Geomedia 3 2017

Rivista bimestrale - anno XXI - Numero 3/2017 - Sped. in abb. postale 70% - Filiale di Roma

LAND CARTOGRAPHY

GIS

Mag/Giu 2017 anno XXI N°3

LBS

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

CADASTRE

UAV

SMART CITY

PHOTOGRAMMETRY URBAN PLANNING

CAD

BIM

ENVIRONMENT

3D EARTH OBSERVATION SPACE CONSTRUCTION GNSS NETWORKS SURVEY TOPOGRAPHY

WEBGIS

LiDAR

CULTURAL HERITAGE

La prima rivista italiana di geomatica e geografia intelligente

Nu me ded ro ica to ER a G com EO 2 ple tam 017 in en Ing les te e INT

E merging T echnologies the digital revolution around and above us

NEW

TRENDS IN GEOMATICS

IMPROVING RESILIENCE TO EMERGENCIES

VGI AND MAPPING IN EMERGENCY

(c) 2017, Trimble Inc. All rights reserved. GEO-140 (05/17)

Faster, easier and more accurate Whether you’re looking for a reliable total station or an uncompromising 3D laser scanner, Trimble’s optical solutions have you covered. Designed for the most challenging environments to boost precision, versatility and efficiency.

Learn more at trimble.com/ContactGeospatial

Realiable and uncompromising TRANSFORMING THE WAY THE WORLD WORKS

20 years of GEOmedia I would like to remember to our readers that GEOmedia started in Italy more than twenty years ago, while the revolution of Geomatics was approaching to the field of interest and development of topography, remote sensing and photogrammetry. At the same time the University of Calgary in Canada began the first course and experimental programs on innovation of geomatics engineering in the world.

We are proud to announce in this publishing, completely in English to celebrate the INTERGEO Fair in Berlin, the start of the first Italian MSc in Geoinformatics engineering at the “Politecnico di Milano”, about what you’ll read inside our papers, among the others, specifically in the short article

by Ludovico Biagi.

During last years GEOmedia, the Italian magazine on Geomatics, occasionally accepted for publication English insert or special issue, especially when the review has been regarding papers for the annual trade INTERGEO, the global hub of geospatial Community.

GEOSPATIAL 4.0, BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING, BIG DATA, SMART CITIES, OPEN DATA are among the INTERGEO’S important issues we all need to address.

At today the geo industry is claimed as one of the sectors with the biggest shortage of skilled labour, moreover the request to recruit competent young professionals is growing mainly in the public interest. In INTERGEO event the employers and the skilled professionals are together with many geo-technology experts of the public services, to explain this changing world to young workers.

Europe needs not only good recruitment strategies, but also new ideas to overcome bottleneck problems and meet the needs of an ageing workforce.

In the very next future we’ll need both spatial data analysts and geodesists. INTERGEO 2017 is an inspirational experience and surely an initiative that will give us new insights.

For this GEOmedia, now as official media partner of the event, is in the distribution desk of the Conference Hall, for dissemination of the Italian knowledge and experience in the geospatial field, that we consider as one of the main cornerstone for land management, territory, environment and development of our smart (historic) cities.

The Italian contribution to Geomatics has a long tradition for advancing purposes in the field of topography, photogrammetry, remote sensing and mapping. Floods, marine coasts, hydrogeological hazards, volcanic and earthquake risk monitoring and management are at the daily information of the citizens and attention of all people involved in the organizations appointed. Across a fragile territory to be protected, rich of Monuments, Sites and Archaeological remains, we extend a field where the Geomatics methods and technologies are almost indispensable and so necessary.

For this aim too, some years ago we imagine Archeomatica, a magazine oriented to a wide dissemination of changing technologies for Cultural Heritage throughout the times. The internationalization of Archeomatica is one of our future goal for which we hope to excite all the interest we can among our readers so as to get additional collaborations.

Enjoy your reading, Renzo Carlucci

In

this

issue ...

FOCUS REPORT

COLUMNS

36

NEWS

46

AGENDA

New Trends in Geomatics, in the Era of Lowcost Sensors, Free and Open Source Software and HPC GeoBigData by

6

infrastructures Roberta Ravanelli, Martina Di Rita, Valeria Belloni, Andrea Nascetti, Augusto Mazzoni, Mattia Crespi

12 TE

merging

The image on the background is a Sentinel-2A satellite taken over the peninsulas and islands of the Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar.

With a length of over 2200 km, the Irrawaddy River is the country's largest, flowing northto-south before fanning out into the delta and emptying into the Andaman Sea. Evident by the brown colour of the rivers and streams, sediments carried by the water are deposited in the delta. These deposits make the area very fertile, and the accumulation of deposits over time causes the coastline to advance.

Owing to the rich soils, the region is the country’s largest rice producer. This image was captured in March 2017 after the harvesting season but before the planting, so bare ground appears beige.

This image, also featured on the ESA Earth from Space video programme, combines two acquisitions by the Copernicus Sentinel2A satellite in March 2017

echnologies: the

digital revolution around and above us by

Marco Lisi

Improving Resilience to Emergencies On the cover image of Autonomous Driving. Significant advancements in satellite-based positioning are contributing to the development of better transport services and new applications for safe transport and smart mobility. With its flexibility, fast growing capability, low infrastructure costs and long-term sustainable use, GNSS is an important asset in the design of new Intelligent Transport System (ITS) infrastructures.

Significant advancements in satellitebased positioning are contributing to the development of better transport services and new applications for safe transport and smart mobility. With its flexibility, fast growing capability, low infrastructure costs and longterm sustainable use, GNSS is an important asset in the design of new Intelligent Transport System (ITS) infrastructures.

through

18 TA

Cyber echnologies: the I-REACT project by

dvanced

Claudia Maltoni, Claudio

Rossi, Guzmán Sánchez

GEOmedia, published bi-monthly, is the Italian magazine for geomatics. Since 20 years is publishing to open a worldwide window to the Italian market and viceversa. Themes are on latest news, developments and applications in the complex field of earth surface sciences. GEOmedia dial with all activities relating to the acquisition, processing, querying, analysis, presentation, dissemination, management and use of geo-data and geo-information. The magazine covers subjects such as

geomediaonline.it

surveying, environment, mapping, GNSS systems, GIS, Earth Observation, Geospatial Data, BIM, UAV and 3D technologies.

ADVERTISERS

The new MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano

26 VGI

and crisis

by

Ludovico Biagi

30

3D Target

45

AerRobotix

38

Aeronike

23

Codevintec

34

E-geos

24

Epsilon Italia

37

Esri Italia

39

Geogrà

41

Geomax

29

INTERGEO

35

ME.S.A

17

Planetek Italia

48

Stonex

40

Survey Lab

44

TECHNOLOGY for ALL 36 Teorema

46

emergency situation

Topcon

47

Lucia Saganeiti, Federico

Trimble

2

mapping in an by

Amato, Gabriele Nolè, Beniamino Murgante

42 R

heticus:

Dynamic

and continuous

VERTISER

geoinformation service for critical infrastructure and enviromental monitoring by

Chief Editor RENZO CARLUCCI, direttore@rivistageomedia.it Editorial Board Vyron Antoniou, Fabrizio Bernardini, Mario Caporale, Luigi Colombo, Mattia Crespi, Luigi Di Prinzio, Michele Dussi, Michele Fasolo, Marco Lisi, Flavio Lupia, Beniamino Murgante, Aldo Riggio, Mauro Salvemini, Domenico Santarsiero, Attilio Selvini, Donato Tufillaro Managing Director FULVIO BERNARDINI, fbernardini@rivistageomedia.it Editorial Staff VALERIO CARLUCCI, GIANLUCA PITITTO, redazione@rivistageomedia.it

Giuseppe Forenza

Marketing Assistant TATIANA IASILLO, diffusione@rivistageomedia.it Account manager ALFONSO QUAGLIONE, marketing@rivistageomedia.it Design DANIELE CARLUCCI, dcarlucci@rivistageomedia.it MediaGEO soc. coop.

Via Palestro, 95 00185 Roma Tel. 06.64871209 - Fax. 06.62209510 info@rivistageomedia.it ISSN 1128-8132 Reg. Trib. di Roma N° 243/2003 del 14.05.03 Stampa: SPADAMEDIA srl VIA DEL LAVORO 31, 00043 CIAMPINO (ROMA) Publisher: mediaGEO società cooperativa

Science & Technology Communication

PaidScience subscriptions & Technology Communication GEOmedia is available bi-monthly on a subscription basis.

The annual subscription rate is € 45. It is possible to subscribe at any time via https://geo4all.it/abbonamento. The cost of one issue is € 9 €, for the previous issue the cost is € 12 €. Prices and conditions may be subject to change.

Magazine founded by: Domenico Santarsiero.

Issue closed on: 20/08/2017.

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New Trends in Geomatics, in the Era of Lowcost Sensors, Free and Open Source Software and HPC GeoBigData infrastructures

by Roberta Ravanelli, Martina Di Rita, Valeria Belloni, Andrea Nascetti, Augusto Mazzoni, Mattia Crespi This review briefly presents some methodologies and applications developed at the Geodesy and Geomatics Division (DICEA) of University of Rome “La Sapienza”.

Directly related to the current and increasing availability of new and innovative software and hardware, they are already ready for industrial applications and hopefully can broaden the interaction between Geomatics and other

Fig. 1 - Real-time tracked movements with VADASE using GALILEO E1 observations acquired by a low-cost single frequency receiver with a patch antenna

scientific and technological disciplines.

T

he present and continuously increasing availability of more and more low-cost sensors (in the frame of the Internet of Things (IoT)), Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructures for managing GeoBigData has obviously a strong impact in Geomatics. The availability of these hardware and software tools enables both to develop new applications but also to stimulate new challenging investigations related to the modeling of the observations supplied by these sensors, in the well known circular fashion between science and technology (Sansò and Crespi, 2015).

Exploiting GALILEO for realtime displacements detection with low-cost single frequency receivers

In last years, mainly thanks to their low cost, single frequency

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

GNSS receivers started to be used in many applications.

Evaluation kits, based on this kind of hardware, are nowadays available at few hundreds of Euros. Most of them are able to collect code and phase single frequency observations not only from GPS systems but also from other GNSS constellations like GLONASS, GALILEO and BEIDOU. On a technical point of view, these kits are quite easily usable and it is possible to set them up in order to broadcast both real-time streams (for real time precise positioning application) and collected observations in RINEX format (for post processing analysis).

Our research group carried out many experiments on this topic. In particular, we investigated also through low-cost receivers the potentialities of GALILEO system, starting from the very first availability of GALILEO signals. Thanks

to these research, the VADASE team was awarded by ESA on 1st April 2014 as one of the first 50 users worldwide able to get a “fix” with GALILEO system (Branzanti et al., 2014).

Through the application of the VADASE variometric approach (Benedetti et al., 2015), we managed to reconstruct the movement of a low-cost NVS patch antenna, suitably fixed to a bike wheel, processing E1 phase observations in a realtime scenario, achieving 1 cm accuracy; this experiment clearly showed the relevant potential of the low-cost single frequency receivers for real-time movements detection (Fig. 1).

Moreover, many tests were performed in order to evaluate the potentialities of low-cost single frequency receivers also in Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) positioning. It was demonstrated that, using uBlox receiver with GPS, it is possible to achieve fixing times

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(less than a minute) and accuracies (few centimetres) not so far to double frequency approach, provided good surveying conditions (full sky visibility, stable and reliable Virtual Reference Station augmentation needed to handle ionospheric delays through double differentiation with very short baselines) are guaranteed and an external topographic antenna is used.

The contribution of GALILEO E1 observations in NRTK positioning is currently under investigation.

Finally, in the last months, a focus on GPS and GALILEO interoperability with VADASE was undertaken. VADASE routines have been extended to make it possible to use GPS and GALILEO phase observations in a twin fashion mode: independent solutions or staked observations combined solutions. Some tests have been carried out in collaboration with the University of Trento (Tesolin et al., 2017) using u-Blox receivers.

Also in this application, results are very promising, paving the way to a wider use of single frequency receivers also as multi-constellation low-cost permanent stations. For these purposes a single frequency low cost GNSS permanent station, named LOW1 (Fig. 2), has been installed and activated at the Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering - University of Rome “La Sapienza”. Single frequency observations are routinely collected and archived at 1Hz observation rate since doy 100 of 2017; all the data are available to the scientific community.

3D Modelling of Archaeological Small Finds by Low-Cost Range Cameras

Nowadays 3D models may play a key role in archaeology and

cultural heritage management in general, since they can easily provide answers to scientific needs in the field of conservation, monitoring, restoration and mediation of architectural, archaeological and cultural heritage.

It is thus essential to identify new techniques, capable of easily providing low-cost and real-time 3D models of cultural heritage objects, with the required accuracy. Range cameras can give a valuable contribute to achieve this goal: they are active imaging sensors, low-cost and easy-to-use, able to natively measure the distances of several points at high frame rate (30 - 60 Hz) and can be used as 3D scanners to easily collect dense point clouds practically in real time. Furthermore, Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) algorithms, such as KinectFusion (Izadi et al., 2011; Newcombe et al., 2011) leverage the depth data and the high frame rate that range cameras offer, in order to fuse the depth maps captured from different view points as soon as they are acquired. In this way, through the use of user-friendly scanning apps (through Augmented Reality, the 3D model appears in real time on the tablet/smartphone connected to the device, guiding the user during the scanning), range cameras can collect

Fig. 2 - Low-cost GPS permanent station LOW1

easily and practically in real time the overall 3D model of the scanned scene. In addition, such sensors are continually evolving and they will be soon integrated in consumer grade smart devices, enabling their use together with other sensors.

Thanks to all these features, nowadays this technology is sufficiently ripe to play an important role for modelling archaeological objects. Indeed, range cameras can be easily used for documenting small finds, thus representing a valid alternative to the often time consuming traditional techniques, and preserving at the same time the mental energy of archaeologists for the study and interpretation of the artefacts discovered during excavations.

Therefore, our research group has investigated the 3D modelling capabilities of a promising low-cost range camera, the Structure SensorTM by OccipitalTM for rapid modelling Fig. 3 - Comparison between the model of a globular jug obtained with the Structure Sensor and with photogram-metry: the first can be easily obtained in real-time by a not ex-pert user (archaeolo-gist, etc.), the second required a high level of competence for processing the im-ages with a dedicate software (Cypro-Phoenician juglets from Achzi b ( Inv. M677 ; courtesy Museum VOEM , Sapienza University of Rome).

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Fig. 4 - Example of measurements that can be taken on models (in meters). Canaanite Jar from the Necropolis of Bardhaa (BL1536, Al-Bad Giacaman Museum, Bethlehem - Palestine : Nigro et al.

2017, fig. 42)

archaeological objects, in order to assess the metric quality of their 3D geometry reconstruction (research group of Prof.

Nigro, Ravanelli et al., 2016, 2017a, 2017c). In general, the performed analysis shows that Structure Sensor is capable to acquire the 3D geometry of a small object with an accuracy comparable at millimeter level to that obtainable with the more traditional photogrammetric method, even though the finer details are not always correctly modelled (Fig. 3). The obtained results are therefore very promising, showing that the range camera used for this work, due to its low-cost and flexibility, is a suitable tool for the rapid documentation of archaeological small finds, especially when not expert users are involved.

Finally, it is worth underlining that a “geomatic� 3D model,

showing therefore a geometry with a real metric, provides all the necessary information to completely describe the archaeological small finds.

Furthermore, it allows to take a posteriori in depth measurements, such as the volume computation and section visualization (Fig. 4).

Digital Image Correlation Software for Displacement Field Measurement in Structural Monitoring Applications

Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying noncontact techniques for strain and displacement measurement in structural monitoring applications. For this reason, a free and open source 2D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) software, named py2DIC and completely written in Python, was developed at the Geodesy and Geomatics Division of

DICEA, University of Rome "La Sapienza" (Ravanelli et al., 2017b).

In particular, DIC is the term used in structural engineering applications to refer to the well-known template matching method, generally used in photogrammetry and computer vision to retrieve homologous points. DIC is indeed an optical technique able to measure full field displacements and to evaluate the corresponding strain field, by comparing digital images of the surface of a material sample at different stages of deformation.

The potentialities of py2DIC were investigated by processing the images captured during a tensile test performed in the Lab of Structural Engineering, where three different Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer samples were subjected to a controlled tension by means of a universal testing machine.

The results, compared with the values independently measured by several strain gauges fixed on the samples, denote the possibility to successfully characterize the deformation mechanism of the analyzed material (Fig.s 5 and 6). Py2DIC is indeed able to compute displacements at few microns level, in reasonable agreement with the reference, both in terms of displacements (again, at few microns in the average) and Poisson's module (Fig. 7).

Fig. 5 - Comparison between the vertical displacements obtained by the py2DIC software and the strain gauges measurements

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Fig. 6 - Comparison between the horizontal displacements obtained by the py2DIC software and the strain gauges measurements

A New and Unified Approach for Digital Surface Models generation from optical and SAR satellite imagery: DATE FOSS4G

By now, satellites are overwhelmingly present in our daily life, for a big variety of different services and applications (weather report, navigation system, Earth observation, ect.). In particular, remote sensing data obtained from space, complement and complete Earth-based measurements: they are essential if a global view of our Earth is required.

One of the most important applications of remote sensing, is the generation of Digital Surface Models (DSMs), that have a large relevance in many engineering, environmental, surveying, Earth sciences, safety and security applications. DSMs can be derived with different approaches, the stereoscopic approach, starting

from satellite images, is a wellestablished one. Every day, a big amount of images are acquired by the thousands of satellites orbiting around the Earth, creating a multi-view and multitemporal bunch of images, that allow to obtain redundant information for monitoring and analysing our world.

The development of a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), able to generate DSMs from such satellite images, is therefore a topic of great interest. In the framework of 2014 Google Summer of Code, our research group developed DATE, a Free and Open Source for Geospatial (FOSS4G), having as early purpose a fully automatic DSMs generation from high resolution optical satellite imagery acquired by the most common sensors (Di Rita et al., 2017a, 2017b). Nowadays, it is also able to exploit Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images

Fig. 7 - Comparison between the Poisson’s ratio obtained by the py2DIC software and the strain gauges measurements

for radargrammetric applications (Di Rita et al., 2016). As a matter of fact, SAR satellite systems may give important contribution in terms of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generation considering their complete independence from logistic constraints on the ground and weather conditions (Nascetti et al., 2015). In recent years, the new availability of very high resolution SAR data (up to 20 cm Ground Sample Distance) gave a new impulse to radargrammetry and allowed new applications and developments (Capaldo et al., 2011).

The main idea behind DATE, is to overcome the issues related to epipolar resampling for satellite images, for which epipolar geometry achievement is not straightforward (Di Rita, 2017): epipolarity is achieved in the object space (Ground quasi-Epipolar Imagery (GrEI)) (Fig. 8) thanks to the images ground projection. Moreover, DATE key features include also the capability to handle a large amount of data since it manages to process different images in a sequential and totally automatic way; the use of computer vision algorithms in order to improve the processing efficiency and make the DSMs generation process fully automatic; the free and open source aspect of the developed code (https://github.

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com/martidi/opencv_dsm/tree/ imageStack). An innovative approach based on a coarseto-fine pyramidal scheme is adopted to take advantage of iterative solutions at gradually increasing resolution in order to refine the epipolarity constrain between the image pair: raw satellite images resolution is initially reduced by a downsampling factor, then these sampled images are projected in a ground geometry using an a-priori (freely available and even coarse) DSM, in order to generate orthorectified images with a transversal parallax error below the initial reduced resolution. These orthorectified images can act as GrEI and can undergo a dense image matching procedure at the chosen reduced resolution, obtaining the initial DSM corresponding to the first pyramidal level; this DSM becomes the input for the next pyramidal level.

The achievable results are good in terms of statistical parameters, and they are comparable with those obtained through different software (even commercial) by other authors on the same test sites, whereas in terms of efficiency DATE outperforms most of them.

Google Earth Engine potentials and capabilities for GeoBigData management and analysis

Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a computing platform re-

cently released by Google “for petabyte-scale scientific analysis and visualization of geospatial datasets” (Google Earth Engine Team, 2015). The GEE can be used to run geospatial analysis using a dedicated HPC infrastructure. GEE enable users to access geospatial information and satellite imagery, for global and large scale remote sensing applications. The free and public data archive includes more than 30 years of historical imagery and scientific datasets, daily updated and expanded: it contains over than two petabytes of geospatial data instantly available for analysis.

The main idea behind GEE is that, also for the analysis of satellite and geospatial data, we are now moving towards the Big Data paradigm and consequently it is necessary to change the processing way from the standard procedure “bring data to users” to the opposite “bring users to data”: as a matter of fact, users can directly upload algorithms to the dedicated infrastructure removing the required time for data transfer and allowing the development of innovative applications. The platform supports generation of spatial and temporal mosaics, satellite imagery composites without clouds and gaps, as well as a variety of spectral indices, and can also be expanded and modified by the user even for customized applications (Pekel et al., 2016; Donchyts et al.,

Fig. 8 - Comune di Fiumicino: confronto tra le sezioni di Censimento 1991 e quelle del 2001 e tra le sezioni di Censimento 2001 e quelle del 2011 (Fonte : Istat, Portale Cartografico Nazionale).

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2016). Indeed, GEE also includes an application programming framework that allows scientists to access to computational and data resources, to scale their current algorithms or develop new ones.

As a significant example of GEE potentials, we analyzed the possibility to implement and deploy a tool for large-scale DSMs comparison, with a focus on two available free global DSMs (SRTM and ASTER GDEM) precision and accuracy, with respect to a more accurate reference DSM, that is the National Elevation Dataset (NED) for the American States, and a LiDAR DSM for the Italian region (Nascetti et al., 2017). Over the years, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of both SRTM and ASTER DSMs, but in most of the cases the accuracy has been evaluated only on limited areas (Colmano et al., 2007; Koch et al., 2001).

The main goal of this analysis was to perform a more global assessment exploiting the potentialities of GEE, and to demonstrate its capability for a nearly-global assessment of SRTM and ASTER accuracy. Proper routines to evaluate standard statistical parameters to represent DSM precision and accuracy (i.e. mean, median, standard deviation, NMAD, LE95) were implemented inside the GEE Code Editor. Moreover, the routines were used to characterize the accuracy of the input DSM within different slope classes. The evaluation has been performed on five different wide areas: four American States (Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Utah) and one Italian Region (Trentino Alto-Adige, Northern Italy). The selected areas provide different land use, land covers and slopes, and are

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therefore suited for a comparison aimed at accuracy and reliability understanding.

Overall, all the results achieved (Fig. 9 represents the results for Colorado) are pretty consistent showing a good accordance in their behaviour: SRTM and ASTER achieve almost the same results when compared both to NED and to LiDAR. In particular, the accuracies decrease with the increase of the slopes, with better results generated with SRTM for the first classes and, instead, a better behaviour shown by ASTER for the higher classes. This is due essentially to the different nature of the two DSMs (SRTM is SAR-based, ASTER

Fig. 9 - Colorado: SRTM and ASTER assessment results

is optical-based) and it could lead to make some assumptions about an optimum free nearlyglobal DSM: starting from the knowledge of the slope classes where they present a better ac-

REFERENCES Benedetti, E., Branzanti, M., Colosimo, G., Mazzoni, A., Crespi, M. (2015) VADASE: State of the Art and New Developments of a Third Way to GNSS Seismology. In: Sneeuw N., Novák P., Crespi M., Sansò F. (eds) VIII Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 142. Springer Branzanti, M., Benedetti, E., Colosimo, G., Mazzoni, A., Crespi, M. (2014). Real-time monitoring of fast displacements with VADASE: new applications and challenges with Galileo. ENC – GNSS 2014 Proceedings (Session C7) (online only).

Capaldo, P., Crespi, M., Fratarcangeli, F., Nascetti, A. and Pieralice, F. (2011), Highresolution SAR radargrammetry: a first application with COSMO-SkyMed SpotLight imagery, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 8(6), pp. 1100-1104.

Colmano, D., Crespi, M., Fabiani, U. and Zebisch, M., 2007. “Quality assessment of commercially available DEMs in mountain areas”. Geologic Hazards in Mountainous Areas.

Di Rita, M., Andrea Nascetti and Mattia Crespi (2017a) Open source tool for DSMs generation from high resolution optical satellite imagery: development and testing of an OSSIM plug-in, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38:7, 1788-1808, DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2017.128830 Di Rita, M., Nascetti, A., Fratarcangeli, F., Crespi, M. (2016). Upgrade of FOSS DATE plug-in: implementation of a new radargrammetric DSM generation capability, International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.

41(B7): 821-825 Di Rita, M., (2017). New trends for DSMs generation from optical and SAR satellite imagery: definition and implementation of an innovative strategy, PhD thesis, University of Rome “La Sapienza”.

Di Rita, M., Nascetti, A., Crespi, M. (2017b). FOSS4G DATE assessment on the ISPRS optical stereo satellite data: a benchmark for DSM generation, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-1/W1.

Donchyts, G., Baart, F., Winsemius, H., Gorelick, N., Kwadijk, J. and van de Giesen, N., 2016. “Earth’s surface water change over the past 30 years”. Nature Climate Change 6(9), pp. 810–813.

Google Earth Engine Team, 2015. Google Earth Engine: a Planetary-scale Geospatial Analysis Platform. https://earthengine.google.com.

Izadi, S., Kim, D., Hilliges, O., Molyneaux, D., Newcombe, R., Kohli, P., Shotton, J., Hodges, S., Freeman, D., Davison, A. and Fitzgibbon, A. (2011) KinectFusion: real-time 3D reconstruction and interaction using a moving depth camera. In Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology.

Koch, A. and Heipke, C., 2001. “Quality assessment of digital surface models derived from the shuttle radar topography mission (srtm)”. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vol. 6, pp. 2863–2865.

Nascetti, A. et al, (2015), Radargrammetric Digital Surface Models Generation from High Resolution Satellite SAR Imagery: Methodology and Case Studies, International Association of Geodesy Symposia.

Nascetti, A., Di Rita, M., Ravanelli, R., Amicuzi, M., Esposito, S., and Crespi, M. (2017).

Free global DSM assessment on large scale areas exploiting the potentialities of the innovative Google Earth Engine platform. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-1/W1, pp. 627-633.

Newcombe, R., Izadi, S., Hilliges, O., Molyneaux, D., Kim, D., Davison, A, Kohli, P., Shotton, J., Hodges, S., and Fitzgibbon, A. (2011) KinectFusion: Real-time dense surface mapping and tracking. In Mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR).

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curacy with respect to the other, a more accurate global DSM can be generated as a result of an integration of both

L. Nigro - D. Montanari - A. Guari - M. Tamburrini - P. Izzo - M. Ghayyada - I. Titi J. Yasine, "New archaeological features in Bethlehem (Palestine): the Italian-Palestinian rescue season of November 2016": Vicino Oriente XXI (2017), pp. 5-57.

Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N. and Belward, A. S., 2016. “High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its longterm changes”. Nature 540(7633), pp.

418–422.

Ravanelli, R., Di Rita, M., Nascetti, A., Crespi, M., Nigro, L., Montanari, D. and Spagnoli, F. (2017a). Penguin 3.0 - Capturing Small Finds in 3D. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, No 2, (2017), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.581720 (in press).

Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A. and Crespi, M. (2016). Kinect v2 and RGB Stereo Cameras Integration for Depth Map Enhancement. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, pp. 699-702.

Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A., Di Rita, M., Belloni, V., Mattei, D., Nisticò, N., Crespi, M. (2017b). A New Digital Image Correlation Software for Displacements Field Measurement in Structural Applications. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-4/V2, pp. 139-145.

Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A., Di Rita, M., Nigro, L., Montanari, D., Spagnoli, F. and Crespi, M. (2017c). 3D modelling of archaeological small finds by a low-cost range camera: methodology and first results. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-5/W1, pp. 589 -592.

Sansò, F. Sciences, Volume XLII-5/W1, pp. 589 -592. Crespi, M. (2015). Geodesy and Geomatics to the edge - Foreword, M. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei (2015) 26 (Suppl 1): 1. doi:10.1007/s12210-015-0433-2.

Tesolin, F., Vitti, A. and Mazzoni, A. (2017). Variometric approach for displacement analysis using Galileo data: first results. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU20175195, 2017 EGU General Assembly 2017.

ABSTRACT Nowadays, the increasing availability of low-cost sensors, Free and Open Source Software and High Performance Computing infrastructures allows Geomatics to widen its application scope, by stimulating new challenging investigations related to the modeling of the observations provided by these new tools.

In this review, some methodologies and applications, developed at the Geodesy and Geomatics Division (DICEA) of University of Rome “La Sapienza”, are shortly presented. Directly related to the mentioned software and hardware new availability, they are already ready for industrial applications and hopefully can broaden the interaction between Geomatics and other scientific and technological disciplines.

KEYWORDS Geomatics; Low-cost Sensors; Open Source Software; GeoBigData infrastructures AUTHOR Roberta Ravanelli, roberta.ravanelli@uniroma1.it Martina Di Rita, martina.dirita@uniroma1.it Valeria Belloni, belloni.1489430@studenti.uniroma1.it Andrea Nascetti , Andrea.nascetti@uniroma1.it Augusto Mazzoni, Augusto.mazzoni@uniroma1.it Mattia Crespi, Mattia.crespi@uniroma1.it Geodesy and Geomatics Division - DICEA - University of Rome “La Sapienza” via Eudossiana, 18 - 00184 Rome, Italy GEOmedia n°3-2017

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Emerging Technologies: the digital revolution around and above us

by Marco Lisi

Fig. 1 - GNSS Multi-Constellation Scenario

The article describes the main trends which are at the basis of the digital revolution affecting our society.

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nternet of Things (IoT), broadband and ubiquitous wireless communications (5G), ubiquitous Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT): they are different facets of the “New Digital World” ahead of us, characterized on one side by the integration and fusion of different technologies, aiming at a new, enhanced representation of our physical world; on the other side by a progressive dematerialization of products and by their transformation in services.

This epochal process will also require a change in the way we approach engineering: a more systemic, concurrent and through-life perspective.

We are at the dawn of the dis-

covery of a “New World”: not a virtual one, but the digital representation, in all its minute details, of our physical world, of planet Earth. But also the world of manufacturing is going to be radically transformed, both in terms of organizational paradigms (Industry 4.0) and in terms of radically new technologies (Additive Manufacturing).

This epochal transition is being triggered by four main technological trends: 1. Ubiquitous Localization and Timing: Global Navigation Satellite Systems and other similar Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) infrastructures make possible a very accurate localization in space and time of both people and things; 2. Ubiquitous Sensing: from 1 to 10 trillion sensors will be connected to Internet in the next decade (a minimum of 140 sensors for every human being on the planet; 3. Ubiquitous Connectivity: 2.3 billion mobile broadband devices and 7 billion mobile cellular device in 2014. In the next years 5G will dramatically increase both connectivity and data rates; 4. Progressive and ever detailed 3D modeling of our surroundings.

50% has an associated IP address.

We are practically going for a detailed digital representation of the world around us. It is an entirely New World we are facing, but we have not learnt yet how to navigate and explore it.

Ubiquitous Localization and Timing

Global Navigation Satellite Systems, such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou, constitute together a potentially interoperable and coordinated infrastructure, supporting in a vital way most industrial and economic aspects of our society (fig. 1).

GPS in particular is nowadays considered a worldwide utility, tightly interconnected with all other critical infrastructures, from electric power distribution systems to air traffic management systems, from railways to water and oil piping networks.

In the mind of the average user (but also in that of many engineers) the main contribution of GNSS’s, their true “raison d’être”, is in providing one’s accurate position and in allowing a reliable navigation, be it by

Enormous amounts of data are being collected daily and at an exponentially increasing rate.

99% of them is digitized and

Fig. 2 - the global PNT infrastructure.

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car, by airplane, by train or by boat.

Precise timing is understood, at least by engineers, as an enabling feature of GNSS’s and a very useful by-product, after positioning and navigation.

The reality, as shown by studies performed e.g. by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), is that in fact timing is the most strategic and essential of the services offered

by GNSS’s, and the one most affecting all critical infrastructures of our society.

Non-GNSS PNT systems and technologies are also being developed worldwide.

In the not so far future, a PNT system of systems, including GNSS and non-GNSS infrastructures, is likely to take place, while, at user receiver level, a fusion of data from GNSS and other sensors (such as inertial platforms, Wi-Fi, GSM, signals of opportunity, etc.) will become normal practice (fig. 2).

Data deriving from different systems and platforms will be seamlessly “fused” at user receiver level, guaranteeing a high degree of availability and continuity.

Ubiquitous Sensing (Internet of Things)

Fig. 3 - IoT impacts on business and society

to Internet in the next decade (a minimum of 140 sensors for every human being on the planet).

Ubiquitous sensing, or ubiquitous “geo”-sensing to emphasize the spatial dimension, as deriving from IoT and from mobile broadband communications, will mean that we will be able to probe, even in real time, the phenomena around us, the surrounding reality, with capabilities far beyond those made so far available by our senses.

Enormous amounts of data will be available for our analyses, all of them referenced in space and time.

Ubiquitous Connectivity (5G)

5G, the forth coming wave in mobile communications, will realize a quantum leap towards the goal of ubiquitous connectivity (fig. 4).

As a matter of fact, 5G will not simply extend in a linear way the capabilities of the previous four generations of mobile networks. Its dramatically enhanced performance in terms of flexibility and throughput will make fully feasible those “smart” applications and infrastructures that require networking, high data rates, real time processing. It is evident how 5G will become the natural complement of the IoT, its technological enabler (fig. 5).

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions many billions of Internet-connected objects (ICOs) or "things" that can sense, communicate, compute, and potentially actuate, as well as have intelligence, multimodal interfaces, physical/virtual identities, and attributes.

The IoT is likely to revolutionize all aspects of our society and daily life (fig. 3).

Its exponential growth will actually imply the practical feasibility of an Ubiquitous Sensing: from 1 to 10 trillion sensors will be connected

Fig. 4 - 5G infrastructure architecture.

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As a matter of fact, in the future we will be exchanging and trading not physical goods, but rather their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR’s).

Autonomous Driving

Fig. 5 - 5G and the Internet of Things.

Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)

Additive Manufacturing (AM, also known as “3D Print) enables the fabrication of objects through the deposition of material in order to obtain fit-for-purpose hardware, as opposed to traditional subtractive processes, where material is removed from larger, semifinished products (fig. 6).

Like many new manufacturing processes, 3D printing arose from the merging of previously existing technologies: the coming together of Computer Aided Design (CAD), inkjet nozzles and automated machine systems.

AM includes a large family of processes and technologies

Fig. 6 - 3D printer at work

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and can be applied to a wide range of materials ranging from metals, polymers and ceramics but also food, living cells and organs.

Today, AM is a standard manufacturing process in a significant number of industrial applications and high potential is anticipated (and in many cases already demonstrated) in high end technology sectors, including aerospace, turbine industries and medical applications.

The increasing availability, at affordable prices, of 3D printers for personal use, is likely to revolutionize the world of manufacturing as well as that of retail commerce of goods: in a not so far future (applications are already available on the Web) people, by clicking on a specific product in a specialized catalog online, will purchase and download digital files allowing the manufacturing of chosen products at their own premises, with their personal 3D printers.

In this way, the progressive dematerialization of products, that has already conquered the music and books markets, will further extend to many other consumer goods, such as, e.g., housewares, toys and tools.

Significant advancements in satellite-based positioning are contributing to the development of better transport services and new applications for safe transport and smart mobility.

With its flexibility, fast growing capability, low infrastructure costs and long-term sustainable use, GNSS is an important asset in the design of new Intelligent Transport System (ITS) infrastructures.

Smart mobility applications improve the efficiency, effectiveness and comfort of road transport through: • Navigation, the most widespread application, provides turn-by-turn information to drivers via portable navigation devices (PNDs) and invehicle systems (IVS).

• Fleet management on-board units (OBUs) transmit GNSS positioning information through telematics to support transport operators in monitoring the performance of logistic activities.

• Road traffic monitoring services collect floating car location data from vehicles through PNDs, IVS and mobile devices to be processed and distributed to users and other interested parties.

Safety-critical applications leverage precise, reliable and secure positioning in situations posing potential harm to humans or damage to a system/environment: • Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) support the

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Fig. 7 - Autonomous Driving.

driver during the driving process and act as a first stepping stone towards Autonomous Vehicles.

• In cooperative ITS and connected vehicles, GNSS positioning is a key element for providing situational awareness through vehicleto-vehicle (V2V) and vehicleto-infrastructure (V2I) communications, enhancing the safety and comfort of the driver.

• Dangerous goods can be tracked by transmitting GNSS-based positioning data on the vehicles carrying them, along with other information about the status of the cargo.

Fig. 8 - Technology adoption curves.

(PAYD), insurance telematics rely on GNSS data to increase the fairness of motor insurance for both insurers and subscribers.

Regulated applications apply the transport policies introduced by national and international legislation: • GNSS-enabled IVS are used in the pan-European eCall, which accelerates emergency assistance to drivers and passengers by sending an emergency call to 112 and also providing positioning information in the unlucky event

of accident.

• Smart tachographs leverage GNSS positioning to support road enforcers, recording the position of a given vehicle at different points during the working day.

The emerging technology that is going to act more disruptively in our everyday lives, showing in a most evident way how the fusion of other technologies can make new services available, is Autonomous Driving (fig. 7).

Autonomous vehicles can take over activities traditionally performed by the driver, thanks to their ability to sense the environment, navigate and com-

Liability- and payment-critical applications can have significant legal or economic consequences depending on positioning data: • In Road User Charging (RUC), GNSS-based solutions are designed to charge motorists for the actual distance travelled, without barriers or gantries, and provide interoperability between national cross-border schemes.

• In Pay-As-You-Drive

Fig. 9 - The Moon Village

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municate with other vehicles and road infrastructure when combined with connected vehicle solutions. Widespread adoption of autonomous driving can reduce traffic accidents, reduce fuel consumption and improve traffic flow, as well as improve driver comfort.

Autonomous vehicles are enabled by the combination of different technologies and sensors, allowing the IVS to identify the optimal path of action.

The adoption of Autonomous Driving is going to happen much faster than everyone thinks, following adoption curves closer to those typical for digital technologies, rather than to those typical for transportation systems (fig. 8).

In other words, while cars took decades to be widely adopted, Autonomous Driving will have a worldwide spread in just a few years.

Many believe that Autonomous Driving will probably be the single largest societal change after the Internet. One thing is for sure: Autonomous Driving will destroy the traditional concept of the car as a personal good to be owned, moving to the paradigm of transportation

as a service and hence confirming the transition from products to services mentioned in the introduction.

Emerging Technologies in Space

The Director General of ESA, prof. Woerner, set forth the idea of a “Moon Village”, a village on the moon built by huge 3D printers and inhabited for months at a time by teams of astronauts. The plan outlined by the ESA is that, starting from the early 2020s, robots will be sent to the Moon to begin constructing various facilities, followed a few years later by the first inhabitants (fig. 9).

Back in 2013, ESA teamed up with building companies to start testing out various Moon base-building technologies, and determined that local materials would be the best for constructing buildings and other structures, which means no need for transporting resources from Earth at an astronomical cost. But the problems to be solved for the realization of such stable manned infrastructure on the Moon (a true follow-on of the International Space Station) involve much

Fig. 10 - Moon Communications and PNT infrastructure.

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more than just building technologies. The Moon Village will be a large and complex system where requirements related to operations and safety of life will be of paramount importance.

Moreover, from an architectural viewpoint the “village” will have to be expandable and “open” to the integration with other systems, hence integrability and expandability will be two key issues. But first and above all, the Moon Village will have to be affordable and sustainable, i.e., its cost will need to be assessed over its life-cycle.

As a “Wild West” town in the old times, “Moon Village” will have to provide a number of essential infrastructures. In particular, the exploration of the Moon with human and robotic missions and its colonization, through the establishment of permanent bases, will require planetary communications and navigation infrastructures.

Even in space, emerging communications (5G) and PNT technologies will provide reliable and affordable solutions for a communications and navigation infrastructure (fig. 10).

Conclusion

Ubiquitous Localization and Timing, Ubiquitous Sensing, Ubiquitous Connectivity, 3D Digital Modeling: these four main technological trends are triggering an epochal transition in the history of mankind, characterized by an increasing predominance of services in our economy.

We are practically going for a detailed digital mapping of the world around us, for an evolution of reality as we can sense it today towards an enriched, augmented reality.

It is an entirely New World we are facing, but we have not yet learnt how to navigate and explore it.

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Moreover, the emerging technologies will cause radical transformations of our society, such as those related to Autonomous Driving.

Our space exploration activities are also going to be affected, a good example being ESA’s vision of a Moon Village, a stable base on our natural satellite from which to start the commercialization of Space.

ABSTRACT Ubiquitous Localization and Timing, Ubiquitous Sensing, Ubiquitous Connectivity, 3D Digital Modeling: these four main technological trends are triggering an epochal transition in the history of mankind, characterized by an increasing predominance of services in our economy.

These emerging technologies will cause radical transformations of our society: it is an entirely New World we are facing KEYWORDS Digital era; technological trend; GNSS; PNT; 5G; autonomous driving; 3D modeling; Galileo; Additive Manufacturing; IoT AUTHOR Dr. ing. Marco Lisi marco.lisi@esa.int European Space Agency Keplerlaan 1, 2200AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands

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Improving Resilience to Emergencies through Advanced Cyber Technologies: the I-REACT project

by Claudia Maltoni, Claudio Rossi, Guzmán Sánchez

Society as a whole is increasingly exposed and vulnerable to natural disasters because extreme weather events, exacerbated by climate change, are becoming more frequent and longer. In this context, the access to an integrated system providing the main emergency management

Fig. 1 - The I-REACT project integrates a large number of data sources to fight disasters.

information and data coming from multiple sources is even more critical to successful disaster risk management.

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n the last ten years, natural hazards1 have caused 2 billion causalities and costed up to $1.4 trillion worldwide, as registered in the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT, 2017). In Europe, disasters caused around 7 million causalities and up to €113 billion of overall economic losses in the decade 2007-2017. In this period, flood is the biggest hazard in terms of occurrence, affected people and economic damage in Europe, while the deadliest hazard remains extreme temperature, followed by flood and earthquake. Wildfires are less impacting; however, it ranks second in affected people.

Worryingly, extreme weather events will be even more fre-

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quent and last longer in the future, mainly due to climate change. Greater evaporation will lead to increased water vapour in the atmosphere, producing more intense precipitation. This, together with rapid snow melting, intensifies the likelihood of floods.

Also, higher temperatures will increase the frequency of wildfires as well as other natural disasters. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013), the surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios.

The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the United States agree upon the need to invest in disaster prevention.

One of the key message in the

2017 ECHO Factsheet stats that “for every €1 invested in disaster prevention, €4 to €7 are saved in disaster response” (ECHO, 2017). According to the “Nature Climate Change” journal, improving flood defences across the EU to prevent 100-year flood would save €7 billion a year by 2050 but cost only €1.75 billion to implement (Jongman, 2014).

Despite that, current systems for risk management are still limited in their effectiveness.

Even if technological progresses are registered and large amounts of data are available, there is no platform that integrates and analyses in real time all the useful data to improve prediction and management of natural disasters. On the other hand, the need for systematic data for disaster mitigation and prevention is an increasing concern for both development and response agencies. In the past, data needs

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Fig. 2: The I-REACT partners, advisors and end-users at the International User Requirements Workshop (IURW)

were addressed on an ad hoc basis, which included collecting the information at the time of the emergency. However, there is a growing understanding that data collection, analysis, and management can help both short and long-term development goals and support to identify and address disaster risks. The I-REACT project has been conceived in this context, considering that “you cannot manage what you cannot measure”, as stated by Margareta Wahlström, the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction.

The project: I-REACT in brief

I-REACT (Improving Resilience to Emergencies through Advanced Cyber Technologies) is a Horizon 2020 3-year project (20162019) funded by the European Commission under the Secure Society Work Programme (DRS-1-2015).

I-REACT integrates existing services, both local and European, into a platform that supports the entire emergency management cycle. In particular, I-REACT will implement a multi-hazard system with a focus on floods, fires and extreme weather events, as they are the most impacting natural hazards driven by climate change.

To reach this objective, I-REACT brings together a multidisciplinary team of 20

European partners. From researchers and technologists to industry leaders, UN officials, consultants or communicators, these partners are working collaboratively on the different tasks of the project providing their experience and expertise to generate the best solution against disasters.

The project is coordinated by the Istituto Superiore Mario Boella of Turin. Consortium partners include: Geoville, Eoxplore, Terranea, Alpha Consult, UNESCO (Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe, Venice), Politecnico di Torino, Celi, JoinPad, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteosim, Bitgear,

Ansur Technologies, Technical University of Vienna, Scienseed, CSI Piemonte, Aquobex, Answaretech, and Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission.

The project will broaden the scope of its predecessor, a FP7-funded initiative named “Integrating GMES Emergency Services with satellite navigation and communication for establishing a flood information service” (FLOODIS2), which already involved some of I-REACT partners. Ended in 2015, FLOODIS focused on implementing a crowd-sourcing approach to support the emergency response in case of floods with dedicated demonstrations carried out in Italy and

Fig. 3 - The project empowers different stakeholders with several new technologies and essential information to improve the fight against disasters.

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in Albania. FLOODIS implemented a smartphone application to collect real-time reports from both citizens and civil protection agents, and to provide short and long-term projections of the flood extent for supporting in-field emergency rescue units. I-REACT extends this approach, multiplying the opportunities and serving as a tool during all the three emergency management phases, i.e. prevention, preparedness and response phases.

The first one mainly deals with the preparation of a community to eliminate or reduce the impact of future disasters. For this, the I-REACT platform will integrate historical data, realtime reports, weather data and satellites observations to derive detailed statistics and accurate risk maps. These maps, coupled with a decision support system, will allow decision makers to effectively plan prevention measures aimed at increasing the resilience to future disasters.

The second is the preparedness phase. During this phase, the coordination between governments, civil organizations and citizens will be promoted to be prepared in case of an emergency. To reach this objective, I-REACT will analyse weather

Fig. 4 - The I-REACT workflow infographics.

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forecasts, data from both local and European early warning systems, such as the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) and the European Forest Fire Information (EFFIS), and warnings extracted from social media or received through crowdsourced reports from authorities and citizens, as well as using the I-REACT mobile application.

The third one is the emergency response phase, in which an effective reaction, first aid and evacuation are crucial. To help on-site operators, I-REACT will allow to get a quick and complete operational picture thanks to the ingestion of realtime reporting (from mobile phones or wearable devices) and its integration in nowcast and forecast models. To improve self-protection behaviour and reduce exposure, I-REACT will support public authorities to immediately warn citizens with real-time information and instructions.

Where we are: I-REACT at its second year

The project officially started at the beginning of June 2016 and it is now entering its second year.

The innovation design phase,

based on a user-centred design and including the requirement definition, is concluded.

Within this activity, the international workshop “Increasing Resilience to Natural hazards through Information and Communication Technology” was organised on 14-15 September 2016 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. It brought together policy-makers, emergency service providers and science and technology experts from different European countries. The workshop aimed at gathering their needs, assess the implementation gaps in their operational procedures, and co-design some key features of the I-REACT system, e.g. the data collection and visualization process. Also, a survey to gain knowledge on citizen’s perception of risks was launched. The results have been used to design tips and quizzes that will be inserted in the mobile application to improve citizen’s risk awareness in all phases of the emergency.

The three main technical work packages, based on a “PlanDo-Test” agile approach, are still on-going. More in detail, they foresee the integration of external services and data, such as the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS), open data, Sentinel satellites, EGNSS and historical information. At the same time, up to March 2018, the team will deliver all main models of I-REACT (modelling and engines), including weather and climate forecasts, extreme weather event detection, flood and fire nowcast and forecast, risk forecasts, and a social media data engine. Last, but not least, the service oriented architecture stage has started, which is aimed at the implementation of the centralized system archi-

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tecture and of all in-filed technologies for data collection.

Since June 2017, the team is approaching other two main activities. First of all, to achieve a full system integration and consolidate the performance of the I-REACT solution, simulations and direct involvement of end-users and emergency responders are foreseen during the validation and demonstration phase. At the moment, five demonstrations (in Italy, Spain, Finland, UK, Malta) have been planned. After each demonstration, a user workshop will be organized to gather feedback that will be used to improve (tune) the system.

Second, the business assessment and exploitation phase recently kicked-off, including a costsbenefits analysis, business plan, implementation roadmap and exploitation activities aimed at assessing I-REACT socioeconomic impact and preparing its roll-out.

The project workflow is completed by the overall project management and the dissemination, communication and engagement phase, both lasting for the overall project duration.

Thanks to this second activity, I-REACT is now present in different on-line channels (e.g. website, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) and promoted through several materials (e.g. videos, infographics).

Where we want to be: I-REACT final goal

“By 2018, I-REACT will implement a European-wide platform that integrates emergency management data coming from multiple sources. In this way, we will be able to produce information faster and allow citizens, civil protection services and policymakers to effectively react to natural disasters and

Fig. 5 - 3D model of the fisrt responder's wearable for improved positioning and environmental sensing.

mitigate their impact on the society”, says Claudio Rossi, Project Manager at ISMB, who is in charge of the project management and the technical coordination. How? Leveraging on innovative cyber technologies and ICT systems, the I-REACT platform will be designed as an articulated and modular system based on different components. As mentioned before, it will integrate many different information sources, including Copernicus EMS maps, early warnings from the EFAS and EFFIS, satellite data (Sentinel), social media streams and crowdsourced information from emergency responders and citizens. All this information will be merged to provide added-value products, such as a decision-support system for authorities and an app for citizens. Also, wearable devices and smart glasses will be provided to first-responders, who will benefit from high-precision positioning thanks to Galileo and EGNOS and Augmented Reality to make hands-free reports.

Thanks to this architecture, I-REACT will be able to provide greater emergency anticipation through accurate weath-

er forecasts that, coupled with historical knowledge, satellite and risk maps, crowdsourced reports, and social media information will allow to better anticipate extreme weather events, floods, and fire. The modularity of the system, and its interoperability with existing systems, will allow a strong flexibility of the platform in terms of future exploitation, making it able to answer to different market needs.

Our target: I-REACT as a multi-user platform

“At I-REACT we want to gather all the participants involved in the different phases of the emergency management, to translate their needs and ideas into effective solutions with a real social impact. We collaborate with groups of end users that will benefit from the I-REACT technology and can provide first-hand experience.

We also have a strong advisory board that provides valuable counselling and support” explains Claudia Maltoni, Project Manager at Alpha Consult, the SME in charge of project business assessment and exploitation.

Even if mainly addressing

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NOTES 1 Drought, earthquake, extreme temperature, flood, landslide, storm, volcanic activity, mass movement and wildfire are considered 2 www.floodis.eu 3 Reduction of costs for emergency management operations, human losses, affected people, infrastructure damages and damages to private sector activities, environment, housing and education buildings and cultural heritage have been all assessed.

4 The 2015 flood in Albania and water bomb in Treviso.

emergency management, the proposed system has been conceived as a multi-user platform as well. It mainly targets public administration authorities, but also private companies, as well as citizens in order to provide increased resilience to natural disasters.

A Costs-Benefits Analysis (CBA) conducted by ALPHA Consult during the FLOODIS project and based on tests undertaken together with Civil Protections, namely in Veneto Region and Albania, provides some interesting preliminary inputs. Key impacts3 has been described and quantified with respect to the functionalities of the system for both emergency managers and the society as a whole. Specifically, in the two case studies4, a final saving of c. €15,8 million for Albania and €1,9 million for Treviso could have been achieved, in case of having FLOODIS in place. These benefits are mainly driven by decreasing costs for emergency management operations, less damages to productive sectors, assets, properties and infrastructures, together with a reduction of affected people. It is worth noting that these estimations are not negligible. As a consequence of the overall project results and impact assessment, FLOODIS has been finally integrated with DEWETRA, a real-time system for hydro-meteorological and wildfire risk forecasting, monitoring and prevention in use in Albania. At the same time, these

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impacts are clearly conservative with respect to the much higher potential of I-REACT. Besides the benefits brought by the proposed solution to organisations in charge of disaster management, governments and society as a whole, I-REACT could foster market growth and produce impacts for other private stakeholders, such as current system providers, insurance companies and third parties with an interest on information produced by I-REACT. For this reason, “a set of interviews are being carried out with different types of private actors, from insurance companies to firms specialised on business continuity and disaster recovery, in different countries in Europe to assess their requirements and interest in I-REACT. A dedicated CBA could be undertaken to quantify potential benefits also in some relevant private sectors”, concludes Maltoni.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Emergency Events Database, EM-DAT, 2017 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC report.

European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (2017), European Disaster Risk Management, ECHO Factsheet Brenden Jongman (2014), Increasing stress on disasterrisk finance due to large floods, Nature Climate Change journal.

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Statistics, UNISDR website.

KEYWORDS I-REACT; natural hazards; climate change; disaster management; Copernicus ABSTRACT Due to climate change, floods, wildfires and other extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense. This scenario poses a challenge for current risk management systems. I-REACT project aims to develop a solution through the integration and modelling of data coming multiple sources. Information from European monitoring systems, earth observations, historical information and weather forecasts will be combined with data gathered by new technological developments created by I-REACT. These include a mobile app and a social media analysis tool to account for real-time crowdsourced information, wearables to improve positioning, as well as augmented reality glasses to facilitate reporting and information visualisation by first responders. With this approach, I-REACT will be able to empower stakeholders in the prevention and management of disasters. Citizens will be involved in reporting first-hand information, policymakers will be supported in the decision-making process, and first responders will be equipped with essential tools for early warning and response. At the same time, private companies could leverage specific set of I-REACT components to improve their business, when linked to disaster management. Overall, I-REACT aims to be a European-wide contribution to build more secure and resilient societies to disasters.

AUTHOR Claudia Maltoni cm@alphacons.eu Alpha Consult Claudio Rossi rossi@ismb.it Istituto Superiore Mario Boella Guzmán Sánchez guzman.sanchez@scienseed.com Scienseed

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Aeronike introduces City Explorer 3D: know how e innovation Aeronike, is operating in the aero photogrammetry market since 1966.

During its 40 years of operations a complete portfolio of aero surveys activities and services have been developed, from a high detailed digital cartography to the core competence of the 3D restitution of aerial images.

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City Explorer 3D is a technological platform which integrates a 3D virtual model with data and aero photogrammetric surveys from different sources (plane, drone, terrestrial) to give a tool to public administration, associations, consortiums to satisfy their respective specific needs.

With City Explorer 3D the user can experience an immersive 3D visit to his city or territory, of a site or monument of interest. Specific touristic itineraries can be designed with additional contents as Multilanguage narrator voice to enter within the context at 360° with a fly through approach. (Virtual Tours).

This platform represents a very useful tool to boost promotional activities and can be integrated with more standard tools as paper guides, web site, etc...

ll 4 . 1 | B 4

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GEOmedia n°3-2017 Aeronike City Explorer233D

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

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REPORT

The new MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano

by Ludovico Biagi

This paper describes the first italian MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering started in 2016 at Politecnico di Milano.

T

he vision of Digital Earth was proposed by Al Gore in 1998 as a multi-dimensional and multiresolution model of the planet to contextualize the huge amount of spatial information relating to the physical and socio-economic environment.

Every day humans generate more than 2.5 trillion (1018) bytes of data: 80% of them are spatial data. In the ‘80 of the last century, first digital spatial data were acquired by scanning hardcopy archives; now they are endlessly acquired in massive quantities from fixed and mobile in-situ sensors, from sensors on satellites, on aircrafts, on UAVs or on land vehicles, from digital documents and social media. Such a massive flow (Big geodata) generates new challenges since stored data have to be analyzed and processed, often in real-time, to extract information. Therefore, a new scientific and technical figure who combines expertizes in Computer Science, Environmental Engineering and Geomatics is needed.

Geoinformatics engineers are high level experts in technologies for measuring, georeferencing, managing, analyzing, visualizing and publishing spatial and time varying in-

26

GEOmedia n°3-2017

Fig. 1 - Four examples of Geoinformatics expertizes.

Upper, left. Positioning by GNSS (a GPS III satellite, United States Government).

Upper, right. Analysis of remote sensed images (LandSat multispectral image of Como lake, GeoLab of Politecnico di Milano). Lower, left. Creation and analysis of digital elevation models (example of high resolution DEM from LiDAR, GeoLab of Politecnico di Milano). Lower, right. Advanced environmental analysis (4D modelling of temperatures in the Mediterranean sea, GeoLab of Politecnico di Milano).

formation, with a particular concern to environmental data.

Geoinformatics engineers will thus be involved in the design, implementation and management of geodata projects to support the new paradigms of Participative Digital Earth, Smart City and Smart Society as well as a variety of decisions at regional, country and global level. Urban and agricultural land planning, monitoring and management, infrastructure design and building information management, transport and traffic monitoring and management, environmental modeling,

geography, Earth sciences are the main application fields of Geoinformatics Engineering.

All those fields attain to the general context of sustainable management of environment and land. In Figure 1, few examples of Geoinformatics expertizes are shown.

As the academic teaching is concerned, some universities in Europe propose courses in Geoinformatics. In Italy, in 2016 Politecnico di Milano planned and started the first Italian MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering.

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The new Master of Sciences in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano

The MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano aims at preparing technicians who possess deep preparation and strong attitude to solve problems relevant to geospatial information. The following skills are needed on the methodological and the practical points of view: 1. spatial information managing: a. acquisition and georeferencing, b. analysis, classification and processing, c. archiving, representation, publication and distribution; 2. computer infrastructures: design and implementation of infrastructures to a. acquire, model and analyze spatial data and phenomena, b. manage, publish and share the spatial information; 3. methodologies and instruments to model and analyze environmental phenomena; 4. advanced technologies for Big Geodata and internet of Places.

The acquisition of these capabilities requires the knowledge of all the methodological and practical topics that allow to identify, model, and solve the relevant problems. In particular, at the end of their Master’s degree, students must have a wide knowledge of methods representing the state of the art of the discipline. Moreover, they not only gain the knowledge but also the habit to autonomously and creatively face and solve Geoinformatics problems, which are often unusual and new at a level that is both methodological and practical.

Indeed, a main aim of the Master is to make students able

to autonomously face cutting edge and original subjects, with a pro-active attitude to problem solution. Accordingly to this mission, the Master at Politecnico di Milano has been designed as follows.

The study programme

The MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering is a two years international master course taught in English for Italian and foreign students. The study program satisfies both the Italian Ministerial classes LM-32 (Computer Science Engineering) and LM-35 (Environmental and Land management Engineering). At the enrollment the student must choose his Ministerial class: the choice can be modified during the first year of study.

Students having mainly a background in Environmental Engineering find an introductory course in Computer Science, while those with a computer oriented first level degree follow a basic course on Geomatics and Environmental issues. In the geomatic / environmental field, the mandatory courses cover topics such as Geospatial data analysis, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Positioning and Location Based Services; in the Computer Science field, mandatory courses cover topics like Databases, Software engineering, Computer Infrastructures.

In the first year, the plan of mandatory courses allow the students to modify the choice of the Ministerial class. In the second year, mandatory courses alternate with elective courses, that allow students to deepen their expertise.

Elective courses are specifically proposed for Geoinformatics Engineering students. They are either in computer program-

ming and computer systems design, dealing for instance with multidimensional and mobile applications; or in environmental management and sustainability issues dealing for instance with Earth observation techniques and geophysical data processing.

The ability to autonomously face problems and implement solutions is achieved through laboratories and projects that are paired to traditional courses lectures; the final thesis on an original scientific topic further stimulates it.

More details are given in the official study rules that are published at www.geoinformatics. polimi.it.

Access requirements

The access to the MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering implies prior acquisition of a Bachelor of Science, obtained from the Politecnico di Milano School of Engineering or other Italian or international universities. Admissions are evaluated by a commission, accordingly to the previous career, the adequacy of personal preparation and the knowledge of English.

Access requirements are differentiated according to the acquired Bachelor of Science.

Fig. 2 - The logo of the MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano.

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Graduates in Environmental and Land planning Engineering, Computer Science Engineering and other Engineering courses at the Politecnico di Milano, must pass a selection that is based on results (marks and time taken) of their Bachelors.

Graduates from other Italian or international universities must pass a selection that is based on the final marks of the Bachelor of Science degree together with an analytical evaluation of their prior curriculum.

A limited enrollment is planned for the MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering at Politecnico di Milano, with a maximum number of 50 students. In particular, 30 places are reserved for non-EU students, the remaining 20 are available for Italian students, EU students and non-EU students resident in Italy.

Career perspectives

According to the selected study track, the graduated Geoinformatics engineers can participate to the Italian state certification exam to enter either the Civil and Environmental Engineers’ register (LM-32) or the Computer science Engineers’ one (LM-35).

Accordingly to the cultural and technical organization of our MSc, Geoinformatics engineers from Politecnico di Milano find a job where an Environmental engineer with strong expertize in Computer Science is needed, for example, a technician for the management and analysis of a network of environmental sensors. On the opposite, they find a job in the branches of Information Technology finalized to the de-

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

sign and implementation of tools for the Environmental and Land management.

Consequently, Geoinformatics engineers find a placement in all the branches that directly manage and develop environmental and spatial information.

Furthermore, nowadays spatial information is everywhere: therefore, Geoinformatics engineers find job also in big companies or agencies that need and use spatial information. In summary, Geoinformatics engineers find employment in: • small and medium-sized companies working in the field of GIS development and management, of Computer Science applied to spatial data-base management, to logistics and land planning, • public and private, national and local companies working on territorial mapping, on cadaster, on spatial data infrastructure, on territorial data collection, on environmental data management and analysis, • big industry (e.g., for telecommunications) and big companies which needs experts for spatial information, • companies developing systems for the analysis and management of networks of environmental sensors, • companies developing hardware and software for environmental applications, • advanced research institutes or companies working on the Internet of Places, Big Geodata, Sensor Enablement, Urban Data City Analytics, Earth Observations.

REFERENCES Webpages of international MSc in Geoinformatics Aalto, http://www.aalto.fi/en/studies/ education/programme/geoinformatics_ master/ ETH, https://www.ethz.ch/en/studies/ prospective-masters-degree-students/ masters-degree-programmes/mastersdegree-programmes-architecture-and-civilengineering/master-geomatics.html KTH, https://www.kth.se/en/studies/master/ transport-and-geoinformation-technology/ description-1.198559 TU Delft, http://www.tudelft.nl/en/study/ master-of-science/master-programmes/ geomatics/ TU Twente, https://www.utwente.nl/ en/education/master/programmes/ geo-information-science-earthobservation/#masters-programme TUM,https://portal.mytum.de/ studium/studiengaenge_en/geodaesie_ und_geoinformation_master?ignore_ redirection=yes Twente, https://www.utwente.nl/ en/education/master/programmes/ geographical-information-managementapplications/#masters-programme UCL, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/prospectivestudents/graduate/taught/degrees/spatiotemporal-analytics-big-data-mining-msc UCL, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/prospectivestudents/graduate/taught/degrees/ geoinformatics-building-informationmodelling-msc UCL, http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/study/ graduate-taught/msc-geospatial-analysis Webpage of Politecnico di Milano www.polimi.it Webpage of the MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering of Politecnico di Milano: www. geoinformatics.polimi.it Webpage with information for international students at Politecnico di Milano http://www.polinternational.polimi.it/howto-apply/ KEYWORDS Geoinformatics; Digital Earth; Big Geodata; Master of Science ABSTRACT In the new digital scenario, new professional figures are needed to manage the spatial and environmental information: geoinformatics engineers are high level experts in technologies for measuring, georeferencing, managing, analyzing, visualizing and publishing spatial and time varying information, with a particular concern to environmental data. As the academic teaching is concerned, some universities in Europe propose courses in Geoinformatics.

In Italy, Politecnico di Milano started in 2016 the first national MSc in Geoinformatics Engineering: this paper describes it.

AUTHOR Ludovico Biagi ludovico.biagi@polimi.it Politecnico di Milano, DICA, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

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VGI and crisis mapping in an emergency situation Comparison of four case studies: Haiti, Kibera, Kathmandu, Centre Italy di Lucia Saganeiti, Federico Amato, Gabriele Nolè, Beniamino Murgante Fig.1 - Sequentially mapping OSMs to Port-Au-Prince: the first concerns the pre earthquake situation, the second situation as of January 29, 2010 and the latest situation in December 2016.

Source: http: www.openstreetmap.org; www.hotosm.org

Over the last decade new voluntary mapping patterns are commonly known as VGI – Volunteered Geographic Information – that is, geo-localized information created voluntarily and consciously by web users. These are supported by platforms such as OpenStreetMap that have been shown in many emergency cases and not, a valid source of data, such detailed to be used for rescue operations.

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I

n recent crisis contexts, the use of geo-spatial data analysis has been a precious resource in coordinating of rescue operations (Boccardo & Pasquali, 2012). As a consequence, numerous Open Source platform born to answer to the growing demand for geo-information. Crisis Mapping (CM) consists of the spontaneous process of gathering and geo-locating data from different sources, including closed/open-data, or crowdsourcing databases. These data are verified, catalogued and finally made visible in ad hoc platforms (Poser & Dransch, 2010).

With the overwhelming of technology, the spread of smartphones and mobile or fixed connections, humanitarian aid management during the post-emergency phases has radically changed.

Today, even in less developed countries, most people have a mobile phone and they are able to send at least a simple

SMS. Therefore, the term Crisis Mapping is often used to identify mapping activities during humanitarian crises. The activity of CM is targeted at collecting, displaying, updating and analysing real-time data in emergencies due to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, or anthropic disaster such as landslides, terrorist attacks or serious industrial accidents.

When a disastrous event occurs, local or remote people (Crisis Mappers via web) mobilize themselves to update maps, report emergencies and spread news. This participation also helps to increase awareness of the event. Crisis Mappers are generally (unpaid) voluntary with or without specific skills.

Indeed, a group of mappers is generally composed by simple resident of the area affected by the disaster who want to contribute to the rescue activities, computer science experts, web programmer who want to provide their

REPORT

scientific contribution to the coordination operations.

To this purposes, a number of online groups have been created. Among them, one of the most important is Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT), which supported OpenStreetMap (OSM) mapper activity in the first use of the application for an humanitarian goal: he Haiti earthquake in 2010 (Soden & Palen, 2014). Another example of Crisis Mapping is Ushahaidi, a web platform that uses OSM maps and is updated through the geo localization of messages from SMS, tweets and emails that contain certain keywords, called alert.

Other experiences adopted during the Hurricanes Sandy and Irene classified tweets on maps based on hashtags (http:// faculty.washington.edu/kstarbi/ TtT_Hurricane_Map_byEvent. html).

The availability of free satellite data and the experimentation of ever-new remote sensing techniques played a primary role in the spread of these approaches. CM activities can be considered as open participatory policies. Indeed, anyone join these communities, update their country map or a distant country one that they do not know, report discomfort launching a crisis map or report the quality values of a region through a map showing all the parks in the area, the paths without architectural barriers, or anything else.

This article proposes an analysis of several case in which volunteering activities were carried out in some postemergency phases to contribute to the rescue operations and to build a previously non-existent cognitive framework.

The analysed web platforms are

OpenStreetMap e Ushahidi.

Four case studies are considered: the Haiti earthquake of 2010, the post election crisis of Kibera in 2007/2008, the Kathmandu experience with the Nepal earthquake of 2012 and the central Italy earthquake of 2016. These four cases show substantial differences: Haiti

With the disastrous earthquake, affecting Haiti in 2010, begins the spread of OSM in a natural emergency situation. Here the OSM community has had to endure a hard work to gain credibility before being recognized as an association.

This is the first striking case in which is the population with SMS, Tweet e App, direct the rescue. The rescuers, with the support of platforms such as OSM and Ushahidi, receive updates without any third party intermediation (Neis, Singler, & Zipf, 2014) (Fig.1).

Kibera

Ushahidi is born in a contest of electoral violence. In Kibera, following the presidential elections in 2007, there was a climate of civil violence and a part of the population felt the need to make the whole world aware of the situation that was affecting their country. This led to the birth of Ushaihdi, which in swahilli means “witness” (Goldstein & Rotich, 2008). This case highlights how technology can be used not only as an evidence of the violence suffered but also to spread messages of hatred and violence.

Kathmandu

In Nepal, a country with a high seismic and tsunami risk, the OSM community started to take shape since 2012, helping to update the cartography of the country and to create information and interest toward the topic of disaster risk,

Chart 1a - utilization crowd mapping platforms Haiti

Chart 1b - utilization crowd mapping platforms Kathmadu

Chart 1c - utilization crowd mapping platforms Kibera

Chart 1d - utilization crowd mapping platforms Centro Italia

GEOmedia n°3-2017

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REPORT Haiti

Kathmandu

Kibera

Centro Italia

Natural

Natural

Anthropic

Natural

Earthquake

Earthquake, Tsunami

Post-elettoral violence

Seismic swarm

Main open source platforms used

OSM, HOT, Ushahidi, Sahana, Crisis Commons

OSM, Ushahidi, HOT

Ushahidi, OSM

OSM, HOT

Main closed source platforms used

Google Mapmaker, DigitalGlobe GeoEye

Google Maps

Google Maps

Copernicus, DigitalGlobe

Facebook, Twitter

Facebook, Twitter, Skype

Facebook, Twitter

Facebook, Twitter, Flickr

HOT

Open Cities Kathmandu, Kathmandu Living Labs (KLL), MapGive

Map Kibera, Voice of Kibera

terremotocentroitalia.info

YES

YES

YES

NO

Character of the event

especially in schools (Soden, Budhathoki, & Palen, 2014).

In 2015, when the earthquake occurred, the country was not taken unprepared by the fact that the OSM community had long been consolidated and could therefore act more easily (Poiani, dos Santos Rocha, Castro Degrossi, & de Albuquerque, 2016).

Central Italy

Following the earthquake swarm hitting the territory of Central Italy since 24 August 2016, the OSM community has been working hard to update local maps and make them available to everyone.

This promptness with which the community developed a huge quantity of useful geoinformation has aroused the interest of the Copernicus project, that has acquired OSM data and redistributed them to the rescuers, i.e. the italian civil protection. Therefore, there was not a direct passage between OSM and rescuers, as Copernicus mediation was needed.

To correctly evaluate and compare these experiences, an evaluation of the temporal continuity of the projects would be necessary. Indeed, they sometimes produce the highest results right after the disasters to face an emergency, except

Chart 2 - Comparison chart between the four case studies analyzed.

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

Type of event

Web and social

Developed projects and non-profit organizations Direct relationship between rescuers and the technology community

Tab. 1 - A comparison table between the various case studies reveals the platforms used and the relationships between the data produced and the rescuers.

then die with the same speed when the emergency ends.

The different cases were first evaluated individually, each from the OSM platform’s birth year (2004) up to the end of 2016 (Chart 1a-d).

Subsequently, they were compared through a qualitative graph based on the period before the emergency event, the period of the emergency event and the next one.

Therefore, analyzing the preemergency, emergency and post-emergency were given the following scores: Haiti (Chart 1a): as far as the pre-emergency period is concerned, a score of 0 is assigned. This is because there was not an active technological community in the area before the seismic event. For the emergency period, the maximum score of 10 was assigned. In fact the OSM community is formed during the emergency period (seismic event) and the emergency responders directly use the datasets created by it.

For post-emergence a score ranges from 9 to 5. Numerous initiatives and coordination

operations with humanitarian organizations took place in the years after the event; today the OSM community continues to work on Haiti territory and is very active.

Kibera (Chart 1b): as far as the pre-emergency period is concerned, a score of 0 is assigned. This is because there were not an active technological community in the area before the emergency event (electoral violence). For the emergency period a score ranges from 5 to 7. The score is increasing in this period since during the emergency phase, several crowd mapping groups started to spread in the area; Ushahidi is born in this period and news are spread through crisis maps. For post-emergence a score ranges from 9 to 6, since immediately after the emergency, all site maps are updated to allow humanitarian organizations to be in direct contact with local events.

Kathmandu (Chart 1c): as far as the pre-emergency period is concerned a score ranges from 0 to 8. In a period of peace, in fact, Kathmandu (Nepal) becomes an active community.

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Tab. 2 – Assign score from 0 to 10 to four case studies with relative legend.

The OSM community starts to update maps and spreading knowledge about seismic risk, especially in schools. For the emergency period, the maximum score of 10 was assigned. Thanks to the work done by the OSM community during the pre-emergence period, the emergency period becomes an opportunity to test the efficiency of crowd mapping. In fact, it is the time of maximum efficiency of the platforms thanks to a well-established community, ready to face the event. For post-emergence a score of 5 is assigned. Today the OSM community continues to persist.

Central Italy (Chart 1d): as far as the pre-emergency period is concerned a score ranges from 0 to 4 with a peak of 5 in 2009. The OSM community starts working already before the events. In 2009, the score increases to 5 as after the earthquake striking Abruzzo, the OSM community worked to update the maps of L’Aquila. Nevertheless, they only worked on the maps after the earthquake (to support the reconstruction).

For the emergency period a score of 7 is assigned. In fact, during the emergency, the OSM community appears to be efficient in updating the maps. Despite that, the use of the data by the rescuers was only possible through the intermediation of other entities. For the post emergency period a score of 6 or 5 is assigned. This score is indicative, it is only an estimate of what could happen considering that Central Italy is still in the state of emergency (January 2017).

The qualitative chart represents the four case studies compared. The yellow zone represents the period before the event, the red zone the event and the green zone the following period. It showed that: In cases where prior to the event (seismic or other) there was a already stable and already active crisis mapper community, the use of the platforms and datasets made available was immediate. It is also evident, under some circumstances, that these platforms are being used most in the emergency period by reaching high peaks,

and are left out in pre and postemergence periods.

REFERENCES 1. Boccardo, P. & Pasquali, P. (2012), Web mapping services in a crowdsource environment for disaster management: state of the art and further development, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B4, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August – 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 543-548 2. Goldstein, J. & Rotich, J. (2008), Digitally Networked Technology in Kenya’s 2007–2008 Post-Election Crisis. Berkman Centre Research Publication No. 2008-09. The Berkman Centre for internet & society at Harvard University. http://cyber.harvard. edu/sites/cyber.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein&Rotich_Digitally_ Networked_Technology_Kenyas_Crisis.pdf.pdf last access 20/05/2017 3. Neis, P., Singler, P. & Zipf, A. (2010), Collaborative mapping and Emergency Routing for Disaster Logistics - Case studies from the Haiti earthquake and the UN portal for Afrika. In Proceedings of the Geospatial Crossroads@ GI_Forum, Salzburg, Austria, 6–9 July 2010; Volume 10 4. Poiani, T.H., Rocha, R.d.S., Degrossi, L.C. & de Albuquerque, J.P (2016) Potential of Collaborative Mapping for Disaster Relief: A Case Study of OpenStreetMap in the Nepal Earthquake 2015, In Proceedings of the 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Washington, DC, USA, 5 January 2016; pp. 188–197.Poser, K., & Dransch, D. (2010).

Volunteered Geographic Information for Disaster Management with Application to Rapid Flood Damage Estimation. Geomatica, Vol.64. n.1.

5. Soden, R. & Palen, L. (2014), From Crowdsourced Mapping to Community Mapping:The Post-Earthquark work of OpenStreetMap Haiti, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems COOP 2014, 27-30 May 2014, Nice (France) , Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014, pp 311-326, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06498-7_19 6. Soden, R., Budhathoki, N. & Palen, L. (2014), Resilience-Building and the Crisis Informatics Agenda: Lessons Learned from Open Cities Kathmandu, Proceedings of the 11th International ISCRAM Conference – University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, May 2014

KEYWORDS Crowdsourcing; OSM; Ushahidi; Crisismapping; VGI ABSTRACT Over the last decade new voluntary mapping patterns are commonly known as VGI – Volunteered Geographic Information – that is, geo-localized information created voluntarily and consciously by web users. These are supported by platforms such as OpenStreetMap that have been shown in many emergency cases and not, a valid source of data, such detailed to be used for rescue operations. Another completely open source platform that has revolutionized the world of geographic information and how to make reports is Ushaidi that through interactive maps represents testimonies, reports, diaries, and citizen reports.

AUTHOR Lucia Saganeiti, lucia.saganeiti@gmail.com Federico Amato, federico.amato@unibas.it Beniamino Murgante, beniamino.murgante@unibas.it School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Viale dellAteneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy

Tab. 3 - utilization crowd mapping platforms since birth of OSM in 2004.

Gabriele Nolè, gabriele.nole@imaa.cnr.it Italian National Research Council, IMAA C.da Santa

GEOmedia n°3-2017 33 Loja, Tito Scalo, Potenza 85050, Italy

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

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GEOmedia n°3-2017

NEWS

I.MODI - Structural Monitoring through an advanced use of the satellite remote sensing I.MODI (Implemented MOnitoring system for structural DIsplacement) is a value added service, co-funded by European programme H2020, that integrates Earth Observation technologies, ground based data and ICT to develop services for monitoring the stability of buildings in large urban areas and for controlling critical civil infrastructures.

Monitoring urban areas and critical infrastructure networks is a dominant socio-economical issue for the safety of the population.

Structural deterioration with aging and effects of natural and man-made ground settlement processes pose a threat to structures and building strength.

To guarantee a systematic and comprehensive control over large areas, satellite remote sensing can be effectively adopted. Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR) technology exploited by I.MODI represents an adequate alternative solution can be fully assimilated within the ground-based monitoring.

Through multiple levels of services, I.MODI examines structural displacements and performs assessments on the level of damage and of its possible evolution. Reports are provided using WebGIS viewer or by user-friendly technical reports, allowing non-experts to utilize outcomes of a DInSAR analysis.

The I.MODI monitoring system has a primary role in setting up mitigation and prevention actions based on the capability to perform back analysis using data archived since early 1990s and to be customizable for different monitoring end-user needs.

GEOmedia n°3-2017

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NEWS

City Explorer 3D Aeronike will participate to this year's InterGeo edition to be held in Berlin from the 26th to the 28th of September within the booth acquired by EuroMed Mapping, a Consortium established in 2015 grouping Aeronike as leading partner and Helica, another Italian company operating in the sector of photogrammetry and remote sensing. EuroMed Mapping's booth will be located in Hall 4.1 with number B4033 where demos and some of the most innovative, recently developed tools and instruments concerning 3D modelling, virtual tours and environmental mapping will be shown and made available for being tested.

Aeronike looks forward welcoming you in the above-mentioned occasion to introduce its proprietary platform “City Explorer 3D” and for letting you experience some exciting 3D virtual tours within some of the most beautiful villages and towns of Italy!!! www.aeronike.com www.euromed-mapping.com

Leica BLK360 Imaging Laser Scanner: the smallest and lightest imaging laser scanner available The Leica BLK360 captures the world around you with full-colour panoramic images overlaid on a high-accuracy point cloud. Simple to use with just the single push of one button, the BLK360 is the smallest and lightest of its kind. Anyone who can operate an iPad can now capture the world around them with high resolution 3D panoramic images. Using the ReCap Pro mobile app, the BLK360 streams image and point cloud data to iPad. The app filters and registers scan data in real time. After capture, ReCap Pro enables point cloud data transfer to a number of CAD, BIM, VR and AR applications. The integration of BLK360 and Autodesk software dramatically streamlines the reality capture process thereby opening this technology to non-surveying individuals. BLK360 Imaging Laser Scanner Allows you to scan in high, standard and fast resolutions, Weighs 1kg / Size 165 mm tall x 100 mm diameter, Less than 3 minutes for full-dome scan (in standard resolution) and 150 MP spherical image generation, 360,000 laser scan pts/sec Teorema Milano can offer you a solution “all-inclusive” that includes: BLK360° with Software ReCap Pro, Ipad Pro 12,9” and training courses with specialist. www.geomatica.it

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NEWS

GIS for regional analysis.

The Local Innovation Map The Local Innovation Map in the Sicani Area is the result of a didactic experimentation conducted in the field of GIS applied to Regional and Urban Planning, held by the writer in the context of the degree course in Regional, Urban and Environmental Planning at the Polytechnic University of Palermo.

Inner areas are the focus of the National Strategy for Internal Areas (SNAI), which provides for significant investments both for the enhancement of services and infrastructures and for local development projects aimed at promoting entrepreneurial ideas in the sector of agriculture, sustainable tourism, handicraft, landscape and cultural values.

The research arises from the belief that in inner areas, which can be defined as

territorial suburbs but also as great reserves of local identity resources, there are marks of change that can produce new life cycles in rural and urban areas through investment in environmental and cultural heritage and local food.

In spite of the critical features of a marginal area, some isolated experiences can be identified in the Sicani Area as evidence of the presence of creative talent in this "depopulated" inner territory. Some examples are: a innovative ICT start-up, a co-working space, some cultural associations, companies in the industry of renewable energies, manufacturing specialization and innovative food and wine production.

By means of QGIS, the research work has been conducted in order to detect territorial distribution of innovative activities in the Sicani Area and recognize the connections or the absence of

relationships between concentration/ fragmentation/lack of innovation activities with demographic dynamics, infrastructure, cultural resources and local productivity.

The Local Innovation Map, implemented on the basis of updating the innovative activities progressively settled in this area, could be a useful tool for local administrations to understand progressive localization reasons and to direct future development policy aimed at the promotion of cultural/productive activities in the inner areas.

By Marilena Orlando Phd Regional and Urban Planning, Professor in Charge of “GIS applied to Urban and Regional Planning” at the Polytechnic - University of Palermo.

Via Indipendenza, 106 46028 Sermide - Mantova - Italy Phone +39.0386.62628 info@geogra.it www.geogra.it

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Rheticus: Dynamic and continuous geoinformation service for critical infrastructure and enviromental monitoring

by Giuseppe Forenza

Fig. 1 - Screenshot of the Rheticus platform.

The article describes some activities of the Rheticus geoinformation service for both critical infrastructure and environmental monitoring. Two particular applications of the cloud based platform are shown below.

L

and and infrastructure monitoring is a key activity to ensure people’s safety, environmental protection and the safeguarding of assets at all stages of the life cycle of infrastructure design, production and management.

Traditional campaigns for the regular monitoring of large and remote areas, however, employ considerable financial resources and time and are often complex to implement. The use of satellite technology allows overcoming these limitations and

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obtaining frequent, accurate and accessible information thanks to the wide availability of spatial information, even in open data mode.

Among the different satellite technologies available, GPS and satellite images are widely used. In this context, Europe has decided to launch two constellations of satellites: Galileo and Sentinel. Galileo, currently under construction, which will have 30 GNSS satellites (Global Navigation Satellite System, the European GPS). The Sentinel satellites, of which four are already operational, are dedicated to Earth observation in the context of the Copernicus program and the data they collect are made available as open data.

Rheticus platform and Displacement

Images captured by the Sentinel satellites are at the basis of the monitoring services provided by the cloud platform Rheticus (www.rheticus.eu). Main

application of these services are dedicated to the monitoring of: the stability of infrastructures (dams, roads, pipelines, etc.); slope stability and subsidence; the quality of coastal marine waters; forest fires; anthropic changes of the territory.

The Rheticus cloud-based platform provides continuous monitoring services of the Earth’s surface. Shifting from data provision to geospatial knowledge and geo-analytics, its services are delivered by subscription and worldwide.

Rheticus Displacement is one of the services provided through the www.rheticus.eu cloud platform.

The Rheticus Displacement geoinformation service offers monthly monitoring of millimetric displacements of the ground surface, landslide areas, the stability of infrastructures, and subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal/ entry or from the excavation of mines and tunnels. The service also provides information on anthropic changes and infrastructural dynamics over the area where the infrastructure is established.

Rheticus Displacement provides a yearly historical analysis with monthly updates.

The mapping activity is made through the monitoring of points on the ground with high stability called Persistent Scatterers (PS). The PS is produced through the processing of the European Copernicus

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Sentinel-1 satellite images or COSMO-SkyMed satellite data.

Already used by main European infrastructures and transportation engineering companies, the service is targeted to: Infrastructures and works managers and builders; Public Administration; Planners & professionals in the territory.

This service was adopted by numerous customers in various application areas after only its first months of operation.

Two success stories: • ANAS S.p.A. (National Autonomous Roads Corporation): analysis of slope stability to support the planning, design and monitoring of roads.

• MM S.p.A. (former Metropolitana Milanese): analysis of the instability of roads overlying pipelines for the detection of leaks in the water and sewage supply network.

Monitoring displacements of the sewer network in Milan (Italy)

The public sewerage network of Milan runs for approximately 1500 km. MM SpA (former Metropolitana Milanese SpA), the managing company of Integrated Water and Wastewater Services of the City of Milan, had been searching for a method to quickly detect ground surface movements caused by the structural defect of its collector that could affect the area above the primary network and adjacent areas.

Satellite radar interferometry was considered the most accurate and affordable survey method to prevent and identify possible failures of the sewage system, even in relation to the high traffic volume of metropolitan cities like Milan.

Thanks to the Rheticus platform (www.rheticus.eu) and its geoinformation service Rheticus Displacement, which processes the interferometric data of Sentinel satellites, 50 points with sensitive sub-vertical movements on 24 roads with heavy traffic were identified and will be investigated in a detailed field survey.

Rheticus Network Alert A new user experience for water & sewer networks

Powered by Hexagon Geospatial’s Smart M.App technology, Rheticus Network Alert has been lauched at HxGN Live Conference – June 2017- Las Vegas.

The objective of Rheticus Network Alert is to assist integrated water and sewer networks managing companies in their maintenance and inspection activities.

Rheticus Network Alert simplifies the analysis of the Persistent Scatterers processed by Rheticus Displacement, providing information, filtered and applied directly to the network. Maintenance activity and inspection

priority, are simplified and the Network Alert Smart M.App provides the level of warning on each pipelines.

A growing network of Authorized Resellers.

The distribution of Rheticus services is global. To guarantee assistance to organizations, professionals and decision makers in any part of the globe, Planetek Italia is building a network of valued Authorized Distributors. Several companies in Europe, Central America, Africa and Asia have already joined its innovative business model and started offering Rheticus services to their markets. To be part of this network write at info@ planetek.it Rheticus awards

Developed by Planetek Italia, Rheticus has been already awarded in several competitions and prizes at Italian and international level, for the idea of shifting from the provision of data to the provision of services, intended as continuous access to information from the users.

A few months after its official launch in April 2016, Rheticus

Fig. 2 – Displacements over the sewer Network in Milan, Italy.

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was awarded: 4As “Application of the Year 2016” by OpenGeoData Association 4the “TIM Telecom Best Practices for Innovation 2016” during the Premio Best Practices for Innovation ceremony organized by Confindustria Salerno, Italy.

4It was also listed among finalists of the European EO product of the Year 2016 by the EARSC Association, and finalist of Hexagon Geospatial’s 2016 IGNITE Competition.

Rheticus was recently presented at ENGAGE 2017, the DigitalGlobe’s forum, in London, UK, and at HxGN Live Conference 2017, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Rheticus information and DEMO on http://www.rheticus.eu

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Fig. 3 - Dynamic geoinformation about displacements over the sewer Network in Milan, Italy.

KEYWORDS geoinformation service; critical infrastructure; environment monitoring; rheticus network alert ABSTRACT Using free & open images captured by the Copernicus Sentinel satellites, the Rheticus cloudbased platform delivers industry-focused geoinformation services, in form of dynamic maps, reports, geo-analytics and alerts for professionals, private companies and Public Authorities, involved in engineering, utilities, energy, mining, land planning, environment and land monitoring. Subscribed users can receive contiuous information and analytics on the stability of infrastructures (dams, roads, railways, pipelines, etc.), slope stability and subsidence, the quality of coastal marine waters, forest fires and anthropic changes of the territory.

AUTHOR Giuseppe Forenza forenza@planetek.it Planetek Italia

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4 - 7 September 2017 UAV-g 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Geomatics Bonn (Germany) www.geoforall.it/k9cwq 5 - 8 September 2017 RSPSoc2017 - Annual Conference Earth and Planets: Making the most of our observations Londron (United Kingdom) www.geoforall.it/kw3ua 6 - 8 September 2017 Strasbuorg (France) INSPIRE 2017 Conference www.geoforall.it/kwaky 11 - 15 September 2017 56th Photogrammetric Week 2017 Stuttgart (Germany) www.geoforall.it/k9cwr 26 - 28 September 2017 INTERGEO 2017 Berlin (Germany) http://www.intergeo.de/

27 - 29 September Digital,Design and Development Fair 2017 Hamburg (Germany) www.geoforall.it/kwawr 9-10 October 2017 EuroSDR / ISPRS Workshop on "Oblique Aerial Cameras Sensors and Data Processing" Barcelona (Spain) www.geoforall.it/kwafq 17 - 19 October 2017 TECHNOLOGY for ALL 2017 Rome (Italy) www.technologyforall.it 23 - 25 November 2017 12th International Conference on NonDestructive Investigations and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of Cultural and Environmental Heritage (AIPnD) Turin (Italy) www.aipnd.it

Teorema has been working alongside professionists proving the most innovative topographic technology, the best technical training and accurate after-sales assistance since 1986, in order to make your work more reliable and productive.

16-19 January 2018 Geospatial World Forum Hyderabad (India) www.geoforall.it/kwacw

6 – 11 May 2018 FIG Congress Istanbul (Turkey) www.geoforall.it/k9cwx

leica BlK360° The imaging laser scanner simplifies the way spaces are measured, designed and documented .

New dimension in measurements technology ❚❚Leica

BLK360° captures the world around you with full-colour panoramic images overlaid on a high-accuracy point cloud. ❚❚Simple to use with just the single push of one button, the BLK360 is the smallest and lightest of its kind. ❚❚Anyone who can operate an iPad can now capture the world around them with high resolution 3D panoramic images. ❚❚Using the ReCap Pro mobile app, the BLK360° streams image and point cloud data to iPad. The app filters and registers scan data in real time. ❚❚After capture, ReCap Pro enables point cloud data transfer to a number of CAD, BIM, VR and AR applications. ❚❚Teorema Milano can offer you a solution “all-inclusive” that includes: BLK360° with software ReCap Pro, Ipad Pro 12,9”, training courses with specialist.

Contact us, you will discover much more. www.geomatica.it • www.disto.it • www.termocamere.com Via A. Romilli, 20/8 20139 Milano Italy • Tel. +39 02 5398739 • teorema@geomatica.it

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