Phisical properties of Minerals

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LAB

Physical Properties of Minerals OBJECTIVES

To determine these properties for unknown minerals

DEFINITION OF A MINERAL

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any people think of a mineral as something contained in a multivitamin capsule. Mineral in this sense is really an abbreviation of “mineral salt,” something that is derived from a mineral, in the geoscientific sense of the word. Geoscientists have a very precise definition of what a mineral is. A mineral is a naturally occurring, usually inorganic, chemically homogeneous crystalline solid with a strictly defined chemical composition and characteristic physical properties. Let’s consider the idea that a mineral is crystalline. In a crystalline solid, atoms are arranged in an orderly way with a distinct structure (■ Figure 1.1a). In contrast, an amorphous solid such as glass has atoms arranged haphazardly, in no particular order (■ Figure 1.1b). A crystal is a single grain of a mineral in which the structural planes of atoms extend in the same directions throughout the grain. The orderly arrangement of atoms controls many of the properties of the mineral, such as the external shape of the (a)

mineral if it was free to grow, and the way the mineral breaks. The crystalline structure can even influence the hardness and density of a mineral. For example, diamonds and graphite are both pure carbon, but their crystalline structures are very different. These differences give rise to diamonds, the hardest natural substance (density 3.51 g/cm3), and graphite, a substance (used as pencil lead, density 2.23 g/cm3) that is so soft we can write with it.

Crystallization of Minerals Minerals may crystallize in any one of four geological environments. We discuss these specific environments in later chapters, as indicated. 1. From molten rock. This is the typical mode of formation of minerals in igneous rocks (Lab 3). 2. From solution. This typically happens in various stages of the formation of sedimentary rocks (Lab 4). 3. Within living cells. Many creatures precipitate crystalline substances within their cells to build a skeleFigure 1.1 Models using acrylic spheres as atoms demonstrating (a) orderly crystalline arrangement of atoms and (b) disorderly amorphous arrangement of atoms

D. Pirie

To become familiar with the physical properties minerals possess

D. Pirie

To learn the definition of a mineral

(b)

Physical Properties of Minerals

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