drop in oxygen level quickly

Control

causes the fire to be suppressed or extinguished. On the control panel

Panel

outside, if green light lights up, it means that personnel is free to enter

Extinguishing

the room whereas if the red light lights up, it means that the carbon

Agent Diagram 2.14 System Operation Overview

dioxide agent is being discharged and the room cannot be entered.

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Figure 2.38 Fire Curtain

Figure 2.37 Electric Control Room

Figure 2.39 Damper

Figure 2.40 Solenoid 24V DC Tripping Device

Discharge Manifold Discharge Flex Hose Outlet Check Valve Manual Valve Actuator Extinguishing Agent Cylinder

Figure 2.41 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System

2.1.3.2

Fireman Switch

A fireman switch is a specialized switch that allows fire brigades to disconnect power immediately from high voltage devices that may impose danger in the event of emergency. The enclosure of the switch is made of non flammable material and painted red to be spotted easily by fire brigades. Fire brigade uses an insulated rod which is also known as the ‘Fireman’s Axe’ to pull the handle to locking it at ‘O’ position to isolate the utility supply to the building. To reset, a ‘two hands grip’ must be used. In MITEC, it is located at every level at the escape corridor and not more than 2.75 metres from the ground.

Figure 2.42 Fireman switches located at basement escape staircase

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2.1.3.3

Active Fire Protection System

Voice Communication System

It is a two-way emergency communication system connecting fireman intercoms located throughout the building and a master telephone handset is located in the fire control room. The fireman intercom handset is being placed behind a locked door, housed within a red metal cabinet and rested on a cradle. Lifting the handset from the cradle will cause the buzzer to sound and light a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;common callâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; indicator. A maximum call of 7 RFIS and master

Figure 2.43 Fireman Intercom located at basement escape

handsets can communicate simultaneously.

staircase (left) and fire pump room

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 239 ] Voice Communication System There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas : (a)

Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;

(b)

In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area;

(c)

In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 85) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Voice Communication System) : The voice communication system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 239. The two-way communication system ensures the connection between the master handset in the fire control room and the remote fireman corridor. This allows efficient communication in the event of fire or emergency.

2.1.3.4

Emergency Speaker

The emergency speaker is a network of monitored loud speakers. The speakers are distributed throughout MITEC to ensure warning messages and tones satisfy a specific sound pressure level (volume) and are distinctly audible throughout all required areas of the building. Also, it ensures warning messages are intelligible and clearly understood by the occupants.

Building Services

Figure 2.44 Emergency Speaker

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2.1.3.5

Active Fire Protection System

Emergency Light

An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a building experiences a power outage. During an event of emergency, it is used to illuminate the access pathways leading to the exits, fire staircase, aisles, corridors, ramps and at the exit discharge pathways towards public area. The level of illumination and quality consistency of emergency illumination are the crucial Figure 2.45 Emergency light

factors to the safety occupants during evacuation.

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 253 ] Emergency power system (1)

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the vent of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety of life and property.

(5)

Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one of the following approved types: (a) Storage Battery Storage Battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 871/2 percent of the system voltage the total of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 11/2 hours; (b) Generator set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure on the normal service. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 88) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Emergency Light) : The emergency light system in MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 253, (1) and (5). The emergency lights are well-maintained and equipped with storage battery to ensure proper lighting during the event of emergency.

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2.1.5

Active Fire Protection System

Fire Detection System

A Fire Detection System (FDS) is an alarm system that receives data on, assesses and then responds to event reported by various detector which usually consists of smoke detector, heat detector and damper which play a significant role in protecting the the safety of emergency personnel. Fire Detection System are permanently installed manual and automatic systems to detect fires at the earliest stage, warn those affected and quickly inform the relevant emergency service. A properly installed and maintained Fire Detection System commit to save lives and largely reduces building property damage. To be useful, fire detection system should work with fire alarm system to become a life-safety system which ensure a rapid detection of fire.

Manually:

FIRE

Detected by

Emergency Break Glass

Report to

Fire Detection Control Panel Activate

Automatic systems: Smoke Detector Heat Detector

Fire Alarm System

Diagram 2.15 Overall layout of Fire Detection System

Figure 2.46 Emergency Break Glass

Figure 2.47 Smoke Detector

Figure 2.48 Heat Detector

Figure 2.49 Fire Detection Control Panel

The purpose of an automatic Fire Detection System is to detect an occurrence, alert the control panel and proper authorities, and notify the occupants to take action. All parts of MITEC to be monitored are equipped with a network of electric cables and automatic or non-automatic detectors. These detectors are operated either manually or triggered automatically by heat, visible or invisible smoke, or flames. From here, system are all connected and communicate both with each other with a central control monitoring location. Only the detectors in the immediate vicinity of the fire are activated, sending a report to the fire detection control panel. The interconnectivity allows the control personnel to identify the location of â&#x20AC;&#x153;addressâ&#x20AC;? where the initial detection occurred. Information detected will be directed to emergency response team immediately for the fire rescue operation. Once the fire has been extinguished, the system can be made operational again quickly and simply.

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2.1.5.2

Active Fire Protection System

Smoke Detector

Smoke detector serve as an indicator for the occurrence of fire which plays a crucial role in Fire Detection System. As the first component which can react to the fire, detector will transfer signal to fire control panel in fire control room to activates the alarm system. In MITEC, there are generally two types of smoke detectors which is ionization smoke detector and photoelectric smoke detector.

Figure 2.50 Smoke Detector in Mega Exhibition Hall

Figure 2.51 Smoke Detector in Control Room

The smoke detector provided in Mega Exhibition Hall

The photoelectric smoke detector which uses a light

are mostly ionization smoke detector which generally

beam to help detect the presence of smoke. This

more sensitive and responsive to flaming fires. This

alarm types are more effective at sounding when a

type of smoke detector sensitive at sending small

fire originates from a smoldering source. Smoldering

particles, which tend to be produced in greater

fires may fill a room with dangerous gases before a

amount by hot, flaming fires, that are consuming

fire ever erupts. In a result, it is more suitable to be

combustible materials rapidly and may spread

implied in small room which smoke could be

quickly. In the ionization smoke detector, if the

accumulate in a short time of period. The presence of

smoke particle enters the chamber of the ionization

suspended smoke particles in the chamber scatters the

detector it will reduce air ionization inside the

light beam. This scattered light is detected by the light

chamber of the ionization detector and triggers the

sensitive sensor which sets off the alarm before the

alarm to alert the building occupants.

smouldering fires bursting into flame.

Figure 2.53 Photoelectric Smoke Detector

Figure 2.52 Ionization Smoke Detector

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2.1.5.3

Active Fire Protection System

Heat Detector

Heat Detector is a fire alarm device which designed to respond with sudden thermal changes or high temperature from fire hazards around the installation area. Heat detector usually has a lower false alarm rate but it is slower than smoke detector in detecting fires. In general, there are two types of heat detectors which are fixed temperature heat detector and rate-of-rise heat detector. Fixed Temperature Heat Detector: Operate when the ambient temperature increases sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate. The heat is accumulated at the sensitive element due to a thermal lag. This causes the temperature of the device to reach its operating temperature a while after the surrounding air temperature exceeds the device temperature. When this happens, the detector is activated and an alarm is sounded. Rate-of-rise Heat Detector (ROR): ROR heat detectors may not respond to slowly developing fires. In order to detect slowly developing fires, usually a fixed temperature element is added to the ROR detector which will be activated when the element reaches the pre-set threshold temperature then triggered the alarm system.

Thermistor partially sealed from surrounding air

Fire detected on slow increase of ambient temperature

Thermistor partially exposed to air

Diagram 2.16 Normal conditions heat detector

Diagram 2.17 Fixed Temperature heat detector

Fire detected on fast increase of ambient temperature Diagram 2.18 ROR heat detector

Figure 2.55 Heat Detector on ceiling of ground floor

Figure 2.54 Heat Detector on ceiling of ground floor

Addressable heat detector provided in MITEC are installed in concourse are on ground floor and Mega Exhibition Hall. Heat detectors have a common profile with photoelectric and ionization smoke detectors but have a lower air flow resistance case made of self-extinguishing white Figure 2.56 Heat Detector in MITEC

Building Services

polycarbonate.

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Heat Detector

Smoke Detector

Figure 2.57 Smoke and heat detectors in lift lobby

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 153 ] Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1)

All life lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2)

Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photodetectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam cause the door to close within a preset time.

Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 225 ] Detecting and extinguishing fire (1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 58, 82) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Smoke Detector) : Smoke detectors and heat detectors in MITEC does fulfill the requirements stated in By-laws under Section 153 and Section 225. Both of the detector are installed on the ceiling level of the lift lobbies area in every floor to detect fire hazard. They work together with fire alarm bell can be remotely controlled from the fire control room as well.

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2.1.4

Active Fire Protection System

Fire Alarm System

A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.

2.1.4.1

Fire Alarm Control Panel

A fire alarm control panel (FACP), fire alarm control unit (FACU), or simply fire alarm panel is the controlling component of a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated initiating device, notification appliance, control, transmitter, or relay. There are four basic types of panels: coded panels, conventional panels, addressable panels, and multiplex systems.

Figure 2.58 Fire Alarm Control Panel

Diagram 2.19 Diagram of Alarm Control Panel

Activate a Pre-discharge

Initiate Agent Release

Alarm

Shut Down Ventilation System

Notify Emergency

Activate Visual and

Shut Down Machinery

Response Personnel

Audible Fire Alarm

Equipment

Diagram 2.20 Programme of type of system and hazards

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Fighting Access [ Section 237 ] Fire Mode of Operation (1)

The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 85) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Alarm Control Panel) : The Fire Alarm Control Panel in MITEC complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 155(1). The fire alarm control panel is equipped with fire mimic diagram for each floor in the building to allow efficient signal identification during fire emergency

2.1.4.1

Fire Alarm Bell

A fire alarm is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. Fire alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors. When a fire occur, the smoke detector and heat detector will send a signal to the fire alarm control panel to activate the alarm bell. In MITEC, the alarm bells are installed at escape corridor and car park area. It provides alert to the occupants in the building and detailed information as to the location of the fire occurred to meet the needs of firefighting and detection system with central control equipment.

Figure 2.59 Fire Alarm Bell

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Diagram 2.21 Fire Alarm System

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Firefighting Access [ Section 237 ] Fire Alarms (1)

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to there By-Laws.

(2)

All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-storage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section

(3)

Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of master control

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 85) (Original work published in 1984)

2.1.4.2

Manual Call Point

A manual call point is a device which enables personnel to raise an alarm in the event of a fire incident by pressing a frangible element to activate the alarm system. A fire alarm call point should also be spaced so that one may always be found within a maximum distance of 30m apart. The manual call points are located nearby the exits and doorways for the occupants of the building to break the glass therefore a warning signal will then send to the fire alarm control panel. In MITEC, manual call point were installed at a height of 1.4m above floor level at easily accessible and conspicuous positions. This includes on exit routes, at the entry floor landing of staircases and at all exits to the open air. It is a quick means for a person who does not have access privileges to certain information to gain access when necessary. It is intended to specifically cover emergency cases and the switch is used to cut electric circuit immediately. User authentication system is used to control and monitor access to sensitive data. It is designed to preserve security by restricting access.

Manual Call Point

Exits / Doorways

Figure 2.61 Manual Call Point

Figure 2.60 Indication of location of Manual Call point

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[ Section 240 ] Electrical isolation switch (1)

Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served

(2)

The switch shall be of a type similar to the firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s switch specified in Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulation then in force

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp.85) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Manual Call Point) : The fire alarm bell and manual call point used in MITEC complies to the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 237 (1) , (2) , (3) and Section 240 (1) (2). These systems are placed on every floor of the building at the escape corridor to allow disconnection of electrical power in any case of emergency.

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Passive Fire Protection System

2.2

Passive Fire Protection System

2.2.1

Literature Review

Passive Fire Protection System (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fire-resistance rated walls, doors and floors. Compartmentalizing building into smaller sections helps to contain or delay the spread of fire and smoke from the room of fire origin to the other building spaces through fire compartmentation. PFP attempts to limit the amount of damage done to a building and provides more time safeguarding building occupants for evacuation. PFP systems must comply with the associated Listing and approval use which compliance to Part VII of Uniform Building By-Laws 2006 of Malaysia in order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.

Passive Fire Protection System (PFP)

Mean of Escape

Fire Appliance Access

Passive Containment

Safe routes and clear

Compartmentalise

information provided for

building to limit the

access for firefighter and

building occupants to

spread of fire and smoke

fire brigade appliances

access the final exit in

from the origin spot to

in a fire incident with

the shortest time.

adjacent buildings.

ease.

Example :

Evacuation Route

Compartmentation

Fire Service Shaft

Fire Escape Plan

Fire Containment

Fire Service Lift

Emergency Escape Sign

Structural Fire Protection

Fire Truck Routing

Proper

and

eligible

Exits Assembly Point

2.2.1.1

Purpose Group

According to the listed building law in Part V of Uniform Building By-Laws 2006 of Malaysia, building being categorised accordance with their intended usage or dominant used. The anticipated fire hazards presented by any building will predominantly be dictated by the purpose of building while each termed purpose groups represent different levels of hazard. The level of occupancy as well as the types of material used or anticipated fireloads possess a direct connection with the type of occupancy which hold different physical dimensions limits or parameters to achieve the minimum passive safety requirements as well as the fire safety installations necessary to comply with the UBBL.

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Passive Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 134 ] Designation of purpose groups For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole or part of the building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 45, 46, 47) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Purpose Group): MITEC serves as a place of assembly which offers 13 meeting rooms in various sized that can be configured for a multitude of functions, such as conference, ballroom, concerts, indoor sports and exhibition hall. The purpose group of MITEC are compartmented and regarded accordingly while complies with the to the UBBL 1984, Part VII: Fire Requirements, with the purpose group of IV (Office) and VII (Places of Assembly) The user group within MITEC is centered around office workers and professionals.

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2.2.2

Passive Fire Protection System

Means of Escape

A clear, ongoing and obstructed free way travel from anypoint within a workplace to a place of safety. By using enclosed corridors or emergency staircases of each floor to safeguard the building occupants to the final exit from interior building structure. Mean of escape cover evacuation route, storey exit, fire escape plan, emergency escape sign, horizontal exit vertical exit and assembly point.

2.2.2.1

Evacuation Route

MITEC consists of 3 main superstructure level of main hall, 3 mezzanine floors serve as concourse and 1.5 substructure level of basement parking area. MITEC as a largest exhibition centre in Malaysia reach about 64 meters from ground level which encompassess a total of 11 exhibition halls, a three-acre pillar-less multi-purpose hall with up to 36 metre high ceilings. Exhibition hall in level 1 and 2 with a height of 15 meters and 12 meters respectively. Both North and South Entrance acts as the main exit on ground floor for all building occupants from every levels to evacuate to the open area away from the building to the final assembly point. Occupants from each levels will evacuate through the emergency staircase vertically downwards or upwards towards the ground floor level and horizontally out from the exit point towards the assembly point.

SECTION A-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Horizontal exit routes

Vertical exit routes

Assembly Point

Diagram 2.22 Section showing general direction of evacuation route from each level to ground floor

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Passive Fire Protection System

Evacuation Route - Basement 1 & Basement 1A Emergency route in both basement parking area allows occupant to circulate vertically towards through fire escape staircase to the assembly point on ground floor. Both basement allocate with fire escape staircase in uniform travel pattern which aid to lead building occupants escape from basement through an axial circulation. Fire escape staircase in basement intersperse in between the parking area to ease the building occupants converge towards the nearest emergency staircase from their current location. The uniform spatial circulation implied in both these levels result a coherent circulation pattern which easier to be identity by users to access and evacuate from basement.

Emergency Staircase Escape Route

BASEMENT 1 Diagram 2.23 Evacuation Route on Basement 1

Emergency Staircase BASEMENT 1A Escape Route

Diagram 2.24 Evacuation Route on Basement 1A

Figure 2.62 Fire escape staircase towards main lobby

Building Services

Figure 2.63 Fire escape staircase 2 on Basement 1

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Passive Fire Protection System

Evacuation Route - Level 1 MITEC provide two main opening exits towards north, south exit point for usual circulation or during the emergency cases. Building occupants are also free to exit through many emergency exit along the building boundaries depends on their current location on ground level which aids in easing movement during high occupancy period. The fire escape staircase at the main lobby provide a direct exit from building structure for the evacuation of building occupants from basement level. Concourse on ground floor provide ample area for horizontal circulation purpose which able to disperse the flow of occupancy effectively.

Assembly Point

Diagram 2.25 Evacuation route on ground floor

Figure 2.64 Immense area for horizontal circulation

Building Services

LEVEL 1

Figure 2.65 Multiple exit available on ground floor

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Passive Fire Protection System

Evacuation Route - Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 The evacuation route from Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 is uniformed. Each multipurpose hall provide four exits which facing west and east side for building occupants to evacuate from the hall. The emergency staircase is located at both side of each of the exit throughout these levels which aims to prevent accumulation of occupants in one exit point during emergency cases. The symmetrical escaping circulation along the axis result a repeated escape pattern to provide ease of escaping while directing evacuees to the ground floor later discharged off from the building.

LEVEL 1 Diagram 2.26 Evacuation route on Level 1

LEVEL 2 Diagram 2.27 Evacuation route on Level 2

Emergency Staircase Escape Route

Building Services

LEVEL 3 Diagram 2.28 Evacuation route on Level 3

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Passive Fire Protection System

Evacuation Route - Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A Mezzanine floor such as Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A which only serve as kitchen, suraus, staff rest area, office area, auditorium and multipurpose room does not extend over the whole floorspace of the building due to the multiple volume of exhibition hall which centralise in the building plan. The fire escape staircase are in between the functional room to ensure the circulation of building occupants distributed equally along the floorspace directed downwards to the lobby at ground floor.

Diagram 2.29 Evacuation route on Level 1A

Diagram 2.30 Evacuation route on Level 2A

LEVEL 1A

LEVEL 2A

Emergency Staircase Escape Route

LEVEL 3A Diagram 2.31 Evacuation route on Level 3A

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Passive Fire Protection System

Summary (Evacuation Route) : It may be said that the existing evacuation route in MITEC is straightforward and uncomplicated which can be easily determined by building occupants through the exit signages throughout the building. In order to convey a deep understanding towards emergency evacuation route for building occupants, MITEC assist every users by providing fire escape plan from each floor with clear annotations of emergency staircase and fire escape route. The emergency fire escape plan from each floor is attach on respective lift lobby as a constant reminder for the users of way of escape which aims to ensure everyone could safely evacuate from building structure in case of emergency.

Figure 2.66 Fire escape plan provided on ground floor lift lobby

Figure 2.68 Fire escape plan with clear annotations on floor 2

Figure 2.67 Fire escape plan provided on lift lobby floor 1A

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2.2.2.2

Passive Fire Protection System

Travel Distance to Exit

Every building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with emergency exits which are sufficient to permit safe escape for building users in case of any emergency incidents arise. Emergency exit shall be located in a way that the actual distance to be travelled by building occupant from any point within the floor area to the nearest exits shall not exceed the maximum travel distance stated in building laws. The maximum travel distance to exits and dead-ends are further elaborated and stated within the context of the Seventh Schedule of the By-laws. It is to demonstrate the distance of travel implemented in MITEC to provide necessity for evacuees during a case of an emergency.

UBBL 1984 Seventh Schedule - Maximum Travel Distance

Limit when alternative exits are available (metre) Purpose Group Dead-End Limit

Unsprinklered

Sprinklered

IV. Office

VII. Places of Assembly

* No requirements or not applicable.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 129) (Original work published in 1984)

MITEC possess the purpose group as places of assembly and office accommodates the adequate travelling distance in their plans along with the presence of automatic fire sprinkler system on each and every floor. The maximum travel distance towards a emergency staircase can be 60 metre for office area and 61 metre for the places of assembly which points to the mega exhibition hall in MITEC. Every exit which provided in MITEC are sited and arrange within the limit travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule in By-laws and being easy accessible without obstructions at all times. The two main exit points which implemented in MITEC which facing the north and south supported by many additional emergency exit along the building boundaries in order to provide the shortest possible travel distance for safeguarding the building occupants out from the building structure during emergency cases.

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Passive Fire Protection System

Travel Distance to Exit - Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 In MITEC, Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 serve the common purpose as the places of assembly where 13 of the mega exhibition hall are located among these floors. As mentioned the maximum distance travel for places of assembly under automatic sprinkler system shall not exceed 61 metres.

LEVEL 1 Diagram 2.32 Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 1

Diagram 2.33 Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 2

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LEVEL 2

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Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection System

LEVEL 3 Diagram 2.34 Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 3

Travel Distance to Exit - Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A As an international exhibition centre, three mezzanine floors in MITEC accommodate with office area by staff members, building management team and authorised personnel to support the daily operation of this building. The entire building including Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A are all under protection from sprinkle system which result in the maximum travel distance should be within 60 metres from any point to the fire escape exit.

LEVEL 1A Diagram 2.35 Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 1A

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Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection System

LEVEL 2A Diagram 2.36 Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 2A

LEVEL 3A Not compliant Diagram 2.37: Distance radius as 61 metres on Level 3A

The highlighted area in level 3A floor plan is not compliant with the standard travel distance stated in By-laws. However, the highlighted area is where the service rooms located. On regular basis, the rooms has low occupancy level. Other than technicians who would visit the rooms more often for maintenance and regular check-up, there would be nearly no user who would visit the rooms.

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Travel Distance to Exit - Basement 1 and Basement 1A Basement in MITEC meets the requirements stated in By-laws that as the maximum distance travel for places of assembly under automatic sprinkler system shall not exceed 61 metres. Escape distance from any point from both basement are all within 61 metres.

BASEMENT 1 Diagram 2.38 Distance radius as 61 metres on Basement 1

BASEMENT 1A Diagram 2.39 Distance radius as 61 metres on Basement 1A

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 165 ] Measurement of travel distance to exits (1)

The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising.

[ Section 166 ] Exits to be accessible at all times (1)

Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

(2)

The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.

[ Section 169 ] Exit route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 62, 63) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Travel Distance to Exit) : As shown in all the diagrams above, all exit points are arranged within the maximum travel distance for building occupants to escape the building in the shortest time possible in case of emergency. The spacious concourse area on ground level able to escort building users escape from the building even during high occupancy level. Other than the insufficient vertical exit on level 3A which has less occupants since most of the rooms are service rooms, evacuation routes in MITEC are well-designed and efficiently planned, exit points provided are obvious and unobstructed at all times. To conclude, the measurement of distance travel to exit within MITEC meets the requirement stated in By-laws under Section 165 (1), Section 166 (1), (2) and Section 169.

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2.2.2.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Arrangement of Storey Exit

A storey exit is a final exit or doorway that serve as an access point for building occupants into a protected stairway, firefighting lobby or external escape route. Storey exit in each of the mega exhibition hall are all located more than 4.5 metres to each other which fulfill the restriction stated in By-Laws. Storey exits in MITEC show their position clearly to the building occupants by the fire escape signage located above on every storey exit which illuminated continuously during period of occupancy .

Diagram 2.40 Mega exhibition hall highlighted with 4.5 metres radius distance at the storey exits

Diagram 2.41 Mega exhibition hall highlighted with 4.5 metres radius distance at the storey exits

Figure 2.69 South exit point on ground floor

Figure 2.70 North exit point on ground floor

Figure 2.71 Storey exits with clear fire escape signage

Figure 2.72 Storey exits with clear fire escape signage

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 167 ] Storey exits (1)

Except as provided for in By-laws 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other in no case less than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.

(2)

The width of storey exits shall be accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

[ Section 172 ] Emergency exits sign (1)

Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2)

Every exit sign shall have the word â&#x20AC;&#x153;KELUARâ&#x20AC;? in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

(3)

All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

[ Section 174 ] Arrangement of storey exits (1)

Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.

(2)

(3)

Each exit shall give access to (a)

A final exit;

(b)

A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or

(c)

An external route leading to a final exit.

Basements and roof structures used solely for services need not be provided with alternative means of egres.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 63, 64, 65) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Arrangement of Storey Exit) : The arrangement of storey exits in MITEC are complies to the restriction stated in By-laws in which the distance between two storey exits is more than 4.5 metres to ensure a constant and stable flow of circulation. Every storey exits is provided with a clear escape signage positioned above the fire-rated door. An effective designated evacuation route required to work with a proper well planned storey exit to maximise the quality of fire escape route.

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2.2.2.4

Passive Fire Protection System

Assembly Point

Assembly point serve as a location at where staff and visitors can gather and be identified during emergency cases. An imperative clear signage is displayed to assist evacuated occupants from building structure is converge in a designated safe area. All exit points proposed from the emergency escape route on ground floor are to be directed to the designated assembly point located at south face of MITEC which nearby the public car park area. The designated evacuation route with axial circulation pattern allow the evacuated occupants to be discharge off the building at the assembly point with easily identified pattern.

Assembly Point in MITEC

Diagram 2.42 Evacuation route on ground floor plan to assembly point

Figure 2.73 Broad aisle towards assembly point

Figure 2.75 Assembly point around the public parking area

Building Services

LEVEL 1

Figure 2.74 Clear signage to indicate location of assembly point

Figure 2.76 Evacuation route towards assembly point

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 178 ] Exits for institutional and places of assembly In building classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. [ Section 179 ] Classification of places of assembly Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: Class A - Capacity …… 1,000 persons or more Class B - Capacity …… 300 to 1,000 persons Class C - Capacity …… 100 to 300 persons [ Section 183 ] Exit details for places of assembly Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: (b)

doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit;

(c)

staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit;

(d)

every Class A place of assembly (capacity one thousand persons or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable;

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 66, 67) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Assembly Point) : MITEC category under Class A place of assembly which able to accommodate up to 60,000 occupants in the building. Two of the main exits are supported by additional exits on ground floor that lead to assembly point also complies with Section 183. The assembly point provided within the open parking area located about 50 meters away from the building which are at a distant from danger. To conclude, the assembly point of MITEC is a suitable spot to evacuate in case of an emergency which meets the requirement stated in By-laws under Section 178, Section 179 and Section 183 (b), (c) and (d).

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2.2.2.5

Passive Fire Protection System

Horizontal Exit

Horizontal exit are the exit discharge occupant to another side of a building along a protected path of egress travel in a horizontal direction. This category of exit points provide an additional layer of fire resistive protection from the fire source by using firewall or fire barrier to secure building occupants towards the exit components. In MITEC, the horizontal exits include the fire fighting lobby, lift lobby, corridor and fire-protected pathway that lead towards the emergency escape staircase accessed through fire-rated doors. In case of emergency, compartmented building as MITEC allow building occupants to utilise the fire rated door as a separation from the origin of fire section to one another.

Figure 2.77 Horizontal exits access from basement to fire lobby

Figure 2.78 Horizontal exit in between basement and lift lobby

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 171 ] Horizontal exits (1)

Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

(2)

Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 64) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Horizontal Exits) : Horizontal exits in MITEC meet the requirement stated in By-laws. In reference with the evacuation route, all horizontal exits are placed in leading to fire escape staircase whilst the ground floor provide sufficient amount of horizontal exits which can be easily identifies for occupants to egress off the building structure with ease.

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2.2.2.6

Passive Fire Protection System

Vertical Exit

Vertical exits are exits that allow building occupants to egress from above level of the building to the bottom through stairway compartment or escalator. These staircases serve as vertical exits that are critical during evacuation process when building occupants are vacating from high levels within the building. Vertical exits which located at first level and above are directly connected all the way towards the ground level to separate escape route to and from basement level. This helps in preventing escaping occupants from upper floor inadvertently entering the basement instead of final exits on ground level. The reinforced concrete wall and fire resistance escape staircase are located within an enclosed space accessible through a fire-rated door.

Staircases in MITEC

Figure 2.79 Staircase as vertical exit in basement

Figure 2.80 Enclosed stairway in basement 1 with fire-rated door

Staircases in MITEC are mostly as dog legged staircase which is one of the simplest form of staircase that suitable for fire escape staircase in which a flight of stairs ascends to a half-landing before turning 180 degrees and continuing upwards. The dimension of the emergency escape staircase is enough to accommodate at least two occupant to fit-in-between to ensure smooth flow during high occupancy level. The total flight of staircase consists of 8 flights while the width of a work of staircase spans 1100mm along with tread of 260mm and riser of 180mm with a 900mm high of handrail.

Width: 2200 mm

Tread: 260 mm

Handrail: 900 mm

Riser: 180 mm

Landing width: 1100 mm

Diagram 2.44 Elevation view of dog legged staircase

Diagram 2.43 Plan view of dog legged staircase with dimensions

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2.2.2.6.1

Passive Fire Protection System

Exit Stairway

An exit stairway is a stairway within the exit access portion of the means of egress system. The exit stairway obeys the regulations stated in By-laws as the escape staircase are located within an enclosed space accessible through a fire-rated door. Door giving access to fire escape staircase shall be positioned that its swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Minimum width for landing: 914 mm Diagram 2.45 Swing shall of door does not affect circulation in escaping route

2.2.2.6.2

Headroom Figure 2.81 Dog legged staircase in MITEC

Fire escape staircase should posses a minimum headroom height of 2 metres measured between the stair tread upper surface measured at the tread outer edge, and the ceiling above. The distance of headroom between two storeys of staircase in MITEC does fulfill the minimum standard requirement of 2 metres.

Figure 2.82 Dog legged staircase in MITEC

Headroom: 2000 mm

Diagram 2.46 Headroom distance labelled in section

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Figure 2.83 Dog legged staircase in MITEC

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2.2.2.6.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Louvered Heat Ventilator

Fire escape stairway in MITEC designed with a permanent opening covered with steel louver which serve to provide natural ventilation into the enclosed shaft. The process of supplying and removing air from the stairway ensure the constant air flow to comfort occupants whilst accessing the fire escape staircase even during high density of circulation in emergency cases.

Figure 2.84 Louvered heat ventilator found in loading bay

Figure 2.85 Louvered heat ventilator with permanent openings

Figure 2.86 Permanent opening in stairwell

A steel louvered structure with the horizontal slats that are angled to admit natural lighting and ventilation which embedded into wall with a gap of 60mm could be found from the loading bay in MITEC. This louvered structure projected throughout three levels of the fire escape staircase to provide permanent ventilation. The permanent openings may also act an important role to discharge off smoke from the stairwell to enhance the comfort level during evacuation in emergency cases such as fire. Louvered heat ventilator

Figure 2.87 Louvered structure details

Figure 2.88 Structure embedded into wall

Building Services

Figure 2.89 Louvered openings

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Diagram 2.47 Air flow diagram through louvered openings labelled in section

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 106 ] Dimensions of staircases (1)

In any staircase, the riser of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout.

(2)

The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with By-laws 168.

(3)

The depths of landing shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

[ Section 168 ] Staircases (1)

Except as provided for in By-laws 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

(2)

Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

(3)

The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

(4)

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

(5)

Doors giving access to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

[ Section 198 ] Ventilation of staircase enclosures (1)

All staircases enclosures shall be ventilation at each floor or landing levels by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 39, 63, 71) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Vertical Exits) : All of the vertical exits found in MITEC complies with the By-laws stated in Section 106, Section 168 and Section 198. Dimension of tread and riser of fire escape staircase are all in suitable and constant length and width throughout the evacuation route to prevent accident. The 900mm width of fire-rated door create a door swing that does not intersect with the required width of landing. Designated travelling path keep ventilated and unobstructed by providing a clear flow of movement during tie of egress as the vertical exits provided in MITEC act in accordance to the requirement.

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Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits - Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 Mega exhibition hall are located within Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, the horizontal exits arranged within an axis with one being perpendicular to the line by the middle of the axis. Ground floor which act as the final evacuation platform for the occupant possess the highest density of horizontal exits available among all three levels. In MITEC, the presence of horizontal exits always paired with vertical exits which will definitely lead occupants to a proper evacuation route in the shortest time without hesitation. The main entrance and fire fighting shaft also forming an axis along the building within the concourse.

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Diagram 2.48 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 1 LEVEL 1

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Building Services

Diagram 2.49 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 2

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LEVEL 2

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Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Diagram 2.50 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 3

LEVEL 3

Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits - Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A Three mezzanine floors in MITEC including Level 1A, Level 2A and Level 3A possess a uniformly distributed of exit points in between the office area, suraus and staff rest area. In result, the amount of exits is lesser compared to the main level as much less amount of occupants having to travel through these exits. Organization of horizontal exits are simple and easily identified along the corridor for main circulation. Linear moving pattern that leading building occupants to the vertical exits on the side for evacuation through horizontal exits.

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Building Services

Diagram 2.51 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 1A

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Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Diagram 2.52 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 2A

LEVEL 2A

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

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Diagram 2.53 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Level 3A

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LEVEL 3A

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Passive Fire Protection System

Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits - Basement 1 and Basement 1A Exit points found from the basement structure are well planned in spatial configuration and sufficient amount of exit are provided to accommodate the occupancy load of MITEC. The scattered exit points within the basement allowing convenient of travel distance for building users from any point in basement during evacuation. Both the horizontal and vertical exits in MITEC comply with the requirements stated in By-laws due to prior safety of building occupants by considering the building details.

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

Diagram 2.54 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Basement 1

BASEMENT 1

Diagram 2.55 Horizontal and vertical exits highlighted in Basement 1A

BASEMENT 1A

Vertical exits Horizontal exits

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2.2.2.7

Passive Fire Protection System

Handrail

Rail which designed to be grasped by hand to provide stability and support while ascending or descending stairways in order to prevent injurious falls. Staircase which more than 4 flights shall be provided with at least one handrail beside the staircase. Handrails provided in MITEC are mostly embedded directly into the wall structure while some of the handrail are subjected the ground to achieve a better support for building occupants

UBBL 1984 Part VI: Constructional Requirements [ Section 107 ] Handrails (1)

Except for staircases of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail.

(2)

In building other than residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided on each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 1100 millimeters or more.

(3)

All handrails shall project not more than 100 millimetres from the face of the finishing wall surface and shall be located not less than 825 millimetres and not more than 900 millimetres measured from the nosing of the treads provided that handrails to landings shall not be less than 900 millimetres from the level of the landing.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 39) (Original work published in 1984)

Handrail provided on each side of staircase

Wall mounted handrail

Height of handrail : 900mm

Width of staircase : 1200mm Figure 2.90 Fire escape staircase provided with handrails

Summary (Handrails) : Handrails provided in MITEC complies to Section 107 stated in By-laws which width that exceed 1100mm shall cater with two handrails at each side of the staircase. The height of staircase also maintain within the suitable range listed in building law with a minimum of 900mm.

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2.2.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Containment

Passive Fire Containment is an integral component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. The devices of systems are to control the situation all by themselves without actively involved by user. Creation of reliable permanent or semi-permanent containment for continuous protection. The system reduces long-term damage to the buildings in multiple ways.

2.2.3.1

Compartmentation of Fire Escape

Fire compartmentation are sub-diving buildings into a number of discrete compartments using fire-resisting compartmentation structures such as walls and floors to hinder the spread of fire. In Mitec, the building comprising one or more rooms, spaces or storeys constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from another part of

the

2.2.3.1.1

same

building

adjoining

building.

Aim of Fire Compartmentation

●

Prevent immediate spread of fire throughout the building

●

Reduces the chance of fires growing and creating a danger to the occupants, fire and rescue services, and people in the vicinity of the building

●

Limit damages caused to a building and its contents

2.2.3.1.2

Dependent of degree of subdivision should be provided by Fire Compartmentation

●

Usage of building

●

Fire load in building

●

Height of building

●

Availability of Sprinkler System Fire resisting floor construction to protect route above

Fire Rated Wall (Fire Barrier Wall)

Efficient smoke seal

False Ceiling

Protected Route

Protected Route Diagram 2.56 Basic Components of Compartmentation

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The compartmention zones locating around the ground floor of the building which connects the vertical exits. Fire fighting shaft act as one of the fire compartmentation for fire escape in MITEC

Fire Risk Area Compartments

Diagram

2.58

Components

Typical of

Compartmentation of Fire

LEVEL 1

Risk Area

2.2.3.2

Location of Compartmentation of Fire Escape Diagram 2.57 Level 1 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones

Compartmentation

Fire

Risk

Area

Type of fire compartmentation used are differentiated by the spaces, room and type of facilities. Rooms such as the control rooms are to be located away from high density of occupants in the building by locating at ground level or roof top level with the aid of own compartmentations. The aim is to prolong the time to perform fire saving procedures that requires to access control rooms. However, access for firefighting must be considered and additional compartmentation at ground floor level may present a more suitable solution. In MITEC, halls, meeting rooms and control rooms that has higher fire hazard materials are compartmented by the masonry walls so that the fire would be contained within its area.

Figure 2.91 Cafeteria of MITEC

Building Services

Figure 2.92 Kitchen of MITEC

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Figure 2.93 Organiserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Control Room

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Organiserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Control Room Cafeteria Diagram 2.59 Level 1 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

LEVEL 1A

LEVEL 2

Cafe Diagram 2.60 Level 2 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Organiserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Control Room Kitchen Areas Diagram 2.61 Level 2A indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

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LEVEL 2A

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Passive Fire Protection System

Kitchen Areas

LEVEL 1A Diagram 2.62 Level 1 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

LEVEL 2 Organiserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Control

Diagram 2.63 Level 2 indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones

Room

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UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Requirements [ Section 136 ] Provision of Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule

these

By-Laws

and

which

has

(a) Any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose

group

and

height

;

(b) A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that (i) No such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified has a relevant

that

building

;

and

(ii) No such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified a so relevant to that building; Provided that if any building is provided which an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations o the F.OC Rules or Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimension specified are doubled [ Section 137 ] Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres in height to be Constructed as Compartment Floor In any building which 30 metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground floor level which separates are storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor [ Section 139 ] Separation of Fire Risk Areas The following areas or users shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by

the

local

authority

based

the

degree

hire

hazard

;

(a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas

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(b) laundries (c) Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials ; (d) Storage areas of materials in qualities deemed hazardous ; (e) Liquified petroleum gas storage areas ; (f) linen rooms ; (g) Transformer rooms and Substations ; (h) Flammable liquid stores [

Section

189

]

Enclosing

Means

Escape

Certain

Buildings

(1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials. (2) Any necessary openings, except openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with

self-closing

doors

constructed

fire-resisting

materials.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 51,52,67) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Compartmentation) : The compartmentation of MITEC meets the UBBL 1984 requirements stated. From Diagram 2.59 to Diagram 2.63, the compartation of means of escape and fire risk areas meets the by-laws. MITEC exceed 30 metres height, therefore, it is required to have compartment floor. Spaces that deemed hazardous are compartmentalize by fire-resistive components to avoid spread of fire during fire emergency and allow the occupants in the building to escape.

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2.2.3.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire Containment

Fire containment systems are designed to isolate affected areas of fire origin by preventing smoke and heat and ensuring small fires are not allowed to escalate into the full-scale blazes. Even if the fire is relatively small and contained, the spread of smoke can cause some serious problems in the long-term, even to remote and otherwise unaffected parts of a building. When smoke cools, it drops, which can cause a building to become smoke logged. But when the fire and the smoke is contained, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not allowed to cool, so it remains relatively buoyant. This can boost the efficiency of smoke extractors and other ventilation systems.

2.2.3.3.1

Fire Rated Door

A fire door is one of the device of Passive Fire Protection system. It is fire-resistant and to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between a separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building. The fire rated door are able to contain fire in a specific area for 2 hours. In MITEC, these doors can be found at the emergency fire exits, control rooms, loading bay and more. The components of the fire door consists of overhead door closer, fire resistant glazing, security devices and signages as indication.

Door Closer

Hinge

Door Leaf Fire Rated Glass Figure 2.94 Fire Rated Lock

Figure 2.95 Fire Rated Glass

Fire Rated Lock

Door Frame

Rated Material

Doorsill

Diagram 2.64 Typical Components of Fire Rated Door

Building Services

Figure 2.96 Fire Rated Door

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Figure 2.97 Accreditation from Sirim

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 162 ] Fire Doors in Compartment walls and separating walls (1)

Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided

(2)

Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws

(3)

Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirements for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedules to these By-Laws but in no case less than half hour

(4)

Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by ire doors having RP of half-hour

(5)

Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS476:1951

[ Section 164 ] Door Closers for Fire Doors (1)

All the fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in case of sliding doors

(2)

Double doors with rebated meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence

(3)

Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting

openings

protected

corridors

protected

staircases

[ Section 173 ] Exit Doors (1)

All exit doors shall be openable from inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort

(2)

Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holder, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 60, 62, 64, 65) (Original work published in 1984)

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Summary (Fire Rated Door) : The fire rated doors in MITEC has appropriate FRP of 2 hours that are located as openings of compartment walls. These doors also complies with the requirement of having automatic closing function. For security purposes, the doors are only accessible for employees of MITEC. Therefore, it is difficult for public to access these areas. However during an emergency, a break glass is available right next to the door for access. In conclusion, MITEC fire rated doors have complied with the requirements of UBBL stated above

2.2.3.3.2

Fire Rated Floor

Fire rated floor is a slab of a building that is fire resistance. Reinforced concrete structures with complex inner geometry under the effect of high temperature considering void former materials. The materials has the highest fire resistance classification and non-combustible. Slow rate of heat transfer while having structural integrity Concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inherent material properties, it can be used to minimise fire risk for the lowest initial cost while requiring the least in terms of ongoing maintenance. Other materials rely on fire protection, fire safety engineering or rate of loss of combustion. This reliance on fire protection, fire safety engineering and rate of combustion makes them unforgiving of workmanship errors, future changes as simple as changing light fittings, compliance with management procedures and human behaviour. In MITEC, reinforced concrete were widely used in constructing the floor in order to achieve fire resistance of the building

Diagram 2.65 Typical Reinforced Concrete Structure

Figure 2.98 Concrete Slab at MITEC

Figure 2.99 Concrete Floor at MITEC

SECTION A-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fire Rated Floor

Building Services

Diagram 2.66 Sectional diagram highlight location of Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab

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2.2.3.3.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire Rated Wall

A fire-rated wall is a feature of a building’s passive fire protection system that has been checked and certified by the proper regulatory agency. There are two basic types of fire-rated walls: true firewalls and fire barrier walls. The first is a structurally stable wall that also is certified to prevent fire from spreading from one side of a building to the other. Fire barrier walls, on the other hand, provide fire-rated protection while not being structurally sound. A fire barrier wall are interior walls that extend from the floor‐to‐floor or floor‐to‐roof, including concealed and

interstitial spaces. They are designed to sub‐divide portions of the building, and can be supported by structures, such as roofs, columns or floors. All support structures should have a fire-resistant rating no less than that of the fire barrier they support. Fire barriers restrict the initial flow of heat within the area of origin, which provides building occupants with adequate time to evacuate to safe areas. These walls will typically have a 2 to 3‐hour fire‐resistance

rating.

In MITEC, a fire barrier wall are used with a material of reinforced concrete to provide fire resistance to the space in the building.

Figure 2.100 Reinforced Concrete wall of MITEC

Figure 2.101 Reinforced Concrete wall of MITEC

Fire Rated Walls are mainly located at the Firefighting Shaft area. Highlighted Zone is one of the firefighting shaft in MITEC

LEVEL 1A Location of Shaft Diagram 2.67 Indicating the location of Compartmentation Zones in Level 1A

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2.2.3.3.4

Passive Fire Protection System

Structural Fire Protection

Structural fire protection includes the insulation materials, coatings, and systems used to prevent or delay fire-induced temperature rise in structural members in buildings. Structural fire protection for walls, columns, and floors can be provided in varied forms. Figure 2.102 Masonry wall at MITEC

In MITEC, the building is structured utilising reinforced concrete structure. However, masonry construction with concrete block and cast tone were also used in constructing the building. The materials used for the structure provides high fire protection as

Figure 2.103 Reinforced

it is highly durable form of construction.

Concrete Columns at MITEC

2.2.3.3.5

Fire Roller Shutter

To prevent the spread of flames and smoke, fire rated roller shutters doors are one of the equipment serving as a barrier to prevent the free movement of fire, this range of products have undergone rigorous testing ensure they comply with the correct legislation giving you the peace of mind they will provide the required level of protection to any given space. The material of the shutter is made of galvanised steel and is located at every exits. The shutters offers 2 hours fire resistance, all of which are designed to close automatically in the event of a fire through detection of temperature raises to 68 degrees. Fire alarm system of the building is also wired to the fire roller shutter via 24 volt. In MITEC, fire roller shutters can be found in the basement levels whereas the shutters can be controlled manually also by keys of the security guard.

Figure 2.104 Fire roller shutter at

Figure 2.105 Close-up of Fire Roller

Basement 1

Shutter

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Figure 2.106 Detail of Controller

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Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection System

Aluminium Box Bottom Aluminium Slats

Aluminium Box Top

Guide Rail

Caps for Guide Rail

Side Frame

Controller End Slat

Diagram 2.68 Components of Fire Roller Shutter

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Requirements [ Section 143 ] Beam or Column Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure arrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) od By-Law 142 as to non-combustibility

[ Section 147 ] Construction of Separating wall (1)

Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size indicated by the letter â&#x20AC;&#x153;Xâ&#x20AC;? in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to there By-Laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall complies with the requirements of thee By-laws and the required FRP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non-combustible material

(2)

Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (1) as to non-combustibility

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 54, 55) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Structural Components) : The structural components of MITEC have respected the laws of UBBL in the categories stated above. Therefore, we can conclude that the structure of MITEC is sufficient remain stable while the fire fighters perform rescue for a certain period of time.

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2.2.4

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire Appliance Access

Fire fighting access are routes used by firefighters to access the building to perform fire rescues. Vehicular access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances, such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, to be used and to enable pumping appliances to supply water and equipment for fire fighting and rescue activities.The requirements of accessway shall have minimum distance of width and terrain between the apparatus access and the building ; how easily can they enter the building; buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior layout and vertical access; and, the time taken for firefighters to locate the fire protection features and utilities.

2.2.4.1

Fire Engine Access

Fire engine access is the access for a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. The access arrangements increase with building size and height. Engine access provision, access from a public road should be provided to assist fire and rescue personnel in their rescue and fire-fighting operations. Whilst the access will depend to some extent on the vehicles and equipment used, assistance may be provided from adjoining fire and rescue services when the need arises. For this reason, the more demanding guidance for high reach appliances may be recommended by the fire and rescue service. This may have a significant impact on planning and a feasibility study may be appropriate. In MITEC, firefighting engine access were provided from the main vehicular road to the loading bay where the present of fire-fighting shafts are located at.

Figure 2.107 Fire engines

Figure 2.108 Assembly point

Figure 2.109 Location of Fire engines space

Figure 2.110 Driveway of Fire engines

Fire Engine Access

Assembly Point

Main Vehicular Road Fire Engine Meeting Point Diagram 2.69 Indication of Fire Engine Access Route and Assembly Point

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Passive Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Requirements [ Section 140 ] Fire Appliance Access All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open spaces shall be in accordance with the following scale :

Volume of building in cubic meter

Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000

One - sixth

2800 to 56000

One - Fourth

56000 to 84000

One - Half

84000 to 112000

Three - Fourths

112000 and above

Island Site

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 52) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Fire Engine Access) : MITEC has a volume of approximately 1,165,680mÂł. The width of the neighbouring street for fire fighting access is 13m. MITEC proportion of building abutting street comply with the 12 metres requirement stated in By-laws. Hence, there will be a low tendency of slow traffic occur to the fire engine access, facilitating the rescue attempt during the event of fire

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2.2.4.2

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire Fighting Shaft

Firefighting shaft provides access to a building, especially in high rise buildings, for fire brigades. It is a facility that is fully-equipped with firefighting equipments that is required to ensure that no delays during a fire and rescue service and to provide a secure operating base. A firefighting shaft provides the fire and rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake firefighting operations. They link all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours of fire resistance to protect fire crews and are connected to fresh air. A firefighting shaft will typically contain a firefighting lobby, staircase and lift. In MITEC, the fire fighting shafts are provided in all levels and are equipped with proper fire fighting equipments as well as fire protection system. There are 7 fire fighting shafts in each levels

Diagram 2.70 Basic Components of Firefighting Shaft

2.2.4.2.1

Diagram 2.71 Location of Firefighting Shaft in MITEC

Figure 2.111 Exterior view of MITECâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s firefighting Shaft

Fire-fighting Lobby

Firefighting lobbies are spaces in buildings which are enclosed in fire resisting construction. They normally separate horizontal and vertical circulation spaces such as corridor and stairs or lifts and/or separate circulation spaces from accommodation spaces which is between corridors. The lobbies are presence at these points should provide two lines of compartmentation such as walls and fire doors between the spaces they separate. The fire fighting lobby at fire service access level should be large enough to act as a command post or control centre that could be used by the fire service. A firefighting lobby should be of sufficient size enable the fire service to lay out firefighting hose and connect it to the outlet from the fire main without undue congestion. In MITEC, a fire fighting lobby were clearly and conspicuously marked in the building as to provide fire fighters direct access and usage of the lobby designed with the law of UBBL when a fire occured.

Diagram 2.72 Location of fire-fighting lobby in MITEC

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Figure 2.112 Fire fighting lobby in MITEC at Level 1

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2.2.4.2.2

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire

Escape

Staircase

Fire escape staircase is a very important elements which serve as the primary escape route element in a building which containing more than one level. The emergency exit provides a method of escape in the event of a fire , it is usually mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. In MITEC, fire escape staircase were provided with the design of UBBL and a layer of louvered ventilator to provide ocupants fresh air during a fire escape

Diagram 2.73 Location of Fire Escape Staircase at MITEC

Figure 2.113 Fire Escape Staircase

2.2.4.2.3

Fire Fighting Lift

Figure 2.114 Louvered Ventilator at Fire Escape Staircase

A lift is designed to have additional protection, with controls that enable it to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service in fighting a fire. A firefighting lift is required if the building has a floor more than 18m above, or more than 10m below fire service vehicle access level. A firefighting lift includes; the lift car, the lift well, the lift machinery space, the lift control system and the lift communications system. In MITEC,Firefighting lifts have very specific safety requirements and the presence of firefighting controls within a lift.

Diagram 2.74 Location of Firefighting Lift at MITEC Figure 2.115 Fire-fighting lobby at MITEC

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Figure 2.116 Indication sign of fire lift

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2.2.4.2.4

Passive Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection Shaft

In MITEC, there are other equipments located at the active fire protection shaft including dry riser, wet riser, fire extinguisher and hostril system

Diagram 2.75 Location of Active Fire Protection Shaft at MITEC

Figure 2.117 Elements of Active Fire Protection Shaft

At the Fire fighting lobby, fireman intercom system were also present in MITEC.

Diagram 2.76 Location of Fireman Intercom System at MITEC

Figure 2.120 Fire Alarm

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Figure 2.118 Fire Escape Plan

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Figure 2.119 Fire Intercom

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Passive Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire alarms, fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access [ Section 229] Means of access and fire fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres high access (1)

Buildings in which the topmost floor i more than 18.3 metres above fire appliances access level shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems

(2)

Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be located that the level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres

(3)

A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance level. This may be one of the staircase required as a means of egress from the building

(4)

The fire lift shall be discharged directly into the fire fighting access lobby, fire fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor

(5)

A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire-fighting access lobby or in the adsense of a lobby to the fire-fighting staircase at each floor level

(6)

The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire-fighting access lobby fire-fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor

[ Section 243] Fire Lifts (1)

In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided

(2)

A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement

(3)

The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby

(4)

Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the some protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the ire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 83, 86) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary (Firefighting Shaft) : The firefighting shafts in MITEC meets the requirements stated by the UBBL above. The fire lobbies are well-equipped and the number of lobbies is sufficiently enough to fulfil the overall safety criteria of the building,

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2.3

Passive Fire Protection System

Conclusion

In conclusion, MITEC has a standard active and passive fire system, respecting majority of the By-laws. The active fire protection system provided such as fire pump system, fire sprinkler system, hose reel system, wet and dry riser system etc. are systematic and effective. Regular maintenances are carried out to ensure all the systems are functionable and to be used during the event of fire. This system is essential in playing the role of preventing the spread of fire, reducing the spread of smoke, increasing the time for occupants to escape the building and reducing the damage of building during fire emergency. On the other hand, the passive fire protection system in MITEC provides an adequate travel distance to escape an area in the building through exits. Suitable position of exits in complement with the location of assembly point. Furthermore, the horizontal exit have proven to be adequate in location and generous in its width which would facilitate the evacuation during the event of emergency. MITEC is well compartmented together with well-thought structural materials and installation of fire rated doors, walls and floors.

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3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air-conditioning System

Types of Air conditioning system

3.0

Air-conditioning System

3.1

Literature Review

Air-conditioning (A.C) system is a system that removes heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comforts of occupants and to maintain the air quality of the interior. Air-conditioning involves the circulation and cooling of air . The system are often used in offices and.

3.2

Type of Air-conditioning System

3.2.1

Split Air-conditioning System

A split air conditioner consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. Usually, the outdoor unit is installed on or near the exterior wall of the room that requires cooling. This unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing. Types of split air-conditioning system : ●

Split unit without outside air (dcutless)

●

Split unit without outside air (ducted )

●

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) Variable refrigerant (VRV)

3.2.2

Centralized Air-conditioning System

Central air conditioning (or central A/C) is a system in which air is cooled at a central location and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork. The work of the air conditioner compressor is what makes the whole process of air conditioning possible. The compression of the refrigerant gas enables it to discharge heat out of the house, which is how the cool air is created. Types of split air-conditioning system : ●

Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Systems

●

Direct Expansion (DX) Type of Central Air Conditioning Plant

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3.3

Air conditioning system

Case study of MITEC for Air-Conditioning System

In the MITEC building, there are 2 types of air-conditioning system which are the centralized air-conditioning system and the split air-conditioning system. The main air-conditioning system is the centralized air-conditioning while the split air-conditioning system in MITEC is used only in the fire control room and as backup air-conditioning when the main system is down.

UBBL 1984 Part III: Space, Light and Ventilation [ Section 41 ] Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning (3): The provisions of the Third Schedule By-Law shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 18, 19) (Original work published in 1984)

3.3.1

Chilled Water Central Air-Conditioning System

In the MITEC building, majority of the building is air-conditioned by the chilled water central air-conditioning system . It comprises of centralized duct system, consisting an air handling unit, air supply system , air return duct and grilled that circulate warm air from furnace cooled air to spaces. The warm air from the spaces is then returned back to the system to be cooled down again.

Diagram 3.1 Introduction of components in an air-conditioning system (Source : Khemani , 2009)

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3.3.1.1

Air conditioning system

Cooling Tower and Water Tank

Cooling towers are heat rejection device that are used to transfer heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. An HVAC cooling tower is used to dispose of unwanted heat from chiller. In MITEC, one chiller is paired with one cooling tower. Therefore, there are 6 cooling towers in MITEC . Air-conditioning make up tank is located at the rooftop, usually near the cooling towers. As for MITEC, cooling towers and water tanks are located both at the rooftop next to each other. Water tanks are to replenish the amount of water in the condenser water systems in case there is any water loss due to cooling tower operation or maintenance.

Figure 3.1 View of cooling tower

3.3.1.2

Figure 3.2 Water tank with ladder to access the top.

Chiller Plant Room

The chiller plant room comprises of all the important components of the chilled water air-conditioning plant. These include the compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator or the chiller. The compressor is of open type and can be driven by the motor directly or by the belt via pulley arrangement connected to the motor. It is cooled by the water just like the automotive engine.

Diagram 3.2 Location of the plant room

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3.3.1.3

Air conditioning system

Chiller

Chillers removes heat from liquid via absorption refrigeration cycle, it consist of evaporator, compressor and condenser, it cooled down the water flow through pipes in the building as well as cooling down the building.

Figure 3.3 View of chiller in MITEC

Figure 3.4 View of chiller in MITEC

MITEC is equipped with 6 large chillers . Usually , only 2 chillers are operating on a daily basis when there is no events happening which means less space needs air conditioning. All 6 chillers are located in one chiller plant room.

3.3.1.4

Chiller Water Pump

Chiller water pumps functions to return warm water to the chiller and also to pump the chilled water to every AHU room. The pressure gauge enables visual verification of the state of the water refrigerant in the water line, upstream of the thermostatic expansion valve. It also detects the humidity of the circuit.

Figure 3.5 Row of chiller water pump

Figure 3.6 Temperature sensor is placed on the pump unit

Each chiller has 2 pump, one for the condenser, another one for the chiller to go to wet riser through a big pump to the other part of the building.

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Air conditioning system

MS1525 : 2014 8.2. System and equipment sizing Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1 000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load.

3.3.1.5

Control Unit

Figure 3.7 Individual control panel

Figure 3.8 Control unit in the mechanical room

Chilled water system control unit is located beside the chiller plant room. The control for the chiller is automated which monitor and the control the operation system of condenser water pump, chilled water pump and cooling tower. In order to start the system, the chiller has to be started up, next the motorized valve of the cooling tower will be turned on, thus activating the contact. Then, the condenser water pump will start . Once chiller detects a flow in the chilled water system , it will start automatically. Then, the fan assembly for cooling tower will start. After the water system is in operation, it will regulate the compressor to full or partially loaded based on total cooling required. Temperature sensor is used to compare actual temperature of space with a target temperature. Then a conclusion is made by the control system to take action. For example, activate blower.

MS1525 : 2014 8.4.1 Temperature control Each system should be provided at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22-27 degree celsius.

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3.3.1.6

Air conditioning system

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system. An air handling unit is a a large metal box which contains consists of a blower, heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers,sound attenuators and dampers.They are usually connected to duct works that distributes the conditioned air through the building and return back to the AHU unit. Every floor in MITEC consist of AHU room.

. Diagram 3.3 Location of AHU room on level 1A plan

Figure 3.10 AHU unit in AHU room

Figure 3.11 AHU unit in AHU room Figure 3.9 Model of AHU used in MITEC

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Active Fire Protection System

Air Filter

Chill Water Pipe

A filter is placed at the air inlet of the blower. The

Chill water pipe is functioned to transfer the chill

function of the filter is important to prevent dirty air

water. Based on the diagram, it shows 2 different

from circulating through the duct. In MITEC, the

chill water pipes. CHWS is the pipe that supplies

filter pabel is replace every month or once it retains

chill water to the AHU while the CHWR is the pipe

moisture. This is to ensure that no microbial growth

that returns the flow of chill water to the chiller plant

on the filter , causing difficulty for air to bypass.

room.

Figure 3.12 Air Filter in AHU room

Figure 3.13 Chill water pipes

Centrifugal Fan Blower

Cooling Coil

Centrifugal Fan blower in AHU is installed to propel

Cooling coil is made of copper pipes and is

the air from the cooling coil and transfer the cooled

connected to the chiller. It functions to reduce the

air to the air duct and then to the diffuser.

temperature and humidity of the air .

Fan Blower Motor Figure 3.14 Fan Blower and Motor inside AHU Figure 3.14 Cooling coil inside AHU

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3.3.1.7

Air conditioning system

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Figure 3.16 FCU and diffuser inside one of the halls of MITEC

Figure 3.17 Fan Coil Unit ( FCU )

Fan Coil Unit is a device consisting of a cooling heat exchanger or coil and a fan. It is a part of the HVAC system found in residential, commercial and industrial buildings. FCU is used to control the temperature in the space where it is installed, or served multiple spaces. While the AHU is used to ventilate the entire building , the FCU are used in smaller places like the smaller halls and offices.

Diagram 3.4 Location of rooms with FCU units at Level 1

Conditioned air from FCU is supplied to the spaces by the ductwork system. The air supply travels through the ductwork and is then distributed and discharged into the space by air diffusers. Then the circulated air is once again collected by the return air inlet and returns back to the FCU to be cooled again..

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3.3.1.8

Air conditioning system

Air Duct and Diffuser

Air duct is the connector between AHU and diffuser. Duckworks in the HVAC units functions to distribute the air from AHU to the rooms that needs to be conditioned. It is well insulated as it is galvanised, to ensure the air distributed are well maintained. Diffuser is the outlet of cooled air to a certain location. It constantly removes heat and provides cooled air from the AHU to a room that needs to be conditioned.

Figure 3.19 Ductworks outside the AHU room

Figure 3.20 Linear slot diffuser in MITEC meeting rooms

MS1525 : 2014 8.7.1 Duct Construction High pressure and medium pressure ducts should be leak tested in accordance with HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual published by SMACNA or any other equivalent standards, with the rate of leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified.

MS1525 : 2014 8.5. Air handling duct system insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions

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Air-conditioning System

3.3.2

Air conditioning system

Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air-conditioning system connect one indoor unit to an outdoor unit with evaporator, condenser and compressor. The indoor unit draws power from outdoor unit by a series of wires. The wire connect to its corresponding terminal located at the electrical panel of the outdoor unit. A copper tube is connected parallel along the wire that contains the gas from outdoor unit to indoor unit. Drain pipes are installed at the corner below the indoor unit to remove the water easily. Cooling fan inside the indoor unit sucks the air from room and it is passed over the cooling coil and the filter due to the temperature of the air reduces and all dirt is removed.

3.3.2.1

Indoor Unit

In MITEC the indoor units are installed in the fire control room on the basement floor as well as in the offices and meeting rooms on the 2nd floor. This air-conditioning will not be constantly used in the offices , as it is only a backup when the main system is down or used on weekends when only a few workers come to work.

Figure 3.21 Indoor unit in fire control room

3.3.2.2

Outdoor Unit

The outdoor units in MITEC are installed right outside of the offices and control room. Thus, most of the rooms using the split unit air conditioning are located near the exterior walls.

Figure 3.22 Outdoor unit outside the fire control room

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Air-conditioning System

3.4

Air conditioning system

Conclusion

Analysis : â&#x2014;?

Air-conditioning system in MITEC are very well maintains and strategically planned out. Machines that produce very large sounds such as the chillers are placed in the basement away from the halls and meeting rooms, the interior of the chiller plant room is also covered will paddings of sponges to block of the sound from causing disturbance.

â&#x2014;?

Most of the room ventilation are using air-conditioner as the main purpose for the building. There is also back up electricity machine to store electricity when there is a case of sudden cut off electricity in the middle of utilizing the rooms. Thus, in any case of air-conditioning is spoilt , mechanical ventilation will be provided to ventilate the space.

UBBL 1984 Part III: Space, Light and Ventilation [ Section 41 ] Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning (2)

Any application for the waiver of the relevant By-Law shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provide alternative approved means of ventilating the air conditioned enclosure, such the within half an hour of the conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of the fresh air specified here in after shall introduced into the enclosure during the period of air conditioning system is not functioning. (Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 18) (Original work published in 1984)

In conclusion, the Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System and the Split Unit System of MITEC has compiled with all the By Laws stated in UBBL section 41 as well as MS1525 : 2014 which are the guidelines for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning set by the government to be followed. With sufficient facilities, regular maintenance and back-up plans are planned and designed for the halls , meeting rooms and offices, this ensures the thermal comfort of the environment in MITEC is achieved.

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4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

Mechanical Ventilation System

4.1

Literature Review

Ventilation plays a vital role in building to remove the stale air and replace it with fresh air from an external environment.Ventilation system can be classified into two categories, natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Both system had implemented in the building design as the need suited to the nature of building. In mechanical ventilation system, components such as fan, filter, ductwork, dampers, grille and diffusers are used to expel the stale air, working as a makeup air supply to enhance indoor quality. Mechanical ventilation can be spotted usually in enclosed spaces that require good airflow. Importance of mechanical ventilation system: ●

Preservation of oxygen content and removal of carbon dioxide

●

Control of humidity levels

●

Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people

●

Solution for unreliable natural ventilation system

●

Reduce accumulation of moisture, dust, bacteria and smoke

●

Dilution and disposal of contaminants.

There are various types of ventilation methods each serving different purposes and mechanical ventilation are often used when natural ventilation is insufficient. There are 3 types of mechanical ventilation system: ●

Supply system

●

Extract system

●

Balanced / Combined system

4.2

Components of Mechanical Ventilation System

4.2.1

Mechanical Fans

Fan is an important component of a mechanical ventilation system which is used to create air movement. It provides a function of removing hot, heat and polluted air. The mechanical fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades that aids in capturing contaminants by carrying them to the air cleaning devices through duct system. It brings in outdoor air for comfort ventilation or convection cooling of buildings at night as well as provide constant indoor circulation. There are mainly three types of fan, which are propeller fan, axial fan and centrifugal fan as shown in the figures below. Figure 4.1 Propeller fan

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Mechanical fans

Figure 4.2 Axial fan

Figure 4.3 Centrifugal fan

4.2.1.1

Case Study of Mechanical Fans in MITEC

4.2.1.1.1

Propeller Exhaust Wall Fan

The purpose of propeller exhaust fan is for free air discharge. Commonly used without ducting but have the ability of removing air. Propeller exhaust wall fans are found in utilities room such as lift motor room and electric room to remove the heat produced by the machine. They are also found in rooms with high humidity and odour such as the janitor room, help in avoiding accumulation of bad odour and maintain the standard humid level within the room.

Figure 4.4 Wall mounted propeller exhaust fan found in the lift motor room

4.2.1.1.2

Figure 4.5 Wall mounted propeller exhaust fan found in the lift motor room

Induced Jet Fan

Jet fans are also known as impulse or induction fans. It is used to support the natural flow between the supply air and extract air zones. They provide motion in regions with low air speeds, thus guaranteeing the daily ventilation requirement for all areas. The induced jet fans used in MITEC are manufactured by Kruger and can be found at the basement car park. Jet fans are only installed at particular points thus take up lesser ceiling area.

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Mechanical fans

Figure 4.6 Induced jet fan found in basement of MITEC

Diagram 4.1 Details of induced jet fan

Diagram 4.2 Application of induced jet fan in basement

4.2.1.1.3

Axial Fan

An axial fan consists of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylindrical casing to increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. Axial fans are used for relatively high flow rate to help in providing better air quality within an enclosed space.. The axial fans are products from Kruger and are located at the fan rooms at basement.

Figure 4.7 Axial fan found in MITEC

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Diagram 4.2 Details of induced jet fan

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Figure 4.8 Axial fan found in MITEC

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4.2.1.1.3

Mechanical fans

Centrifugal Fan

The centrifugal fan used in MITEC is a product manufactured by Kruger. It is a singlet inlet centrifugal fan with forward wheels. This type of centrifugal fan has a frame fitted on both sides of the fan which gives better strength and rigidity and allows mounting in four different orientation. Centrifugal fans operates against high resistance by centrifugal forces generated by rotating disks and blades with aerodynamic properties.

Diagram 4.3 Type C singlet inlet centrifugal fan with forward wheels

Figure 4.9 Centrifugal fan found in MITEC

4.2.2

Filter

Air filters are used in ventilation system for protection against impurities which may cause irregular operation of the entire system or damage in its individual components. It is a part of component which composed of fibrous or porous material that functioned as improving air quality. It is usually installed right behind the inlet grille.

Figure 4.10 Types of air filters ( Activated carbon, electrostatic and viscous air filter)

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4.2.2.1

Filter

Case Study of Air Filters in MITEC

In MITEC, linear grilles were commonly used in mechanical ventilation systems. The filters are installed behind these grilles, functioned to remove impurities with as low as possible obstruction to the air flow and prevent small particles such as dusts from entering the system which may obstruct and causes mechanical failure to the system.

Figure 4.11 Linear grille with filters found at the loading bay of MITEC

4.2.3

Figure 4.12 Linear grille with filters used for ductwork at the carpark basement of MITEC

Ductwork

The ductwork system acts as air carriers to deliver air from one space to another. The needed airflow include supply air, return air and exhaust air. The ducts are usually made of non-combustible materials such as sheet material. They are usually rectangular and round in cross section.

4.2.3.1

Case Study of Ductworks in MITEC

The ductwork for mechanical ventilation system in MITEC is galvanized ductwork. They are rigid ductworks which are rectangular in cross section and are found in the car park basement and machinery rooms as it can withstand high air pressure since difference in pressure between outside atmosphere and inside ductwork might affect its shape and safety. Rectangular duct is also used because it is easier to connect fan coil to main duct and take up less height.

Figure 4.13 Ductwork found in basement of MITEC

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Figure 4.14 Ductwork found in one of the halls in MITEC

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Figure 4.15 Ductwork found in electric supply room of MITEC

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4.2.3.1.1

Ductwork

Combined use of ductwork with mechanical air conditioning

In the halls of MITEC, both air-conditioning system and mechanical ventilation system are connected to the same main ductwork. Free cooling is used in MITEC, allowing fresh cool outside air into the HVAC system as first stage cooling. In normal days, the damper will be drive open to bring in fresh outside air, helps in cooling the house without running the compressor thus reduces the energy consumption. When there is a case of fire, the barometric relief damper installed in the return duct will be activated and the smoke will be sucked into the attic thus able to prevent the accumulation of smoke in the area.

Figure 4.16 Combined use of ductwork found in one of the halls in MITEC

Diagram 4.4 Ductwork installation of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system

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4.2.4

Damper

4.2.4.1

Fire Damper

Damper

Fire dampers are required by all building codes to maintain the required fire resistance ratings of walls, partitions, barriers and floors when they are penetrated by air ducts or other air transfer openings. Combination of fire and smoke dampers are found in the halls and electric supply room in MITEC. When there is a rise in temperature up to 165 Fahrenheit, the thermal sensor will detect the heat and the damper will be closed automatically to prevent the spreading of smoke and fire. The damper used in the electric supply room is used to prevent spreading of CO2 gas when the carbon dioxide suppression system is activated. The type of damper used in MITEC is static fire and smoke damper since it is installed in horizontal barriers.

Figure 4.17 Combination of fire and smoke damper found in electric supply room of MITEC

4.2.4.2

Figure 4.18 Combination of fire and smoke damper found in electric supply room of MITEC

Pressure Relief Damper

This type of damper is found used at every enclosed unit staircase at MITEC. It acts as a pressure relief damper which helps to reduce the pressure created by the supply ventilated staircase pressurization system.

Figure 4.19 Pressure relief damper found at enclosed staircase in MITEC

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Figure 4.20 Pressure relief damper found at enclosed staircase in MITEC

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4.2.5

Grille and diffuser

Grille is a device used in supplying and extracting air vertically without any kind of deflection while diffuser is used to direct the air at different angles by profiled blades when the air is leaving the unit and going into the space. Both grille and diffuser act as air distribution outlet and are usually located in the ceiling. They are arranged in order to promote mixing of the room air into the primary air being discharged.

Egg crate grille

Linear grille

Louvre bladed diffuser

Figure 4.21 Types of grilles and diffusers

4.2.5.1

Case study of grilles and diffusers in MITEC building

4.2.5.1.1

Egg crate grille

Egg crate grilles are found used in fire pump room. These devices are considered to be the most simple and cheapest equipment of their category. Egg crate grille can be used when air is removed by extracting ventilation system.

Figure 4.22 Egg crate grilles found in MITEC

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Figure 4.23 Egg crate grilles found in MITEC

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4.2.5.1.2

Grille and diffusers

Air Transfer Grille

Air transfer grilles are installed in the wall to connect the enclosed room with an open space. Therefore providing additional pathway for air movement and yet maintaining the integrity of wall during a fire situation.

Figure 4.24 Air transfer grilles found in utilities room in MITEC

4.2.5.1.3

Figure 4.25 Air transfer grilles found in fire staircase in MITEC

Ceiling Mounted Return Air Grille

Return air is a vent grille that is usually located either in a hallway or in the ceiling and its purpose is to extract air from a room and recycle it through the system to further condition it by cooling or heating. According to MITEC, the return air grilles are mostly found in enclosed rooms and lift lobbies to ensure the building is well-ventilated and foul air expelling out from the building.

Figure 4.26 Return air grille found in MITEC

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Figure 4.27 Return air grille found in MITEC

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4.2.5.1.3

Grille and diffusers

Round Diffuser

Round diffusers are widely used in MITEC as the place requires high flow capacities. They are placed at open areas such as the main concourse, providing air flow from the ceiling level with an aesthetic appearance.The close spacing between each round diffusers ensure the building is always well ventilated thus improving the indoor air quality.

Figure 4.28 Round diffusers found in concourse area of MITEC

4.2.5.1.4

Figure 4.29 Round diffusers found in concourse area of MITEC

Louvre Face Diffuser

Louvre faced diffuser can also be found in MITEC. They are located in enclosed areas such as meeting rooms and reception counters. They provide excellent directional performance in a 4 way air flow pattern.

Figure 4.30 Louvre faced diffusers found in MITEC

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Figure 4.31 Louvre faced diffusers found in MITEC

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Literature Review

4.3

Types of Mechanical Ventilation System

4.3.1

Supply Ventilation system (Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract)

4.3.1.1

Overview

Supply ventilation system applies the concept of mechanical inlet and natural extract. It works by pressurizing the building. Fresh air is drawn in by a mechanical fan and is distributed to many rooms forcing the stale air out through natural extract exit such as windows or door gaps by using a fan and duct system. This continuous supply system allows occupant to have better control of the air that move into the building through

filter

option.

The

constant

pressurization of inlet air creates a positive pressure which prevent outside contaminants from entering thus it is suitable to be used in a polluted and noisy environment.

Diagram 4.5 Operation of supply ventilation

4.3.1.2

Case Study of Supply Ventilation System in MITEC

The building incorporates supply systems in enclosed staircase pressurization system and lift lobby pressurization system. Both work together to provide a smoke-free escape route in case of fire in the building. It will also be a useful smok-free route for the firefighter to carry out firefighting operation.

4.3.1.2.1

Staircase Pressurisation System

One of the most hazardous situations that can be faced in a building is smoke. While fires themselves are often damaging, it is the smoke that can cause the most injuries. In order to protect a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupants, as well as furnishings and equipment, a smoke control system is needed to control the flow of smoke and keeps smoke from spreading throughout the building and gives the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupants a clear evacuation route.

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Staircase pressurisation system

The primary means of controlling smoke movement is by creating air pressure differences between smoke control zones. In pressurization, air is injected from the pressurization system located at the rooftop into the protected escape routes, which include the emergency escape staircase. Higher pressure is established inside the staircase than in adjacent part of the building. In this way, air moves into the smoke zone from the adjacent areas and smoke is prevented from dispersing throughout the building.

Diagram 4.6 Typical staircase pressurization system in buildings

Figure 4.32 Pressure relief damper found in the enclosed fire staircase in MITEC

Diagram 4.7 Level 1 floor plan showing location of enclosed staircases in MITEC

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Staircase pressurisation system

Some of the staircases in MITEC are not enclosed. Therefore, the pressurized system was not adopted due to the reason that natural ventilation was able to improvised as a tool to generate air circulation. The staircases highlighted in Diagram 4.8 complies with UBBL 1984, by-law 198, which it has louvre heat ventilators for each storey in the staircase shafts to supply permanent natural ventilation.

Diagram 4.8 Level 1 floor plan showing location of staircases that are naturally ventilated

Figure 4.33 Louvre heat ventilators are used for natural ventilated staircase

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Figure 4.34 Louvre heat ventilator found in MITEC

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Staircase pressurisation system

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 198] Ventilation of staircase enclosures (1)

All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor of landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor.

[ Section 202 ] Pressurized system for staircase All staircases serving buildings of more than 47.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization-(a)

Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open;

(b)

Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;

(c)

Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimetres water gauge.

(d)

Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircases shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkler system;

(e)

Which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 71, 72) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary : The staircase pressurization system in MITEC meets the requirement stated in UBBL 1984 under section 202. The pressurization system is provided for each enclosed staircase in the building. It is well-maintained and still functioning to supply air from outside to pressurize the stairwell during fire emergency. The natural ventilated staircase in MITEC has fulfil the UBBL requirements of which vent louvres can achieve the same purposes of securing air circulation without the necessary to install a pressurized system for staircase.

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4.3.1.2.2

Lift lobby pressurisation system

The use of a pressurised system in the lift lobby is to ensure it to be smoke-free by preventing backdrafting and maintaining air circulation during an event of a fire where the fire fighters will have to enter the lift lobby during rescue operations or fire fighting. In MITEC, there is a pressurisation ductwork inside the protected pressurisation shaft that is situated in the lift lobbies on every floor. In the lift lobbies, fire dampers cannot be used. Therefore, the pressurisation ductwork is used to maintain a positive pressure in the lift lobbies in order to prevent smoke from entering and supply ventilated air into the lift lobbies.

Diagram 4.9 Level 1 floor plan showing location of lift lobbies

Figure 4.35 Pressure relief damper in lift lobby

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Diagram 4.10 Diagram showing location of duct in lift lobby

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Lift lobby pressurisation system

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [Section 150] Protected shafts 1)

No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in this Part other than for the accomodation of any pipe or duct, or as sanitary accommodation or washrooms, or both.

Subject to the provisions of this Part, any protected shaft should be completed enclosed.

There shall be no opening in any protecting structure other than any one or more of the following: (d) If the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct, an inlet to outlet from the duct or an opening for the duct. [Section 197] Protected lobbies 1.

Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through the external walls

In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurised to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirement of the D.G.F.S

Protected lobbies may be omitted the staircase enclosures are pressurized to meet the requirements of by-law 200.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 57, 71) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary : The lift lobby pressurization system in MITEC meets the requirement stated in UBBL 1984 under section 150 and section 197. The protected lift lobby is pressurized to ease fire-fighting operation to be carried out during the case of emergency.

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Literature Review

4.3.2

Extract Ventilation System (Natural Inlet and Mechanical Extract)

4.3.2.1

Overview

A extract ventilation system is the reverse of an supply ventilation system. It depressurizes the building by using a mechanical fan to vacuum out the interior air in order to create a negative pressure at the interior which draws in the outer air and displace the stale air. However, exhaust ventilation system might draw contaminants into the building along with the fresh air. Therefore, filters are normally installed to ensure clean inlet air by filtering out the pollutants when air flows in. This system is commonly used in kitchen, internal toilet and bathroom, basement, attic and crawl space.

Diagram 4.11 Operation of exhaust ventilation

4.3.2.2

Case Study of Exhaust Ventilation System in MITEC

The building incorporates extract systems in the mechanical utility rooms and basement carpark, working to ventilate the indoor enclosed rooms and dispersing contaminants in the air. The machinery and utilities must be in suitable temperature and humidity to function at optimal levels.

4.3.2.2.1

Basement Car Park Exhaust System

In MITEC building, there are two levels of basement car park which requires exhaust system to ensure sufficient supply of fresh air to the below ground and maintain the standard pressure level. It is performed through ductworks that are evenly distributed to act as transfer pathway when mechanical fans drive the stale air out.

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Basement car park exhaust system

Induced jet fans are positioned at a sufficient distance away from other mechanical service components such as sprinklers, signs and ductworks. The fans produce a high velocity jet of air, in turn moving a larger quantity of air surrounding the fan through a process known as entrainment. The amount of air entrained by a single fan increases with the velocity and the quantity of air being discharged by the fan.The extract of air is run by the fan rooms which are located at the ends of the parking area.

Diagram 4.12 Basement 1 floor plan showing location of fan rooms

Diagram 4.13 Basement 1A floor plan showing location of fan rooms

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Basement car park exhaust system

Figure 4.36 Induced jet fan found in the basement car park

Figure 4.37 Ductwork in the basement carpark

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 249 ] Smoke and heat venting In windowless buildings, underground structures and large factories, smoking venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit. Third schedule 7- Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas (1)

Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air changes per hour.

(2)

Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air exhausted to the external atmosphere should be constitute not less than six air changes per hours. AIr extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period system.

(3)

Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two hours duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the minimum of 0.28mm per person working in such area.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 87) (Original work published in 1984)

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Utility room extract system

Summary: The basement carpark system of MITEC complies with UBBL 1984 listed requirements of section 249 and the third schedule as referred to the by- Law above. The regards to the by-Law stated above, it elaborates how the ducting

4.3.2.2.2

would

work

during

the

case

emergency.

Utility Room Extract System

The exhaust system functions to regulate the air, extract contaminants and more importantly, exhaust the smoke and toxic fumes if the utility rooms were to have a fire emergency. The reduce of oxygen within the space when air is being extracted out by the exhaust vent results in the retardation of fire spread. Also, the regulation of air flow within the space remove heat produced by the machines within the utilities room. In MITEC, single duct system is used in the electric supply

Figure 4.38 Single duct system used in the electric supply room

room. The system filters the stale air and heat produced by the machinery and automatically runs when thermometer senses a rise in temperature. Axial fan is used for circulating air, creating a low pressure in the duct and high pressure in the room. Tubeaxial fan are suitable to be used in such system as they have higher efficiency in removing large volume of air through long sections of ductworks in relatively low pressure and thus causing more air to be extracted into the ductwork from the room.

Figure 4.39 Single duct system used in the electric supply room

The ventilation control panel is designed for reception and distribution of power for the ventilation systems of the building. It provides power for the ventilation equipments such as electrical motors and fans, operating conditions, modes and alarm of the ventilating system, management of the ventilation system, and data transfer to the external scheduling system. Besides that, the ventilation control panel has useful functions, such as providing fresh air for the rooms, maintain desired temperatures in rooms, protection of terminal equipment, and emergency shutdown of the ventilation systems.

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Figure 4.40 Ventilation control panel in electric supply room

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Mechanical Ventilation System

4.3.2.2.3

Lift motor room extract system

Lift Motor Room Extract System

The lift motor room utilises propeller fans to extract stale air in the room. The room is sufficiently ventilated with the use of the 4 bladed propeller fan (belt drive fan) and natural inlets to allow outdoor air to be diffused into the room. The fan is mounted on the wall with safety guards. Propeller fan is used as it is applicable within a space with no attached ductwork needed to circulate high volume of air. The propeller fan also functions as exhaust fan to draw out humid air from the lift motor room. The adjustable shuttles allow air to be deflected while being drawn out.

Figure 4.41 Propeller fan is used in the lift motor room

Figure 4.42 Natural inlet diffuser found in the lift motor room

Diagram 4.14 Shutter of propeller fan

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Lift motor room extract system

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 249 ] Smoke and heat venting In windowless buildings, underground structures and large factories, smoking venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit. [ Section 250 ] Natural draught smoke ventilation (1)

Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.

(2)

Such vents shall normally be in open positions of they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the events of a fire.

[ Section 251 ] Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke. When smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 87) (Original work published in 1984)

Summary: MITEC complies by the UBBL 1984 requirements for its ventilation system in aiding and providing regulated air in concern for property damage as well as occupant safety. The ventilation concludes the requirement of the section of 249, section 250 and section 251 as regards to the diagrams and figures above stating as the basement carpark is fitted with necessity of an exhaust system to extract and disperse smoke, and harmful air particles during a fire emergency.

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4.4

Conclusion

Mechanical ventilation system used in MITEC serves not only as a continuous channel for fresh air but also as a safety feature like their staircase and lift lobby pressurization system. The lift lobby and enclosed staircases are properly pressurised as following the requirement of UBBL 1984 under section 249, section 250 and section 251. MITEC complies with UBBL 1984 as it provides each component of mechanical ventilation accordingly to the by-Lawâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements. The indoor air quality of the building cannot be maintained with only HVAC system. Hence it is important to implement mechanical ventilation system in the building for the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort and safety.

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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Mechanical Transportation System

5.0

Mechanical Transportation System

5.1

Literature Review

Escalator

Mechanical transportation is an integral part in modern building design where it provides usage towards the vertical or horizontal movement of goods and people between different levels or floors in building. There are two forms of mechanical transportation in a building, firstly vertical mechanical transportation which is provided by lifts/elevators and escalators; secondly horizontal mechanical transportation provided by travelators. These ensure the efficient and safe movement of people and goods in our everyday life, which in turn ensures an improved standard of life and higher work efficiency. 5.2

Escalator

An escalator is a form of vertical mechanical transportation, and can be described as inclined, continuous moving stairs with handrails that are designed to transport people from one floor of a building to another with high efficiency. It has the capability to move large numbers of people with almost no waiting interval, and used in places where lifts would be impractical. However, the escalator can be placed together with a lift at places where there are lighter passenger flow, so the lift does not have to travel to the lower floor when there is heavier traffic on the upper flows. To determine the carrying capacity of an escalator, we need to look at its speed along the line of inclination and width of tread. Modern escalators are usually inclined at an angle of 30Â°, electrically powered with a speed that varies between 0.45 m/s to 0.7 m/s and may traverse vertical distances up to 18 metres. Tread widths range from 600mm to 1200mm, depending on the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need. A smaller width of 600 to 810mm width is suitable for smaller scale buildings whereas a 1.0 to 1.2 m tread width is more suitable to accommodate to larger scale buildings with heavier passenger flow. Escalators can be typically configured into a few different types of arrangements, namely single, continuous, parallel and crisscross, upon the consideration of installation costs and requirements for standard of service.

Diagram 5.1 Various arrangements of escalator (From left: Single, Continuous, Parallel and Criss cross)

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Case Study of Escalator in MITEC

5.2.1

Case Study of Escalator in MITEC

5.2.1.1

Overview

There are mainly two models of escalators installed in MITEC, supplied and manufactured by KONE Elevator Co. Ltd, namely the TravelMasterTM 110 and TransitMasterTM 140.

5.2.1.1.1

KONE TransitMasterTM 140 Escalator Specifications: ●

Operational environment: Indoor

●

Speed: 0.65 m/s (with selectable reduction)

●

Inclination: 30o (for enhanced passenger comfort and heavy duty environments)

●

Step width: 1000mm (two passengers standing side by side)

●

Vertical rise: 12m to 15m (can go up to 18m)

●

Step chain: Outside roller chains ((Ø 100 x 25 mm)

●

Duty cycle: 20 to 24 hours/day

●

Year of manufacture: January 2016

Standing at a unpreceded height of 15m within the country, the TransitMasterTM 140 is the main escalator within MITEC. The first length of the set spans a vertical height of 15m between the ground and first floor, whereas a second set spans 12m between the first Figure 5.1 Example of TransitMasterTM 140 type escalator

to second floor. It is a highly durable escalator that is well suited for its location in front of the exhibition halls and able to respond to the demand of high traffic flow and round-the-clock operations especially when there are major exhibitions, conferences or other events. The escalators in front of the exhibition halls are the only set of escalators that employ the use of this particular model, whereas the other three sets are of a more modest model type.

Figure 5.2 Specification tag of escalator

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Mechanical Transportation System

5.2.1.1.2

Case Study of Escalator in MITEC

KONE TravelMasterTM 110 Escalator Specifications: ●

Operational environment: Indoor

●

Speed: 0.4 m/s (with inverter)

●

Inclination: 30o (for enhanced passenger comfort and heavy duty environments)

●

Step width: 1000mm (two passengers standing side by side)

●

Vertical rise: 7.5m to 12m (can go up to 13m)

●

Step chain: Inside roller chains

●

Duty cycle: 12 to 14 hours/day

●

Year of manufacture: January 2015

The TravelMasterTM 110 is the most widely used type of escalator within MITEC as it is more well suited to cater to a relatively lighter daily passenger flow of office workers as it is situated nearer to offices, compared to the TransitMasterTM 140 type escalators placed nearer to exhibition halls which need to sustain Figure 5.3 Example of TravelMasterTM 110 type escalator

a heavier passenger flow. It also allows connection between floor levels of a relatively more moderate height including to mezzanine floors, which ranges from 7.5m to 12m in height.This model includes a worm gear drive combined with the smart stardelta operational mode which automatically regulates the current needed depending on the actual step load. There are three sets of escalators altogether in MITEC that are of this type.

Figure 5.4 Specification tag of escalator

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Mechanical Transportation System

5.2.1.1.3

Arrangement of Escalators in MITEC

Location of Escalators

TravelMasterTM 110

TransitMasterTM 140

Diagram 5.2 Location of escalators based on model type

5.2.1.2

Arrangement of Escalators in MITEC

5.2.1.2.1

Main Types of Escalator Arrangement

Parallel

LEVEL 1

Criss-cross

Diagram 5.3 Parallel arrangement

Diagram 5.4 Criss-cross arrangement

This arrangement is able to fulfill two-way

This arrangement is suitable for large-size

continuous passenger flow. It is also able to

buildings or public construction where the

respond to increase in one-way passenger flow

conveying

during peak hours by adjusting the travel

minimised to the furthest extent.

times

between

these

floors

direction of escalators.

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5.2.1.2.2

Arrangement of Escalators in MITEC

Combination of Parallel and Criss-cross Arrangement This arrangement can be seen applicable to the TransitMasterTM 140 type escalators in front of the exhibition halls, which are also the main escalators used to bring visitors to respective exhibition halls.

Set A escalators are in criss-cross arrangement with B

Set B escalators. This pair spans a vertical height of 15m and only connects the ground and first floor of the building. On the other hand, Set A and C have a continuous two-way traffic parallel arrangement, and this pair connects all three floors of the building. Similarly, it is the same for Set B and C, but its traffic flow is interrupted as passengers have to walk around to reach the other escalatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

platform. Figure 5.5 Escalators with combination of parallel and criss-cross arrangement

5.2.1.2.3

Variations of Parallel Arrangement All three sets of escalators provide two-way passenger flow to each of the three main floors of the building, particularly towards the office and

meeting rooms. However the line of circulation is different for each floor. Set A and B have a continuous arrangement where

the walking interval between each set is minimal. It is suggested that it is because there are more meeting rooms situated on the lower floors, hence having a continuous arrangement can aid in facilitating a more convenient circulation path, especially for guests attending the meetings. Set B A

and C however, has an interrupted passenger flow.

Figure 5.6 Escalators with parallel arrangements but different passenger flow

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5.2.1.2.3

Arrangement of Escalators in MITEC

Parallel Arrangement

This is the typical parallel arrangement, and can be found used for the other two sets of escalators, one at the basement and the other at the ground floor in front of the North entrance, both providing a two-way passenger flow. The only difference between these two is that the latter set has three sets of escalators, two of the same direction and one in the opposite, whereas the one at the basement only has one each for up and down movement.

Figure 5.8 Multiple parallel arrangement

Figure 5.7 Escalator at basement

Parallel and criss-cross

Variation of parallel

arrangement

Parallel arrangement

Diagram 5.5 Location of escalator based on different arrangements

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5.2.1.3

Components of Escalator

5.2.1.3.1

Direction Indicator

Components of Escalator

Built-in LED lamps on the skirt panel form an arrow to indicate the escalatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s travelling direction for boarding, or a No-Entry sign at the landing areas.

Figure 5.9 Quiescent state direction indicator

5.2.1.3.2

Figure 5.10 Dynamic state direction indicator

Floor Plate and Comb

Floor plates also known as walk-on plates, are an entrance and exit for the passengers to stand on before moving onto the steps of the escalator. At the same time, it provides mounting for the comb segments. The comb is a replaceable section, with teeth that mesh (comb) into the step threads at both boarding and landing areas. This is to prevent foreign objects from getting entangled into between the step threads in motion and floor plate.

Comb

Floor plate

Figure 5.11 Floor plate and comb

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5.2.1.3.3

Components of Escalator

Moving Handrail

The handrail is a rubber conveyor belt that is looped around a series of wheels, pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability, acting as a convenient handhold for passengers when they are using the escalator. Figure 5.12 Moving handrail

5.2.1.3.4

Glass Panel Balustrade

The balustrade consists of the handrail and external supporting structure of the escalator, which extends above the steps to support the handrail. In the case of MITEC, it is designed as an interior low deck which has interior glass side panels to support the handrail base. The 1100mm high balustrades also feature fall-protection barriers and extended balustrade newel ends to provide additional passenger protection. Figure 5.13 Glass panel balustrade

5.2.1.3.5

Escalator Drive Machine

The drive machine together with the gear reducer provides torque to propel the step band at a controlled speed. The motor is directly connected to the main shaft by the gear. Escalators in MITEC have the drive being located outside the step band, which means easier, faster access for service technicians and minimal downtime. It is also able to provide extra power for demanding people flow, with the possibility to combine two drives to power the escalator step chain in heavy traffic environments.

Diagram 5.6 Escalator with dual drive machine outside the step band

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Safety Features of Escalator

5.2.1.4

Safety Features of Escalator

5.2.1.4.1

Demarcation Lines

Demarcation lines are strips of yellow usually, surrounding the perimeter of the step thread but mostly at the front and rear edges of the threads. They are used to visually inform of step separation and create contrast between the steps and comb segments.

Yellow demarcation lines

Figure 5.14 Demarcation lines

5.2.1.4.2

Skirt Guard

The skirt guard is a row of brushes placed parallel to the length of the escalator to ensure a safer ride for passengers. When bristles of these brushes touch the passenger they instinctively move to safer distances. These brushes help the passengers know that they are on the very edges of escalators which may result in pinching and entrapment. It also tend to keep clothing, luggage or loose cloth away from the skirts. They also reduce static electricity from building to the arcing point as the rubbing motion within escalator causes static electricity to build. Skirt guard Figure 5.15 Skirt guard

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5.3

Lift

An lift, or also known as elevator, is another form of vertical mechanical transportation. It is described as a compartment or platform that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers or goods between levels of a multistorey building. Most modern elevators are propelled by electric motors, either through a system of cables and sheaves (pulleys) with the aid of a counterweight for drive transaction such as a hoist, or to pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston known as a jack. In a building with more than four storeys, an elevator is to be provided. It is also required within buildings with less than four storeys to provide access for the elderly and disabled. To obtain an efficient service, the designer when deciding on the number and type of lifts must also take into consideration several factors including the type of building and nature of occupancy. The quality of elevator performance is determined by the following few factors: ●

The hoisting capacity

●

Waiting interval

●

Acceleration of car cab

●

Speed of elevator

●

Time taken for passengers to board and alight the elevator

●

Working mechanism of the elevator

The diagram below shows the few types of lifts according to their different working mechanisms. Hydraulic lift

Pneumatic lift

TYPES OF LIFTS Climbing lift Geared traction lift

According to working mechanism Traction lift

Gearless traction lift

Machine-room-less lift Diagram 5.7 Type of lifts according to working mechanism

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Case Study of Lifts in MITEC

5.3.1

Case Study of Lifts in MITEC

5.3.1.1

Overview

There are ten locations in MITEC where lifts can be found, summing up to 17 lifts altogether, of which 15 are passenger lifts and two are freight lifts. Even though the building only has three main superstructure levels, another three mezzanine floors for each level and two basement levels, the amount of lifts are necessary to respond to the nature of the building as an international exhibition centre that needs to accommodate huge numbers of visitors almost daily, and also to ensure sufficient circulation points are provided within the large building.

UBBL 1984 Part VI: Construction Requirements [ Section 124 ] Lifts For non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 43) (Original work published in 1984)

5.3.1.1.1

Passenger Lift

There are two different models of passengers lift in MITEC. The first type is the commonly seen lift that is embedded into the walls of the building, whereas the second type is a see-through glass lift that is also considered the centrepiece of the building. ●

Type of elevator: Gearless traction elevator

●

Brand: KONE

●

Registered number: WP PMA 24034

●

Capacity of person: 24 person

●

Capacity of kilogram: 1576kg

●

Rated speed: 1.0 - 1.75 m/s

●

Car Height: 2400mm

●

Entrance Opening: 1500x2100mm

●

Type of entrance: 2-panel central opening

Figure 5.16 Passenger lift and fire lift placed together

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Case Study of Lifts in MITEC

●

Type of elevator: Machine room-less elevator

●

Brand: KONE

●

Registered number: WP PMA 24741

●

Capacity of person: 21 person

●

Capacity of kilogram: 1425kg

●

Rated speed: 1.6 m/s

●

Car Height: 2400mm

●

Entrance Opening: 1400x2100mm

●

Type of entrance: 2-panel central opening

Figure 5.17 Glass lift

5.3.1.1.2

Freight Lift

There are two heavy-duty freight lifts altogether found in MITEC, both placed at the rear end of the building behind Hall 1 and Hall 4 respectively. The freight lift behind Hall 1 is smaller in size as it is located nearer to the kitchen area and mainly used by kitchen workers to transport food and kitchen items. On the other hand, the freight lift behind Hall 4 is bigger as it is mainly used to transport items to exhibition halls, which would require a freight lift with larger loading capacity.

Figure 5.18 Freight lift near kitchen

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Figure 5.19 Freight lift behind Hall 4

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5.3.1.1.3

Traction Lift

Location of Lifts

Lift lobby Diagram 5.8 Location of lift lobbies in MITEC

5.3.1.2

LEVEL 1

Traction Lift

Traction lift is the most common type of lift found in buildings, and its hoist mechanism is based on being lifted by ropes. It moves in a direction, which raises and lowers the car in a shaft with wire ropes running over a series of sheaves at the motor and the car itself. The ropes then terminated in a sliding counterweight that travels up and down the same shaft at the same time as the car, which helps reduces the consumption of energy by the lift as the counterweight is able to offset the weight of the car and its passengers so the lift motor does not need to exert as much power to move the weight. The traction lift is more suited for mid to high-rise buildings as it has a much higher travel speed than hydraulic lifts. There are mainly three types of traction lifts: geared traction lift, gearless traction lift and machine room-less lift. In MITEC, we can find two of the three types of traction lifts used in the building, namely the gearless traction lift and machine room-less lift.

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5.3.1.2.1

Gearless Traction Lift

The gearless traction lift is recognised by its wheel that is attached directly to the lift motor instead of being attached to the gearbox as in the case of geared traction lifts. This type of lift requires a machine room, and is typically placed directly above the lift shaft to minimise the length of rope and optimize its efficiency. This type of hoist mechanism

used

for

the

standard

passenger lifts in MITEC.

Diagram 5.9 Anatomy of a gearless traction lift

Standard passenger lift Diagram 5.10 Location of standard passenger lift

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Lift Motor Room

Lift Motor Room The lift motor room, also known as machine room or elevator machinery room. It is a room that houses the machinery and electrical controls that operate a lift. The lift motor rooms in MITEC are situated directly above their respective lift shafts at the rooftop of the building, and are fully enclosed, only accessible by authorised personnels. The lift motor room is to be kept well-ventilated for cooling of the components to prevent them from overheating and subsequently suffering damage which may endanger the safety of passengers using the lifts. It is also to be taken into consideration the transmission of sound, hence the concrete base of the machine should be lined with insulation. The walls and ceilings are also painted to prevent accumulation of dust which may damage the components and cause circuit failure due to poor electrical contacts.

Figure 5.20 Exterior of lift motor room with warning sign

Figure 5.21 Sign indicating Lift Motor Room

Figure 5.22 Interior of lift motor room

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5.3.1.2.2

Machine Room-less (MRL) Lift

The machine room-less lift is the result of technological advancement about 100 years ago that allows a significant reduction in the size of the electric motors used with traction equipment. This system employs a smaller sheave than conventional geared or gearless traction lifts. These newly designed permanent magnet motors (PMM), together with the reduced sheave size allow the manufacturers to locate the machines in the hoistway overhead, thus eliminating the need for a machine room over the hoistway. As s result, it is able to optimise more usable space, reduce maintenance costs and reduce energy consumption levels. This type of mechanism is used for the glass lift and freight lifts, replacing the need for hydraulic lifts.

Diagram 5.11 MRL lift, showing the hoisting machine

Glass lift Freight lift Diagram 5.12 Location of glass lift and freight lifts

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Control Panel

Control Panel The control panel is the most essential part of MRL lifts, as it acts to control all systems associated with the lifts. Each lift has its personal protective device placed in their respective lift control panels rather than in the shaft, as it is a switchboard and should be easily accessible. In terms of electrical engineering, to power and run each lift, it must have an individual supply to the main switchboard and a main switch installed for each lift. A circuit breaker is also installed in each lift to break the electrical supply in cases when a wrong signal is issued.

Diagram 5.13 Switch circuit

Figure 5.23 Example of control panel for MRL lifts

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5.3.1.3

Control System

The control system is the main interface responsible for the coordination of all functioning aspects of a lift, for example lift travel, opening of door, acceleration, signals and emergency notices, through the input and output information. The control panel acts as a switch of the control system which is the brain of the entire system.

Diagram 5.14 Control system

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5.3.1.4

Main Components of Lift

5.3.1.4.1

Lift Controller

Main Components of Lift

The lift controller is a system which controls the lifts either automatically or manually. The controller steps down the incoming voltage to approximately 12V to 24V before directing it to the control system. The lower voltage power supply is for the controlling components and fixtures controlling the lift, whereas only the lift motor requires a 3-phase power supply.

Figure 5.24 Lift controller for gearless traction lift found in lift motor room

5.3.1.4.2

Overspeed Governor

Every lift system is equipped with an overspeed governor which acts as a device to stop or halt the lift when it runs beyond the designated speed. This device is mostly found installed in a traction lift.

Figure 5.25 Overspeed governor for gearless traction lift found in lift motor room.

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Figure 5.26 Overspeed governor for MRL lift

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5.3.1.4.3

Main Components of Lift

Electric Motor

The lift motor machine used in MITEC is the KONE EcoDisc permanent magnet synchronous machine, which is used for both the gearless traction lifts and MRL lifts. Its assemblage comprises of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, together with a vector-controlled drive system and energy regeneration options, providing the highest total efficiency and minimizing both mechanical and electrical losses when compared to traditional products.

Figure 5.27 Lift motor machine found in lift motor room

5.3.1.4.4

Figure 5.28 Lift motor machine of MRL lift

Sheave

The drive sheave or also known as the traction sheave, is described comprising of a metal sheave body or pulley fixed to an electric motor and having a novel cable groove liner around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when the sheave is rotated, the ropes move too thus hoisting the lift car or counterweight.

Diagram 5.15 Position of drive sheave within the lift motor machine

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5.3.1.4.5

Main Components of Lift

Counterweight

The counterweight acts as an opposite to the load by exerting an almost equal opposite force. Its main purpose is to provide balance and stability when the lift is in motion, also optimizing the efficiency of lifting loads which helps to save energy. The counterweight can be found located in the hoistway which hangs on the others side of the sheave.

Diagram 5.17 Anatomy of counterweight components

Diagram 5.16 Placement of counterweight in hoisting mechanism of lift

5.3.1.4.6

Guide Rail

Both the counterweight and lift car travel along the guide rails along the sides of the lift shaft. Its purpose is to prevent the counterweight and lift car from swaying back and forth when in motion, and also work as a breaking rail with safety measures to stop the car during an emergency.

Guide rail

Figure 5.29 Guide rail of lift in MITEC

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5.3.1.4.7

Main Components of Lift

Lift Buffer

The lift buffer can be usually found at the bottom of the lift shaft. Its purpose is to stop or halt the descending travel of the lift car or counterweight when it goes beyond its normal limit. This component is essential so as to reduce the injury suffered by users during an emergency fall.

Spring lift buffer

Figure 5.30 Spring lift buffer

5.3.1.4.8

Suspension Rope

Suspension (hoist) rope (cable) is a device used to lift or lower a load, represented by steel wire ropes which act as suspension means for the car and counterweight. These are usually used on traction type lifts, attached to the crosshead and extending up into the lift motor room looping over the sheave on the motor then down to the counterweights.

Suspension ropes

Figure 5.31 Suspension steel wire ropes.

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Exterior of Lift Car

5.3.1.5

Exterior of Lift Car

5.3.1.5.1

Car Frame

Car frame or also known as car sling, is a metal framework connected to the means of suspension. It is the load carrier element in the lift car as well as helps isolate vibration produced due to motion.

Diagram 5.18 Car frame

5.3.1.5.2

Car Sill

The car sill consists of a sill plate, a support sill beneath the sill plate that has a rail present on the inboard sliding surface and outboard sliding surface.

Figure 5.32 Example of car sill

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5.3.1.5.3

Exterior of Lift Car

Travelling Cable

The travelling cable is a vital link between the lift car and controller. In conventional elevators, all power transmission to the lift car and signal information is transmitted through the traveling cable.

Travelling cable

Figure 5.33 Travelling cable

5.3.1.5.4 A

Compensation Rope

compensating

rope

welded-link

plastic-coated chain, used to counterbalance the weight of the hoist ropes when it reaches a certain length that may tilt the balance of the car instead. This allows an equal load distribution on the drive sheave and motor, regardless of the car's position in the hoistway. One end of the chain is fastened to the bottom of the sling and the other end is attached to the bottom of the counterweight frame.

Compensation rope

Diagram 5.19 Components of compensation rope installation

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5.3.1.5.4

Interior of Lift Car

Landing Door

The landing door, or also known as hoistway doors, refers to the door that is visible from each floor of the building. These doors are usually automatically opened or closed by electric motors, but during emergency cases it can be manually opened as well. Safety devices are placed at each landing to prevent inadvertent landing door openings and prevent the lift car from moving unless it is in a locked position. The difference between the car door and landing door is that the car door is a part of the lift car itself, hence travels throughout within the hoistway; whereas the landing door are fixed to each landing floor nd is a part of the building itself. The type of landing door used in MITEC is the automatic door type, which has a central opening door comprising of two power-operated panels that part simultaneously with a fluid motion. Figure 5.34 Example of two-panel central opening landing door in MITEC

5.3.1.6

Interior of Lift Car

5.3.1.6.1

Car Wall

Folded steel panels are used to enclose the lift car, along with the car floor and car ceiling that will be shown later. In MITEC, the normal passenger lift car walls are lined with stainless steel material whereas the glass lift has car walls made of glass panels.

Figure 5.35 Stainless steel car wall

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Figure 5.36 Glass panel car wall

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5.3.1.6.2

Interior of Lift Car

Car Floor

The floor size ought to have the same dimensions as the lift car in terms of width and depth. The car floor must have sufficient mechanical strength capacity to withstand forces that are applied during normal operations, safety gear operation and impact of car to its spring buffers. There are two types of floor finish covers for lifts in MITEC. The passenger lifts have a marble stone finish whereas the freight lifts and fire lifts have a rubber finish.

Figure 5.37 Car floor with marble stone finish

5.3.1.6.3

Figure 5.38 Car floor with black-coin-patterned rubber finish

Car Ceiling

The car ceiling is designed to be able to withstand the weight of two people during maintenance operation without permanent deformation. It is also to mount the emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade. Lighting fixtures are also mounted onto the car ceiling to provide lighting and improve the spatial experience when using the lift.

Figure 5.39 Car ceiling mounted with fluorescent tube lighting

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Figure 5.40 Car ceiling mounted with LED spot lighting

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5.3.1.6.4

Floor Indicator and Designator

Car Operating Panel (COP)

The car operating panel (COP) is a panel mounted in the lift car comprising of the car operating controls, such as call register buttons, door open and close button, alarm emergency stop button and other buttons or key switches necessary for lift operation.

Overload and car position indicator

Floor request button

Intercom speaker Door close button Door open button Emergency bell button Figure 5.41 Car operating panel

5.3.1.7

Floor Indicator and Designator

5.3.1.7.1

Floor Indicator

The floor indicator appears on the lintel of all lift car doors, and displays the floor destination of the lift. It notifies passengers of the location of the lift, and upon the arrival of lift at each floor, a sound is emitted to notify its arrival. The call button is used to request for a lift, consisting of an up and down button which illuminates to indicate the request is received and a lift is on the way.

Figure 5.42 Floor indicator

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Figure 5.43 Call button

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5.3.1.7.2

Safety Features of Lift

Floor Designator

The floor designator is placed on the wall adjacent to the lifts in the lift lobby, indicating the floor level that the passenger is currently on. In MITEC, a fire escape plan is placed underneath the floor designator.

Floor designator Fire escape plan

Figure 5.44 Floor designator with fire escape plan

5.3.1.8

Safety Features of Lift

The lift transportation system is designed with many layers of safety features to ensure the utmost safety of its passengers, hence is also considered one of the safest mode of transportation in the market. Each lift system component are designed with integration of safety features, and this is applicable to the lifts found in MITEC as well. When an emergency arises, the alarm bells go off and the fire control room will swiftly verify the occurrence of a fire. Once confirmed, the standard lifts will immediately be overridden and move to park at the ground floor to allow passengers within to evacuate to the assembly point while the main power supply is disabled. At the same time, the fireman’s lift is manually activated using the fireman’s lift switch by the firemen or authorised personnel for evacuation or fire fighting purposes. As the main power supply had been earlier disabled, the fire lift is powered by a backup generator.

Figure 5.45 Fireman’s lift switch

Building Services

Figure 5.46 Smoke and heat detector placed at lift lobby

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Safety Features of Lift

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements [ Section 153 ] Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1)

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

[ Section 154 ] Emergency mode of operation in event of main power failure (1)

On failure of main power lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

[ Section 155 ] Fire mode of operation (2)

If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

(3)

The fire lifts shall be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s switch.

(4)

Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access [ Section 229 ] Means of access and fire fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres high (5)

A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.

(Uniform Building By-Law, 2006, pp. 58, 83) (Original work published in 1984)

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5.3.1.8.1

Safety Features of Lift & Conclusion

Apron

A car apron or also known as toe guard is a vertical protective board installed at the bottom of lift cars. This guard protects the passengers from being exposed to the open hoistway beneath the car if the doors are opened when it is not at the landing.

Diagram 5.20 Location of car apron

5.3.1.8.2

Safety Door Edge

The car safety door edge functions to reverse the direction of door operation if a person or object is hit by the closing doors. There are also various other door-safety systems, for example a multi-beam door sensor that uses photoelectric beams or safety ray to detect people or objects.

Figure 5.47 Example of lift door sensor

5.4

Conclusion

In MITEC, we can see the use of both escalators and lifts to provide vertical circulation, with sufficient numbers of these around the whole building to accommodate the large amount of passenger flow during peak hours or time. In terms of the mechanical transportation models, MITEC uses the latest technology by KONE which ensures the maximum quality of performance of the transportation system for its users. The mechanical transportation services provided are also in compliance with the requirements as stated in UBBL 1984, under section 124 for providence of lifts and under section 153, 154, 155 and 229 for fire safety features. Due to the mechanical transportation system in MITEC being subjected to constant heavy usage, proper maintenance of these services must be carried out frequently to ensure that they are in good condition to be used safely to transport passengers and goods.

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6.0 CONCLUSION

Conclusion

Conclusion We have chosen the Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre as our case study building for its various type of building services system such as active and passive fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. Being a newly-established building with its iconic enveloping form, leaving no stones unturned, we are being enthusiastic to learn about the practicality and the implementation of technology of the services system. Throughout the building service project 1, we have learnt how to identify and clarify the relevant information that are related to active and passive fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. This project had truly been a stepping stone for us to understand the systems. We are now able to understand how each building services functions, for instances the connections and position of different types of systems and how it complements each other. Through readings of various guideline references and books, we could understand and are able to explain the principles and service systems as well as space implications and regulations related to different services, All in all, this project showed us the importance of practically and functional requirements of a building which give comfort and safety to the occupants. It has been an eye opening experience for us to be exposed to the building services system.

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7.0 REFERENCE

Reference

References Active Fire Protection System 1.

Jones, A. M. (2009). Fire protection systems. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.

Schroll, R. C. (2002). Industrial fire protection handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Evans, David D., Peacock, Richard D., Kuligowski, Erica D., Dols, W. S., Grosshandler, William L. (2005). Active Fire Protection System.

Active / passive fire protection. (2017, June 18). Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved from : http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.htm

Active VS. Passive Fire Protection System. (2017, July 17). Jimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fire Safety. Retrieved from : https://www.jimsfiresafety.com.au/active-passive-fire-protection-systems

Active Fire Protection System VS Passive Fire Protection System. (2018, July 10). The Stancold Blog. Retrieved from : https://www.stancold.co.uk/blog/active-fire-protection-vs-passive-fire-protection/

Passive Fire Protection VS. Active Fire Protection. (2015, July 5). Life Safety Services. Retrieved from : http://news.lifesafetyservices.com/blog/difference-between-passive-and-active-fire-protection

What is Active Fire Protection System? (2017, March 8). Thermotech. Retrieved from : https://www.thermotechsolutions.co.uk/thermotech-news/active-fire-protection/

Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems - Principle of Operation. (2010, April 30). Firewize, Innovation for life.

Retrieved

from

http://firewize.com/blog/2010/04/automatic-fire-sprinkler-systems-principal-operation 10.

Fire Sprinkler. (2018, July 27). Fire Sprinkler System for Domestic and Residential Occupancies. Retrieved from : https://www.explainthatstuff.com/firesprinklers.html

11.

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Reel

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(2017,

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https://my.grundfos.com/products/find-product/fire-systems.html 12.

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https://www.spectrumfire.com/products/fire-hose-reel-system 13.

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8.0 APPENDIX

Appendix

Orthographic Drawings

Basement Level 1 Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Basement Level 1A Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

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Appendix

Orthographic Drawings

Level 1 Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Level 1A Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Building Services

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Appendix

Orthographic Drawings

Level 2 Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Level 2A Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Building Services

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Appendix

Orthographic Drawings

Level 3 Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Level 3A Floor Plan

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

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Appendix

Orthographic Drawings

Section A-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1:2000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Section B-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1:1000

Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre, 8, Jalan Dutamas 2, Kompleks Kerajaan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

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Appendix

Building Services

Photobook

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Appendix

Building Services

Photobook

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