work by Giovanni Cristofaro London South Bank University
O C C U P Y
the C I T of London
Y
Occupy the City of London Live + Work + Play
T he gr owt h in popula t ion a c r oss L on don ha s t o be a c c om m oda ted but whe r e ? T his r a dic a l pr oje c t pr opose s c olon isin g t he v oid of Cit y of L on don t o pr ov ide wor k e r s wit h n e w hom e s c lose t o wor k + pla y. T he pr oje c t c olon iz e s de f un c t of fic e spa c e s a n d a dds n e w la y ers t o r e im a gin e a liv e ly hoga r t hia n c it y .
London Boroughs
City of London
35 0, 000
Kingston upon Thames
Kensington and Chelsea
Barking and Dagenham
Hammersmith and Fulham
Richmond upon Thames
Islington
Sutton
Westminster
Merton
Tower Hamlets
Camden
Hackney
Harrow
Hounslow
Greenwich
Haringey
Bexley
Waltham Forest
Havering
Redbridge
Hillingdon
Newham
Southwark
Lewisham
Wandsworth
Brent
Lambeth
Enfield
Bromley
Ealing
Barnet
Croydon
R e s i d e n t p o p u l a ti o n 400, 000 2 001
2 011
300, 000
25 0,000
200,000
1 5 0,000
1 00, 000
5 0, 000
0
a
b
c
a Fen Co ur t , o f f Fen c h u r c h A ve n u e b Fore St r eet ( B a r b i c a n E s ta te ) c S t Mary Ax e
popula tion density housing unit s household si ze
7400
2 0 6600
26
1 39
4390
9370 0
1 .6 4
2.14
ra cia l distrib ut i on
8 0% wh i t e
household in c om e
ÂŁ 6 3 ,6 2 0
m edia n a ge
2 9 .5
tra nsporta tion
c ar at 3 1 %
68 % w h i t e ÂŁ 39. 790 32 c a r a t 35 % c i t y o f l o n d o n i s l i n gt o n
T h e a n a l y si s of th e C Ity s h ow s t h a t t h e a r ea h a s n u m e r ou s p o ssi b i l i t i es to b e tr a n s f or m e d i nt o a p l a ce f or p e op l e to l i ve and no t j ust w or k. T h e a r e a al r eady h a s th e n e c e s s a r y i nf r ast r uct ur e a n d p e o p l e c o u l d l i v e cl o se t o th e i r w o r k p l a c e . The City has a resident p o p ul at i o n o f a b ou t 7 , 40 0 b u t o v er 3 00, 000 p e op le c o m mu te to and w o r k t h e r e , m a i n l y i n th e fi nanci a l ser vi c e s s e c tor , th a t a r e cur r ent y b ui l d i n g n e w to w e r s i n t h e a r ea .
bo ro ug h lim its
Resident zones
Density
Case studies
100m
100m Ci ty o f L o ndo n
2 6 p e o p l e / h e c ta r e
Ba r bic a n E st a t e
176 pe ople /hectare
100m Br asĂ l i a
100m 2 8 0 p e op l e / h e c t a r e
Ma n ha t t a n
541 pe ople/ hectare
City before the Great Fire
By t he la t e 17t h c e n t ur y , t he C it y pr ope r — t he a r e a boun de d by t he City wa ll a n d t he R iv e r T ha m e s— wa s o nly a pa r t of L on don , c ov e r in g 290 he ctares , a n d hom e t o a bout 8 0, 000 pe op le. T he Cit y wa s e sse n t ia lly m e die v al in its st r e e t pla n , a n ov e r c r owde d wa r ren o f n a r r ow, win din g, c obble d a lle y s. It had e xpe r ie n c e d se v e r a l m a jor fir e s b efo re 1666, t he m ost r e c e n t in 1632. Building wit h wood a n d r oofin g wit h t ha t ch had be e n pr ohibit e d f or c e n t ur ie s, but t he se c he a p m a t e r ia ls c on t in ue d to b e use d. T he n , in 1966 fir e gut t e d t he m e die v a l C it y of L on don in side t he o ld R om a n c it y wa ll.
T he br it ish pa in t e r W illia m H oga r t h, use d t o r e pr e se n t t he lif e in t he City o f L on don be f or e t he fir e , a n d t he y sho w how t he a r e a wa s f ull of public lif e and t he soc ia l a n d c ult ur a l st a t e of t he ur ba n c la ss,
A city within the City.
Case study: Barbican Estate
T h e post -wa r c om ple x wa s de sign e d in t he 1950s by B ritis h fi r m Cha m be r lin , Powe ll a n d Bon – a t e a m of t hr e e y o u ng a r c hit e c t s who ha d r e c e n t ly e st a blishe d t he ir r e put a t io n b y w i n nin g t he t he 1951 de sign c om pe t it ion f or t he n e a r by G ol d e n L a n e E st a t e . T h e a r c hit e c t s – Pe t e r C ha m be r lin , G e of f r y Powe ll a n d C h r i st oph Bon – sought t o c r e a t e a c om ple x t ha t c r e ated a c l e a r dist in c t ion be t we e n pr iv a t e , c om m un it y a n d pub lic d om a in s, but t ha t a lso a llowe d pe de st r ia n s a s m uc h p rio rity a s c a r s.
Ba r bic a n : n oun . T he out wor k in t e n de d t o de f e n d t he dr a wbr idge in a f or t ifie d t own or c a st le . A lso a n ope n in g or loophole in t he wa ll of a f or t r e ss, t hr ough whic h gun s m a y b e fie d. (B r e w e r s ’ D i ci o n a r y o f P h r a s e a n d F a b l e , 1 8 70.)
A wa lle d c it y .
New Office Towers Case studies
1. 20 Fenchurch Street aka 驶The Walkie Talkie始 2. Bishopsgate Tower 3. The Leadenhall Building 4. The Willis Building 5. 100 Bishopsgate 6. Heron Tower 7. 30 St. Mary Axe aka 驶The Gherkin始 8. The Minerva Building
驶The Walkie Talkie始 Rafael Vinoly
The Leadenhall Building Rodgers + Stirk
P r o p o sa l d a te 2 0 0 6 C o n st r uct i on s ta r t d a te 2 0 1 1 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 1 4
Pr oposa l da t e 2006 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2011 Com ple t ion da t e 2014
Ro o f Hei gh t 1 7 7 . 1 6 P r i m a r y U s e O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m ) 5 5 , 0 0 0 . 0 0
R oof H e ight 177. 16 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 55, 000. 00
T h e t o p h e a vy m a s s i n g c om e s f r o m t h e i d e a th a t r e n ta l i n c om e ca n b e m a xi mi s e d b y h a vi n g b i gger t o p fl o or s th a t c o m ma n d m o r e r ent . T h i s s h o u l d ma ke th e t o w er m o r e p r o fi ta b l e th a n t y p i cal .
T he e xt e n sion of t he public r e a lm t ha n k s t o t he e n c lose d spa c e a t t he ba se of t he t owe r will be a ppr oxim a t e ly ha lf a n a c r e . T his a r e a will be t oppe d by c e ilin gs 27m a bov e fl oor le v e l.
The Bishopsgate Tower PLP Architects
The Willis Building Norman Foster
P r o p o sal d a te 2 0 0 5 C o nst r uct ion s ta r t d a te La te 2 0 1 5 C o m p l et i on d a te 2 0 1 9 (e s ti ma te d )
Pr oposa l da t e 2002 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2004 Com ple t ion da t e 2008
Ro o f H ei gh t 2 7 8 P r i m ar y U s e O f fi c e F l o o r sp ace (s q m) 1 2 0 , 0 0 0
R oof H e ight 138 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 44, 128 . 00 T he st e ps of t he buildin g 124. 9m , 97. 1 a n d 68 . 6, pr opor t ion e d t o he lp t he r e la t e t o t he sur r oun din g of it ' s m idr ise n e ighbour s L loy ds of L on don .
are buildin g c on t e xt suc h a s
100 Bishopsgate
Allies and Morrison, Arney Fender Architects
Heron Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
P r o p o sa l da te 2 0 0 6 C o n st r uct i o n s ta r t d a te 2 0 1 4 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 1 7
Pr oposa l da t e 2005 C on st r uc t ion st a r t da t e 2008 C om ple t ion da t e 2011
Ro o f Hei gh t 1 8 0 P r i m a r y U se O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m) 7 3 , 0 0 0 . 0 0
R oof H e ight 218 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 66, 629. 00
O r i g i n a l l y t h e tow e r w a s s e t to b e si x fl o o r s t a l l e r b u t th i s w a s r educed f o l l ow i n g c on c e r n s i t w o ul d det r a c t f r o m 3 0 S t M a r ys A x e and t h e H e r on T ow e r a n d l ead t o a fla t s kyl i n e .
T he t owe r in it ia lly st r uggle d t o a t t r a c t t e n a n t s in t he de pt hs of e c on om ic r e c e ssion , I t is de sign e d t o a ppe a r dif f e r e n t f r om e a c h dir e c t ion wit h lit t le sy m m e t r ic a l de sign .
驶The Gherkin始 Norman Foster
The Minerva Building Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners
P r o p o sa l da te 1 9 9 9 C o n st r uct i o n s ta r t d a te 2 0 0 1 C o m p l et i o n d a te 2 0 0 3
Pr oposa l da t e 2003 Con st r uc t ion st a r t da t e c a n c e le d Com ple t ion da t e c a n c e le d
Ro o f Hei gh t 1 9 4 P r i m a r y U se O f fi c e Fl o o r sp ace (s q m) 7 6 , 6 4 1 . 0 0
R oof H e ight 232 Pr im a r y Use Of fic e F loor spa c e ( sq m ) 92, 918 . 00
T h e b ui l di n g i s th e w i n n e r of th e 2 005 RI B A S ti r l i n g P r i z e f or A r ch i t ect ur e a n d h a s b e c o m e a n i nst a n t h i t w i th th e p u b l i c ap p ear i ng p r o m i n e n tl y i n O l y m p i c 2 0 1 2 p r o m o ti o n s .
I n m id-2006 it wa s a n n oun c e d t ha t Min e r v a , de e p wit hin a pe r iod of fin a n c ia l c on solida t ion , we r e n o lon ge r a c t iv e ly pur suin g de v e lopm e n t of t he sit e . A m id-r ise c om m e r c ia l de v e lopm e n t ha s oc c ur r e d in st e a d on t he sit e .
Provocative proposal:
27 0 0
D oz e n s of sk y sc r a pe r s a n d t o w er bloc k s a r e c ur r e n t ly goin g u p a r oun d L on don in a c on st r uctio n boom . I n t he f ut ur e , wit h t he a dv e nt o f t e c n ology , of fic e spa c e s m ight be c om e un n e c e ssa r y . Or , t he c om e r c ia l sy st e m c ould c ollap s e. W ha t c ould soc ie t y do wit h thes e a r c hit e c t ur a l pie c e s? A s a k in d of pr ov oc a t ion here are t he n um be r s of how m a y peo p le c ould be liv in g in t he spa c e b u ilt / t o be built in t he C it y , if t he de v e lopm e n t s we r e t r a n sf ormed in t o r e side n t ia l sc he m e s.
29 0 0
4 000
3300
1400
36 0 0
3800
3000
n um be r of pe op le that c ould be a c c omo dated in small u nits
tota l: 2 4 , 700 p eop le
new density: 110 hab/ha
Re-configuration of under-used office blocks Imediate proposal
A m or e im e dia t e a c t ion t ha t c ould be t a k e n is t o c on v e r t of fic e bloc k s in t o houin g a n d e xplor e t he public r e a lm . S ome buildin gs in t he C it y a r e un de r -use d a n d ha v e e m pt y of fic e spa c e s. A s a n e xa m ple , he r e is shown a c on v e r sion of N o. 1 Un de r sha ft, k n ow a s S t . H e le n ’ s; a buildin g t ha t wa s a lr e a dy c on side r e d f o r de m olit ion t o giv e spa c e t o a n e w de v e lopm e n t .
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Le a d e n h a l l , C or n h i l l , Bi s h opsga t e & G r a c e c hur c h S t r e e t C r ossr oa ds
W it h t he se a c t ion s, t he Cit y co u ld be c om e a n e f f e r v e sc e n t a n d liv e ly pla c e . Pe ople c ould w o rk r ight n e a r t he ir door st e p, it wo u ld r e pr e se n t t he e n d of c om m u ting f or som e .
08 /2015