The Amsterdam Heat Guide

AMSTERDAM HEAT GUIDE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; INFOGRAPHICS OF HEAT SUPPLY AND DEMAND Dear reader, Amsterdam must continue to be liveable for everyone who lives, works or visits the city. To guarantee this quality of life, countries around the world have agreed to take action against climate change. Amsterdam contributes to this by drastically reducing CO2 emissions by 95% by 2050. One of the ways to reduce our emissions is by making the city completely free of natural gas. We still have until 2040 to do that. But that doesn't mean we can sit back. Fortunately, many Amsterdammers are already working to make their houses more sustainable and looking for alternatives to natural gas. But in order to meet the 2040 deadline, we have to work with many more houses and offices at the same time. This requires insight into what alternative, sustainable sources of heat there are in the city. You can gain that insight in this Amsterdam Heat Guide. The Amsterdam Heat Guide lists which sources the city has at its disposal for heating and cooling buildings, and which sources we can use now and in the future. Although there is still uncertainty about (in particular) the availability of geothermal heat, it appears that there are sufficient alternative sustainable sources available. In the years to come, the art lies in making all these sources available in the best possible way. The Heat Guide is a snapshot in time. Not only because techniques are in full development, but also because our thinking about sustainable heat is subject to change. I hope that with this guide you will gain knowledge and inspiration for building the city of tomorrow. Marieke van Doorninck, Deputy Mayor for Spatial Planning and Sustainability

TABLE OF CONTENTS Reading guide and list of abbreviations Basic principles of heat Summary of the Amsterdam Heat Guide

4 5

Heat demand - residential Heat demand non-residential

8 10 12 14 18 20

Existing HT/MT heat sources Future HT/MT heat sources Conclusion HT/MT heat sources

22 23 26 28

Growth in Amsterdam's heat demand: the connection rate of houses must increase An integral heating system

The Amsterdam heat demand Sources of high temperature (HT) /medium temperature (MT) heat

Sources of low temperature (LT) heat Existing LT heat sources: Data centres Future LT heat sources: Data centres Other current and future LT heat sources Possible future LT heat supply Conclusion for LT heat sources

Sources of ultra low temperature (ULT) heat Existing and potential ULT heat sources Existing and potential ULTHheat sources: ATES Possible future ULT heat supply Conclusion ULT heat sources

32 33 36 38 40 41 42 44 46 48 49 3

READING GUIDE The Amsterdam Heat Guide provides insight into the various (sustainable) heat sources available to the city of Amsterdam. The Heat Guide was created for the heat and energy study "Themastudie Warmte en Energie" (initiated by the programme “Ruimte voor de Stad”). In addition, it is a stand-alone inventory that is used for the various other heat studies in the city, namely the “Transitievisie Warmte” of (local) heat transitionstrategie (HTS) and the “Regional Energy Strategy” (RES). The guide only lists the district options for collective heat systems in Amsterdam. Decentralised renewable heat sources, such as an individual heat pumps or Solar thermal systems, are therefore not included. The purpose of this Heat Guide is to provide insight into which heat sources are available for heating the built environment, taking into account the different temperature levels. With this inventory, we further build the knowledge about the use of the various heat sources. And here's a hint: Amsterdam has many sustainable heat sources; the trick is to make smart combinations between the demand for and supply of heat. The scope is the built environment, including non-residential functions such as offices, facilities and businesses. The industrial heat demand falls outside the scope of this research. The guide starts with the principles of heat, followed by the summary which is built up from the following four chapters: Chapter 1 is about the heat demand: an overview of the current and future demand for heat for both residential and non-residential buildings. In addition, the heat demand for the yet-to-be-built buildings under the "Programma Wonen (residential) en Niet-wonen (non-residential)" of the municipality of Amsterdam is calculated. Future energy savings (insulation, etc.) are not included in the scenarios.

ABBREVATIONS Chapter 2 is about the sources that supply high (+/-90°C) and medium (+/-70°C) temperature heat networks: Which HT and MT sources does Amsterdam have at its disposal? We looked at the existing sources (such as the Waste-to-energy (WtE) and Combined heat and power plants (CHP) and their future development, the amount of energy these sources generate and where they are located in the city. In addition, insight is provided on the potential for new resources, such as geothermal and biomass heat, that can feed HT and MT grids. Chapter 3 is about low temperature heat (LT 40-20°C): This chapter provides insight into existing LT sources (such as data centres), the amount of energy that these sources generate, where they are located in the city and how we can use them in the future. The chapter pays specific attention to potential growth scenarios of data centres in Amsterdam. Chapter 4 is about ultra low temperature heat (ULT <20°C): In this chapter the potential of collective aquathermal heat/cold production from surface water (TESW), waste water (TEWW) and drinking water (TEDW) is explained. In addition, insight is provided into the current deployment of ATES systems and their future potential.

DISCLAIMER The Amsterdam Heat Guide was published in January 2019. The publication contains only a snapshot of the current insights into available heat and cold for area development. Although this publication has been validated by Waternet, Dutch Data Center Association (DDA), Vattenfall and Westpoort Warmte (WPW), among others, it may contain inaccuracies or outdated information. No rights can be derived from this publication. For further information, please contact: energietransitie@amsterdam.nl.

AEB

Afval Energie Bedrijf (bedrijfsnaam)

WtE

Waste-to-energy (factory type)

BENG

Bijna Energie Neutraal Gebouw (Nearly Energy Neutral Buildings): legislation on building regulations relating to energy performance

High-temperature 70°C (return) - 90°C (supply)

AHP

Auxiliary heat plant

Low temperature 20°C (return) - 40°C (supply)

Medium temperature 40°C (return) - 70°C (supply)

MWe

Megawatt electrical energy

MWth

Megawatt thermal energy

PBL

Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (Environmental Assessment Agency)

Peta Joule (energy unit)

PTSP

Photovoltaic-thermal solar panels

SDE

Stimuleringsregeling duurzame energieproductie (Incentive scheme for sustainable energy production)

CCGT

Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (factory type)

TEWW

Thermal energy from waste water

TEDW

Thermal energy from drinking water

TESW

Thermal energy from surface water

REU

Residential equivalent unit: energy comparison unit for 1 house

CHP

Combined Heat and Power

ATES

Thermal Energy Storage

HTS

Heat Transfer Station

ULT

Ultra low temperature <20°C

Principles of heat HT heat network supply >90˚C return 70˚C >> For industry, old houses and in main transport lines Demand: Can be used directly in all buildings without the need for additional insulation, suitable for industrial application. Supply: Preferably from heat sources of 120-60°C. Upgrading of heat source of 40-20°C with a heat pump is possible but costs a relatively large amount of electricity. Since HT sources are often less sustainable (WtE, CCGT), it is advisable to limit the demand for HT heat as much as possible to where it is really necessary.

MT heat network supply

70˚C return 40˚C >> Directly usable for heating and domestic hot water

Demand: Can be used directly in buildings constructed after 1990 (energy label A-D) for space heating and tap water. For older buildings, insulation is required, up to preferably label B/C. Supply: Preferably from heat sources of 120-60°C. Sources of 40-20°C can be upgraded to 70°C using a heat pump. MT heat can be used in buildings of any year of construction.

LT heat network supply

40˚C return 20˚C >> Usable for heating, requires upgrading of domestic hot water

Demand: Can be used directly in newly constructed and very well insulated houses for heating. For tap water, the water must be electrically upgraded (>55 °C) due to the risk of legionella contamination. These temperatures are also suitable for existing buildings built after 1990 if well insulated (label A). In addition, LT heat can be used in utility buildings such as offices and schools. Supply: Due to distribution losses an LT heat sources (such as data centres) should be located close to the heat demand. Heat from aquathermal sources or ATES systems can be upgraded for use in an LT heat network.

ULT heat network (and source network) supply < 20˚C >> Directly usable for cooling, requires upgrading for heating and domestic hot water Demand: New houses, offices and businesses have a (considerable) cooling demand. In ULT networks, such as source networks, ATESand ULT sources (such as surface water, waste water) are used. Heating and tap water need to be upgraded by electricity or (synthetic) gas. Supply: Amsterdam is rich in local soil and surface water sources. The heat from these sources is upgraded with heat pumps to 40-50°C so that the heat is suitable for space heating. The heat pumps can be installed in individual houses or centrally in the neighbourhood. 5

HEAT SUPPLY - Consistency This figure is a schematic representation of the relationship between the temperature of the source, the amount of electricity to be added for use in a house/building, the scale of the source and the system that can/must be developed at the source.

Temperature

Low

Scale of system

High

Large

WtE example: the WtE plant is a high-temperature source. It produces (residual) heat from the waste incineration process on a large scale. This source supplies 120-70°C of heat to the connected houses and businesses. A minimum amount of electricity is required (only for the pumps and control systems, etc.).

WtE/CHP

Data centre example: a data centre produces (residual) heat of +/-30°C. There are different types of data centres in Amsterdam but they produce less residual heat than industrial heat sources such as the WtE. The heat from data centres must be electrically upgraded at district or building level to get the tap water (and sometimes also space heating) at the right temperature. This requires extra electrical energy.

Data centre

TESW– aquathermal example: Local heat sources such as surface water provide heat from 8-20°C (depending on the season). The amount of energy that can be extracted from surface water for use in a heat network is considerably lower than from industrial sources. Although surface water is available in many parts of Amsterdam, the heat must be electrically upgraded for both space heating and domestic hot water. This source can also meet cooling demand.

TESW - Aquathermia High Low

Examples

Electricity to be added

Small

HEAT DEMAND - Consistency BUILT PROGRAMME Residential share High

Low

HEATING Domestic hot water demand Big

Low IJburg - residential area Medium temperature: City heat

Minervahaven - working area Ultra low temperature: ATES/sources

High Low

Share of utility

High Small

Cooling demand Space heating 7

Overview of the Amsterdam Heat Guide

There's enough heat, but there's no infrastructure... Sources: Existing

ATES potential

Heat (TJ)

60000

Potential

In both growth scenarios of the area development, there are sufficient heat sources to heat both existing and new city (residential and non-residential). In a high growth scenario with a low availability of heat sources, there may be a shortage of heat.

MT TESW potential (15.000 TJ)

50000

PTSP (2.300 TJ)

40000

To make Amsterdam free of natural gas by 2040, more than three times as many buildings need to be connected yearly to the district heat network than the present (from +/- 7,000 to 25,000 REU, energy comparison unit for 1 dwelling). Especially buildings in the existing city, this means that the pace has to be increased in order to realise the ambition. See page 10.

ATES existing (88TJ) Return (150 TJ)

Data centre growth (7.880 TJ) Data centre (535 TJ) BIOMASS (3.100 TJ)

30000

Infrastructure for district heat supply is currently lacking in large parts of the city.

Orgaworld (75 TJ) ULTRA DEEP GEOTHERMAL

Residential growth high (3.888 TJ)

(5.800 TJ)

Residential growth low (1.152 TJ)

20000

Conclusion:

In the short term, sufficient HT and MT heat will be available (CCGT / WtE). These sources are insufficient for the future. New sustainable, affordable and future-proof heat sources (such as geothermal energy) must be developed and connected.

2004-2020 (1.629 TJ)

1946-2004 (4.979 TJ)

GEOTHERMAL (11.500 TJ)

ATES potential

10000 Non-residential growth high (458 TJ) Non-residential growth low (191 TJ)

< 1946 (5.324 TJ) Lorem ipsum Offices (4.218 TJ)

WtE (5.800 TJ)

Shops/businesses (2.035 TJ) Amenities (2.118 TJ)

CCGT (5.600 TJ)

Heat demand residential and non-residential

Heat supply high scenario

TESW (2.300 TJ)

ATES existing (760 TJ) Return (30 TJ) PTSP (460 TJ) DC growth (1.580 TJ)

BIOMASS (800 TJ) GEOTHERMAL (1.400 TJ) Wte (1.100 TJ) CCGT (940 TJ)

Data centre (107 TJ)

Heat supply low scenario

New real estate developments are (due to the high degree of insulation of the buildings) the catalyst for using new sources such as data centres and aquathermal energy and the development of other network types such as LT and ULT networks .

Orgaworld (75 TJ) 9

Growth in Amsterdam's heat demand: the rate at which houses are connected must increase * The heat demand forecast does not include the impact of additional building insulation. The expectation is that the total heat demand will eventually decline as a result of insulation measures, despite the growth in the number of new buildings.

Houses (number)

30.000

25.000..

431.250 100.000 225.000

100% +23% +52%

Energy demand 11.932 TJ 1.152 TJ 3.888 TJ

Non-housing

100% +10% +33%

Existing 18.830.000 Growth low 941.600 Growth high 2.260.000

100% +5% +12%

Energy demand 8371 TJ 191 TJ 458 TJ

100% +2% +4%

Heat supply high

Heat demand (TJ)

Existing Growth low Growth high

(60.000 TJ)

Heat demand 2040 high Heat demand 2040 low

Current total heat demand 20.000

Necessary connection speed 25,000 REU per year (if all heated with heat networks)

Heat supply low

15.000

(12.800 TJ)

Increased connection speed 10,000 REU per year

10.000

Current connection 7,500 REU per year

5.000

Current use of city heat

REU = residential equivalent unit = 35 GJ a year

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

GREY: Shows the total heat demand and its growth. It increases from 20 PJ to 25 PJ. RED: Depending on the development of the heat sources, 12.8 PJ of heat or 60 PJ of heat will be available in 2040. A heat source strategy is needed to make choices on when, where and what type of heat will be developed in Amsterdam. BLUE Currently, 6,000-7,500 REU are connected to the district heating network every year. This could be increased to 10,000 REU connections per year. However, approximately 25,400 REU connections will be required annually to make all Amsterdam buildings natural gas-free by 2040. 10

Heat sources in relation to area development projects

An integral heat system The map shows the different heat sources of Amsterdam. Each source is accompanied by a brief explanation. Lines show how heat sources are connected to a SMART heat network.

Building blocks

Energy

Buildings Uses natural gas.

Uses electricity to a high or low degree.

Houses (well insulated): The degree of insulation determines the type (temperature) of heat source that can be used. For well-insulated houses (built >2004), all types of heat sources are suitable, provided that the technical installations are equipped for this.

Also supplies electricity (in addition to heat) to the connected buildings or the electricity network.

Houses (poorly insulated): Poorly insulated homes can often only be connected to high and medium temperature systems because otherwise radiators cannot distribute enough heat.

Has no provision for cold.

Offices: Offices have both a heat demand as well as considerable cooling demand (15-40% of total energy demand). As such, (new) offices can connect to low-temperature systems such as ATES heat and cold storage systems.

Cooling

Companies (incl. shops): Shops and companies have a heat and cold demand (15-30% of total energy demand). They need less tap water than homes and it is advisable to provide tailor-made solutions by looking at the specific demand of the user.

temperature primary main transportsecondary transport network network

distribution network 200ºC steam network 120ºC main transport network 90ºC high temperature network 70ºC medium temperature network 40ºC low temperature network 18ºC ultra low temperature network - source network hot ultra low temperature network - source network cold 8ºC regeneration or backup network.

An integral heat system - building blocks Description per technique

Building blocks Sources

1 central generation

Installations Thermal energy from surface water (TESW): TESW, also known as aquathermal heat, is using surface water to supply heat (+/- 18°C) in summer and cold (+/- 8°C) in winter. However, the water must be (electrically) upgraded in order to get the right temperature into a building. Therefore, TESW is almost always combined with a ATES; it can also be used for balancing the heat exchangers.

Thermal energy from drinking water (TEDW): With TEDW, drinking water is used to supply heat (+/- 18°C) or cold (+/- 8°C). TEDW can also be used to balance ATES.

Thermal energy from waste water (TEWW): TEWW is heat (10-20°C) recovered from wastewater, shower, washing machine, dishwasher and sink. This heat can also be recovered from the sewage treatment plant (STP). TEWW can also be used for balancing ATES.

Thermal energy storage (ATES): ATES is a technique for storing heat (+/- 15°C) and cold (+/- 8°C) in the soil. Cold water is stored in winter for use in summer and hot water is stored in summer for use in winter. Electric heat pumps upgrade the water to the desired temperature. With this technique, there are potential savings of 95% on cooling and 40-50% on heating.

Residual heat from data centre: data centres produce residual heat between 25°C and 35°C. This is a by-product of cooling the servers that run almost continuously. Currently, the residual heat is emitted into the air. But the heat can also be supplied to local or to the district heating network. With an industrial heat pump, the temperature can be raised to 40°, 70°C or even 90°C. The residual heat from data centres can also be used to balance ATES systems.

Heat pump: A heat pump heats or cools air or water (electrically). The greater the difference between the requested temperature and the delivered temperature, the more (electrical) energy is required. Heat pumps can be used for a home, a building or a neighbourhood.

The energy supply of Amsterdam is organised centrally. From a limited number of sources, high temperature heat is supplied to the district heating network. Alternative central sources like biomass and geothermal sources can be used in the future. However, it is expected that the energy will mainly come from decentralised sources such as data centres and surface water.

1A Heat Transfer Station (HTS): A HTS is a heat exchanger where heat is transferred from one fluid (or something else) to another fluid (or something else). For example: water of 120°C from the main transmission network is reduced to 70°C via the HTS and transferred to the distribution network to local residents. A large HTS serves several neighbourhoods. A small HTS (or ‘regelkamer’in Dutch) supplies heat to 200-300 homes.

Auxiliary heat plants (AHP): Auxiliary heat plants, the so-called 'peak boilers', are natural gas-fired installations that capture a peak in demand or serve as a back-up for other heat sources. These plant produce on average 5-15% of the total yearly heat production. The number of operating hours (full load hours) are limited to the coldest days of the year. There are large-scale and small-scale AHPs.

1D Heat storage: In summer, heat can be stored in large underground or above-ground 'thermos flasks'. This heat buffer caters for peak demand and prevent oversizing of production capacity.

Combined heat and power (CHP): A CHP provides both heat and power in the form of electricity at the same time. The power comes from a fuel cell, combustion engine or gas turbine, and is used to drive an electricity generator. CHPs are suitable for producing high temperature heat (>90°C) and supply hot water, steam and hot air. See also 2E.

Combined Cycle Gas Turbines plants (CCGT) in Diemen and the Hemweg can produce both electricity and heat. The Diemen plant contains Diemer 33 (1995) and Diemer 34 (2012), producing 700 MW-e and 440 MW-th combined. The plants supply heat to Almere and Amsterdam and have a storage reservoir of 22,000 m3. The Hemweg 9 (2013) has a capacity of 435 MW-e and can supply 260 MW-th of heat from 2020.

Afval Energie Bedrijf (AEB) Amsterdam produces electricity, heat and power from household and commercial waste. The six incineration lines (1993 and 2007) operated by the AEB have a maximum capacity of 155 MW-e or 150 MW-th. Expansion to 200 MW-th is possible with the aid of heat exchangers.

2 high/medium temperature

3 low temperature

Amsterdam has two heat networks that supply heat to approximately 60,000 homes. The west network is fed by sources in the port (AEB) and the east network by the Diemer power plant. The district heating network supplies high-temperature heat of 90°C to poorly insulated homes and medium-temperature heat of 70°C to more modern and better insulated homes.

In this low temperature network, heat from a data centre is heated (electrically) to 65-70°C by a central heat pump. The central heat pump serves a neighbourhood and therefore has an advantage of scale. Only the tap water (40% of the heat demand) needs to be heated to 70°C and space heating to 40°C. In this situation, the district heating network provides peak supply.

In this low-temperature network, residual heat from a data centre is heated (electrically) at the building level by a heat pump. Up to 55°C for tap water and 40°C for space heating. The local heat pumps are less efficient than central heat pumps but can better meet the local heat demand without heat loss through transport.

In the shallow subsoil there is a constant temperature of 10°C. Every 1,000 metres the temperature increases by 30°C. In time, this sustainable source can supplement or replace (residual) heat from data centres.

Amsterdam has many old and historic buildings. Most of these houses were built before 1946 and can only be heated with 90°C heat due to the limited insulation.

Auxiliary heat plants, also known as peak boilers, are natural gas-fired installations that absorb peak demand or serve as a back-up for other heat sources. The number of operating hours (full load hours) is limited to the extremely cold days with an average of 5-15% of the total heat production. Because the use of peak boilers is more expensive than the use of residual heat from base load sources (such as the CHP), they are only used if the base load sources cannot provide enough heat. The existing gas boilers run on natural gas but can be converted to boilers that operate on other more sustainable fuels such as hydrogen, biogas and bio-oil. The temperature supplied by the source is flexible, from 120°C for the primary distribution network to lower temperatures for district networks.

Biomass is produced by gasification or combustion of biofuel. Combustion of biomass is not necessarily sustainable. This depends on the origin of the biomass and the calculation rules used with respect to the emission of particulate matter and CO2.

There is heat in the subsurface and geothermal energy makes use of it. Geothermal energy at a depth of more than two kilometres provides heat of 60 to 80°C. Deep geothermal energy penetrates more than four kilometres into the ground and delivers heat of more than 120°C. A geothermal source has a lifespan of 15-30 years. We have yet to learn what geothermal energy can provide for Amsterdam because the subsurface of Amsterdam has not yet been comprehensively mapped out.

Newly built homes and businesses can be connected to the district heating network (70-40°C). In the so-called 'concession areas', binding agreements have been made between the municipality, energy parties and property owners/developers to connect large numbers of homes to the district heating network. The Amsterdam city council has expressed its preference for the connection of new homes with low-temperature heat.

There are many data centres in Amsterdam. All of them produce residual heat (25°C-35°C) which is now blown into the outside air. The residual heat from data centres can be used on the district heating network (40°C, 70°C or even 90°C). This gives a local resource a city scale reach. However, the residual heat must be increased in temperature by means of an (electric) heat pump. Industrial heat pumps are the most efficient.

Amsterdam has decentralised networks that are powered by a CHP. The CHPs supply heat to the homes that are connected to the local grid. The production of heat and electricity as a base load is often more expensive from CHPs than from large central sources. As a result, many local CHP installations are currently being replaced by a connection to the district heat and electricity network. However, a CHP can play a role as a peak supply.

There may be unkown heat sources, techniques and installations that can play a role in heat transition of the future, for example synthetic gases such as hydrogen.

4 ultra low temperature 4A

These houses are supplied with heat (+/18°C) from the source network via a central heat pump. Both the tap water and room heating are heated centrally to 55°C. This creates an LT network that is fed by ULT wells.

These houses have a heat pump at building or even dwelling level. Cold (+/- 8°C) and heat (+/- 18°C) are sent to the building or the house from the cold and heat sources respectively. Here, a four-pipe distribution network is required to supply and dissipate both heat and cold.

It is also possible to connect poorly insulated houses to ultra low temperature sources. Then a lot of additional energy is needed to provide heat for domestic hot water and space heating. Hybrid systems can offer a solution. For example, by combining a gas-fired boiler and heat source (such as a heat pump, ATES or aquathermia). Approximately 70-80% of the heat is supplied by the heat source and 20-30% by the gas boiler.

With a source network, a (centralised) heat pump system is used at building level. The heat is stored in ATES systems and comes from various ultra low temperature sources such as surface water, sewage or collective ground loops . The heat pump system extracts heat of cooling form the water for household use.

5 autonomous systems 5A

A ground loop is a closed system that is often applied on a smaller scale (single house). In a drilled well, a liquid (glycol) is allowed to flow through U-shaped pipes. The liquid absorbs the heat from the deep soil layers and is pumped back up again. A heat pump increases the temperature for tap water and space heating.

An ATES can be used on a small scale (house or building) but needs a lot of space in the subsoil and often exceeds the boundaries of the lot. If several parties want a ATES, interference between ATES can occur. With the designation of an ‘interferentiegebied’ or the establishment of a ‘bodemenergieplan’, the subsurface can be governed by the municipality.

Wood pellet stoves burn compressed biomass. This technique can easily be applied in a home or building but has drawbacks for the environment (CO2 emissions) and public health.

An air-water heat pump is a reverse air conditioning unit. Outside air is heated or cooled to the desired temperature. These individual heat pumps have the disadvantage that they consume a lot of electricity and produce noise. They are therefore not very suitable for large-scale application.

The Amsterdam heat demand

HEAT DEMAND - per house Global annual heat demand per house

The heat demand in a house consists of domestic hot water (tap water for the shower and kitchen) and space heating (via delivery systems such as underfloor heating or radiators). Due to the excellent insulation of newly built houses and warmer summers, there is an increasing demand for cooling.

Percentage of total heat demand (%)

*Difference per housing type 100 90 80

Heating

Cooling

60 50 40 30 20

Tap water

10 jan

Function

feb

mar

apr

may

jun

jul

aug

sep

Required temperature

Room heating > 40 - 90 °C Domestic hot water > 55 - 65 °C Cooling < 18 °C

oct

nov

dec

Required provision

(depending on insulation) > HT(90°C), MT(70°C) or LT(40°C) heat network or local upgrade (legionella prevention) > HT(90°C) or MT(70°C) heat network or local upgrading (in newly built houses) > ULT heat network, source network, local ULT sources or local production

HEAT DEMAND - development When estimating the heat demand, we are dealing with various variables: the connection rate of dwellings, the rate of constructed new buildings and the energy demand of the existing housing stock . Two scenarios have been calculated in order to estimate for the range of future demand:

Connection rate in city

HIGH scenario In the high scenario, the maximum figures are displayed. The speed of connecting homes (to heat networks) in the existing city is high (based on practical figures), the amount of (heat) energy demand per home is high and Amsterdam will have 225,000 new houses and almost 2.3 million m2 offices, businesses and amenities by 2040.

High

Large

High

25.400 a year

60 kWh/m²/year

225.000 in 2040 2,3 mln m²

6.000 a year

40 kWh/m²/year

100.000 in 2040 1 mln. m²

Low

Small

Low

Heat demand new Growth of the city home area development High demand High scenario

LOW scenario In the low scenario, the minimum figures are shown. The speed of connecting homes (to heat networks) in the existing city is lower, the amount of (heat) energy (based on BENG) demanded per home is lower and Amsterdam will have 'only' 100,000 new houses and almost 1 million m2 of offices, businesses and amenities by 2040. The connection rate of dwellings in the existing city: by 2040, Amsterdam must be free of natural gas. This will require 20 PJ of (heat) energy. For the time being, the heat networks in Amsterdam are an important alternative to gas. This means that we will have to connect 25,400 REU to heat networks every year. Currently, only 6,000-7,500 houses are connected each year. Energy demand of modern houses: from 2020, there is an upgrade of the energy building code to the BENG standard (which translates to ‘almost energy neutral building’) that prescribes how much energy a house can use. The standards set in the BENG 2015 are strict and form the lower limit (40 kWh/m2/year). Practice figures of dwellings developed in accordance with BENG sometimes show higher usage figures (60 kWh/m2/year). These form the upper limit. For the existing city, data from the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) are used. Growth of the city: The municipal ‘city development monitor’ or “Ruimte voor de Stad” forecasts the growth of Amsterdam until 2040. The number of homes varies from 100,000-225,000 and the area of offices, businesses and facilities between 1.0 - 2.3 million m2. 16

Low demand Low scenario

Amsterdam heat demand (from 2018 to 2040)

20,3 PJ

25 PJ

Heat demand (TJ)

*excluding insulation savings, excluding industrial heat demand

30000

High growth

25000

(3888 TJ)

Low growth (1152 TJ)

Total increase in Amsterdam heat demand (until 2040)

20000

Existing Residential

2004-2020

(11.932 TJ)

(1.629 TJ)

1946-2004

15000

1-4 PJ

(4.979 TJ)

< 1946

10000

(5.324 TJ)

Low growth (191 TJ)

Increase in energy demand for new residential buildings (until 2040)

High growth (458 TJ)

Existing Non-residential (8.371 TJ)

Offices

(4.218 TJ)

5000 Shops / businesses (2.035 TJ)

0,2-0,5 PJ

Facilities

(2.118 TJ)

Existing (20.300 TJ)

Low growth (21.650 TJ)

High growth (24.650 TJ)

Increase in energy demand for new non-residential buildings (until 2040) 17

HEAT DEMAND - residential EXISTING CITY

Consumption according to PBL

Historic residential buildings <1946

kWh/m2

Uninsulated, single glass and no cavity wall Suitable for: 90-70°C

Insulated residential buildings

1946-1991 Cavity wall and single/double glazing 1992-2004 Insulated, cavity wall and double glazing Suitable for:

MJ/m2

Total Heating space Cooling Domestic hot water

112.3 kWh 94.7 kWh .. kWh 17.6 kWh

= 404 MJ = 100 % = 341 MJ = 84 % = 0 MJ = .. % = 63 MJ = 16 %

Total Heating space Cooling Domestic hot water

96.8 kWh 79.3 kWh .. kWh 17.5 kWh

= 349 MJ = 100 % = 286 MJ = 82 % = 0 MJ = .. % = 63 MJ = 18 %

Total Heating space *Cooling Domestic hot water

99.1 kWh 69.6 kWh 13.9 kWh 15.6 kWh

= = = =

In Amsterdam (2018) Properties

Energy consumption

191.400 Units**

1.479 GWh

13.171.900 m2

5.324 TJ

187.900 Units

1.383 GWh

14.278.000 m2

4.979 TJ

51.900 Units

453 GWh

4.567.600 m2

1.629 TJ

90-40°C

Well insulated residential buildings

2004-2020 Well insulated, cavity wall and double glazing Suitable for: 90- <20°C

357 MJ 251 MJ 50 MJ 56 MJ

= 100 % = 70 % = 14 % = 16 %

Energy Demand - EXISTING CITY TOTAL:

431.250 Units = 32.017.500 m2

3.315 GWh = 11.932 TJ * Used by CE Delft engineering for houses with energy label B or higher ** Dwellings with unknown year of construction added in this category *** 1 kWh = 0.0036 GJ

HEAT DEMAND - residential Area development/New area New residential buildings >2020

(80 m2 BVO = 65 m2 GBO = 1 unit) Total Well insulated, cavity wall and Space heating double glazing Tapwater Suitable for: Cooling

Low - O.b.v. BENG**

High - practical figures***

kWh/m2 40 kWh 17 kWh 15 kWh 8 kWh

kWh/m2 60 kWh 25 kWh 25 kWh 10 kWh

MJ/m2 = 144 MJ = 61 MJ = 54 MJ = 29 MJ

= = = =

% 100 % 42.5 % 37.5 % 20.0 %

= = = =

MJ/m2 216 MJ 90 MJ 90 MJ 36 MJ

= = = =

% 100 % 41.7 % 41.7 % 16.6 %

Growth scenario LOW: 100 000 residences Growth scenario HIGH: 225 000 residences

Energy demand - Area development/New Area Housing scenario LOW

heating demand LOW

Housing scenario HIGH

heating demand HIGH

100.000 Units

40 kWh per m2/year

225.000 Units

60 kWh per m2/year

320 GWh

1080 GWh

>> 3888 TJ

1152 TJ

* 1 kWh = 0.0036 GJ ** Figures used by Greenvis engineering in the Amstelkwartier project *** Figures used by Overmorgen enginering in the Havenstad project 19

HEAT DEMAND - non-residential EXISTING CITY* Consumption per m2

Facilities

Area development Consumption per m2 Total in Amsterdam

m2 4.210.000 210.500 505.200

Total 139.7 kWh =503 MJ* = 100 % Space heating 108.9 kWh =392 MJ* = 78 % Tapwater 5.6 kWh = 20 MJ* = 4 % Cooling 25.3 kWh = 91 MJ* = 18 %

58.1 kWh =209 MJ**= 100 % 42.8 kWh = 154 MJ**= 74 % 6.7 kWh = 24 MJ**= 11 % 8.6 kWh = 31 MJ**= 15 %

Existing

Units m2 Current: 28.000 7.400.000 Low growth(5%): 370.000 High growth (12%): 888.000

Total 76.4 kWh = 275 MJ* = 100 % Space heating 65.6 kWh =236 MJ* = 86 % Tapwater 1.1 kWh = 4 MJ* = 1 % Cooling 9.7 kWh = 35 MJ* = 13 %

47.2 kWh = 170 MJ**= 100 % 31.1 kWh = 119 MJ**= 70 % 1.1 kWh = 4 MJ**= 2 % 13.1 kWh = 47 MJ**= 28 %

Existing

Units m2 Current: 9.880 7.223.000 361.100 Low growth (5%): 866.800 High growth (12%):

Total 162.2 kWh =584 MJ* = 100 % Space heating 136.9 kWh =493 MJ* = 84 % Tapwater 1.1 kWh = 4 MJ* = 1 % Cooling 24.2 kWh = 87 MJ* = 15 %

64.4 kWh =232 MJ** = 100 % 40.3 kWh =145 MJ** = 62 % 1.1 kWh = 4 MJ** = 2 % 23.1 kWh = 83 MJ** = 36 %

Existing

Units Current: 2.330 Low growth (5%): High growth (12%): Shops and companies

Low growth

2118 TJ 44 TJ

High growth 106 TJ

2035 TJ

Low growth

63 TJ

High growth

151 TJ

Offices

Energy demand - TOTAL - non-residential Existing city

18.833.000 m2 >>

2325 GWh >>

8371 TJ

LOW growth

941.600 m2 >>

53 GWh >>

191 TJ

HIGH growth

2.260.000 m2 >>

127 GWh >>

458 TJ

4218 TJ

Low growth

84 TJ

High growth

201 TJ

* PBL figures based on national averages ** Figures based on BENG *** 1 kWh = 0.0036 GJ 20

The Amsterdam built environment per construction period

SOURCES OF HIGH/MEDIUM TEMPERATURE HEAT Which sources in Amsterdam are able to supply high and medium temperature heat? And what is the future potential?

In housing Old connections (supply-return): 90-70˚C New connections (supply-return): 70-40˚C

Temperature in pipe

In transmission network 130˚ 120˚ 110˚ 100˚ 90˚ 80˚ 70˚ 60˚ 50˚ 40˚ -20˚

Supply temperature Return temperature -10˚

0˚

10˚

20˚

30˚

Temperature ambient

Directly usable for

domestic hot water

Directly usable for

heating

Tap water and heating require minimal use of electricity (pump energy only) 22

Amsterdam HT/MT heat sources: - CCGT - Steam and gas power stations (≈ 120˚) - WtE - Waste-to-Energy plant (≈ 120˚) - Biomass fermentation (≈ 120˚) - Biomass combustion (≈ 120˚) - Geothermal (2- 4km deep: 60-120˚) - Deep geothermal energy (> 4 km deep: >120˚)

Existing sources providing HT/MT heat CCGT (power and gas plant)

Diemer plant 33 and 34

The Diemer power plant consists of two CCGT CHP plants. The Diemen 33 (since 1995) has an electrical capacity of 266 MW and a thermal capacity of 180 MW. The Diemen 34 (since 2012) has a maximum electrical capacity of 435 MW and a thermal capacity of 260 MW. This power station supplies heat to Almere. In addition, the Diemer power station has a 22,000 m3 reservoir for the storage of hot water. The Hemweg power plant consists of two power stations. The new gas-fired Hemweg 9 (since 2013) has a maximum electrical capacity of 435 MW. This power station does not yet supply heat but can supply 260 MW of heat starting from 2020. The coal-fired Hemweg 8 (since 1994) does not supply heat for the district heating network.

Power: 180 + 260 MW Energy: 3,500 TJ****** Temperature: 120째C Deployment: Base load

Power: 260 MW

*** WPW/Vattenfall: The 500 MW of Diemen 34 and Hemweg 9 run at times with little sun and wind, about 3,000 hours per year.

Energy: 1,200 TJ***

Low: 940 TJ

Temperature: 120째C

*** WPW/Vattenfall: The 500 MW of Diemen 34 and Hemweg 9 are only used for peak supply, approximately 500 hours per year.

AEB - energy-from-waste Power: 180 MWe + 150 MWth

Diemen 34, Hemweg 9 to biogas/H2, maximum operational Operating at times when sun and/or wind energy is low (3.000 full load hours) The plants only serve as peak boilers on cold days (500 full load hours).

Energy

Potential: 15.000 TJ ** Practical: 5.600 TJ ** Peak load: 940 TJ **

Energy: 1,200 TJ (2018)** Temperature: 120-95째C Use: Base load

Time

High: 5,800TJ Theoretically: 13,800 TJ **

Based on 480 MW and 8,000 full-load hours

Potential:

Based on 200 MW and 8,000 full-load hours

5,800 TJ**

** Vattenfall/WPW: based on an installation of 200 MW with 8,000 full load hours.

Low: 1,100 TJ

** Vattenfall/WPW: Just as in Copenhagen, the WtE becomes a winter facility, waste is stored throughout the season for peak moments (1,000 full load hours).

Average annual growth in heat supply: an additional 100 TJ per year (annual network growth of 3000-4000 REU)

Fermentation Biomass (Orgaworld)

Orgaworld

The Orgaworld plant has been processing food waste, kitchenwaste, supermarket waste and industrial waste water since 2011. In addition to the fertilisers that are extracted from it, 5.5 MWth and 5.5 MWe are produced here.

Power: 4 MW

Biomass fermentation currently takes place on a small scale at Orgaworld. Organic material from companies is fermented here. The potential of fermentation is greater. This requires the collection of manure, organic waste and residual flows from agriculture and forestry. Domestic organic waste can also be incinerated in the biomass plants.

High: 5,600TJ

Deployment: NOT YET CONNECTED

WtE (Waste-to-energy plant)

The heat is residual heat from the incineration of waste and has a CO2 emission of 13 kg per GJ. The CO2 emission per GJ from AEB is determined by the loss of electricity. AEB can supply slightly less electricity by supplying heat. The loss is determined by the national electricity mix. The greening of national electricity production therefore leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions from the heat from AEB. Work is also being done to capture the CO2 from the waste incineration process.

Time

Hemweg power plant 9

The CCGT power plants emit 32 kg CO2 per GJ heat. Electricity and heat production will have to be almost CO2 free in 2050. The CCGT plants will have to capture their CO2, green the production (hydrogen/biogas or something similar) or only supply heat as a peak supply of auxiliary heat.

Afval Energiebedrijf Amsterdam (AEB) has six waste incineration plants. The four plants from 1993 have a boiler capacity of 300 MW. The two HRC plants (high-efficiency power station) from 2007 have a boiler efficiency of 180 MW. The steam produced by the boilers is converted into electricity and heat. The maximum electrical capacity is 155 MW. 150 MW of heat exchangers are available for heat disconnection. This will be expanded to 200 MW in the short term. The six incineration lines are fully booked until 2030 to incinerate waste from the Netherlands and neighbouring countries. The WtE is working on a steam network in the port area.

Long term perspective Energy

Facts (current)

Energy

Background

Energy: 75 TJ*** Temperature: 120째C Use: Base load Potential: 200 TJ **

Total biogas potential Amsterdam (TJ/year)

Practical: 75 TJ **

Current output of Orgaworld

Time

Equal: 75 TJ** Capacity of the installation remains the same.

* Source: Roadmap Amsterdam (TU Delft) and Energy Atlas. ** Source: Input from Nuon and WtE *** Source: Interpretation source *, **, *****, ****** and ****** **** Source: Annual Report 2016 WtE ***** Source: Nuon roadmap and input WPW/Nuon ****** Source: MRA Grand Design heat and TNO source list ******* Source: RVO heat atlas

Installations in the district heating network Peak boilers

AHP HvA**

Power: 20 MW Energy: ... MJ Temperature: 120-70°C

Power: 2.5 MW Energy: ... MJ Temperature: 120-70°C

AHP Diemen**

AHP OK**

Because the use of peak boilers is more expensive than the use of residual heat from base load sources (such as the WtE and CCGT), they are only used to guarantee security of supply if the base load sources cannot supply enough heat. The existing gas boilers run on natural gas but can be converted to a more sustainable fuel such as hydrogen, biogas or bio-oil. The temperature supplied by the source is flexible. From 120°C for the primary distribution network to lower temperatures for district networks. The auxiliary heat plants emit CO2. The western heat network produces 26 kg of CO2 per GJ of heat, while the source (WtE) emits approximately 13 kg of CO2 per GJ.

Power: 175 MW Energy: ... MJ

Power: 10 MW Energy: ... MJ

Temperature: 120-70°C

AHP Arena**

AHP Borneo & Java**

Power: 20 MW Energy: ... MJ

Power: 14 MW Energy: ... MJ

TTemperature: 120-70°C

Temperature: 120-70°C

AHP Wenkenbach**

Booster ZuiderAmstel**

High: .. TJ**

Power: 10 MW Energy: ... MJ

Power: 69 MW Energy: ... MJ

The peak boilers run 15% of the time due to cold outside temperature, high demand and/or to replace base load sources.

Temperature: 120-70°C

HTS Bullewijk**

Heat from a heat source is transported via an underground pipeline network to a heat transfer station. The transfer station doses the right amount of water, brings it to the desired temperature and transports the water via a network to the customer. The 'used water' from the return pipe flows back to the transfer station. The latter can then reheat the water.

Power: 100 MW Energy: ... MJ Temperature: 120°C

Amsterdam has two large-scale HTS installations, both located in the south-east and feeding the district heating network. There are also almost 200 small-scale heat transfer stations, called ‘regelkamers’. These regelkamers each supply about 200-300 homes with the right amount and temperature heat.

Power: 80 MW Energy: ... MJ

WtE

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 feb

mar

apr

may

jun

jul

aug

sep

oct

nov

2040

Low: .. TJ**

The peak boilers run 5% of the time due to a favourable outside temperature, low demand and/or increased capacity from base load sources.

Area development and modern buildings at 70°C from the district heating network

HTS Gaasperplas**

Source: WtE

Temperature: 120°C

Old building and historic city at 90°C from the district heating network

70-40 degrees HTS

ig ty

ci 90-70 degrees

a he t

90-70 degrees

HTS

tw rk o

Power: 50 MW Energy: 3,600 m³ (morning peak and short interruptions)

e ur

at er

m te

WtE buffer station**

HTS

120-90 degrees

dec

Energy

jan

Temperature: 120°C

Diemen Buffer Station**

Temperature: 120°C

ply sup ) ak up pe back (

Power: 200 MW Energy: 22,000 m³ = +/- 70,000 REU

Because heat production and heat consumption do not always match, heat can be stored. Heat buffers have been developed at both the Diemer power station and the WtE. Large quantities of water at +/120°C are stored under pressure in large thermos flasks. These buffers can be used to absorb peaks in heat demand or to provide extra capacity in the event of reduced production. This increases the flexibility and effectiveness of heat sources and reduces CO2 emissions. For example, the 22,000 m3 large heat buffer of the Diemer power station can supply heat to more than 70,000 homes for 8-16 hours. A buffer of 3,600 m3 is being developed at the auxiliary heat plant in the Schinkel area. There are also possibilities for storing heat locally at district, building or residential level.

CCGT

100

Time

HTS - Heat transfer station

Heat storage / buffers

Percentage of total heat demand (%)

AHP BP**

Auxiliary heat plants, also referred to as peak boilers, are natural gas-fired installations that absorb peak demand or serve as a back-up for other heat sources. The number of operating hours (also known as full load hours), with an average of 5-15% of the total annual heat production, is limited to the extremely cold days with a high demand for heat.

As the district heating network grows, more peak installations capacity will be developed. Efforts are being made to establish a link between the eastern (Vattenfall) and western (Westpoortwarmte WPW) district heating network by means of an AHP.

Heat mix in 2018

Auxiliary heat plants (AHP)

The current Amsterdam HT and MT heat network (2017)

rijgen bij de bandbreedte van de toekomstige vraag

Source: Vattenfall GIS database 25

Future sources of HT/MT heat (deep) Geothermal

(deep) Geothermal heat

Geothermal energy extracts heat from the subsurface. Per 100 meters the subsurface gets 3°C warmer. Deep geothermal energy is more than 2 km deep and delivers high temperature heat of >60-80°C. One source has a life span of approximately 15-30 years. In The Hague, a geothermal source has been realised in the middle of the city, which supplies heat to surrounding neighbourhoods. To calculate the energy yield of deep geothermal energy, existing geothermal sources have been used as a reference (Green Well: nemokennislink.nl).

Power: 10-20 MW Energy: 288-576 TJ****** Temperature: 60-80°C COP: 20 Potential: unknown

Power: 10-20 MW Energy: 288-576 TJ****** Temperature: 80-120°C COP: 20

Geothermal energy is a major, clean and future-proof resource. Additional research into the deep subsurface is needed to better understand its availability.

Potential: unknown

*** Interpretation: 5 doublets in Amsterdam of 10 MW

Biomass power plant WtE Power-th: 25 MW

0-5 x

(ultra) Deep geothermal

Time

Ground suitable: 5,800 TJ

*** Interpretation: 5 doublets in Amsterdam of 40 MW

x 2.000-4.000 m2

Ground less suitable: 0 TJ

Technically extractable heat but with transmission losses

Combustion of biomass

x 2.000-4.000 m2

Ground less suitable: 1,400 TJ

Theoretical potential deep subsurface Amsterdam

Energy from biomass is generated by combustion. Often the biomass must first be gassed or fermented into a biofuel for combustion. Biomass consists of all kinds of organic materials. Biomass is responsible for more than 60% of the sustainable energy produced in the Netherlands. Not all biomass is sustainably produced and sustainable biomass is scarce. No more than 200 PJ of 1biomass will be collected in the Netherlands in 2050. The Amsterdam installations have been subsidised for 12 years by a national subsidy program (SDE).

Biomass (13 kg/GJ CO2) is seen as a transition source that can (partly) replace fossil fuels until completely clean alternatives are applied on a large scale. In addition, the amount of biomass is scarce. The Amsterdam plants will open in 2022.

*** Interpretation: 20 doublets in Amsterdam of 20 MW

Energy

(ultra) Deep geothermal

Geothermal energy extracts heat from the subsurface. Per 100 meters the subsurface gets 3°C warmer. Ultra-deep geothermal energy delivers heat of >120°C from a depth of more than 4 kilometres. It can also generate electricity by driving steam generators. One source lasts approximately 15-30 years. To calculate the energy yields of (ultra) deep geothermal energy, existing geothermal sources have been used as a reference (Green Well: nemokennislink.nl).

(deep) Geothermal

Ground suitable: 11,500 TJ

Theoretical potential deep subsurface Amsterdam

(ultra) Deep geothermal

5-20 x

Time

Technically extractable heat but with transmission losses

Geothermal energy is a major, clean and future-proof resource. Additional research into the deep subsurface is needed to better understand its availability.

Long term perspective Energy

Facts

*** Interpretation: 0 doublets in Amsterdam

Energy

Background

Power-e: 8 MW Energy-th: 720 TJ** Temperature: 120°C

Biomass Diemer plant Power-th: 120 MW Energy-th: 2,625 TJ** TTemperature: 120°C Use: HEAT ONLY

Biomass power plant

Time

High: 3,100 TJ

*** Extrapolation: Biomass, together with geothermal energy, is a base load supply and runs on 6,000 full load hours subsidised by the SDE.

Low: 800 TJ ***** Extrapolation: Biomass is a peak load facility with 1,500 full load hours per year.

Potential: Practical: Peak:

4,200 TJ ** 3,100 TJ ** 800 TJ **

On the basis of 8,000 full load hours per year Based on 6,000 full load hours per year (SDE subsidy) Based on 1,500 peak load hours per year

source: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving * ** *** **** ***** ******

Source: Roadmap (TU Delft) and Energy Atlas Source: Input from Vattenfall and the AEB. Source: Interpretation source * and ** Source: Extrapolation based on TNO data. Source: Extrapolation of PBL biomass data Source: Green Well: 10 MW, source: knowledge link

Possible future supply of HT/MT heat 40000

35000

35000 30000

Demand high

25000

Total heat supply (TJ)

30000

BIOMASS (3.100 TJ)

DEEP GEOTHERMAL (5.800 TJ)

10000 5000 0 Tijd

High

Heat demand

20000

2040

4.605 TJ

4.510 TJ

4.415 TJ

4.320 TJ

4.700 TJ

11.490 TJ

18.290 TJ

25.080 TJ

31.880 TJ

What's it going to take? Potential sources

In order to have sufficient HT heat available, choices have to be made on how sources are used and which sources are needed. The WtE and the CCGT can play a major role in the supply of HT heat. These sources are not free of CO2 or natural gas.

WtE (5.800 TJ)

Geothermal energy is potentially an important sustainable HT heat source. It is still unknown whether the Amsterdam subsurface is suitable for geothermal energy.

BIOMASS (800 TJ) GEOTHERMAL(1.400 TJ) WtE (1.100 TJ) CCGT (940 TJ)

Heat supply Scenario high

2035

4.700 TJ

Orga (75 TJ)

CCGT (5.600 TJ)

2030

Offer HT low

15000

5000

2025

Offer HT high

Existing sources

10000

2020

Low

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (11.500 TJ)

15000

Heat demand

25000

Demand low

20000

Orga (75 TJ)

Heat supply Scenario low 27

CONCLUSION SOURCES WITH HT/MT HEAT

Total heat demand: The variety of heat sources will become larger and more diverse in the future. In addition to the current HT sources, local LT and ULT sources will contribute more to the total heat demand of Amsterdam.

The district heating network: There is currently more HT heat supply than is demanded. The expansion of the district heating network is important for achieving the goals of a natural gas-free city. The heat transition is to a large extent an infrastructural challenge.

Heat source strategy: Heat sources are not static but dynamic. For example, an WtE can incinerate much/little waste and produce heat, electricity and steam. A heat source strategy that indicates which heat sources are important to Amsterdam and what role they play in the heat supply is needed.

Heat in the right place: In order to get heat where it is needed, not only is the source is important, the network is also vital. The affordability, sustainability, openness and future resistance of the heat system play a role. By making political choices, direction can be given to the heat transition.

Green sources: Fossil-based heat sources will be phased out in order to achieve the objectives of the Climate Agreement. The way in which this transition is taking place is still unclear. This means that in the heat transition, a diverse mix of heat sources (both fossil and green) will coexist.

CONCLUSION: New construction 1. Due to the high degree of insulation of new homes, various heat systems can be used. The area development can be used as a flywheel for connecting and developing new sources, such as data centres and aquathermia to the existing, but also new district heating networks. 2. New buildings do not need high/medium temperature (90-70°C) heat but can be supplied with low (40°C) or ultra low temperature (<20°C) heat from locally available heat sources. This is possible as long as tap water can be upgraded to 65°C (legionella prevention). 3. A heat system has significant impact on the electricity demand and network, and takes up space above and below ground. When chosing a heating system in a project, the options are weighed according to the Amsterdam assessment framework; open, affordable, sustainable and future-proof.

CONCLUSION: Existing city 1. Insulating the built environment is important to reduce energy consumption (minimum energy label B). 2. Interchangeability: An MT network of 70-40°C makes it possible to connect other sources (such as data centres) and connect a large part of the existing housing stock (with some form of insulation) while providing direct heat for the tap water. 3. Heat in the right place - the accelerated roll-out of the HT/MT network is necessary to achieve the ambition of Amsterdam becoming natural gas-free by 2040. The ‘Heat Transition Vision’ (2020) shows when and where HT/MT heat infrastructure needs to be developed. 29

Inspiration: a possible strategy for a faster roll-out of the high-temperature district heating network

Key projects: These are area development projects that play a role in the development of the high-temperature district heating network. The new built homes do not need to be connected to the district heating system, but a pipeline must be constructed or reserved for city-wide network development. These strategic locations must realise a connection for neighbourhoods that will be linked to the district heating network in the future. Work-with-work: At many different places in the city, work is being done to upgrade public space. Streets are being redesigned without taking the future (heat) energy infrastructure into account. If heat pipelines are not taken into account in planning now, this will have to be done at additional costs in the future. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Oranje Loperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project is an example of an upgrade of the public space in which future (heat) energy infrastructure is already taken into account. Innovation: The Amsterdam quay walls will undergo a major overhaul. This offers an opportunity to make the inner city more sustainable. Reserving space for pipes and tubes for electricity, heat and/or other energy carriers is essential. Heat corridors: A heat corridor is a pipeline that connects a new part of the city to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heating network. The red lines show possible heat corridors.

Inspiration: possible strategy, the Amsterdam main heat network *Location of pipelines indicative

Main heat grid: The high temperature heat network of the city is currently growing. This is happening step by step: each time it is checked whether the costs of new pipelines and installations outweigh the yield of the new connection. In order to get Amsterdam free of natural gas by 2040, this process needs to be accelerated.

LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES In the house

Amsterdam sources of LT heat

supply: 40°C return: 20°C

- Data centres (≈ 20-35˚C) - Return line (from HT/MT network ≈ 70-40˚C) - PTSP (≈ 40-50˚C)

Electric boosting for

domestic hot water

Directly applicable for

heating

For tap water and heating is the use of electricity

Existing Sources of LT-heat: Data centres

Data centre Typologies A Data centre is a building in which servers process data. A significant amount of electricity is needed for this process. The servers and chillers produce residual heat that can be used in heat networks. The size of a data centre is measured by the floor area of server space, also referred to as "white space". Single tenant: One user (building and/or servers), 53% of the data centres in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area are single tenant data centres. Multi-tenant: Multiple users, high interconnectivity, 47% of the data centres are multi-tenant data centres in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Hyperscale data centres: Internet companies that operates worldwide (Facebook, Google etc.), where land costs are low, where there is enough cheap electricity and near overseas internet cables. These are outside the metropolitan region. Energy consumption and Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Data centres consume about 3.6% of the world's electricity. In the Netherlands, 1,247 MW was consumed by data centres (2016). The PUE is a measurement method that uses the total energy consumption versus the energy used for IT resources which indicates the efficiency of a data centre. The most modern data centres in Amsterdam were developed with a PUE of 1.2 (1.0 for the servers, 0.2 for the cooling). As an example data centres with a PUE higher than 1.5 are no longer welcome in the US or Beijing. The growth of the data centres in Amsterdam is currently regulated. Municipal settlement policy for data centres The number of data centres in the Amsterdam region has grown significantly in recent years. Data centres are deemed very important from a national economic perspective. The aim is to maintain and strengthen this position achieved in the region, as also established in the National Data Centre Strategy (2019). Facilitating the growth needs of data centres in the Amsterdam region is a major challenge, partly in relation to the other challenges of the city and the energy transition. Because of this, the municipality of Amsterdam made a preparatory decision in July 2019. A municipal settlement policy has limited the number of new data centres coming to the city. A regional data centre strategy aims to create new data centre clusters in the region . New and existing data centres must cooperate in utilising their residual heat. The LT-residual heat from data centres mentioned in this study are indicative. The potential for residual heat from data centres could be significantly lower, however this is not known at the moment of publishing. Heat The output temperature of a data centre is between 25 and 35°C celsius. This heat is now released to the outside air. Information from the Dutch Data Center Association (DDA) shows that almost all data centres are technically suitable to supply their residual heat to a heat network. There is an assumption that 90% of the data centres are ready for heat supply. There are already several data centers that supply heat on a small scale, such as at the Science Park in Oost-Watergraafsmeer. In the development area, initiatives are in progress to use residual heat from data centres for adjacent neighbourhoods. Questions to Answer There is not yet a clear picture of how the use of data centre waste heat should be organised. The datacentre sector does not view heat supply as part of their business strategy. Who invests in the network, connections and boosters? Which parties play a role in operation and management?

Stekkenbergweg

1 Luttenbergweg

2 Luttenbergweg

3 Schepenbergweg

4 Kuiperbergweg

5 Lemelerbergweg

6 Kollenbergweg

7 Keienbergweg

8 Stekkenbergweg

Level3 Amsterdam

Amstel(5)

FLAP cities The main data centre markets in Europe are the FLAP cities (Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam and Paris). Currently, the Amsterdam region has the largest cluster of data centres in Europe. This is due to the good connectivity, the location relative to concentrations of inhabitants in northwestern Europe and the stable investment climate. The past decade has seen an annual growth of 18% and this growth is expected to continue.

Zuidoost (9)

Background on data centres Power: 2.5 MW* Waste heat: 8 TJ** White space: 502 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM1 Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat: 42 TJ** White Space: 2.700 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Duivendrechtse kade

10 Paul van Vlissingenstraat

Equinix AM2

Paul van Vlissingenstraat

Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat: 58 TJ** White Space: 3.700 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM5

Van der Madeweg

Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat: 94 TJ** White Space: 6.000 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM7

H.J.E. Wenckebachweg

Power: 1-5 MW*** Waste heat: 53 TJ** White Space: 3.400 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM11

Joan Muyskenweg

Power: 5-10 MW*** Waste heat: 131 TJ** White Space: 8.320 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM6 Power: 5-10 MW*** Waste heat: 94 TJ** White Space: 6.000 m2*** Temperature +/- 30°C***

Digital Realty Trust NL Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat: 111 TJ** White Space: 7.063 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

euNetworks Power: 1,5 MW* Waste heat: 12 TJ** White Space: 758 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Colt Power: 1-5 MW*** Waste heat: 20 TJ** White Space: 1.263 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Digital Realty Trust Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat: 63 TJ** White Space: 4.000 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Verizon Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat: 20 TJ** White Space: 2.500 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Verizon Power: 0-5 MW* Waste heat: 20 TJ** White Space: 2.500 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Datacenter.com Power: 10-20 MW* Waste heat: 78 TJ** White Space: 5.000 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Century links Power: 5-10 MW* Waste heat: 65 TJ** White Space: 4.169 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C*** * ** ***

Source: Grand Design heat MRA and TNO source list Source: CE Delft: (4,38 MWh/m2/jr), validated from MJA3 energy covenant Source: DDA data, map of website of concerning datacenter businesses

Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat:: 173 TJ** White Space: 11.000 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Digital Realty Trust NL

Power: 1-10 MW*** Waste heat:: 82 TJ** White Space: 5.225 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Interxion Science Park

Power: 1-5 MW*** Waste heat:: 28 TJ** White Space: 1.800 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Nikhef

Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat:: 20 TJ** White Space: 1.263 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Kabelweg

23 Gyroscoopweg

24 Gyroscoopweg

25 Naritaweg

26 Gyroscoopweg

Zuid (3)

27 Luchtvaartstraat

20 Johan Huizingalaan

Colt Telecom Power: 1-5 MW*** Waste heat:: 11 TJ** White Space: 742 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Long term perspective

Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat:: 42 TJ** White Space: 2.700 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Equinix AM8

Power: 20+ MW*** Waste heat:: 631 TJ** White Space: 40.000 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Power: .. MW Waste heat:: .. TJ White Space: .. m2 Temperature: +/- 30°C

Time

Power: 0,85 MW* Waste heat:: 53 TJ** White Space: 3.400 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

High: 535TJ

Digital Realty Trust / Gyrocenter

Low: 107TJ

Power: 1-5 MW* Restwarmte: 48 TJ** Waste heat:: 3.065 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

**** 20% of all data centres nearby development areas make residual heat available for the projects. 80% of data centres do not, due to technical or legal reasons/restrictions.

Digital Realty Trust / ATOS Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat:: 34 TJ** White Space: 2.200 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

**** 100% of all data centers nearby development areas make residual heat available for the projects.

Potential: 1,720 TJ** Practical: 620TJ **** Achievable: 535TJ ******

Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat:: 11 TJ** White Space: 750 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Yearly heat production energy

Heat demand from the city

Interxion AMS-1 / AMS-4 Power: 1-5 MW* Waste heat:: 8 TJ** White Space: 510 m2*** Temperature: +/- 30°C***

Heat supply from data center Year Jan

Data centres change owner and name regularly. The names of the data centers shown here may no longer be up to date.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Data centres produce residual heat as a secondary product of the cooling process of the servers. These servers run constantly. However, the need for cooling the servers on a cold winter day is lower than on a warm summer day. While the city needs heat in the winter and less so in the summer. To fully utilise the residual heat of data centers, a form of heat storage and/or heat buffering is required.

* ** *** **** *****

All current data centres provide the maximum residual heat 90% suitable for delivery, 80% full load hours and 50% capacity of white space. Only data centres nearby development areas (Schinkel, Haven-Stad, Amstelstad)

Interxion AMS-2

Global Switch

XS4ALL - KPN

Gyroscoopweg

The Datacenter Group Amsterdam

energy

Equinix AM3 - AM4

Westpoort (6)

Science Park (4)

Existing Sources of LT-heat: Data centres

Source: Grand Design warmte MRA and TNO source list Source: CE Delft: (4.38MWh/m2/yr), validated from the MJA3 energy covenant Source: DDC data, map, or website from relevant data center companies Source: Own interpretation based on suitability of delivery Source: Own interpretation: based on location in relation to development areas.

Existing data centres in Amsterdam close to area development

*Data centres change owner and name regularly. The names of the data centres shown here may no longer be up to date.

Future sources of LT-heat: Data centres Substantiation of data centre growth scenarios

100 MW

On May 31, 2018, Stratix was commissioned by the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (MRA) and Amsterdam Economic Board to create the following report: 'Future visions of data centres in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area'. Central to this research was the question: 'How will the need for data centre development in the coming years impact on the associated square meters and energy needs in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area?". The time horizon is 2018 to 2030. Since the publication of this document, new policies on data centres have been adopted in Amsterdam. The presented number of this page can be outdated. In this report four scenarios are presented: 1. Amsterdam Datah(e)aven with a projected growth of 2 GW in the MRA; 2. Stuck in the electricity shortage with a projected growth of 200 MW in the MRA and 500 MW outside; 3. Oversupply with foreseen growth of 1 GW in the MRA. 4. #Delete facebook with an expected growth of 200 MW in the MRA;

Low (2030)** Annual growth of

30 MW

+ 5.5%* white space compared to 2018

70 MW

200 MW

Growth installed capacity

100.000 m2

Growth white space

1.577 TJ

Growth of residual heat

In all scenarios, the number of data centres and installed capacity is growing in Amsterdam. This also increases the amount of residual heat. That offers good opportunities to utilise the residual heat from data centres in area development.

500 MW

High (2030)***

energy

An annual growth of 150 MW

Time

High: 7.884 TJ

+ 15.4%* white space

compared to 2018

350 MW

1.000 MW

Growth installed capacity

500.000 m2

Growth white space

7.884 TJ

Growth of residual heat

*** Amsterdam makes maximum use of residual heat from new data centres: 1 GW of new data centres in Amsterdam is fully deployed in heat networks.

Low: 1.577 TJ ** Lack of space and limited availability of electricity limits the growth of data centres in Amsterdam up to 200 MW. These data centres are fully deployed in heat networks.

* ** ***

Footnote: 100% = 109.000 m2 white space (2018) Source: Stratix scenario 2: low growth datacenters: 200 MW in Amsterdam Source: Stratix scenario 3: high growth datacenters: 2 GW (of which 50% in Amsterdam)

Existing and Future Data Centres in Amsterdam Near Area Developments

Other, Current and Future Sources of LT Heat Long term perspective

Facts

PTSP (Photovoltaic-thermal solar panels). A PTSP system provides electricity and heat. It is in fact a solar panel on top of a solar heat collector. The solar panel takes care of the electricity and the solar collector provides the heat. The panels can provide heat of 40-50 °C. The heat is mainly used for both tap water (with a booster) and space heating in existing buildings. Amsterdam has 14.000.000 m2 suitable roof surface,that yields up to 8.500.000 panels.

Good roof space remains scarce and the ownership of it is fragmented. An unfortunate conflict is that PTSP competes with PV. To fully utilise the potential of PTSP, a targeted campaign will have to be deployed to allocate/distribute enough capacity.

PTSP panel Power: 255 Watt Energy: 540 MJ Performance coefficient: 3.5 - 5.0 1 Temperature: 40-50°C 1: This can be boosted to 70°C

Potential: 8,900TJ ***** Practical: 4,600TJ *****

32.000 - 85.000

Energy

Background

Panels a year

Time

High: 2300TJ

All roofs in Amsterdam full of PTSP panels Practical yield of all suitable roofs (14 million m2 = 46% of total)

* Extrapolation: 50% of the suitable Amsterdam roof surface can be invested with PTSP panels that provide 3.5 GJ per house

Low: 460TJ

2.700 - 7.100 Houses a year

* Extrapolation: 10% of the suitable Amsterdam roof surface can be invested with PTSP panels that provide 3.5 GJ per house

A booster is required to boost the return pipe for tap water (55- 65 °C because of the risk of legionella contamination). This can be organised per home or on a larger scale such as buildings or even neighbourhood. The larger scale has efficiency benefits. The potential of the return line depends on the network configuration and the number of connected houses. If several houses are connected to the return pipe, the last house in the 'row' must still be able to extract enough heat from the pipe. Overall, the number of homes that can be connected to the return pipe consists of some tens of percents of the number of homes on the original supply line depending on the network configuration. LT sources, such as data centers, can be connected to the return pipe to further increase the capacity.**

Mix in: MT to LT

Energy

Cascading: Return Heat (not a heat source) The high temperature district heating still has a temperature (and energy) of around 40°C in the return pipe of the distriubtion system. This means that this return pipe contains sufficient energy to heat well-insulated homes. This principle is called cascading. The return line thus becomes a supply pipe for MT-heat even thought it is not an actual source (see p. 46). Still, the return pipe is included in this guide because during cascading the total network is better utilised: more homes can use the same heating infrastructure.

Time

High: 150TJ *** Amsterdam makes maximum use of the return pipe from the district heating network and adds heat from the HT pipe: 50% of the residual heat from the return pipe from the nine clusters is used for new development areas: 18,600 homes

Low: 30TJ *** Amsterdam uses the return pipe at a minimum: 10% of the residual heat from the return pipe from the nine clusters is used for new development areas: 3,700 homes

Potential: 1090TJ*** Practical: 630TJ *** Future: 150TJ *** mix with LT sources such as datacenters

20% of the energy value from the total current HT output = current HT heat in grid 630TJ- 20% of the 90,000 REU (2018) is connected to the HT network 150TJ- 50% of the energy value of the 37,200 homes connected to homes in the areas with high HT network density

Supply > 70°C

Return +/- 40°C

* ** *** **** *****

Source: Own interpretation / assumption Source: Greenvis raport: Temperature in heat networks Source: Own interpretation + Greenvis report: Temperature in heat networks Source: Grand Design warmte MRA Source: Zonatlas

Inspiration: The potential of the return pipe from the district heating network

Possible future supply of LT heat 35000

Potential sources

35000

Existing sources

30000 25000

Demand high

Heat supply total (TJ)

20000

30000

10000 5000 0

heat demand

25000

High

heat demand

20000

Demand low

15000

Time

Supply MT low Supply MT high

Low

2035

2040

0 TJ

600 TJ

1.200 TJ

1.800 TJ

2.400 TJ

0 TJ

2.700 TJ

5.400 TJ

8.200 TJ

10.900 TJ

PTSP (2.300 TJ)

Utilising the Amsterdam roof surface for PTSP. To take full advantage of PTSP's potential, a targeted campaign will have to be launched to make sure there is enough energy output.

Return(150 TJ)

Data centre growth (7.880 TJ)

PTSP (460 TJ) Return (30 TJ) Data centre existing (107 TJ)

2030

The connection of data centre residual heat in new heat networks and / or in the existing district heating network.

5000

2025

What is needed:

15000

10000

2020

Data centre existing (535 TJ)

heat supply scenario high

Data centre growth (1.580 TJ)

heat supply scenario low

Data centre residual heat can be upgraded by electricity to a high temperature of 90Ë&#x161;C or medium temperature of 70 Â°C to be used in the district heating network

CONCLUSION LT HEAT SOURCES 1.

Data centre residual heat: The residual heat from data centres can be used for both the existing city and the area developments. Existing data centres in proximity to area development and / or the existing district heating network offer opportunities for the use of data centre residual heat as a local resource.

Security of supply: Guarantees of long-term supply of heat cannot always be given due to the rapid developments in this sector and technology. New municipal policy is also being developed, which can change the perspective on residual heat from data centres.

Heat on roofs: Heat panels (PTSP) on the roof can help to generate heat locally. To get the full potential of PTSP, a targeted campaign will have to be deployed to ensure enough capacity.

SOURCES WITH ULTRA LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT In dwelling Supply:

Relevant sources with ULT heat

<20°C

Electric boosting for

tap water

Electric boosting for

heating

A high amount of electricity is needed for tap water and heating Electricity for

supply of cold

- Thermal energy from surface water (TESW≈ 20˚C) - Thermal energy from waste water (TEWW ≈ 20˚C) - Thermal energy from drinking water (TEDW ≈ 20˚C) - Heat and cold storage (ATES ≈ 15˚C)

An example of the building blocks of a ULT heating system A ULT heat network is also referred to as a "source network". An ATES source supplies groundwater of an ultra low temperature to a home. The heat is extracted using a heat pump installation in the home. The heat can come from an ATES system but also from other ULT sources such as surface water, river water, sea water (TESW), sewage water (TEWW), drinking water (TEDW) or closed sources. Source: www.rechtspraak.nl ULT with heat pump at neighbourhood level central heat pump

storage

ULT with heat pump at home level

et nn

o br

ATES

t ul lo w

ATES

e ur

te Hybrid system: +/- 70% heat and 30% gas boiler

ATES

data centre residual heat (regeneration)

TEWW â&#x20AC;&#x201C; thermal energy from waste water source / regeneration)

lo 4E TESW - thermal energy from surface water (source / regeneration)

t ic

TEDW - thermal energy from drinking water (source / regeneration)

ci 43

Existing and potential sources with ULT heat

According to the Waternet and CE Delft study, all Amsterdam neighbourhoods comply with the location criteria for aquathermal systems. The larger rivers such as IJ have a withdrawal capacity of > 0.5 PJ. Other large waterways, such as the canals, provide energy up to 0.1 PJ. These waterways have enough potential for connecting large-scale area developments. The practical potential of surface water is presented in the ‘The Amsterdam Energy Atlas’, calculated on 0.39 PJ heat and 0.25 PJ cold. More recent studies are significantly more positive and assume a 40-60% (up to 15 PJ) of the total heat demand and 100% of the cooling demand of the built environment can be provided by surface water.

Thermal Energy from Waste Water (TEWW) Amsterdam households produce more than 2 PJ of wastewater heat annually, through the shower, washing machine, dishwasher and sink. About half of this disappears via the sewer system. Of this, 0.75 PJ can be recovered. This can be done via household shower heat exchangers, heat exchangers in the sewer, or heat exchangers in wastewater treatment plants, these are known as ’riothermie’ in Dutch. With the recovered heat from wastewater of three houses, one new-build house can be fully heated again. Heat recovery becomes more efficient as hot and cold wastewater stay separated. For example, cold toilet water in one sewer, and warm water in another sewer. Ths is a form of "New Sanitation" that is being adopted in serveral pilot projects in the city. An additional advantage is that the toilet water, collected in a concentrated manner, can easily be fermented directly and used to produce biogas.

Surface water from "IJ" Power: ..MW Energy: > 500 TJ Residential construction (<1.5 km): 110,000

Surface water will play a role for both the existing city and in the new area development

Power: ..MW

Low: 2,300 TJ

Energy: < 100 TJ

All new-build homes outside the concession areas use surface water as a source = 180,000 homes

Temperature: 7 - 25°C Residential construction (<1.5 km): 52,000

Kostverlorenvaart canal

Potential: 15,000 TJ *****

Power: ..MW

Practical: 2,300 TJ ****

Energy: < 100 TJ

Feasible: 1,460 TJ ****

Temperature: 7 - 25 ° C Housing construction (<1.5 km): 32,000

Buiksloterham demonstration project Homes: 500 units Power: .. MW

Theoretical heat potential based on reports from research agencies (IF technology, Deltares) and Waternet. Heat is extracted from surface water for the total of the new construction projects (area development). All new-build homes outside the concession areas use surface water as a source.

Time

Energy: 1 TJ *

High: 170 TJ

Temperature: 10-20 ° C

** 50% of all designated projects outside the consession boundaries are connected to new sanitation systems.

Potential: 2,000 TJ * The waste water of all Amsterdam residents

Homes: 8,500 homes

Low: 27 TJ

Power: .. MW

* Buiksloterham and Strandeiland project (phase 1 + 2) will be connected to a new sanitation system. Total 8,500 homes.

Practical: 1.000 TJ * The waste water from the new sanitation areas

Strandeiland

Energy: 13 TJ * Temperature: 18-22 ° C

Power: .. MW

In Amsterdam, 60 million m3 of drinking water is consumed every year. Half of the year the drinking water system is able to deliver in cold and the other half of the year in heat. There is a potential of 0.5 PJ of heat and 0.9 PJ of cold.

Energy: .. TJ Temperature: .. °C Effort:: ..

Plantage de Sniep (Diemen)

High: 15,000 TJ

Amstel + Weespertrekvaart canal

Sanquin

Source: Waternet and the theme study new sanitation Source: Interpretation of theme study new sanitation + Course 2025 Source: Energieatlas, Amsterdam Zuidoost Source: CE Delft studie, National potential of aquathermy Source: Waternet

Time

Temperature: 7 - 25°C

Thermal Energy from Drinking Water (TEDW)

* ** *** **** *****

Energy

In summer, warm surface water is pumped through a heat exchanger. There the heat is transferred to groundwater from the cold side of an ATES. The absorbed heat is stored in the hot spring (side) of the ATES. In winter, the warm stored groundwater is used for heating. A heat pump carries the transfered heat at the desired temperature to a heating circuit. We distinguish collective systems with a central heat pump and individual systems with a heat pump in the house.

Long-term perspective (indicative)

Energy

Thermal Energy from Surface Water (TESW)

Facts

Power: .. MW Energy: Temperature: °C Effort:

Only the new sanitation Feasible : 340 TJ ** opportunity areas outside the concession areas

Energy

Background

Time

High: 50 TJ * 50% of the extractable heat / cold is used in Amsterdam

Low: 10 TJ * 10% of the extractable heat / cold from drinking water is used in Amsterdam

Potential: 500 * Theoretical heat in Amsterdam drinking water Practical: 250 TJ * Recoverable heat / cold in Amsterdam drinking water Feasible: 0 TJ ***

Not practical employability with current technology

Energy oppportunities from surface, waste and drinking water in Amsterdam

Existing and potential sources with ULT heat: ATES Background

Background and Long term perspective

Strictly speaking, ATES is not a source but a storage medium. The word "source" is used in this context as "well" because the system consists of one or more cold and hot wells (up to the aquifer bottom layer) in the subsoil. A pipe system connects the sources. This allows groundwater to be pumped from one source to another. The heat exchanger draws energy from the groundwater flow. It usually concerns a depth of approximately 200 meters.

Energy

ATES - existing

Tme

In winter, an ATES system provides heat to a building. The subsurface heat is stored throughout summer and upgraded by electric heat pumps. The chilled water of the winter season is stored in the cold source and can be used in the summer to cool the building. In practice, this technique allows savings of 95% on cooling and 40-50% on heating. An ATES can be constructed for a single home, but also for a complete residential block. A larger size entails scale advantages (economies of scale). Collective planning is essential for optimal use of scarce space in the subsoil. We don’t want a situation of: ‘first come, first serve’ leading to a small group of users that utilise all the potential. An ATES stores heat / cold in the subsurface and to some extent functions as a battery for energy storage.

High: 760 TJ

* The Amsterdam open soil systems supply 640 TJ of energy on 596 places in the city. In addition, 112 closed soil systems also supply 120 TJ (indicative) of energy.

Low: 640 TJ * The Amsterdam ATES systems supply 640 TJ of energy at 596 locations in the city; it is not clear how many buildings are connected to these.

It is not permitted in the Netherlands to pump up groundwater without a permit. The website: WKOtool.nl can be consulted if you have any questions about a permit requirement. When several ATES sources are located close to each other in the subsurface, interference is possible where the sources can negatively influence each other's temperature. In ‘interference areas’ the locations of the sources are coordinated so that there is little to no interference between the hot and cold sources. Achieving a thermal balance with ATES systems is important. If the heat and cold needs of the connected buildings are roughly the same, the ATES is in balance. The heat demand = cold supply and cold demand = heat supply. If the heat demand over the year is higher than the cold demand (eg in houses), then regeneration of the heat source is required. Heat from other (thermal energy) sources, like surface water, can then be added. If the cold demand is higher than the heat demand (e.g. in office buildings) then the cold source must be supplemented or regenerated with an external cold source. The coupling of several ATES sources ensures a better balance and exchange of energy.

An area with a diameter of 5 km can generate an average of 20,000-25,000 TJ per year in energy from the Amsterdam subsurface. This makes Amsterdam very suitable for ATES sources. The city is (for this study) divided into five capacity areas. The energy from the shallow subsurface is 100,000-125,000 TJ. Within these areas, there is a maximum planning capacity of 283,000 new-build homes. If these were all built, it would represent an energy requirement of 2,292 TJ. That is only about 2% of the available capacity of the soil.

Energy

ATES - practical and potential

Time

High: 2,300 TJ ***** All new-build homes in Amsterdam are connected to a soil source with ATES.

Low: 460 TJ ***** 20% of new-build homes in Amsterdam are connected to a soil source with ATES.

* ** *** **** *****

Source: Grand Design warmte MRA en TNO bronnenlijst Source: Interpretatie TNO bronnenlijst Source: Energieatlas, Amsterdam Zuidoost Source: CE Delft studie, Nationaal potentieel van aquathermie Source: Interpretatie *,***, **** en Koers 2025

Potential: 125,000 TJ **** Practical: 108,000 TJ *** Feasible: 2,300 TJ *****

Total heat-cold storage capacity of the Amsterdam shallow subsurface Technically recoverable energy after yield losses due to other reduction factors. The total heat demand of the entire plan capacity for new-build homes (283,000).

ATES areas and existing open and closed soil systems in Amsterdam

Possible future supply of ULT heat 35000

40000

ULT POTENTIAL virtually endless

35000 30000

demand high

Heat supply total (TJ)

25000

30000

15000 10000 5000 0

Heat demand

25000

High

supply ult low supply ult high

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

640 TJ

1.340 TJ

2.040 TJ

2.740 TJ

3.440 TJ

760 TJ

5.140 TJ

9.520 TJ

13.900 TJ

18.280 TJ

When betting on ULT:

TEDW (50 TJ) TEWW (170 TJ)

Ultra low temperature heat is particularly relevant when the cooling demand is high, such as in offices.

15000 Potential sources Existing sources

TESW(15.000 TJ) 10000

TEDW(10 TJ) TEWW (27 TJ)

5000

ATES potential (2.300 TJ)

Tijd

Low

20000

demand low

20000

TESW (2.300 TJ)

ATES existing(760 TJ)

Heat supply scenario high

Heat supply scenario low

ATES potential (460 TJ) ATES existing(640 TJ)

ATES "sources" are a form of heat and cold storage and can be well combined with other sources such as data centres.

CONCLUSION SOURCES WITH ULT HEAT 1.

Infinite: ULT has an almost infinite energy potential. The energy potential of the air, water and soil is endless. The limiting factor is whether we can "harvest", optimise spatially and determine the additional electricity demand to make the heat suitable for space heating, tap water and cooling.

Heat and cold storage: ATES 'sources' are a form of heat and cold storage in which the heat is extracted in summer and stored for winter. An ATES must be in balance within a period of several years. For this, it can be useful to regenerate the ATES with sources, such as TESW / data center. If several ATES systems are linked, possibly including a regeneration source, a ULT network is realised, also known as the bronnet.

Small-scale: ULT heat is available in almost all places in the city from water, air or soil. ULT heat can easily be developed at home, building or district level and fits well with the often-fragmented area development in Amsterdam.

Electricity: To use ULT heat, electrical energy is used to heat the water to 40Ë&#x161;C for space heating and 55Ë&#x161;C for tap water. When choosing ULT sources and networks, careful consideration must be given to the impact on the electricity network.

Colophon This is a publication by Ruimte en Duurzaamheid, Municipality of Amsterdam, 2019 Author: Tim Ruijs Design and map material: Tim Ruijs, Anna van den Berg, Rob Giesendorf and Alan Dekker Validated by: Dutch Data Center Association, Waternet, WPW/Vattenfall, Citydeal Translated by: Qiuling Lim, Bruce Fair, Aman Walia and Nathan Snatager

The Amsterdam Heat Guide

Articles inside

Existing and potential ULTHheat sources: ATES