Occupy the City of London

work by Giovanni Cristofaro London South Bank University

O C C U P Y

the C I T of London

Y

Occupy the City of London Live + Work + Play

T he gr owt h in popula t ion a c r oss L on don ha s t o be a c c om m oda ted but whe r e ?

T his r a dic a l pr oje c t pr opose s c olon isin g t he v oid of Cit y of L on don t o pr ov ide wor k e r s wit h n e w hom e s c lose t o wor k + pla y.

T he pr oje c t c olon iz e s de f un c t of fic e spa c e s a n d a dds n e w la y ers t o r e im a gin e a liv e ly hoga r t hia n c it y .

London Boroughs

City of London

35 0, 000

Kingston upon Thames

Kensington and Chelsea

Barking and Dagenham

Hammersmith and Fulham

Richmond upon Thames

Islington

Sutton

Westminster

Merton

Tower Hamlets

Camden

Hackney

Harrow

Hounslow

Greenwich

Haringey

Bexley

Waltham Forest

Havering

Redbridge

Hillingdon

Newham

Southwark

Lewisham

Wandsworth

Brent

Lambeth

Enfield

Bromley

Ealing

Barnet

Croydon

R e s i d e n t p o p u l a ti o n 400, 000 2 001

2 011

300, 000

25 0,000

200,000

1 5 0,000

1 00, 000

5 0, 000

0

a

b

c

a Fen Co ur t , o f f Fen c h u r c h A ve n u e b Fore St r eet ( B a r b i c a n E s ta te ) c S t Mary Ax e

popula tion density housing unit s household si ze

7400

2 0 6600

26

1 39

4390

9370 0

1 .6 4

2.14

ra cia l distrib ut i on

8 0% wh i t e

household in c om e

ÂŁ 6 3 ,6 2 0

m edia n a ge

2 9 .5

tra nsporta tion

c ar at 3 1 %

68 % w h i t e ÂŁ 39. 790 32 c a r a t 35 % c i t y o f l o n d o n i s l i n gt o n

T h e a n a l y si s of th e C Ity s h ow s t h a t t h e a r ea h a s n u m e r ou s p o ssi b i l i t i es to b e tr a n s f or m e d i nt o a p l a ce f or p e op l e to l i ve and no t j ust w or k. T h e a r e a al r eady h a s th e n e c e s s a r y i nf r ast r uct ur e a n d p e o p l e c o u l d l i v e cl o se t o th e i r w o r k p l a c e .

The City has a resident p o p ul at i o n o f a b ou t 7 , 40 0 b u t o v er 3 00, 000 p e op le c o m mu te to and w o r k t h e r e , m a i n l y i n th e fi nanci a l ser vi c e s s e c tor , th a t a r e cur r ent y b ui l d i n g n e w to w e r s i n t h e a r ea .

bo ro ug h lim its

Resident zones

Density

Case studies

100m

100m Ci ty o f L o ndo n

2 6 p e o p l e / h e c ta r e

Ba r bic a n E st a t e

176 pe ople /hectare

100m Br asĂ­ l i a

100m 2 8 0 p e op l e / h e c t a r e

Ma n ha t t a n

541 pe ople/ hectare

City before the Great Fire

By t he la t e 17t h c e n t ur y , t he C it y pr ope r — t he a r e a boun de d by t he City wa ll a n d t he R iv e r T ha m e s— wa s o nly a pa r t of L on don , c ov e r in g 290 he ctares , a n d hom e t o a bout 8 0, 000 pe op le.

T he Cit y wa s e sse n t ia lly m e die v al in its st r e e t pla n , a n ov e r c r owde d wa r ren o f n a r r ow, win din g, c obble d a lle y s. It had e xpe r ie n c e d se v e r a l m a jor fir e s b efo re 1666, t he m ost r e c e n t in 1632. Building wit h wood a n d r oofin g wit h t ha t ch had be e n pr ohibit e d f or c e n t ur ie s, but t he se c he a p m a t e r ia ls c on t in ue d to b e use d. T he n , in 1966 fir e gut t e d t he m e die v a l C it y of L on don in side t he o ld R om a n c it y wa ll.

T he br it ish pa in t e r W illia m H oga r t h, use d t o r e pr e se n t t he lif e in t he City o f L on don be f or e t he fir e , a n d t he y sho w how t he a r e a wa s f ull of public lif e and t he soc ia l a n d c ult ur a l st a t e of t he ur ba n c la ss,

A city within the City.

Case study: Barbican Estate

T h e post -wa r c om ple x wa s de sign e d in t he 1950s by B ritis h fi r m Cha m be r lin , Powe ll a n d Bon – a t e a m of t hr e e y o u ng a r c hit e c t s who ha d r e c e n t ly e st a blishe d t he ir r e put a t io n b y w i n nin g t he t he 1951 de sign c om pe t it ion f or t he n e a r by G ol d e n L a n e E st a t e .

T h e a r c hit e c t s – Pe t e r C ha m be r lin , G e of f r y Powe ll a n d C h r i st oph Bon – sought t o c r e a t e a c om ple x t ha t c r e ated a c l e a r dist in c t ion be t we e n pr iv a t e , c om m un it y a n d pub lic d om a in s, but t ha t a lso a llowe d pe de st r ia n s a s m uc h p rio rity a s c a r s.

Ba r bic a n : n oun .

T he out wor k in t e n de d t o de f e n d t he dr a wbr idge in a f or t ifie d t own or c a st le . A lso a n ope n in g or loophole in t he wa ll of a f or t r e ss, t hr ough whic h gun s m a y b e fie d.

(B r e w e r s ’ D i ci o n a r y o f P h r a s e a n d F a b l e , 1 8 70.)

A wa lle d c it y .

New Office Towers Case studies

1. 20 Fenchurch Street aka 驶The Walkie Talkie始 2. Bishopsgate Tower 3. The Leadenhall Building 4. The Willis Building 5. 100 Bishopsgate 6. Heron Tower 7. 30 St. Mary Axe aka 驶The Gherkin始 8. The Minerva Building

驶The Walkie Talkie始 Rafael Vinoly

The Leadenhall Building Rodgers + Stirk

P r o p o sa l d a te 2 0 0 6 C o n st r uct i on s ta r t d a te 2 0 1 1 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 1 4

Pr oposa l da t e 2006 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2011 Com ple t ion da t e 2014

Ro o f Hei gh t 1 7 7 . 1 6 P r i m a r y U s e O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m ) 5 5 , 0 0 0 . 0 0

R oof H e ight 177. 16 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 55, 000. 00

T h e t o p h e a vy m a s s i n g c om e s f r o m t h e i d e a th a t r e n ta l i n c om e ca n b e m a xi mi s e d b y h a vi n g b i gger t o p fl o or s th a t c o m ma n d m o r e r ent . T h i s s h o u l d ma ke th e t o w er m o r e p r o fi ta b l e th a n t y p i cal .

T he e xt e n sion of t he public r e a lm t ha n k s t o t he e n c lose d spa c e a t t he ba se of t he t owe r will be a ppr oxim a t e ly ha lf a n a c r e . T his a r e a will be t oppe d by c e ilin gs 27m a bov e fl oor le v e l.

The Bishopsgate Tower PLP Architects

The Willis Building Norman Foster

P r o p o sal d a te 2 0 0 5 C o nst r uct ion s ta r t d a te La te 2 0 1 5 C o m p l et i on d a te 2 0 1 9 (e s ti ma te d )

Pr oposa l da t e 2002 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2004 Com ple t ion da t e 2008

Ro o f H ei gh t 2 7 8 P r i m ar y U s e O f fi c e F l o o r sp ace (s q m) 1 2 0 , 0 0 0

R oof H e ight 138 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 44, 128 . 00 T he st e ps of t he buildin g 124. 9m , 97. 1 a n d 68 . 6, pr opor t ion e d t o he lp t he r e la t e t o t he sur r oun din g of it ' s m idr ise n e ighbour s L loy ds of L on don .

are buildin g c on t e xt suc h a s

100 Bishopsgate

Allies and Morrison, Arney Fender Architects

Heron Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

P r o p o sa l da te 2 0 0 6 C o n st r uct i o n s ta r t d a te 2 0 1 4 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 1 7

Pr oposa l da t e 2005 C on st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2008 C om ple t ion da t e 2011

Ro o f Hei gh t 1 8 0 P r i m a r y U se O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m) 7 3 , 0 0 0 . 0 0

R oof H e ight 218 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 66, 629. 00

O r i g i n a l l y t h e tow e r w a s s e t to b e si x fl o o r s t a l l e r b u t th i s w a s r educed f o l l ow i n g c on c e r n s i t w o ul d det r a c t f r o m 3 0 S t M a r ys A x e and t h e H e r on T ow e r a n d l ead t o a fla t s kyl i n e .

T he t owe r in it ia lly st r uggle d t o a t t r a c t t e n a n t s in t he de pt hs of e c on om ic r e c e ssion , I t is de sign e d t o a ppe a r dif f e r e n t f r om e a c h dir e c t ion wit h lit t le sy m m e t r ic a l de sign .

驶The Gherkin始 Norman Foster

The Minerva Building Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners

P r o p o sa l da te 1 9 9 9 C o n st r uct i o n s ta r t d a te 2 0 0 1 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 0 3

Pr oposa l da t e 2003 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e c a n c e le d Com ple t ion da t e c a n c e le d

Ro o f Hei gh t 1 9 4 P r i m a r y U se O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m) 7 6 , 6 4 1 . 0 0

R oof H e ight 232 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 92, 918 . 00

T h e b ui l di n g i s th e w i n n e r of th e 2 005 RI B A S ti r l i n g P r i z e f or A r ch i t ect ur e a n d h a s b e c o m e a n i nst a n t h i t w i th th e p u b l i c ap p ear i ng p r o m i n e n tl y i n O l y m p i c 2 0 1 2 p r o m o ti o n s .

I n m id-2006 it wa s a n n oun c e d t ha t Min e r v a , de e p wit hin a pe r iod of fin a n c ia l c on solida t ion , we r e n o lon ge r a c t iv e ly pur suin g de v e lopm e n t of t he sit e . A m id-r ise c om m e r c ia l de v e lopm e n t ha s oc c ur r e d in st e a d on t he sit e .

Provocative proposal:

27 0 0

D oz e n s of sk y sc r a pe r s a n d t o w er bloc k s a r e c ur r e n t ly goin g u p a r oun d L on don in a c on st r uctio n boom .

I n t he f ut ur e , wit h t he a dv e nt o f t e c n ology , of fic e spa c e s m ight be c om e un n e c e ssa r y . Or , t he c om e r c ia l sy st e m c ould c ollap s e.

W ha t c ould soc ie t y do wit h thes e a r c hit e c t ur a l pie c e s?

A s a k in d of pr ov oc a t ion here are t he n um be r s of how m a y peo p le c ould be liv in g in t he spa c e b u ilt / t o be built in t he C it y , if t he de v e lopm e n t s we r e t r a n sf ormed in t o r e side n t ia l sc he m e s.

29 0 0

4 000

3300

1400

36 0 0

3800

3000

n um be r of pe op le that c ould be a c c omo dated in small u nits

tota l: 2 4 , 700 p eop le

new density: 110 hab/ha

Re-configuration of under-used office blocks Imediate proposal

A m or e im e dia t e a c t ion t ha t c ould be t a k e n is t o c on v e r t of fic e bloc k s in t o houin g a n d e xplor e t he public r e a lm . S ome buildin gs in t he C it y a r e un de r -use d a n d ha v e e m pt y of fic e spa c e s.

A s a n e xa m ple , he r e is shown a c on v e r sion of N o. 1 Un de r sha ft, k n ow a s S t . H e le n ’ s; a buildin g t ha t wa s a lr e a dy c on side r e d f o r de m olit ion t o giv e spa c e t o a n e w de v e lopm e n t .

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Le a d e n h a l l , C or n h i l l , Bi s h opsga t e & G r a c e c hur c h S t r e e t C r ossr oa ds

W it h t he se a c t ion s, t he Cit y co u ld be c om e a n e f f e r v e sc e n t a n d liv e ly pla c e . Pe ople c ould w o rk r ight n e a r t he ir door st e p, it wo u ld r e pr e se n t t he e n d of c om m u ting f or som e .

08 /2015