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THE STREETS OF SÃO PAULO

2011 BERLAGE INSTITUTE RESEARCH REPORT XX

THE STREETS OF SÃO PAULO

2011 BERLAGE INSTITUTE RESEARCH REPORT XX

The Streets of São Paulo First-Year Core Research Studio 2011 / Studio Tutors: Pier Paolo Tamburelli and Maria Chiara Pastore Studio Participants: Ariel Vazquez, Githa Ong, Heejung Kil, Kyungsu Jung, Patricia Fernandes, Ryoichi Aida, Sanne van den Breemer, Si Wu Jury: Anne-Julchen Bernardt (Professor RWTH Aachen), Joachim Declerck (Architect and Founder Architecture Workroom Brussels), Johanna Irander (Landscape Architect and Founder Studio Irander, Stockholm), Oliver Thill (Architect and Founder, Atelier Kempe Thill, Rotterdam); special guest: Fabienne Hoelzel (Project Coordinator Urban Design at SEHAB – São Paulo Municipal Secretariat of Housing and Urban Development) and the Berlage Institute represented by Vedran Mimica, Pier Vittorio Aureli , Salomon Frausto/ External Contributors to the Studio Research: Elisabete França, Fabienne Hoelzel, Fernando Mello Franco, Milton Braga, Pedro Vada Santos, Maria Teresa Diniz, Ido Avissar, Francesca Benedetto, Saverio Pesapane, Angelo Boriolo, Job Floris, George Brugmans.

The Streets of São Paulo has been made possible with the financial support of

The Berlage Institute is an international postgraduate laboratory for education, research and development in the fields of architecture, urban planning and landscape design.

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Postal address: PO Box 21592 3001 AN Rotterdam The Netherlands

Visiting address: Botersloot 25 3011 HE Rotterdam The Netherlands

The Streets of São Paulo

t f e i

+ 31 10 403 03 99 + 31 10 403 03 90 info@berlage-institute.nl www.berlage-institute. nl

Research Report Credits This Berlage Institute Research Report was created through the collective effort of studio participants, tutors, and staff. It is intended for use by the Berlage Institute. It was printed and bound at the Berlage Institute. The Research Report Series have been initiated and developed by Jennifer Sigler and Noortje Hoppe. © 2006, Berlage Institute, Rotterdam

CONTENTS 09

SÃO PAULO ENDLESS INTRODUCTION

Berlage Institute Staff Dean: Alejandro Zaera-Polo, Director: Rob Docter, Assistant Dean: Vedran Mimica, Head of Projective Theory: Roemer van Toorn, First-Year Studio Coordinator, Second-Year Tutor: Peter Trummer, SecondYear Studio Coordinator, Second-Year Tutor: Pier Vittorio Aureli, Editor of Publications and Broadcasting: Marc Ryan, Program Manager: Marja van der Burgh, Project Coordination and PR: Francoise Vos, Finance and Organization: Angeline Hoogenhout, Graphic Design: Mick Morssink, Documentalist and Technical Support: Danny Bosten, Reception and Office Assistance: Lenny Westerdijk

TISSUE OF SÃO PAULO

GROWTH AND EVOLUTION

THE ROADS OF SÃO PAULO

111 OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION 113

CATALOG OF OBJECTS

151

OPPORTUNITIES

187

POTENTIAL

195 SÃO PAULO PATTERNS 203 24 BRIDGES 304 Contributors

Board of Governors The Berlage Institute is a foundation under Netherlands law. Jürgen Rosemann (Chairman), Ton Meijer, Kees Rijnboutt, Siward Kolthek, Jan Jessurun (Special Advisor)

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The Streets of São Paulo

SÃO PAULO ENDLESS INTRODUCTION

PIER PAOLO TAMBURELLI

The Streets of São Paulo

São Paulo Endless 1. Metropolitan São Paulo has a population of roughly 20 millions inhabitants on a surface of roughly 8000 sqKm (as a comparison, the Netherlands have a population of roughly 16 millions on a surface of roughly 40,000 sqKm). Still, São Paulo is a city, not a country. A city made of the same amount of objects accumulated in the space of a country such as the Netherlands. A city with as many gas stations as an entire country, as many football fields as an entire country, just one after the other, object next to object, next to object, next to object. São Paulo endless. 2. São Paulo is a city. It ends at a certain point, it has a name, it is precisely present in the memory of its inhabitants. Still São Paulo is a city that undermines pre-established (European) categories about the image and the collective memory of the city. Even if São Paulo is a very defined urban ensemble, the product of a precise interpretation of a very particular landscape, the metropolis does not produce a detailed picture in the memory of its own inhabitants. São Paulo is a city no citizen can claim to know entirely. Contrary to the generic city, São Paulo does not lack an ambition towards a precise identity, yet this ambition is defied by the sheer scale of the city. The final result of this particular situation is mixed. The memory of the city is double-sided: geographic clarity coexists with local incertitude. São Paulo is a field covered with a repetition of extremely similar objects: shopping malls, gas stations, logistic centres; all of them almost the same, impossible to recognize, impossible to localize. All of them emerging and vanishing into a blurred picture, recursive and imprecise: endless Petrobras gas stations, infinite Ipiranga. Nobody knows if Petrobras A is 25 Km north-west of the centre, along Bandeirantes, or 15 Km south-east, along Imigrantes, he just knows he already saw it a million times. Nobody in São Paulo really possesses a detailed mental map of the city (the most typical discussion is about which road is better to take in order to go from A to B). The image of the city oscillates among precise (geographical) borders; still it is not fixed, not entirely on focus. Objects are connected in to distracted perception of the drivers, repeating with minimal variations like in an industrial Art of Fugue. 3. São Paulo metropolitan identity is complex because it combines a very precise geographic condition with an entirely unclear local condition. What is precise at the metropolitan, infrastructural scale becomes blurred at the scale of the single place. Objects do not have a fixed location in the collective memory. They float like rafts swinging in the infrastructural stream. São Paulo is a landscape without places, it repeats hill after hill, creek after creek, and so does the city, turnpike after turnpike, favela after favela. The image of the city is at the same time precise and blurred. São Paulo poses the question of what a city is and of what it means to belong to a city. This happens because of pure scale. São Paulo is so big that citizens cannot have anymore a precise relation to the city they live in. Citizens belong to the city of São Paulo, they clearly recognize São Paulo as a city, but there is

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The Streets of São Paulo

no clear opinion on the details of that city. São Paulo is a city to which it is possible to belong only in multiple terms, with different degrees of precision. A city as São Paulo forces us to re-define the notion of citizenship. São Paulo is a city, a shared landscape that defines a way of living, a collective product, but a collective product with uncertain geography. Parallel to the impossibility for the citizens to know in detail the organization of the city there is the impossibility to know the history of the transformations of the city. No urban history can help the architects operating in São Paulo. No way to get precise knowledge of all the transformations that produced the city, no way to follow the expansion, to recognize legal and illegal. Only the geographic background can help us, and a detailed knowledge of the particular sites. Nothing in between. The city as we traditionally know vanishes into landscape and reappears only into details. Local fragments float in the metropolitan landscape. 4. São Paulo is a very specific interpretation of a very specific landscape. The violent beauty of contemporary São Paulo is not so entirely artificial as we might suspect at first glance. The little hills and the small creeks of the planalto define a geography that has not disappeared into the city: only valleys became highways and hills became micro-cities (either favelas or rich neighbourhoods or infinite nuances in between the two, does not really matter here). The process developed at incredibly fast pace. Even if founded in 1532, São Paulo still had a population lower than 300,000 in 1900. The city we know nowadays grew in just hundred years. Rivers became highways all of a sudden. In this radical (if not brutal) process of transformation and reinterpretation, the city of São Paulo turned rivers into canals, creeks into highways, hills into settlements and changed the direction of flows of the rivers, producing a city made of islands floating in a whirl of infrastructure. The formalization of the primeval geography produced an abstract reproduction of the original. Like the seven hills surviving in the massive agglomeration of palaces of imperial Rome, the valley and the hills of the planalto survive in the highways, in the clusters of towers and in the favelas of contemporary São Paulo. Like in Rome, the original landscape has been re-defined; re-designed, re-built, creating a new geography that formalizes the original one. If we consider the relative weakness of the original landscape and the potential violence of technology applied to transform it (the industrial technology of the Fordist era, the survival (in a mutated form) of the original landscape is quite surprising. São Paulo is not imperial Rome: machines, dynamite and electric power allowed in São Paulo transformations that were unthinkable with the limited means of enslaved work-force. São Paulo is also not Rio de Janeiro: the primeval landscape of the Tiete and Pinheiros valley was not particularly impressive; on the contrary, the planalto here is quite gentle. It could have disappeared quite easily. Seen form this point of view, São Paulo (for all its hydrologic disaster) has been surprisingly subtle in its re-elaboration of the original geography. Confrontation with nature has been ruthless (and sometimes catastrophic) but not disrespectful.

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5. São Paulo is a city for the car. It is the centre of South American car manufacturing. All infrastructures, starting from the (questionable but very precise) strategy envisioned by Francisco Prestes Maia (engineer and later mayor of São Paulo) in the 30s, has been built for the car. Still São Paulo, with more than 8 millions cars in the metropolitan region, has only around 0,4 cars per person compared to 0,6 in Los Angeles. The majority of São Paulo inhabitants do not own a car. São Paulo is not only a city for the car. Paulistas do walk in the city. This situation produces a hybrid urban condition. São Paulo is not precisely L. A. São Paulo is a more complex urban formation: splinters of traditional (pedestrian) city fabric (the formalized public spaces of the centre but also the medieval liveliness of the favelas) survive together with gigantic malls, superhighways and colossal industrial and logistic settlements. Inside of this multi-layered environment, the divide produced by traffic infrastructure feels even stronger. Pedestrian paths through the city are sometimes very inefficient and unnecessarily complicated or dangerous. The micro-cities have only a relation to the large-scale infrastructure, but they are entirely isolated from one another. Pedestrian connections have been clearly overlooked in the construction of the traffic infrastructure. With an overall extension of metropolitan highways of ca. 370 km, in São Paulo there are only 150 pedestrian bridges (including car + pedestrian bridges) crossing over the roads, that makes a pedestrian connection every 2.5 Km, way too little to produce a city accessible to all its inhabitants. This evident need of the city (combined with the need for public facilities particularly in the informal areas) provides an opportunity to imagine a new type of pedestrian bridges, combining the possibility to cross the highway with public program and panoramic views. 6. São Paulo is made of many smaller settlements. It is important to underline that many of these settlements are called “city” (just to list a few: Vila Churruca, Vila Formosa, Vila Galvão, Vila Guilherme, Vila Leopolidina, Vila Maria, Vila Mariana, Vila Prudente, Cidade Ademar, Cidade Líder, Cidade de Tiradentes, Hygeniopolis, Paraisópolis). São Paulo is a gigantic collection of micro-cities that do not reach the scale that would be sufficient to claim some sort of independence. The micro-cities belong to São Paulo: their citizens are citizens of São Paulo, not of Vila Prudente or Hygeniopolis. The historical formation of such micro-cities, whether originally favelas or industrial settlements or large-scale real estate speculations does not really matter. The micro-city usually corresponds to the atomic geographic unit, a little hill. The city uses these different microcities as experimental fields: some can flourish, and some can languish. In time, the equilibrium among the different micro-cities can change: microcity A can suddenly blossom while micro-city B barely survives. Anyhow, does not matter the success of the different cases, all the components of São Paulo operate in the same way. The rich micro-cities of Libertade and Hygeniopolis have the same scale of the poor Vila Galvão or of the very poor Paraisópolis, the same relation to geography and to infrastructure. The metropolitan grammar of São Paulo is one.

The Streets of São Paulo

The divide among micro-cities (created by geography and reinforced by infrastructure) is an opportunity to imagine a possible connection, a system of bridges and viaducts creating a public domain in the form of an artificial valley. Tunnels and bridges are already part of the grammar of the (richest part of ) the city. For instance, Anhangabaú (was) is a small creek ending into Tamanduateí. The confluence of the two rivers defined the location of the original Jesuit settlement. Later the valley of Anhangabaú was transformed into a road and then a highway and then covered with a system of bridges and viaducts and finally enclosed in a tunnel. Over time, this process of transformation of the original valley created the amazing public space now connecting Sé and República. Given that the geography of Cabuçu de Cima is the same of Anhangabaú, what worked in the case of Anhangabaú can work also for Cabuçu de Cima. Bridges can be the starting point in the production a new type of public space for metropolitan São Paulo. 7. São Paulo now has the energy, the money and the desire to rework its organization and its image for the future. The municipality is committed to involve the informal settlements in this transformation. So, what to do? Beyond bringing sanitation and regular electricity, what to do for favelas and for São Paulo? Favelas can improve only as components of the city; they can solve their problems only inside of a strategy that considers them crucial for the general improvement of the metropolitan city. Favelas can progress only if seen as opportunities for the city as a totality. As such, favelas are crucial places for the construction of São Paulo and for the construction of a collective memory that could be shared by all its inhabitants, without distinctions of income, race, and gender. Favelas should participate in the definition of the image of the city: there should be reasons to go to Parisiopolis also for people who do not live there. Paraisópolis should belong to the shared image of São Paulo as well as Hygienópolis. A project for metropolitan São Paulo has to start from this multiple and unified idea of the city. All the pieces of the city should contribute to its precise and blurred identity.

A first set of interventions can be made of pedestrian bridges crossing highways, connecting neighbourhoods and hosting additional public program. The bridges work both locally and at the metropolitan scale, strongly appearing both in the local context and in the metropolitan network, presenting the different settlements on the wider metropolitan stage. Their strategic locations and their inherent visibility identify the bridges as objects to be remembered (even if vaguely), monuments. 8. The new bridges operate in the city in two manners. At the local scale they relate to the neighbouring urban tissue, adding connections (and eventually program), at the larger scale, they are big elements appearing while driving along the highways. Bridges introduce a new element in the geography of the city, creating a sequence of objects to be perceived in succession. The recurring figures of the bridges frame the experience of the drivers. Bridges operate as large-scale billboards, immediately monumentalizing the public programs associated with them. The bridges are decorated with schemes associated with the colours of the city and of the state of São Paulo. The bridges follow the style of the collective memory of São Paulo; they are remembered vaguely, contributing to the larger image of the city in a subtle, somehow unpredictable way. The bridges merge into the city, without defining a separate identity for the areas they belong to: monuments of the city at large, not of the local neighbourhoods. The bridges (and the sequence of the bridges) immediately belong to São Paulo, without building a separate, conflictual identity for the favelas. Bridges combine precision at the local scale with a specific sensibility for the overall geography of the city. They precisely react to a context while unconsciously acting on collective memory. The bridges appear and disappear and reappear in the everyday experience and in the memory of the drivers, producing a polyphonic sequence of images, real and unreal, seen and remembered. Bridges frame the endless drive through the roads of São Paulo, all the same, and all different. Where is actually bridge 47, the one with the black and white stripes? And where is bridge 24, the one with the zig-zag pattern and the palm trees on top?

The constitutive coincidence of materiality and abstraction of the city defines a starting point to imagine its future transformations (in the words of Aldo Rossi: accepting all of the elements that we encounter in a given territory as being homogeneous without supposing that there is a divide separating each element from the next). This positive indifference of the city allows to re-consider the case of São Paulo and to recognize all micro-cities of São Paulo as equal. Favelas need to be treated like the rest of the city. In fact, favelas share the grammar of the rest of the city. Favelas are just poorer and younger, but they are not inherently exceptional, ontologically alien, and materially other. Again, what worked in the case of Anhangabaú can work also for Cabuçu de Cima. São Paulo needs to learn, first of all, from São Paulo. Inside of this strategy, it is possible to imagine interventions operating locally inside of the city fabric and globally on the collective memory.

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The Streets of São Paulo

TISSUE OF SÃO PAULO

The Streets of São Paulo

Neighborhoods of the city The city of SĂŁo Paulo is made of small islands or micro cities that are shaped by the topography. These small islandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; growth was also controlled to it. The perceptions of these small islands that form the metropolis are some how related to the original landscape and certain. The valleys, hills and rivers create the fragmentation. These fragmentations are intervened by infrastructure, which work as both connection and division. The map shows the interpretation and how it looks like according to our reading of the city. First, the drawing begins with original landscape and infrastructures of the city, which are based on the existing conditions of the river, streets and greenery and the intervention of machine made landmarks and structure, which includes the industrial site, shopping centre and sport complex. At the same time, it is shown certain connections between each fragmentation. It is a sort of aspects of perception, which points out a collective memory of the inhabitants. Then it is generated by border of neighborhoods based on the infrastructure such as the streets and the city fabric.

The Streets of SĂŁo Paulo

1. Centre of the city Higienópolis / Consolação / Pinheiros / Perdizes/ Jardins / Bela Vista / República

2. Formal and informal residences Morumbi / ParaisĂłpolis / Vila Andrade / Campo Lindo / TaboĂŁo da Serra / Raposo Tavares

3. Landmarks and industries Limão Casa Verde / Santana / Vila Guilherme / Belém / Pari / Santa Cecília / Barra Funda / Lapa

GROWTH AND EVOLUTION

The Streets of SÃ£o Paulo

Growth and Evolution

São Paulo de Piratininga emerged with the Bandeirantes movement and the Jesuits occupation, in the 16th century. The first village was constructed around the Pátio do Colégio (jesuits school patio) in a very strategic location, previously chosen by natives. The Planalto Paulista is a plateau situated close to the sea, but 750 meters above. It’s main river, Tietê, doesn’t flow straight to the sea but makes a turn around the basin connecting to Paraná river basins, in the south. The very first village was located in a well positioned and protected hill between two smaller rivers: Tamanduateí and Anhangabaú. Towards the 19th century the region was boosted by the development of the sugar cane production and later, the coffee fields. The construction of the São Paulo Railway, in 1867, necessary for the exporting of the coffee production stimulated also the industrialization. The location chosen for the implementation of those were the lowlands of the rivers due to the easiness of construction and low investments in engineering and expropriation. Consequently, factories started to emerge along the railroad, attracted by the facilities of transportation, water supply and drainage. In the early 20th century the technological advances that allowed the transgression of natural barriers such as valleys and rivers were the driving force to the growth of the city and the population explosion due to the success of industrialization. The speed in which the city was growing made urgent the construction of roads and avenues along the valleys in order to connect the vilas and that were already spreading throughout the landscape. For this reason the location of roads were again chosen by effortless and low costs of construction. In addition, the infrastructure works were almost always paired with private entrepreneurship of land subdivision and real state development. Those vilas, simultaneously connected and separated by infrastructure, were progressively incorporated to the tissue of the city.

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The Streets of São Paulo

J.B. Debret, 1827 Bridge over AnhangabaĂş river (Ponte do Acu)

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The Streets of SĂŁo Paulo

Hércules Florence Calçada do Lorena

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The Streets of São Paulo

Jules Martin, 1870 Proposal for embankment in AnhangabaĂş

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The Streets of SĂŁo Paulo

1924 The Sanitarian Engineer Saturnino de Brito proposed in 1924 a plan for the low lands of TietĂŞ River consisting of the construction of dams to avoid the floods caused by the river and a continuity of parks, leaving the area empty for receiving and absorving the water in the rain periods. The plan was not accepted and the area was highly

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occupied in the following decades, firstly by industries and then commercial and residential areas, ending with the canalization of the river and the construction of highways on its margins. The city suffers constantly by the effects of the flood.

The Streets of SĂŁo Paulo

1930 The engineer, and later on, mayor of São Paulo, Prestes Maia, proposed in 1935 the Plano de Avenidas (Avenues Plan) which consists of a plan of a radial system of avenues with subsequential road rings and and radial avenues connecting the suburbs to the city center. The plan was slowly accomplished by the construction of many avenues along the past decades and traces form the plan can still be found in recent projects such as the Rodoanel, still under construction. It was also in the propostal, underground passages, which only started in 1975, with the inauguration of the metro.

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1951 General Scheme of Urban Improvements for São Paulo.

The Streets of São Paulo

1930 Confluence of rivers Tietê and Pinheiros

Current Photograph A network of roads connecting Marginais Pinheiros and Tietê and beginning of Castello Branco.

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The Streets of São Paulo

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The Streets of SĂŁo Paulo

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The Streets of SÃ£o Paulo

São Paulo de Piratininga

1560 The Village of São Paulo de Piratininga was constructed around the Jesuits School and church and served as a base point to the “Bandeiras”, the explorations expeditions towards inland.

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The Streets of São Paulo

Cidade Nova Sé

1810 The region was a great producer of sugar cane, having the city of São Paulo as the main core of transactions. Only a few roads, in very poor conditions, made the conectinos between the Planalto and the port of Santos.

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Beside the city core, on the other side of Anhangabaú river, new neighborhoods started to emerge like Cidade Nova (new city) on a planned grid with a square and a small urban park.

The Streets of São Paulo

Luz Campos Elíseos

Cidade Nova Sé

Highway Railway Tramway Tunnel To be constructed

1881 AFter the independency of Brazil in 1822, the region suffered a rapid increase of population due to the growth of the coffee production. Campos Elísios was the first comercial land subdivision, to host the coffee elite that came to live in the city. And Luz, next to the main train station held the first public garden of the city.

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In 1867 the São Paulo Railway was inaugurated, connecting the city of São Paulo and the coffee fields to the port of Santos, facilitating the export of coffe and the transport of construction material. The tramway was implemented in 1872 although still using animal track.

The Streets of São Paulo

Barra Funda

Penha Pary Santa Cecília Braz República

Consolação

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Marianna

Ypiranga

1895 The region was a great producer of sugar cane, having the city of São Paulo as the main core of transactions. Only a few roads, in very poor conditions, made the conectinos between the “Planalto” and the port of Santos.

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Beside the city core, on the other side of Anhangabaú river, new neighborhoods started to emerge like Cidade Nova (new city) on a planned grid with a square and a small urban park.

The Streets of São Paulo

Sant’ Anna

Barra Funda

Lapa

Bom Retiro

Penha Pary

Santa Cecília Perdizes Belemzinho

Braz República

Consolação V. Cerq. César

Pinheiros

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista Villa America

Mooca Liberdade Cambucy

Villa Marianna

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Ypiranga Villa Clementino

1905 In 1891 the Paulista Avenue is inaugurated and in 1892 the first Viaduto do Chá, connecting the city center to the República neighborhood going through Anhangabaú valley and in 1895 its river is canalized. In 1900 the electric

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trams start to run with two lines. One connecting the city to Serra da Cantareira, on the north and the second, connecting to Santo Amaro, on the south.

The Streets of São Paulo

Sant’ Anna

Barra Funda

Lapa

Villa Pompéia

Bom Retiro

Penha Pary

Santa Cecília Perdizes Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu V. Cerq. César Pinheiros

República

Consolação

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Villa America

Mooca Liberdade Cambucy

Butantan

Villa Marianna

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Ypiranga Villa Clementino

São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

1913 With the implementation of the railway the city faced a rapid industrialization and therefore a large population growth. Many industries started to emerge along the railway and, consequentially workers villas were constructed

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on the surroundings of the factories. In 1911 the Tamanduateí river is canalized and in 1912 a concrete brigde is constructed over it. In 1913 the Viaduto Santa Ifigênia is constructed, crossing the Anhangabaú valley and river.

The Streets of São Paulo

Freguesia do Ó

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Barra Funda

Lapa Villa Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Bom Retiro

Penha Pary Tatuapé

Santa Cecília Perdizes Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

Butantan

Pinheiros

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Ypiranga São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

1916 The recent mayor Washington Luís stablishes a plan of roads, to be completed before 1919 with the construction of 500km of roads. In 1916 the concrete paving of the Santos road is concluded and the first modern highway starts to

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be build, conecting São Paulo to Jundiaí but completed only in the next decade. Industrial vilas continued to grow and the Butantan Institute started on the other side of Pinheiros river.

The Streets of São Paulo

Mazzei

V. Gustavo Villa Medeiros

Villa Água Aurora Fria Freguesia do Ó

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Jardim Brasil

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme Villa Maria

Alto da Lapa

Barra Funda

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Bom Retiro

Penha Pary Tatuapé

Santa Cecília Perdizes Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

Butantan

Pinheiros

Jardim America

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Jardim Europa J. Paulista Villa Marianna

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Cidade Jardim

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Villa Heleno

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V. Ind.

São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

1924 In 1920 is initiated the construction of the road connecting São Paulo to São Bernardo, known as Caminho do Mar. The works of retification of the Tietê river are re-initiated at the same year. In may 1922 the real state

Ypiranga

development of Jardim Europa is open to the public and at the same year the construction of Avenida Anhangabaú (today Avenida 9 de Julho) is aproved by law. Between 1920-1930 assembly lines of Ford and General Motors were established on the proximities of São Paulo. In 1924 the buses started circulating.

The Streets of São Paulo

Mazzei

V. Gustavo Villa Medeiros

Villa Água Aurora Fria Freguesia do Ó

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Jardim Brasil

Villa Guilherme Villa Maria

Alto da Lapa

Barra Funda

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Vila Esperança

Bom Retiro

Penha Pary Tatuapé

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Pacaembu

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

República

Jardim America

Villa Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Villa Carrão

Bela Vista

Mooca

Pinheiros Butantan

Villa Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz

Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Jardim Europa J. Paulista Ibirapuera

Cidade Jardim

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Villa Olympia Villa Clementino

Villa D. Pedro I

Ypiranga V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

São Caetano Villa da Saúde

Paraisópolis

Campo Belo Villa Santo Antonio

Brooklin Paulista I Parque Jabaquara

Santo Amaro

Santo André

Vila Sta Catarina

1930 In 1926 the engineer Saturnino de Brito presents his work Improvements for Tietê River, proposing the construction of dams to control the floods and the generation of energy, which was aproved the next year. The

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avenue Washington Luís is constructed between São Paulo and Santo Amaro. In 1929 Prestes Maia and Ulhôa Cintra initiate the studies for the “Plano de Avenidas”.

The Streets of São Paulo

Vila Galvão Mazzei Vila Jaraguá

V. Clor.

V. Gustavo Jardim Brasil Villa Medeiros

Bairro do Limão

Alto da Lapa

Barra Funda

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Osasco

Parque Guarany

Villa Maria

Vila dos Remédios

Bom Retiro

Penha Tatuapé

Itaquera

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Pacaembu V. Cerq. César

Vila Butantan

República

Consolação

Jardim America

Villa Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Villa Carrão

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Jardim Europa

Villa Emma J. Paulista Ibirapuera

Cidade Jardim

Villa Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Pinheiros Butantan

Vila Ré

Pary

Braz Vila Lageado

Villa Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Villa Prudente

Villa Olympia

Jardim Independencia Villa Clementino

Villa D. Pedro I

Ypiranga V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

São Caetano

Villa Sacomã

Villa da Saúde Campo Belo Villa Santo Antonio

Brooklin Paulista I

Parque do Estado Santo André

Santo Amaro Vila N. Caledônia

Sapopemba

Villa Prosperidade

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Socorro

Vila Progresso

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Vila Piratininga

Vila Itahym

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria Freguesia do Ó

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Sítio do Mandaqui

Vila Sta Catarina Meninos Vila Império

Americanópolis

1943 In 1932 the Viaduto Boa Vista is constructed in art decó style and in 1938 the new Viaduto do Chá is inaugurated, after the destruction of the first one, built in 1892. In 1936 the first planes landed in the Congonhas Airport and

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

in 1937 the Jockey Club (hypodrom) project was initiated at Cidade Jardim. In 1941 is inaugurated the Avenida 9 de Julho (old Avenina Anhangabaú) extending up to Jardim América and in 1942 it was extended until Jardim Europa.

The Streets of São Paulo

Vila Galvão Mazzei Vila Jaraguá

Parque Vitória

Tremembé V. Clor.

V. Gustavo Jardim Brasil Villa Medeiros Vila Pereira

Vila Piratininga

Parque Guarany

Villa Maria Barra Funda

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Bom Retiro

Penha Tatuapé

Itaquera

V. Cerq. César

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

República

Consolação

Jardim America

Vila Carrão

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Jardim Europa

Villa Emma J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Cidade Jardim

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Pinheiros Butantan

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Ré

Pary

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Jardim Independencia Villa Clementino

Vila D. Pedro I

Ypiranga V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

São Caetano

Villa Sacomã

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo Villa Santo Antonio

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

Parque do Estado Santo André

Santo Amaro Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Sta Catarina

Sapopemba

Villa Prosperidade

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Socorro

Vila Progresso

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Alto da Lapa

Vila Lageado

Vila Itahym

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Osasco

Bairro do Limão

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria Freguesia do Ó

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Sítio do Mandaqui

Jabaquara Meninos Vila Império

Americanópolis

1951 In 1944 the Radial Leste was duplicated, making a better connection between the city center and the neighborhoods towards the east. In 1945 the international airport in Guarulhos was inaugurated. In this period a

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

series of highways began to be constructed following the Plano de Avenidas by Prestes Maia. They are: the first part of Via Anchieta (to south), Via Anhanguera (to norhteast) and also a number of bridges crossing Pinheiros and Tietê rivers and viaducts over the main avenues.

The Streets of São Paulo

Vila Galvão Mazzei Vila Jaraguá

Parque Vitória

Tremembé V. Clor.

Brasilândia

Cachoeirinha

V. Gustavo Jardim Brasil

Pirituba

Villa Medeiros Vila Pereira

São Domingos

Vila Piratininga Osasco

Bairro do Limão

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Bom Retiro

Penha Tatuapé

Itaquera

Vila Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Liberdade

Villa America

Villa Emma J. Paulista

Raposo Tavares

Itaquera

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Jardim Europa Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Morumbi

Artur Alvim

Mooca

Pinheiros Butantan

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Cidade Universitária

República

Consolação

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Progresso

Vila Ré

Pary

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Lageado

Ponte Rasa

Villa Maria Barra Funda

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Vila Itahym

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria

Freguesia do Ó

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Sítio do Mandaqui

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Jardim Independencia

Vila Sônia

Villa Clementino

Aricanduva

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Campo Lindo

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

Parque do Estado Sacomã

Parque Jabaquara

Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia Vila Socorro

Vila Sta Catarina

Jabaquara

Taboão

Rudge Ramos

Campo Grande

Cidade Dutra

Cidade Ademar

Vila Império

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

1962 In the 50’s the city faced a massive pressure for urbanization and demographic growth. The attention was driven to the construction of infrastructure, which meant manly highways with only punctual intervention on the suburbs.

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

Some new landmarks reinforced the modernist character of the city like the pavillons in Ibirapuera in 1954 and the Museum of Art of São Paulo - Masp - by Lina Bo Bardi in 1957. The construction of Fernão Dias Road was inaugurated in 1960 and the fist road ring is proposed for deviating the inter-minicipality traffic.

The Streets of São Paulo

Jardim Brasilia

Tremembé Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá

Brasilândia

V. Gustavo Tucuruvi

Freguesia do Ó

Bairro do Limão

Casa Verde

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pari

Itaquera

Vila Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Liberdade

Villa America

Villa Emma J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Jardim Independencia

Vila Sônia

Villa Clementino

Aricanduva

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Itaquera

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Jardim Europa

Raposo Tavares

Artur Alvim

Mooca

Pinheiros Butantan

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Cidade Universitária

República

Consolação

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Progresso

Tatuapé

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Lageado

Ponte Rasa

Villa Maria Barra Funda

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Vila Itahym

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Sant’ Anna

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Água Fria

São Domingos

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

Vila Pereira

Osasco

Jardim Brasil

Cachoeirinha

Pirituba

Vila Piratininga

Parque Vitória

Tremembé V. Clor.

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Vila Sacomã Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

Jardim São Caetano

Parque do Estado Sacomã

Parque Jabaquara

Capão Redondo

São Caetano

Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Capão Redondo Vila Socorro Jardim Ângela

Vila Sta Catarina

Taboão

Jabaquara

Rudge Ramos

Campanário

Campo Grande Cidade Ademar Cidade Dutra

Vila Império

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

Jardim

1974 In the end of the 60’s the construction of the Marginais Tietê and Pinheiros. Other main avenues, viaducts and bridges were also constructed along this period like Piqueri Bridge and Rodovia Régis Bittencourt in 1963,

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

Rodovia Castello Branco in 1968 , Avenida 23 de Maio in 1969 and Rodovia Imigrantes in 1974.

The Streets of São Paulo

Jardim Brasilia

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé Jaraguá

Brasilândia

Cachoeirinha

Pirituba

Mandaqui

Vila Itahym

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Casa Verde

Ponte Rasa

Villa Maria

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pari

Itaquera

Vila Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Bela Vista

Villa America

Jardim Europa

Villa Emma J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

José Bonifácio

Cidade Líder

Cidade Tiradentes

Jardim Independencia Villa Clementino

Aricanduva

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Sônia

Guaianases

Itaquera

Mooca Liberdade

Ibirapuera

Artur Alvim

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Pinheiros Butantan

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Cidade Universitária

República

Consolação

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Progresso

Tatuapé

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Barra Funda

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Santana

Vila Anastácio

Raposo Tavares

Parque Paulistano

Água Fria

Bairro do Limão

Vila Lageado

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Vila dos Remédios

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Vila Pereira

Osasco

Parque Vitória

Tremembé

V. Clor.

Vila Piratininga

Vila Galvão

Jaçanã

Vila Jaraguá

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

São Rafael

Jardim São Caetano

Parque do Estado Sacomã

Parque Jabaquara

Capão Redondo

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Capão Redondo Vila Socorro Jardim Ângela

Vila Sta Catarina

Rudge Ramos

Campanário

Campo Grande Cidade Ademar Cidade Dutra

Jardim Ângela

Taboão

Jabaquara

Vila Império

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

Jardim

1984 A new series of roads, avenues highways were inaugurated. Rodovia Bandeirantes in 1978, Avenida Aricanduva in 1979, Rodovia Trabalhadores in 1982. In 1975 the first metro line was implemented going North-South from

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

Santana to Jabaquara, along with the bus terminal in Santana in 1976. In the same year the “Operation Center” starts to take place in a series of interventions giving priority to the pedestrian.

The Streets of São Paulo

Jardim Brasilia

Tremembé

Jaraguá

Brasilândia

Cachoeirinha

Pirituba

Vila S. João

Vila Itaim São Miguel

Jardim da Syria

Casa Verde

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Ponte Rasa

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pari

Itaquera

Vila Militar

Cidade Universitária

Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Bela Vista

Villa America

José Bonifácio

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Parque do Carmo

Aricanduva

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Jardim Independencia Villa Clementino

Cidade Tiradentes

Cidade Tiradentes Villa Emma

J. Paulista

Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Cidade Líder

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Sônia

Itaim Paulista

Guaianases

Itaquera

Mooca Liberdade

Ibirapuera

Artur Alvim

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Jardim Europa

Morumbi

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Pinheiros

República

Consolação

Lageado

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Progresso

Tatuapé

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Guilherme Villa Maria

Barra Funda

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim Japão

Aeroporto

Alto da Lapa

Raposo Tavares

Jardim Helena Parque Paulistano Vila Sylvia

Santana

Vila Anastácio

Vila Butantan

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Água Fria

Freguesia do Ó

Bairro do Limão

Vila Lageado

Itapegica

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

São Domingos

Vila dos Remédios

Macedo

Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Vila Pereira Industrial Mazzei

Parque Vitória

Tremembé

V. Clor.

Osasco

Vila Galvão

Jaçanã

Vila Jaraguá

Vila Piratininga

Pimentas

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Industrial Anhanguera

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Vila Sacomã Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

São Rafael Jardim São Caetano

Parque do Estado Sacomã

Parque Jabaquara

Capão Redondo

São Caetano

Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Capão Redondo Vila Socorro

Vila Sta Catarina

Rudge Ramos

Campanário

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela

Taboão

Jabaquara

Cidade Ademar Cidade Dutra

Vila Império

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

Jardim

1992 The First Road ring is now completed with the avenues: Pinheiros, Tietê, Salim Farah Maluf, Juntas Provisórias, Tancredo Neves and Bandeirantes. The Avenida Vereador José Diniz is duplicated in 1987 and the bus terminal of

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

Barra Funda is inaugurated in 1989.

The Streets of São Paulo

Bela Vista

Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Pimentas Picanço

Tremembé

Industrial Anhanguera

Vila Galvão

Jaraguá

Jaçanã

Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia

Tremembé

V. Clor.

Cachoeirinha

Pirituba

Industrial Mazzei

Vila Piratininga

Casa Verde

Barra Funda

Lapa

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pari

Vila Militar

Pacaembu

Cidade Universitária

Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Jardim Novo Osasco

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Bela Vista

Artur Alvim

Itaim Paulista

Cidade Líder

Villa America

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Guaianases Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Itaquera

José Bonifácio

Mooca Liberdade

Cidade Tiradentes

Parque do Carmo Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva Villa Emma

J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Jardim Europa

Raposo Tavares

Lageado

Vila Ré

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Pinheiros

República

Consolação

Vila Progresso

Itaquera

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Tatuapé

Braz

Vila Butantan

Ponte Rasa Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Maria

Vila Leopoldina

Santo Antônio

São Miguel

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Alto da Lapa

Vila Lageado

Vila Itaim

Jardim Japão Jardim da Syria

Vila Anastácio

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Santana Bairro do Limão

Vila dos Remédios

Jardim Helena Parque Paulistano

Água Fria

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Osasco

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

Vila Pereira

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Cumbica

Macedo

Parque Vitória

Jardim Independencia

Vila Sônia

Villa Clementino

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo

Vila Andrade Vila Santo Antonio

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Vila Sacomã Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

São Rafael Jardim São Caetano

Parque do Estado Sacomã

Parque Jabaquara

Capão Redondo

São Caetano

Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Capão Redondo Vila Socorro

Vila Sta Catarina

Rudge Ramos

Campanário

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela

Taboão

Jabaquara

Cidade Ademar Cidade Dutra

Vila Império

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

Jardim Ângela

Jardim

2000 The metropolitan ring with: Marginais Pinheiros and Tietê, Vereador João de Luca, Cupecê, Presidente Kennedy, Prestes Maia, dos Estados, Pres. Costa e Silva and Aricanduva. The tunnel Presidente Quadros, crossing under

The Berlage Institute Research Report No.xx 2011

Pinheiros river and the tunnel Tribunal de Justiça connecting Avenida Santo Amaro and Avenida JK are inaugurated in 1994 and the tunnel Ayrton Senna, under Ibirapuara Park, in 1996. In 2000, the marginal lanes of Rodovia Dutra are constructed.

The Streets of São Paulo

Bela Vista

Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Pimentas Picanço

Tremembé

Industrial Anhanguera

Vila Galvão

Jaraguá

Jaçanã

Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia

Tremembé

V. Clor.

Cachoeirinha

Pirituba

Industrial Mazzei

Vila Piratininga

Lapa

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pari

Cidade Universitária

Butantan

Jardim America

Rio Pequeno

Sé

Bela Vista

Itaim Paulista

Cidade Líder

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Guaianases Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Itaquera

José Bonifácio

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Cidade Tiradentes

Parque do Carmo Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva Villa Emma

J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Vila Prudente

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Artur Alvim

Villa Gomes Cardim

Jardim Europa

Raposo Tavares

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

V. Cerq. César

Pinheiros

República

Consolação

Lageado

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz Pacaembu

Vila Progresso

Itaquera

Perdizes

Alto Pinheiros

Parque Guarany

Tatuapé

Vila Militar

Jardim Novo Osasco

Ponte Rasa Vila Esperança

Santa Cecília

Villa Pompéia

Vila Curuçá

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Maria

Alto da Lapa

Vila Butantan

São Miguel

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Vila Leopoldina

Santo Antônio

Vila Itaim

Jardim Japão

Casa Verde

Barra Funda

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Vila Anastácio

Vila Lageado

Jardim Helena Parque Paulistano Vila Sylvia

Santana Bairro do Limão

Vila dos Remédios

Vila Augusta

Água Fria

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Osasco

Várzea do Palácio

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

Vila Pereira

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Cumbica

Macedo

Parque Vitória

Jardim Independencia

Vila Sônia

Villa Clementino

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

V. Ind.

Indianópolis

Brooklin Paulista II

Mirandó polis

Paraisópolis

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Villa da Saúde

Campo Belo

Vila Andrade Brooklin Paulista I

Cidade Comer.

São Caetano Parque das Nações

Sacomã Santo André

Santo Amaro Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Capão Redondo Vila Socorro

Vila Sta Catarina

Cidade Ademar

Rudge Ramos Mauá

Vila Império

Cidade Dutra

São Rafael

Pq. João Ramalho

Campanário

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela

Taboão

Jabaquara

Vila Fran. Matarazzo

Jardim São Caetano

Parque do Estado

Parque Jabaquara

Capão Redondo

Vila Sacomã Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Vila Santo Antonio

Villa Prosperidade

Cursino

Ribeirão Pires

Americanópolis Pedreira Vila Nogueira

Jardim Ângela

São Bernardo do Campo

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

2011 The Final Road Ring begins to be constructed, called Rodoanel. This time, surrounding the entire metropolitan region, has the aim of deviating the heavy traffic from marginais Pinheiros and Tietê. These avenues, ideally, will

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serve only for metropolitan traffic. In 2011 around half of the Rodoanel is ready and functioning and another great part is currently under construction.

The Streets of São Paulo

Vale do Anhangabaú

The Anhangabaú Valley, and it’s homonym river, borders Pátio do Colégio the first jesuit form of occupation in São Paulo - on it’s east side. Across it, the first official land subdivision took place in 1806, called Cidade Nova the new city. It’s crossing was done by bridges in which the second one was constructed in 1809 once the fist was destroyed by flood. Embankments were also done with stone sills and benches on the side and these were the first known urban improvements to take place. With the growth of the city towards the east, a better transposition became necessary. It was when, in 1892, the Viaduto do Chá was constructed entirely in metal structures. The name refers to a farmstead for tea - in portuguese, chá - previously existent in those lands. Already in 1900 it was transformed in order to be part of the electric tramway course.

Viaduto do Chá, 1902

The plans for improvements of the old city center started in the first decade of the 20th Century with the plan to construct the Municipal Theater between 1903-1911 which lead to the reconstruction of the Anhangabaú valley, with the demolition of buildings surrounding the valley and the construction of a second viaduct, Santa Ifigênia. During the administration of Washington Luís (1914-1917) a park was constructed, the Parque do Anhangabaú. The place became the symbol of the modernization of the city being enclosed by new and important buildings. A new Viaduto no Chá was constructed in 1930 nurturing other transformations in the valley at a period in which urban monumentality was still the leading tendency. The following transformations in the valley were in the accordance with further infrastructure investments happening in the city from the 50’s on, like the construction of the large tunnels underneath, as a continuation of the recently built highways. This added another layer of flow to the same location: the river, the cars, the pedestrians at park, in the valley and finally, the pedestrians above it, on the viaducts going each and separate ways. It not only maintains but straightens the ambiguous character of the space: the one of passage and the one of permanece.

New Viaduto do Chá

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Parque do Anhangabaú, São Paulo

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Anhangabaú

(Mário Moraes de Andrade)

Fino, límpido rio, que assististe, em épocas passadas, nas primeiras horas do dia, à despedida triste das heróicas monções e das bandeiras:

Thin, clear river, that watches in past times, at the firsts hours of day, to the sad farewell of heroic monsoon and bandeiras

meu Anhangabahú das lavadeiras, nem o teu leito ressequido existe! Que é de ti, afinal? Onde te esgueiras?

My Anhangabaú of laundress, not even your dry bed exists! What was made of you? Where do you sneak?

Para que vargens novas te partiste? Sepultaram te os filhos dos teus filhos: e ergueram sobre tua sepultura novos padrões de glorias e de brilhos.

To which new lowlands did you leave? They buried the sons of your sons and rose on your grave new stantards for glory and shine

Mas dum exilio não te amarga a idea: levas, feliz, a tua vida obscura no proprio coração da Paulicéa!

But from the exile does not bitter the idea: lives, happily, your obscure life at the very heart of Paulicéia!

Parque do Anhangabaú, São Paulo

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THE ROADS OF SÃO PAULO

The Streets of São Paulo

The roads of São Paulo São Paulo’s highways, often constructed in the lowlands of mostly canalised rivers, can vary in scale and geographic location, but mostly they resemble. Much of the adjacent landscape consists of repeating elements, gas stations, favelas, shopping malls, social housing etc. Some iconic buildings are easy to identify, like the sambodromo and the Portuguesa stadium along Marginal Tietê. Other than these, crossing bridges recognizable by a small sign showing their name, form the best points of orientation. This condition exists throughout the whole city. For our research we focus on three different roads, Rodoanel, Marginal Tietê and Rodovia Fernão Dias. Rodoanel

Rodoanel is the ring road around the city, at the moment only partially built. The first section was inaugurated in October 2002, the second part in 2010 and the whole project is planned to be completed in 2018. The road has been mostly built in natural area, but also crosses a few existing municipalities. With a speed limit of 100km/h, most neighbourhoods have turned their back towards this highway. Residents of a wealthy neighbourhood have even financed their own sound barriers. The most occurring image along this road is therefore the green, mountainous landscape, here and there covered by informal settlements. Rodovia Fernão Dias, a road varying in width between 8 and 12 lanes, is located in the north of the city. It runs along the border between São Paulo municipality and the neighbouring city of Guarulhos and passes through the Cabuçu de Cima water basin area. From Tietê river to the north, the surrounding landscape changes from flat land, covered by both industrial and residential areas, to a hilly landscape, originally protected nature, now partly covered by favelas. Strongly present along the street are walls, to protect possessions, but often also used as background for signs and publicity. Bright colours are used to paint walls, water towers or whole buildings. Social housing blocks may change in exact composition and colour combination, but their overall appearance is similar.

Marginal Tietê

While Marginal Tietê is of a completely different scale, Tietê river bordered by on average two 8-lane roads and in-between strips of green, the adjacent elements are similar. More gas stations, this time clustered, and brightly coloured water towers, logistic centres and shopping malls. Being one of the most centrally located highways in the city, the Marginal is bordered by some iconic buildings.

Rodovia Fernão Dias

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Fernão Dias

Dutra

Dos Bandeirantes

Castelo Branco

Marginal Tietê

Sao Paulo highways

Alcantara Machado

Rodoanel Marginal Pinheiros

Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges

370km 81 68

Average amount of bridges

1 per 2.5km

Trabolhadores Estado Novo Aricanduva

Bittencourt

Santo Amaro Interlagos Imigrantes

Rodoanel Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

Marginal Tietê 70km 2 6 50m

Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

Rodovia Fernão Dias 54km 6 17 200m

Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

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14km 6 1 60m

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Rodoanel

Marginal Tietê

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Marginal Tietê

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Rodovia Fernão Dias

RODOANEL Estr. de Ligacao

Rod. dos Bandeirantes

R. Rio Jundiai

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Rod. Pres. Castelo Branco

Al. Araguaia

Estr. Ibateguara

Av. Ceci

Rod. Anhanguera

R. Amambai

R. Mateus Jose

R. Carlos Jose Michelon

R. Jacirendi

R. Manguari

R. Ulisses Cruz R. Tuiuti

R. Tuiuti

MARGINAL TIETÃ&#x160; Av. Ten. A. Felicissimo da Silveira

R. Sao Felipe

R. Sd Jose Reymao R. T-srg. Joao Lopes Filho R. srg. Manuel Chagas

R. Sao Jorge

Av. Serafim Goncalves Pereira R. T-srg. Joao Soares de Fana R. Cb. Basilio Zequim Junior

R. Antonio Macedo R. Sd Francisco Franco R. Dr. Vidal Reis R. Imbocui R. Amaldo Cintra

R. Francisco Fanganiello

Pte. Aricanduva - Dr. Miguel Arraes

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101

R. Dr. Edgar Teotonio Santana R. Zimon Leimer Av. do Estado Av. Prof. Celestino Bouroul

Av. Santos Dumont Av. Eng. Caetano Alvares Av. Thomas Edson

R. Jose Amato

R. Voluntarios da Patria

Fte. do Limao Av. Cruzeiro do Sul

Av. Moises Roysen

R. Dr. Rubens Meireles R. Horacio Vergueiro Rudge

R. Jose Gomes Falcao

R. Atilio Piffer

R. do Havre R. Azurita

Av. Otto Baumgart

Av. Dr. Abraao Ribeiro R. Zara

R. Amazonas da Silva Fte. da casa Verde R. Guaranta

Rte. da Vila Guilherme Av. Rudge

R. Neves de Carvalho Av. Olavo Fontoura R. Joaquim Carlos

R. Anhaia

Av. Guiherme

R. dos Italianos R. Paulo Andrighetti R. Silva Teles

R. Sergio Tomas R. Angelina Pizzoti R. Javaes

R. Camnine Gaeta

R. Gen. Flores R. Jaragua

R. Prof. Milton Rodrigues

R. Nilton Prado R. Matarazzo R. Barra do Tibaji

R. Catumbi

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Av. Nadir Dias de Figueiredo R. David Bigio

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Av. Raimundo Pereira de Magalhaes

R. Santa Erotildes Av. Marginal Pinheiros

R. Fr. Egidio Laurent

R. Werner Siemens

Av. Marginal Pinheiros

R. Lisboa

Pte. dos Remedios

Pte. do Piqueri

Av. Ermano Marchetti

R. Ricardo Cavatton

R. Maj. Paladino

Av. Cel Pedro de Moura Av. Jose Maria de Faria

R. Francisoco Corazza

R. Altamira do Parana R. Leo Ribeiro de Morais R. Baltazar Alvares

R. Luis Gatu

R. Agrestina Av. Dr. Gastao Vidigal R. Cachoeira do sul

R. Eng Edgar Ferreira de Barros R. Cenno Sbrighi

Av. Domingos de Sousa Margues

Av. Santa Marina

Av. Alexandre Colares Av. Santa Marina

Pte. da Freguesia do

Av. Joaguim da Costa Miranda

R. Cel. Euclides Machado R. Carlos Porto Carreiro R. Miguel Neison Bechara Av. Manuel Domingos

R. Mto. Gabriel Migliori

Pte. Atilio Fontana

Pte. Julio de Mesquita Neto

R. Cnso. Ribas

R. Alvarenga Peixoto

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R. Camacam R. Dr. Edgar Teotonio Santana

R. Caiapos

R. Gen Alencastro Guimaes

105

Av. Joâo Simâo de Castro

Av. Prof. José Munhoz

Rod. Pres. Dutra Av. Santana

RODOVIA FERNÃO DIAS

R. da Baracela

Vd. Milton Tavares de Souza

R. Paulo Lorenzani Al. S-Srg. Nevio Baracho dos Santos

Av. Marginal Tietê River Tietê

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107

R. Lopes da Costa

R. Vila de Arouca R. Cirene de Oliveira Laet R. Abilio Pedro Ramos

Av. Sete de Setembro

R. Igarité R. Lopes da Costa

R. Pedro de Castilho

R. Bemardo Lopes

R. Astecas R. Gen. Jerônimo Furtado

R. Cunha Porto

R. Aguas de Chapeco

Av. Sanatório

R. Acailandia

Estr. Três Cruzes

R. Ushikichi Kamiya

R. Turfa

R. Sâo Gabriel

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109 R. Brasileira

OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION

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Catalogue : Objects of Perception by Scale

Billboard

Pedestrian Bridge

Favela

Water tower

Gas station

Social Housing

Watch tower

Office building

Highrise Building

Oil tower

Unfinished Building

Monumental Building

Electric tower

Motel

Graffiti on the wall

Logistic station

Flag

Truck Parking

CATALOG OF OBJECTS

Sculpture

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Billboard City officials in this metropolis of 11 million passed legislation banning billboards, neon signs and electronic panels as of the new year, and the effects of the law have begun to sink in. Billboards have been stripped of their commercial clothing, the stark nakedness of the abandoned frames reminding passers by of the once stolen public space now reclaimed.

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Water Tower A water tower or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container constructed to hold a water supply at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system. Many water towers were constructed during the Industrial Revolution; some are now considered architectural landmarks and monuments, and may not be demolished. Some are converted to apartments or exclusive penthouses.

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Watch Tower A structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres (65.6 ft) tall and made from stone, iron, concrete and wood.

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Oil Tower Generally oil towers are built to take advantage of their height, and can stand alone on the ground, or as part of a larger structure or device.

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Electric Towers A transmission tower is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line. They are used in high-voltage AC and DC systems, and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55 metres (49 to 180 ft), although heights in excess of 300 metres (980 ft) exist. Always very visiable along the street.

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Graffiti on wall São Paulo - In the world’s third-largest city, there is no shortage of graffiti. From its colonial center to centers of international commerce; from the poorest favelas to the walls surrounding the graveyards that honor the ancestors of the metropolitan area’s 18 million inhabitants, it can seem as if nearly every surface is tagged with angular, prosaic, gang-related graffiti.

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Sculpture Sculptures are an important form of public art. They can be landmarks in the landscape.

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Pedestrian Bridge Cars are an important tool in the life of every paulistano. Some places can be reached only by car, and if you have to travel long distances in town, it is usually the most convenient means of transport. It is also part of the Sao Pauloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own urban culture. To cross the large-scale infrastructure provided for the car, there are many pedestrian bridges in the city. They can have different forms, colors, sizes and features. Some are used with more frequency than others.

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Gas Station When the city transport depends on cars, gas stations turn out to be very important. When we drive along the street one gas station appears after the other. This large amount of gas stations also function as urban nodes, connecting the street to the urban fabric behind.

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131

Office Building There are many offices located along the street, most of them associated with the transport industry.

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Unfinished Building Along the streets you can sometimes find unfinished buildings, large empty structures, that have often never been used.

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Motel When we drive along the street, we see many motels with very visible signs. Motels have become a feature on the street with bright colors and a variety of facades.

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Logistic Station There are also plenty of logistic stations along the street. Logistic stations always occupy large tracts of land bordering the street, thereby forming a barrier between street and neighborhood.

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Truck Parking A cleared area that is more or less level and intended for trucks to park. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface. They are often located close to factories or logistic centres.

140

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Favela These are agglomerations of dwellings with limited dimensions, built with inadequate materials (old wood, tin, cans and even cardboard) distributed irregularly in lots, almost always lacking urban and social services and equipment, and forming a complex social, economic, sanitary, educational and urban order.

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Social Housing Many social housing blocks have been built in 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with basically the same shape and architectural characteristics. People living here form a strong community but it is important for the neighborhood to have enough space for social activities.

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Highrise Building In Sao Paulo the highrise buildings are not only situated in the city CBD as office buildings, but also as residential towers in other parts of city, often surrounded by lowrise constructions.

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Monumental Building Large scale objects: Football Stadium, Amusement Park, Big Shopping Mall, Convention Centre, Electric Substation.

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OPPORTUNITIES

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Billboard -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

152

commercial advertisement around 15m height on top of a hill and next to an empty spot along the road There are many billboards along the street. When people drive by, billboards catch their attention. Their large size makes them clearly visible from a distance.

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MR2

Huge scale compared to cars

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Water Tower Advertisement board area

-Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

154

basic infrastructure for residential blocks and industry around 20m height some distance from the road Apart from their original function, water towers are often used for advertisement by providing space for billboards. Due to the diversity in shapes, materials and size, these towers add a strong visual layer to the landscape of Sao Paulo.

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Watch tower

Watch Tower -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

sub-structure of stadium and jail around 15m height next to specific buildings along the road There are quite a lot of watch towers and most of them are part of a specific program such as a stadium or a jail. Therefore, the tower is always perceived together with a high wall. It makes a different urban landscape.

High wall

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Oil Tower -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

158

oil refining varies not far from the road Normally oil towers appear in industrial areas. They are separated from the road by a fence.

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Refining facility

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Electric Tower

Power lines

-Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

Various types of towers

160

supply electricity around 25 m height varies Powerlines and towers are very present in the landscape of Sao Paulo.

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161

Flat Concrete Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

162

crossing a road and connecting two sides 20m or longer middle of the road There are various types and designs of pedestrian bridges. Normally, bridges are composed by long concrete ramps, that are used not only by pedestrians, but also by bikers.

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Ramp

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Flat roof

Gas Station -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

gas supply and 24 hours store around 20x40 m2 next to the road Normally, gas stations are covered by a wide flat roof. They often contain a 24 hours store, visited by many people during the day and night. It therefore has a great potential as a public space.

24 hours store

GAS STATION

Car repair

Sign board

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Office Building -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

Company sign

offices and small busineses varies next to the road Office buildings have a simple typology, square. They are occupied by many different programs such as small companies and businesses. As a result, the buildings have many kinds of signs on their facade.

Shading for pedestrian

Small businesses

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Unfinished Building -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

N/A varies quite far from the road Unfinished buildings keep a certain distance from the road. Most of them are made of a reinforced concrete structure with brick veneer.

RC structure

Certain distance from the road

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Parking

Motel -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

temporary accommodation around 50x100 m2 next to the road Most of the motels along the highway are surrounded by high walls and it is hard to see the inside of this facility. Almost every building is heavily decorated and has a big sign to be visible for the drivers.

2 story building

Motel

Wall

Sign

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Gable roof

Parking

Logistic Station -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

logistic 100x50 m2 or larger next to the road Logistic centres are composed by a large ware house, a driveway and parking lots for trucks. The building needs to have a large open space, and therefore normally has a wide single roof.

Deck for loading Truck passage

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Parking for trucks & cars

Truck Parking -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

174

commercial parking lots Around 50x50 m or larger next to the road Truck parking facilities seem to be similar to logistic stations due to amount of trucks. However, it has only a small office building for management.

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Management office

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Small houses & stores on the hill

Favela -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

housing (informal residential area) varies abandoned area along the road and on the hill Favela is the name for informal settlements in Brazil. Normally favelas are located in unoccu pied areas such as steep hills or nearby the river. Although the physical condition of the houses is poor and the density is very high, the space in favelas is unique and rich. Morever, buildings and plots are very organised. As a result, it looks beautiful.

Narrow alley

Regular pattern of size and form

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Social Housing -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

housing (formal residential area) varies next to the favela Attempt to provide cheap formal housing. The housing complexes, called Cingapura, have a simple and regular structure with some public facilities.

Cingapura

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Monumental shape

Highrise Building -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

housing (formal residential area) Around 25x25 m far from the road There are various types and designs of highrise buildings. Normally, these buildings are built at a certain distance from the highway. However, people and drivers can perceive their existence because of their monumentality.

Far from the road

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Shopping Mall -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

selling goods varies nearby the road Most of the shopping malls in Sao Paulo are huge and outdoor space is used for parking. Due to the special logic of shopping malls, the layout of this space is very exclusive and what we perceive is a gigantic statue with some visual decorations.

Stripe on the wall

Entrance

Ramp for parking

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Loading and unloading area

Convention Centre -Function: -Size: -Location: -Features:

multi-purpose space for various events around 270x270 m for a building next to the road Another exceptional building in terms of scale. The complex is composed by buildings and parking lots. And the passage around the building is used by two groups, visitors and distributor. Due to the program convention centres have a broad open space with a high-tech structure system.

Aluminum panel facade

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POTENTIALS

Bridges operate in the city in two manners. At the local scale they relate to the neighbouring urban tissue, adding connections (and eventually program), at the larger scale, they are big elements appearing while driving along the highways.

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Favela

Truck Parking

MR2

Favela

Social Housing Gas station

GAS STATION

Pedestrian bridge to connect two potential area

Offices

Truck Parking

Unfinished Building

Motel

Logistic Station

Connecting Two Potential Sites 188

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MR2

Favela

Social Housing Gas station

GAS STATION

Linear park Football ground

Water reservoir

Linear park

Community centre

Offices

Truck Parking

Unfinished Building

Motel

Logistic Station

Intervention at the potential site 190

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MR2

Favela

Social Housing Gas station

GAS STATION

Linear park Football ground

Water reservoir

Linear park

Community centre

Offices

Truck Parking

Unfinished Building

Motel

Logistic Station

Using a bridge as a sign 192

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SÃO PAULO PATTERNS

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São Paulo patterns

São Paulo is composed by very sparse and continuous complex fabric. It is made up by interminable highways that cut through the landscape, thereby fragmenting it and transforming its neighborhoods into small islands, relatively separated from one another. Due to its vastness and the similarity of the urban fabric, the city is difficult to know. However, within this complexity of landscape, there is an underlying layer of repeating objects, object of perception. These objects form a reference, sometimes specifically related to a part of the city, like the large scale iconic buildings along Tietê river, or sometimes just related to the highway, an infinite amount of gas stations form recognizable elements along the way. But the awareness of these objects becomes blurred when trying to pinpoint their exact location within the context of the fabric. They seem just to repeat, without clearly being recognized in relation to the urban fabric. One layer of objects are the flags, symbolic banners that represent the character of Brazil and form a layer of identity, belonging to the place. These flags are spread throughout the landscape. Sometimes they can be recognized as the national flag, which seems to be the most predominant, or the state flag with its very contrasting colors, the flag of Corinthians or a rivaling soccer team, but other times they cannot be distinguished. Recognizable colors, but composed in different ways. The bridges, added to the city to reinforce the connection between the different islands, will constitute a new layer of perception. Distinct in their exact program and design, they will resemble in overall appearance. Like the social housing, which is always slightly different in color and composition, but will mostly be remembered by their similarity. To have a strong visual impact, the bridges will be defined by colorful patterns, visible from a distance. Colors based on the flags of São Paulo and Brazil will refer to an identity, a belonging to the city.

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Hino dos Bandeirantes (Guilherme de Andrade e Almeida) Paulista, stops for a moment Of your four centuries before Your land without borders, Your São Paulo of the “bandeiras”!

Paulista, pára um só instante Dos teus quatro séculos ante A tua terra sem fronteiras, O teu São Paulo das “bandeiras”!

Leaves behind the present: Look forward to the past!

Deixa atrás o presente: Olha o passado à frente!

Comes with Martim Afonso St. Vincent! Climbing the Serra do Mar! In addition, overhead, Bartira dreams quietly In your networks of virgin plateaus. It lurks in the foliage of emerald; Kisses the Cross Wreath of Stars! Now, listen! Here it comes, grinding gravel, Boots-of-nine-leagues, João Ramalho. Serra above the low of the wetlands, Come up the cassock De Nobrega and Anchieta.

Vem com Martim Afonso a São Vicente! Galga a Serra do Mar! Além, lá no alto, Bartira sonha sossegadamente Na sua rede virgem do Planalto. Espreita-a entre a folhagem de esmeralda; Beija-lhe a Cruz de Estrelas da grinalda! Agora, escuta! Aí vem, moendo o cascalho, Botas-de-nove-léguas, João Ramalho. Serra-acima, dos baixos da restinga, Vem subindo a roupeta De Nóbrega e de Anchieta.

Contemplate the fields of Piratininga! This is the school. Ahead is the wilderness. Go! Follows the entrance! Face it! Go forward! Invest!

Contempla os Campos de Piratininga! Este é o Colégio. Adiante está o sertão. Vai! Segue a entrada! Enfrenta! Avança! Investe!

North - South - East - West, In “flag” or “Monsoon” Tames the wild Indians.

Norte - Sul - Este - Oeste, Em “bandeira” ou “monção”, Doma os índios bravios.

Breaks through the jungle, open mines, rivers overthrow; In the bed of the reservoir Wake up the sleeping quarry; Twists of stiff arms And take the gold from their hiding places!

Rompe a selva, abre minas, vara rios; No leito da jazida Acorda a pedraria adormecida; Retorce os braços rijos E tira o ouro dos seus esconderijos!

Panning, flows denim, Mining, plant, people. Then back to drizzle! And guess through that curtain, In the evening decorated in beads, Sacred Hill At the Cry of Ipiranga! Half opens now the veils! The coffee orchard, Lord of the Horizons You will see flow through plains, valleys, hills, Power stations, railway stations, silos, docks, skyscrapers!

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Bateia, escorre a ganga, Lavra, planta, povoa. Depois volta à garoa! E adivinha através dessa cortina, Na tardinha enfeitada de miçanga, A sagrada Colina Ao Grito do Ipiranga! Entreabre agora os véus! Do cafezal, Senhor dos Horizontes, Verás fluir por plainos, vales, montes, Usinas, gares, silos, cais, arranha-céus!

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24 BRIDGES

The Streets of SÃ£o Paulo

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RODOANEL

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Rodoanel Site 1 : Pedestrian bridge with Zoo

Site analysis Luxury Residential

Water Park

Empty space

Residential

Mixed use Residential and commercial Model Airplane Airport

Residential

Empty space

Existing car and pedestrian bridge

Farm

Empty space Residential

Cultivated Land Luxury Residential

Logistics

Cultivated Land Water Park

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Outside park of zoo

Intervention 3 : Car parking

Intervention 2 : Pedestrian bridge with Zoo

Intervention 4 : Outside park of zoo

Proposed vertical zoo on the top of an existing bridge with a program meant mainly for leisure and summer homes. This new intervention will not only provide a new source of income, but also a place of relaxation to the surrounding area.

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Office

Hall

Restaurant

Perspective from the highway

Pedestrian Bridge Parking

Existing Car Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge

50m

Plan

Residential area

Parking lots

Outside part of Zoo

Rodoanel

Section

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Rodoanel Site 2 : Pedestrian bridge with Cultural centre

Site analysis CarapicuĂba Lake Military complex

Sports fields Railway

Informal settlement Railway station Commerce

Empty space Commerce

Commerce

Residential Commerce Supermarket

Social housing Open space and industry Parque dos Paturis

Industry

Residential

Football field

Social housing

Intervention and connection

Intervention 3 : Station square Intervention 1 : Cultural centre Intervention 2 : Pedestrian bridge

The site is located in a neighborhood in the city center. The proposed cultural centre will enhance mainly activities that occur in this existing neighborhood. Also improving the qualities surrounding it.

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100

200m

Intervention : Station square Intervention : Cultural centre

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

Perspective from the highway

Plan

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 3 : Pedestrian bridge with Kiosk

Site analysis

Residential

Residential Park

Industry

Residential

Empty space

Residential Residential

Sports field Residential

Existing pedestrian bridge

Condominium

Residential Green space

Industry

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with restaurant

Proposed the repurposing of existing pedestrian bridge and introduction of two new public parks and sport facilities. Will maximize the interaction of the neighborhoods by reclaiming the existing unoccupied parcels.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with restaurant

Perspective from the highway

100m

Plan

Public park & sports field

Residential area

Rodoanel

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 4 : Pedestrian bridge with Sports facilities

Site analysis Church and park Administration facility Park

Social housing Informal settlement

Private garden Isolated open space by creek

Residential Sport park

Empty space Residential

Residential

Existing pedestrian bridge

Bus station, Gas Station and park Potential site Park

Residential Sports club

Residential

Condominium

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Public park and pedestrian bridges

Intervention 2 : Rock Climbing park

Intervention 3 : Public park

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Intervention : Public park and pedestrian bridges

Intervention : Rock climbing park

Perspective from the highway Intervention : Public park

100

200

300m

Plan

Rock climbing park Creek

Rodoanel

Section

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 5 : Pedestrian bridge with Gas station

Site analysis Open space Residential

Residential

Condominium

Industry Social housing Park Empty space

Empty space Open space

Industry Open space

Residential

Existing pedestrian bridge Residential

Residential

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with gas station and park

There is a vast open space in the center of this area. The Rodoanel cuts through it in half. Proposed bridge aims to create some-sort of “Band-Aid “ to reconnect these fragments. Also, a new gas station with public facilities will be added in the ground level.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with park

Perspective from the highway Intervention : Gas station

Intervention : Gas station

Intervention : Kiosk

100m

Plan

Rodoanel

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 6 : Pedestrian bridge to connect to linear parks

Site analysis

Green space

Football field

Residential Informal settlement

Residential Empty space

Park Open space

Green space

Residential

Park

School

Green space

Existing car and pedestrian bridge

Residential Green space

Empty space

Intervention and connection

Intervention 3 : Linear park Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge

There are unoccupied spaces between the highway and the settlement due to the steep of the landscape. There is much potential when access is allows to create a new usage of these existing spaces. Also, creating a definitive border or gate to the city of SĂŁo Paulo. Intervention 2 : Public park

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100

200

400m

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

Intervention : Linear park

Perspective from the highway Intervention : Public park

Plan

Rodoanel

Section

50m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 7 : Pedestrian bridge with Cultural centre

Site analysis Green space

Green space

Industry

Poor neighborhood

Industry

Green space

Residential Residential Green space

Empty space

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with cultural centre

Due to the irregular topography, sometimes each side of highway runs on different elevations. This creates useless spaces and pedestrian bridges. A Proposed cultural centre is located in the middle of highway on the top of the existing bridge enhancing the lack of cultural activities in the area.

Intervention 2 : Public park

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ion : Pedestrian bridge with cultural centre

Perspective from the highway

100m

Plan

Rodoanel

Section

50m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodoanel Site 8 : Pedestrian bridge with Sports park

Site analysis

Industry Existing pedestrian bridge Mixed use residential and industry Residential Park

Can be transformed favela Industry

Industry Green space

Residential Green space Park

Industry

Logistics

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Sports park Intervention 2 : Pedestrian bridge Intervention 3 : Sports park

Unique ‘L’ shape of this pedestrian bridge is designed to overcome the existing condition of the landscape. Two proposed parks are connected to exploit the potential of these empty spaces.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

Perspective from the highway

Intervention : Sports park

100

200

400m

Plan

Rodoanel

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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MARGINAL TIETÊ

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Marginal Tietê Site 1 : Pedestrian bridge with Social housing

Site analysis

Residential Industry Linear park Can be transformed favela Can be transformed favela

Water purification plant Existing car bridge Railway Social housing

School Favela

Empty land

Social housing

Residential

Private club

Tietê River Industry

Park

Intervention and connection

Intervention 3 : Social housing Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge Intervention 2 : Public park

The site is located between Tietê river and the existing rail road. There are two existing elevated infrastructures. These existing physical barriers made the land unattractive to formal residents, eventually allowing for informal settlements to claim this land. Proposed pedestrian bridge which attached to existing elevated infrastructure with certain program show the possibility as a usable land reconnecting the marginalize community with the formal city.

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Intervention : Sports field

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

Intervention : Social housing

Intervention : Public park

Perspective from the highway 0

100

200m

Plan

Marginal Tietê

River Tietê

Marginal Tietê

Section

100

200

300m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 2 : Pedestrian bridge with Gallery

Site analysis

Social housing

Residential

Industry

Park

Residential

Industry Industry Potential site

Sport club

Tietê River

Universidade Paulista Parque do Piqueri

Social housing

Residential

Residential Industry Social housing

Industry

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with gallery

This existing urban fabric already fragmented by highways, river and industries requires a connection between the neighborhoods. A proposed pedestrian bridge with gallery connects not only each side of Marginal Tiete, but also, to the existing public parks around.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with gallery

Perspective from the highway

100m

Plan

Marginal Tietê

River Tietê

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 3 : Pedestrian bridge with Shopping mall and Car parking

Site analysis Football field Residential

Residential Industry Shopping mall

Tietê River

Industry

Potential site

Open space

Mixed use Residential and industry

Industry

Mixed use Residential and industry

Industry

Park

Social housing

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with shopping mall and car parking

The site is located next to shopping mall. And bridge provides extra parking lots for visitors to shopping mall and allows inhabitants to reach to other side of Marginal Tiete and the river.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with Shopping mall and car parking

Perspective from the highway 0

100

200m

Plan

Marginal Tietê

Marginal Tietê River Tietê

Section

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 4 : Pedestrian bridge with Restaurant

Site analysis

Sports facility

Factory

Residential

Abandoned building Potential site

Hospital

Parking Gas Station

Sambódromo do Anhembi

Open space

Tietê River Residential

School Park

Industry

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Reuse abandoned building as restaurants Intervention 2 : Public park

Intervention 3 : Pedestrian bridge

Intervention 4 : Public park

A proposed pedestrian bridge with restaurants space for the residents of the area will create new activity along the highway. Visitors at the sambodrómo and gas station will have access to the commodities of the proposed bridge. This skinny bridge creates strong connections with the existing amenities

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Intervention : Reuse abandoned building as restaurant

Perspective from the highway

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

100

200m

Plan

Marginal Tietê

River Tietê

Marginal Tietê

Section

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 5 : Pedestrian bridge with Pool

Site analysis Condominium

Residential Tietê River Green space

Residential

Abandoned buildings

Potential site Park Substation

Residential

Industry

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Reuse abandoned buildings as sports facilities

Intervention 2 : Sports park

Intervention 3 : Pedestrian bridge with pool

Proposed pedestrian bridge with pools becomes part of the transformation of the area. Adding a new sport facility and creating access to the existing detached residential zones.

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Intervention : Reuse abandoned buildings as sports facilities

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with Pool

Intervention : Sports park

Perspective from the highway 0

100

200m

Plan

Marginal Tietê

Marginal Tietê River Tietê

Section

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 6 : Pedestrian bridge with Studio space

Site analysis

Industry

Residential

Can be transformed favela Industry

Empty space

Industry

Tietê River

Abandoned railway bridge

Industry Railway Park

Park

Residential Residential Condominium

Industry

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Studio space Intervention 2 : Public park Intervention 3 : Reuse abandoned railway as pedestrian bridge

Intervention 4 : Pedestrian bridge

An abandoned railway bridge can be repurposed to be use as a new pedestrian bridge. Threepronged access allows connection with a proposed studio and existing facilities in the area.

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100

200

400m

Intervention : Reuse abandoned railway as pedestrian bridge

Intervention : Studio Space

Intervention : Green Space

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

Plan

Marginal Tietê

River Tietê

Marginal Tietê

Section

100

200

300m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 7 : Pedestrian bridge with Culture centre and Car parking

Site analysis Social housing Open space

Residential

School Social housing Sports facility University Industry

Tietê River

Supermarket

Residential Play ground Residential Existing car and pedestrian bridge

Park

Residential

Potential site

Abandoned factory

Residential

Favela

Open space

Intervention and connection

Intervention 2 : Reuse abandoned factory as a public library

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with car parking

Abandoned factory buildings are repurposed as new cultural centres. By extending the existing bridge for pedestrian access, will allow for connection. And existing residential district can have a stronger connection to the city and the highway.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with car parking

Intervention : Public library

Perspective from the highway

100

200m

Plan

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Marginal Tietê Site 8 : Pedestrian bridge with Linear park

Site analysis Residential School

Residential

Park

Residential Residential

Social housing Industry Residential Linear open space

Industry

Industry Industry Empty space Tietê River Industry

Green Space Substation

Residential Railway Favela Open space Existing park

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with linear park

Intervention 2 : Public park

In abandoned linear space, park bridge allows for new green space crossing different context; social housing, factory area and railway. The bridge provides various nodes for view and connects local small parks.

Intervention 3 : Public park

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RODOVIA FERNÃO DIAS

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Rodovia FernĂŁo Dias Site 1 : Pedestrian bridge with Sports park

Site analysis Park

Empty space

Park

Industry Empty space

Water purification plant

Residential

Empty space Logistic Existing pedestrian bridge

Logistic

Residential

Empty space Logistic

Logistic

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Sport field

Intervention 2 : Pedestrian bridge with retails

Intervention 3 : Public park

A long bridge creates a valuable and visible connection between an area of social housing and another residential neighborhood, crossing the factory area along the highway. Adjacent open spaces are reused as a sports park.

Intervention 4 : Demolish existing bridge

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Intervention : Sports field

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with retails

Perspective from the highway Intervention : Public park Social housing

100

200

300m

Plan

Residential area FernĂŁo Dias

Section

Vd. Domingos Franciulli Netto

Social housing

100

200

300m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 2 : Pedestrian bridge with Elementary school

Site analysis

Cabuçu River

Religious facility Condominium

Factory Empty space Residential Residential Gas station with tower Can be transformed favela Park Cultivate land

Condominium Empty space

Factory

Park

Residential Tietê River

Intervention and connection

Intervention 2 : Riverside park Intervention 3 : Sports ground

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with elementary school

Crossing the vast cultivated land and green space, two residential districts can be connected by a pedestrian bridge. At the same time, an elementary school is placed on the bridge and plays a role of common space between them.

Intervention 4 : Pubilic park

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Intervention : Riverside park

Intervention : Sports ground

Gas station

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with elementary school

Intervention : Public park

100

200

Perspective from the highway

300m

Plan

Residential area Residential area

Fernão Dias Cabuçu River

Section

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 3 : Pedestrian bridge with Flea market

Site analysis

Cabuçu River

Residential

Poor neighborhood Primary School

Empty space

Park

Can be transformed favela

Existing pedestrian bridge Green space Industry

Church Logistics Residential Junkyard

Social housing

Intervention and connection

Intervention 3 : Market square with pavilion

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with flea market

Intervention 4 : Public park and play ground

Intervention 2 : Demolish existing pedestrian bridge

The new market bridge replaces the existing direct connection between a formal neighborhood and a favela. A paved market square forms a clear border between two different neighborhoods.

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Intervention : Public park and play ground

Intervention : New pedestrian bridge with flea market

Intervention : Market square with pavilion

Perspective from the highway 10

100m

Plan

FernĂŁo Dias

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 4 : Pedestrian bridge with Library and park

Site analysis

Residential RIO

Cabuçu River ÇU CABU

Industry

Residential

RIO

Green space

School Logistic Industry Can be transformed favela Abandoned factory

Social housing

Existing pedestrian bridge Residential

Industry Industry Residential School

Intervention and connection

RIO ÇU CABU RIO

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with library

Intervention 2 : Public park

The L-shaped bridge creates a seamless connection between linear green space and the proposed library, passing through the residential districts on the crossing point of highway and creek.

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50m

Intervention : New pedestrian bridge

Intervention : Public park

CÓRREGO

Small factories

Intervention : Public library

Perspective from the highway

Plan

Residential area

Corrego river

Fernão Dias

Cabuçu river

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 5 : Pedestrian bridge with Youth centre

Site analysis Cabuçu River

Favela Mixed Use logistic

Residential Can be transformed favela

Social housing busstop

Football field

Green space

logistic Logistic

Industry

Sports Club

Riverside park

Residential Pedestrian bridge

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with youth centre Intervention 2 : Public park

The proposed bridge connects two sports fields, which are attached to an area of social housing and mixed neighborhood. The bridge provides a new connection between them and contains a youth centre for various users.

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Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with youth centre

Perspective from the highway

100m

Plan

Residential area

Football field

Green space

Basketball court

Section

100m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 6 : Pedestrian bridge with Sports facilities

Site analysis

Residential

Residential Logistic Mixed Use Can be transformed favela

Residential

Linear park

Logistic

Empty space Empty space

Can be transformed favela Mixed Use

Factory

Can be transformed favela

Empty space Electric Sub-station

Residential

Logistic Residential

Empty Space

Residential

Cabuçu River

Intervention and connection

Intervention 7 : Restraurant

Intervention 4 : Public school

Intervention 6 : Community centre and Futsal court

Intervention 3 : Public park

Intervention 5 : Green space

Intervention 2 : Football court and locker room Intervention 1 : New bridges

Fragmented open space beside the highway can be organized as a sports park. Small bridges make connections between different facilities for sports and leisure and reveal a structure of hidden passages of the city.

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Intervention : Restaurant

Intervention : Public school

Intervention : Community Centre and Futsal court

Intervention : Green space

Intervention : New bridges

Intervention : Football field and locker room

100

200m

Plan

Fernão Dias

Perspective on the bridge

Cabuçu River

Section

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site7 : Pedestrian bridge with Café

Site analysis Residential

Cemetery Industry

Residential Favela Empty space Existing pedestrian bridge Gas station

Residential

Industry

Residential

Cabuçu River

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : New pedestrian bridge with cafe

Intervention 4 : Public park

The thin sloped bridge connects residential districts and a gas station. The gas station could be activated as communal space for the neighborhood and drivers passing by.

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Intervention : New pedestrian bridge

Logistic Intervention : Public park

Residential

Intervention : New pedestrian bridge Gas station

Perspective from the highway

100

200m

Plan

Residential area on the slope

Fernão Dias

Gas station

Section

Cabuçu river

Public Park

Residential area

100

200m

Perspective on the bridge

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Rodovia Fernão Dias Site 8 : Pedestrian bridge with Gymnasium

Site analysis

Residential

Industry Existing pedestrian bridge Green Space

Favela

Industry Can be transformed favela

Favela

Football field

Cemetery Parque Dos Pinherios Cabuçu River

Intervention and connection

Intervention 3 : Bridge with gymnasium Intervention 1 : Public park Intervention 2 : Orchard Intervention 4 : Kitchen garden

The proposed pedestrian bridge provides a connection between a football field and a park for two informal settlements. The building of the bridge gives space to a gymnasium and reveals the activity happening inside to the passerby on the highway.

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Intervention : Bridge with gymnasium

Intervention : Public park

Intervention : Kitchen garden

Perspective from the highway Intervention : An orchard

100m

Plan

FernĂŁo Dias

Section

50m

Perspective on the bridge

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Contributors

Pier Paolo Tamburelli (Studio Professor, Berlage Institute) Pier Paolo Tamburelli is a partner at baukuh, which Genoa office he cofounded in 2004. He has collaborated with Domus, taught at the PUSA Aleppo in Syria, at the Milan Politecnico, at TUM Munich, and he is currently unit professor at the Engineering Faculty of the University of Genoa. Tamburelli was the guest editor of OASE 79 James Stirling 1964-1992. A Non-Dogmatic Accumulation of Formal Knowledge and he is one of the editors of “San Rocco”. Maria Chiara Pastore (Studio tutor, Berlage Institute) studied at the Politecnico di Milano and the Bartlett School of Planning (UCL) in London. Since 2005 she has been working as architect in Milan at Boeri Studio office. Pastore has been a lecturer at Domus Academy Milan, at Akademie der Künste Berlin and at Tongji University Shanghai. She as been tutor at TUM Munich and at Politecnico di Milano. Ryoichi Aida ( Japan) graduated from department of architecture, faculty of engineering, Niigata University in Japan in

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2009. He is currently conducting research at Berlage Institute. Sanne van den Breemer (The Netherlands) studied architecture at Ecole d’Architecture de Paris La Villette (France) and at Delft University of Technology (Netherlands), where she graduated in 2005. She worked for 4 years at DKV architecten in Rotterdam, before entering the Berlage Institute, where she is currently conducting research. Her research at the Berlage Institute is made possible by financial support of the Netherlands Foundation for Visual Arts, Design and Architecture (Fonds BKVB). Patricia Fernandes (Brazil) graduated in 2007 as an architect and urbanist at the Faculty of Architecture at Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. She has worked in several architecture offices from 2003-2010, with a focus on architecture design and is now conducting research at the Berlage Institute. Kyung Su Jung (Korea) graduated from department of architecture, faculty of engineering, Dongguk University in Korea in 2004. After his graduation he worked for A-group in Seoul and later at B&H design and

construction in New Jersey for 5 years as an project architect. And he is currently conducting research at Berlage Institute. Heejung Kil (Korea) graduated with a BArch from the school of architecture Kookmin University in Seoul in 2010. She is currently conducting research at the Berlage Institute with a focus on the contemporary architecture way. Githa Hartako Ong (Indonesia) studied architecture at Parahyangan University (Indonesia), where she graduated in 2005. She worked at Archos with Sarah Ginting M.Arch (Bandung, Indonesia), Budipradono Architects ( Jakarta, Indonesia), Forum Architects (Singapore), and DP Architect (Singapore) before entering the Berlage Institute, where she is currently conducting research.

Designer for the Community Design Collaborative (CDC). Ariel was awarded the Travel Fellowship in 2008. Now conducting research at the Berlage Institute. Si Wu (China) gratuated professinal first with Bsc architecture from Huazhong University of scince and technology in 2009, having interior working experience,and worked in several architecure studios . now is doing research study in berlage.

Ariel Vázquez (USA) He received his Bachelor in Architecture (Honors) at Drexel University in 2008 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Ariel was an advisor and program coordinator for the explorers post at KlingStubbins, in where he introduce high schools students to Architecture and Design as part of extra curriculum activities. He has also volunteer as a

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