The Loop: Jakarta Bay's Masterplan - Booklet

THE LOOP Jakarta Bay’s Masterplan

Girvan C Tenggono 917833

CONTENTS Background Jakarta Jakarta and Mangrove Mangrove

Design Exploration Spatial Mapping Transect - Analysis Theory Future Aspiration Analytical Map Preliminary Design Attempt

The Loop Aspiration Site 1905 Site 2021 Site 2050 Strategy Zoning Masterplan through Time Detail through Time - Street Detail through Time - Bay Mangrove Loop Walk

Bibliography

1 3 4 5

7 9 11 13 17 19 21

23 24 27 28 29 31 32 33 35 37 39

41

1

I. Background Mangrove + Jakarta

2

Jakarta Growing up on the fringe of Jakarta. I’ve personally saw the how urbanisation changed the landscape of where I live. Choosing Jakarta to tackle some if its issue comes naturally as the city is being abandoned as the capital as its sinking due to climate change.

The country’s government through National Capital Integrated Flooding Population Coastal Development (NCICD) proposed an engineeredHistory seaofwall 1866 2007 Residence : 109.486 people project, spanning 1000ha, which relies on hard infrastructure 1918 2008 Density over : 27.718 people/km² 1979 2013 to mitigate Jakarta’s land subsidence, seawater intrusion, raising sea 1996 2015 level, and tidal flooding which is increasing in severity . This 2002phase 2016 presents various issues. Using hard engineering technology (which is a traditional response to coastal erosion and flooding), are likely to result in increased coastal vulnerability . Despite environmental issues and resistance from local fishers, the reclamation project proceeds . The current planning and its regulatory system do not give room for citizen participation Jayakarta

Batavia

Named after a treaty with the Portuguese

500 1600s

Inde Du

1700 1900s

1939

Area controlled by the Dutch East Indies. However, mangroves are retained as to reduce the abrasion of the ports and beaches

Muara Angke Mangrove area is established by the Dutch East Indies as a nature reserve

1600s

Development of bay happened on the area currently known as Port of Angke by the Kingdom of Tarumanegara

202

3

20

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

Jakarta and Mangrove

Jakarta has a long historical relationship with mangrove. The development of Jakarta begins on the penjaringan sub-district where a port is established on the mangrove area. Prior to colonialization mangrove is recorded to reach 3km inland The area was controlled by the Dutch for a long period of time.

Mangroves are retained to reduce the abrasion of ports, however, rivers are canalised extensively Mangrove policies On 1939 a part of the area is established as a nature reserve - 1995: First Presidential Decree on Land Reclamation The economic boom of -the onwards impacts the mangrove 2003:1970s Opposition by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry - 2018: Governor’s Regulation partially. Some island to significantly, and a land reclamation decreetoisrevoke put reclamation by the president proceed on 1995 to reclaim land on the bay On 2010 land reclamation is proposed to house the growing population, including an engineered sea wall project, spanning over 1000ha, which relies on hard infrastructure to mitigate Jakarta’s land subsidence, seawater intrusion, raising sea level, and tidal flooding

Jakarta

ependence from utch and Japan

1945

Penjaringan City Crest including imageries of the bay, mangrove and a great kingfisher

1970s

1980s

Clearing out of most of the “slum dwellers” and “street peddlers”

Economic growth and real estate boom

4

1995

2010s

Soeharto (2nd Proposal of sea wall and President) Land reclamation by NCICD Reclamation Decree

Mangrove

Habitat for birds, bees, monkeys, and other wildlife Protection from strom waves and erosion

Traps sediments and stabilizes coastal areas

Detritus

Leaf litter/Detritus Provide food for microbial decomposers & herbivores Support food chain away from mangrove areas Nursery ground juvenile fishes

- Water purification - Carbon Storage - Fisheries - Medicines - Wood (Fuel, Construction) - Recreation and Tourism - Shore Protection - Produce (Honey, Alcohol)

Small Carnivores

Large Carnivores

5

for

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

The mangrove ecosystem is amongst the most productive ecosystem . As climate change is increasing the threat of flooding and erosion, the restoration of the mangrove ecosystem offers alternative protection in place (or complementary to) hard engineering solutions. Despite this, mangrove has diminished at a global rate of 1-2% per year and currently is at 35% less in the past 20 years . This is because of human impact and environmental pressure, which contributes to the phenomenon of ‘coastal squeeze’ .

It has been shown that halting Indonesia’s mangrove deforestation could reduce the country’s emission by 10-31% . The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, could potentially introduce mangrove restoration

for the city’s coastal defence . Yet, mangrove management loss of mangr regulation has never been put into written law despite Jakarta’s

declining mangrove forests .

Java’s estima since 1800

Rehabilitated and restored mangrove ecosystems provide essential ecological, economic, and social values for coastal communities . Carbon em halting Ind Thus, there is an opportunity where mangrove restoration can be deforestation implemented on the coast of Jakarta, Indonesia.

Landward Erosion of seaward edge due to rising sea level

Physical barrier and human activity preventing migration

Rate of observ

Approximate by the coa subsidence a

Proposed seawall could potentially be disruptive to the ecosystem collecting sediment and pollutant

Habitat “squeezed” Mangroves only grow with maximum inundation of 1m

6

Land subsidence due to groundwater loss

Remaining m since 1980 o

Phase 0: The Great Garuda Seawall (Traditional Approach)

Phase 1: Reforestation (Natural Approach)

Phase 2: Nature as Infrastructure (Ecological Engineering Approach)

Phase 3: Mangroves as key inhabitant (Local Wisdom)

7

II. Design Exploration

8

9

1980 Coast Line 1980 Mangrove 1911 Coast Line 1911 Mangrove 2.5m Inundation 1.5m Inundation

Past Average Fishing Distance (currently 11-30km offshore) Mussel Platform Pre-2008 Wild Mussel Pre-2008

1:25.000@A3

10

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

Current Coast Line 1m Contour Current Mangrove Proposed Reclamation Proposed Inner Seawall Proposed Outer Seawall Uniformed Housing Non-uniformed Housing Industrial Bussiness

Transect - Analysis

Bridge leading to Reclamation Island

Angke Kapuk Mangrove Forest

Mangroves and Fishermen can only overlook to the gated community housing area

Green Bay Pluit apartment area

Pollution and algae b for both mangroves

Pantai Mutiara Housing Area

Wealth gap from uniformed and uniformed housings (kampung) are still apparent on the coastal area 11

bloom is a major concern and fishermen

Pluit Reservoir

Angke Market

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

Muara

Fish

Ecosystem change from the reclamation island and pollution of the bay have reduced the income of the fishermen significantly

Nizam Zachman Fishing Port and Seawall

Reservoir and Seawall alleviates the coastal flooding for a temporary amount of time 12

Theory

Phase 0: Phase 0: Phase 0: Seawall The Great Garuda eat Garuda Seawall The Great Garuda Seawall ditional Approach)(Traditional (TraditionalApproach) Approach)

Phase 1: Phase 1: Reforestation Reforestation (Natural Approach) (Natural Approach)

Phase 2: Nature as Infrastructure (Ecological Engineering Approach)

Major Floods

Phase 2: Phase 2: re as InfrastructureNature as Infrastructure l Engineering(Ecological Approach)Engineering Approach) Political

Phase 1: Reforestation (Natural Approa

Phase 3: Mangroves as key inhabitant (Local Wisdom)

Policy Response: Canalisation (remnant of colonisation)

Phase 3: Phase 3: Mangroves as key inhabitant Mangroves as key inh (Local Wisdom) (Local Wisdom Short-term

Support

localised flood relief

Phase 0 - The traditional approach where the mangrove is not a part of jakarta’s coastal development Phase 1 - The natural approach, the reforestation of Jakarta’s mangrove. Done as the importance of the mangrove has been recognized by the people This is not enough as there is a limit of land to reforestation and there is a need to facilitate the mangrove to migrate Moving out of this phase will require for the citizen of Jakarta to be independent from the remnant of colonialization, the canalization for short term localized flood relief

13

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

Phase 2: 2: Nature asPhase Infrastructure Nature as Infrastructure (Ecological Engineering Approach) (Ecological Engineering Approach)

Phase 3: Mangroves as key inhabitan (Local Wisdom)

Mangrove planters

Melbourne, Australia

Pulau Tekong Reclamation

Pulau Tekong, Singapore

Phase2 - Nature as infrastructure, a hybrid of the traditional and natural approach, has been trialled internationally. This is done through ecological engineering, which is a combination of ecological processes with engineering principles to develop infrastructure that benefits both humans and nature Some international precedence include mangrove planters in Melbourne that trials designed pods to help with coastal protection And the reclamation project in Singapore where ecological diversity is enhanced by building ecosystem services and artificial structures to support mangroves

14

Theory

Phase 2: Nature as Infrastructure ch) ogical Engineering Approach)

Phase 3: Phase 3: Mangroves as key inhabitant Mangroves as key inhabitant (Local Wisdom) (Local Wisdom)

Stewardship of Local Ecosystem (prior to colonialisation) Nyadran Offering to the ocean for the yield. Fosters relationship with peer as understanding that the sea belongs to no one and residents belong to the bigger ecosystem Kepenjagaan Understanding that the stewardship of the natural system is needed to maintain substinence. This also means keeping the ecological balance for future generations.

15

However, later exploration has shown that prior to emerging Western theories, the citizen of Jakarta’s bay have developed a formal, distinct local wisdom. Adat (customary), which inherited a knowledge of stewardship.

Local wisdom that has been passed down prior to colonialisation has shown that there is a need of stewardship of the local ecosystem Practices such as nyadran, or offering to the sea and kepenjagaan, the protection of the sea shows that there is an understanding that the residents belong to the bigger ecosystem. And stewardship to the natural system will maintain substinence and bring ecological balance for future generations This Redefines individual problem to mutual ones. Treating mangrove not only as a commodity, but a respected inhabitant in the area

16

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

The ecological approach is being pointed at by scholars as the final valuable phase.

Future Aspiration

­

17

18

Current Shellfish Catch area

Past Shellfish Catch Platforms Netuma thalassina

B bo oleo dd ph ar ta ti lm

Sa ra

mu

Ardea alba

ius Charadr s javanicu

ss

alv

lus qu se thu na iog Le

ato

r

do Nibea solda

Mangrove

Past Bagan Apung (Floating Nets)

us

M

yc

Sa

rdin

te

ria

C am uor bo a in en

ci

ne

ella

bra

chis

a

re

a

Macaca ris fasicula

sis

yb

rid

us

bilinaetus

ge c

sh

Cynoglossus

nia

Hal

lva

lis Fu

Pluvia

ko

lido

kko

Anthreptes malacensis

Callosciurus notatus

Ch

Ge

gus

s ar

agu

toph

Sca

om

Bu

fo

Me

osoma

lan os

tict u

s

Eleotris melan

19

cyo

n sa

nctu

s

ha os

s

ulu

eq

g illa

iso

ma ch bra lla ne rdi Sa

ygo Pter

plich

Egreta sp. tys

pard

alis

sb

ssu oglo Cyn

ilina

s

etu

otris

Ele

me

ma

oso

lan

20

a

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

do Nibea solda

us

th na iog Le

ma

Residential Kampung (Urban Village) S

Past Natural Shellfish Dive Area Past Net Fishing Extent

sin las ha at tum Ne

s

Preliminary Design Attempt Present Projected Aspiration Mangrove

21

Mangrove

Mangrove Strip

Kampung

22

Shared Road Pedestrian - Vehicle

Strip Decked Path

Residential

23

III.The Loop

Jakarta Bay’s Masterplan

24

Aspiration The loop is a proposal for Jakarta’s bay masterplan that encourages equity for non-human species. The loop masterplan will encourage the stewardship of mangroves, returning the bay to the forgotten keystone species of the ecosystem. The design will be an experiment to develop a new way to plan Jakarta through and human-nature partnership. Co-creation with mangroves will result in the fostering of the need of the people, and the ecology.

Achieving climate resilience.

Interpretation The design experiment would reveal: (1) What would a mangrove focused design for the North Jakarta coast look like, with the consideration of sea level rise and the sea wall project.

(2) How would the co-creation with mangrove be explored through fostering local wisdom and application of design

25

The design experiment would be considered a success if it demonstrates how mangroves would relate with other inhabitants, show how the site qualities would change over time, foster local relationship of mangrove and people, and address the sea level rise and reclamation project as a part of the outcome.

Limitations Design could not be discussed with communities and inhabitants on site. The result would be a researched option to demonstrate an alternative of how the site could be.

26

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

Criteria for Success

SITE 1905 Ecologically Functioning Jakarta bay -6

-2

Shallow Coral Reef (Muara Karang - Reef Estuary)

Mangrove Forest

27

Fishing Kampung + Fish Ponds

-10

Land Reclamation

Ecologically Non-functioning Jakarta bay

-6

-2

Remnant Mangrove Ecosystem

Fishing Kampung

Canalised Rivers

28

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

SITE 2021

SITE 2050 -10

-6

Planned Land Reclamation

-2

Remnant Mangrove Ecosystem

Inundated Inland Area

29

Background |Design Exploration|The Loop - Design Outcome

1–25

Rate of obs

1.2 M

Approxima by the co subsidence

14%

Remaining since 1980 Mangroves only grow with maximum inundation of 1m

The plan and the perspectives show how prior to colonialisation, all inhabitants were living together under the keystone species the mangrove. However, he residents of Jakarta’s bay are currently separated and segregated from each other, despite facing mutual issues

30

Strategy

People Kam

pun

g em

pow erm

ent

She

llfish

Acc reti

on m

itiga ting

land

sub

reef

side

nce

Ree

Sed

Climate Resilience

Exp Mangr o and ing ve as k Cult e ure ystone erie s and Eco logy

fish

f res

ime

ntati on

tora tion

Spe

cies

Sed

ime

ntati on

Mov eme

nt

Ecology

Key strategies involves getting all inhabitant to be within the loop.

This can be achieved by setting strategies that encourages the stewardship of Mangroves

31

Zoning Zone 1

Mangrove Streets

Zone 2

Mangrove Coastline

Zone 3

Sheltered Bay

Zone 4

Nature Reserve Climate Resilience

32

+

Masterplan through Time The increments of time in the planning are made corresponding to the maturity of the mangroves • The loop masterplan will begin by exhuming main waterways and allow mangrove to migrate inland • Shellfish reef will be made to allow fishermen to work closer to the kampung, reducing the need to go to the open ocean.

• Phase 1 of the mangrove walk will connect the coast edge.

Bridging people and ecology together • As time goes streets can begin to adopt a new typology • Phase 2 of the mangrove walk will continue bringing sediment to allow land reclamation • More activities will begin on the mangrove walk • Once the coastal defence is established reseeding of the reef on the bay will begin

SITE 2060

Zone 3 ne Zo 2: Zone Boundary Dredging Sediment Path

Zone 1

N

LEGEND Mangrove Walks Phase 1 - Inland Phase 2 - Reclamation

Ecosystem Mangrove Sand Shellfish Reef

Waterways Exhumed Waterways Riparian Edging Proposed New street typology

33

0

250 500

1000m

SITE 2040

ne Zo 2:

Zone 1

N

LEGEND Zone Boundary Dredging Sediment Path

Mangrove Walks Phase 1 - Inland

Ecosystem Mangrove Sand Shellfish Reef

Waterways Exhumed Waterways Riparian Edging Proposed New street typology

0

250 500

1000m

SITE 2080 Zone 4

Zone 3 ne Zo 2: Zone Boundary Dredging Sediment Path

Zone 1

N

LEGEND Mangrove Walks Phase 1 - Inland Phase 2 - Reclamation Phase 3 - Bay Closure

Ecosystem Mangrove Sand Shellfish Reef

Waterways Exhumed Waterways Riparian Edging Proposed New street typology

34

0

250 500

1000m

Detail through Time - Street • The street currently hides water and is created only for vehicle • Exhumation will begin and slowly mangroves and other original species will be given space on the street • The street remains constant, however,ecological system around it evolves. Thus, changing the typology of the street • The street will now include more inhabitant, serving not only as movement passage for people but also for water and species • This will also reduce Jakarta’s subsidence as groundwater is once again recharged

35

STREET 2021 0

0.5

1

2m

1m minimum

dwgmodels.com

Bakau Rhizophora apiculata Permeable Paving

Benggala Phragmites karka

Bronjong Traditional Planting

Nipah Nypa fruticans

STREET 2040 0

0.5

1

2m

Pecuk Ular Anhinga melanogaster

Mangrove Walk and Bike Lane

1 Way Street

Belut Monopterus albus

Benggala Phragmites karka

Nipah Nypa fruticans

Jl. Plui

t Kara Cantik ng

Kura-kura Batok Cuora Amboniensis

Jl. Mua ra Ka rang Raya

Site Location

Site Arrangement

STREET 2080 36

0

0.5

1

2m

Detail through Time - Bay • Returning the bay to its ecological function will also require mangrove as the keystone species • The floating walkways not only serve as wave attenuator but will also be adaptable as the sea level changes • As time progress sediment will collect and accretion will happen. More area can be created for the mangrove to inhabit and spread • Complex reef structure can be formed to encourage reef growth

Bakau Rhizophora apiculata Peak Tide Tiram Cassotrea gigas Average Tide Lowest Tide

Kerang Dara Anadara granosa

Kembung Perempuan Rastrelliger brachysoma

Kerang Hijau Perna viridis

Guludan Traditional Planting

Pepetek Leiognathus equlus

37

BAY 2040 0

0.5

1

2m

Bakau Hitam Rhizophora mucronata

Peak Tide Average Tide +0.6m NOAA prediction

Tiram Cassotrea gigas

Lowest Tide

Kerang Dara Anadara granosa

Land Accretion and Sedmient Collection

BAY 2060 0

0.5

1

2m

Bangau Bluwok Milky Stork

Bakau Hitam Rhizophora mucronata

Peak Tide Cerek Jawa Charadrius javanicus

Average Tide +1.2m NOAA prediction Lowest Tide

Glodok Boleophtalmus boddarti

1

1

Marine Mattress Site Location

Unit Diversity

2000mm 300mm

1000mm

Oyster Reefball Unit

ECOncrete Armor Unit

38

Goliath Reefball Unit

BAY 2080 0

0.5

1

2m

Mangrove Loop Walk Looking from the walk, it is shown that all species are now cohabiting and co-creating within the loop masterplan. Mangrove co-creates with human as they are given spaces to flourish. The fishermen, empowered and enabled within the site as the guide that connects the people and the bay. The middle and upper class communities – given a connection to the natural system. The wildlife returning to the site co-habiting with the people Culture is encouraged while climate resilience is still supported.

Complex spaces are created, establishing different number of ecological communities, creating a diverse set of resilient communities. The top down agenda of reclamation and seawall is reinterpreted through a new method that respects the equity for non-human species. An inclusive bottom up method that synthesized new livelihood and human-nature partnership

Inner Loop Distance

12km Walking Time

2hrs 30min

Stop A

Mangrove Research + Education center

Stop B

Stop D

Market Walk

Bay Bridge

Cycling Time

30min

Stop C

Sea wall + Lighthouse Climate and Ecology Center

Stop H

Shellfish Reef Cultivation +Tourism

39

Stop E Seawall + Reserve

Stop F

Dune Access

Stop G

Eco-Kampung + Tourism Area

40

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