THE STREETS OF SÃOPAULO by githa only

History exists so long as an object is in use; that is, so long as a form relates to its original function. However, when form and function are severed, and only form remains vital, history shifts into the realm of memory. When history ends, memory begins. The singular form of Split now only signifies its own individuality, but at the same time, it is also a sign, a record of events that are part of a collective â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that is, urban memory. History comes to be known through the relationship between a collective memory of events, the singularity of place (locus solus), and the sign of the place as expressed in form. Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, 1984.

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Diagram Image of the project

THE STREETS OF SÃO PAULO SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

Metropolitan São Paulo has a population of roughly 20 millions inhabitants on a surface of roughly 8000 sqKm (as a comparison, the Netherlands have a population of roughly 16 millions on a surface of roughly 40,000 sqKm). Still, São Paulo is a city, not a country. A city made of the same amount of objects accumulated in the space of a country such as the Netherlands. A city with as many gas stations as an entire country, as many football fields as an entire country, just one after the other, object next to object, next to object, next to object. São Paulo endless.

São Paulo Endless

2. São Paulo is a city. It ends at a certain point, it has a name, it is precisely present in the memory of its inhabitants. Still São Paulo is a city that undermines pre-established (European) categories about the image and the collective memory of the city. Even if São Paulo is a very defined urban ensemble, the product of a precise interpretation of a veryparticularlandscape,themetropolis does not produce a detailed picture in the memory of its own inhabitants. São Paulo is a city no citizen can claim toknowentirely.Contrarytothegeneric city, São Paulo does not lack an ambition towards a precise identity, yet this ambition is defied by the sheer scale of the city. The final result of this particular situation is mixed.The memory of the city is double-sided: geographic clarity coexists with local incertitude. São Paulo is a field covered with a repetition of extremely similar objects: shopping malls, gas stations, logistic centres; all of them almost the same,

impossible to recognize, impossible to localize. All of them emerging and vanishing into a blurred picture, recursive and imprecise: endless Petrobras gas stations, infinite Ipiranga. Nobody knows if Petrobras A is 25 Km northwest of the centre, along Bandeirantes, or 15 Km south-east, along Imigrantes, he just knows he already saw it a million times. Nobody in São Paulo really possesses a detailed mental map of the city(themosttypicaldiscussionisabout which road is better to take in order to go from A to B). The image of the city oscillatesamongprecise(geographical) borders; still it is not fixed, not entirely on focus. Objects are connected in to distracted perception of the drivers, repeating with minimal variations like in an industrial Art of Fugue. 3. São Paulo metropolitan identity is complex because it combines a very precise geographic condition with an entirely unclear local condition. What is precise at the metropolitan, infrastructural scale becomes blurred at the scale of the single place. Objects do not have a fixed location in the collective memory. They float like rafts swinging in the infrastructural stream. São Paulo is a landscape without places, it repeats hill after hill, creek after creek, and so does the city, turnpike after turnpike, favela after favela.The image of the city is at the same time precise and blurred. São Paulo poses the question of what a city is and of what it means to belong to a city.This happens because of pure scale. São Paulo is so

Tissue of SÃ£o Paulo

Neighborhoods of the city The city of SĂŁo Paulo is made of small islands or micro cities that are shaped by the topography.These small islandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; growth was also controlled to it. The perceptions of these small islands that formthemetropolisaresomehowrelated to the original landscape and certain. The valleys, hills and rivers create the fragmentation.These fragmentations are intervened by infrastructure, which work as both connection and division. The map shows the interpretation and how it looks like according to our reading of the city. First, the drawing begins with original landscape and infrastructures of the city, which are based on the existing conditions of the river, streets and greenery and the intervention of machinemadelandmarksandstructure, which includes the industrial site, shopping centre and sport complex. At the same time, it is shown certain connections between each fragmentation. It is a sort of aspects of perception, which points out a collective memory of the inhabitants. Then it is generated by border of neighborhoods based on the infrastructure such as the streets and the city fabric.

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

1. Centre of the city Higienópolis / Consolação / Pinheiros / Perdizes/ Jardins / Bela Vista / República

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

2. Formal and informal residences Morumbi / ParaisĂłpolis / Vila Andrade / Campo Lindo / TaboĂŁo da Serra / Raposo Tavares

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

3. Landmarks and industries Limão Casa Verde / Santana / Vila Guilherme / Belém / Pari / Santa Cecília / Barra Funda / Lapa

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

GROWTH AND EVOLUTION

São Paulo de Piratininga emerged with the Bandeirantes movement and the Jesuits occupation, in the 16th century. The first village was constructed around the Pátio do Colégio (jesuits school patio) in a very strategic location, previously chosen by natives. The Planalto Paulista is a plateau situated close to the sea, but 750 meters above. It’s main river, Tietê, doesn’t flow straight to the sea but makes a turn around the basin connecting to Paraná river basins, in the south.The very first village was located in a well positioned and protected hill between two smaller rivers:Tamanduateí and Anhangabaú. Towards the 19th century the region was boosted by the development of the sugarcaneproductionandlater,thecoffee fields. The construction of the São Paulo Railway, in 1867, necessary for the exporting of the coffee production stimulated also the industrialization. The location chosen for the implementation of those were the lowlands of the rivers due to the easiness of construction and low investments in engineering and expropriation. Consequently, factories started to emerge along the railroad, attracted by the facilities of transportation, water supply and drainage.

1930 The engineer, and later on, mayor of SĂŁo Paulo, Prestes Maia, proposed in 1935 the Plano de Avenidas (Avenues Plan) which consists of a plan of a radial system of avenues with subsequential road rings and and radial avenues connecting the suburbs to the city center.The plan was slowly accomplished by the construction of many avenues along the past decades and traces form the plan can still be found in recent projects such as the Rodoanel, still under construction. It was also in the propostal, underground passages, which only started in 1975, with the inauguration of the metro.

1930 Confluence of rivers Tietê and Pinheiros

Intheearly20thcenturythetechnological advances that allowed the transgression of natural barriers such as valleys and rivers were the driving force to the growth of the city and the population explosion due to the success of industrialization. The speed in which the city was growing made urgent the

Current Photograph A network of roads connecting Marginais Pinheiros andTietê and beginning of Castello Branco.

construction of roads and avenues along the valleys in order to connect the vilas and that were already spreading throughout the landscape. For this reason the location of roads were again chosen by effortless and low costs of construction. In addition, the infrastructure works were almost always

pairedwithprivateentrepreneurshipof land subdivision and real state development.Those vilas, simultaneously connectedandseparatedby infrastructure, were progressively incorporated to the tissue of the city.

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ÂŠ Berlage Institute

1560 The Village of São Paulo de Piratininga was constructed around the Jesuits School and church and served as a base point to the“Bandeiras”, the explorations expeditions towards inland.

SĂŁo Paulo de Piratininga

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

1810 The region was a great producer of sugar cane, having the city of SĂŁo Paulo as the main core of transactions. Only a few roads, in very poor conditions, made the conectinos between the Planalto and the port of Santos. Beside the city core, on the other side of AnhangabaĂş river, newneighborhoodsstartedtoemergelikeCidadeNova(new city) on a planned grid with a square and a small urban park.

Cidade Nova Sé

Highway Railway

Tramway Tunnel

To be constructed

1881 AFter the independency of Brazil in 1822, the region suffered a rapid increase of population due to the growth of the coffee production. Campos Elísios was the first comercial land subdivision, to host the coffee elite that came to live in the city. And Luz, next to the main train station held the first public garden of the city. In 1867 the São Paulo Railway was inaugurated, connecting the city of São Paulo and the coffee fields to the port of Santos, facilitating the export of coffe and the transport of constructionmaterial.Thetramwaywasimplementedin1872 although still using animal track.

Campos Elíseos

Luz

Cidade Nova Sé

Highway Railway

Tramway Tunnel

To be constructed

1895 The region was a great producer of sugar cane, having the city of São Paulo as the main core of transactions. Only a few roads, in very poor conditions, made the conectinos between the “Planalto” and the port of Santos. Beside the city core, on the other side of Anhangabaú river, newneighborhoodsstartedtoemergelikeCidadeNova(new city) on a planned grid with a square and a small urban park.

Barra Funda

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Braz Consolação

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Marianna

Ypiranga

Lapa

Perdi

V C Pinheiros

1905 In 1891 the Paulista Avenue is inaugurated and in 1892 the first Viaduto do ChĂĄ, connecting the city center to the RepĂşblica neighborhood going through AnhangabaĂş valley and in 1895 its river is canalized. In 1900 the electric trams start to run with two lines. One connecting the city to Serra da Cantareira, on the north and the second, connecting to Santo Amaro, on the south.

Sant’ Anna

Barra Funda

izes

V. Cerq. César

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Belemzinho

Braz República

Consolação

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista Villa America

Mooca Liberdade

Villa Marianna

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro Ypiranga

Villa Clementino

Lapa Villa Pompéia

Pinheiro Butantan

1913 With the implementation of the railway the city faced a rapid industrialization and therefore a large population growth. Many industries started to emerge along the railway and, consequentially workers villas were constructed on the surroundings of the factories. In 1911 theTamanduateí river is canalized and in 1912 a concrete brigde is constructed over it. In 1913 theViaduto Santa Ifigênia is constructed, crossing the Anhangabaú valley and river.

Sant’ Anna

Barra Funda

Perdizes Pacaembu V. Cerq. César

Bom Retiro

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Belemzinho

Braz República

Consolação

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista Villa America

Mooca Liberdade

Villa Marianna

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro Ypiranga

Villa Clementino

São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

Freguesia do Ó

Lapa Villa Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Butantan

1916 The recent mayorWashington Luís stablishes a plan of roads, to be completed before 1919 with the construction of 500km of roads. In 1916 the concrete paving of the Santos road is concluded and the first modern highway starts to be build, conecting São Paulo to Jundiaí but completed only in the next decade. Industrial vilas continued to grow and the Butantan Institute started on the other side of Pinheiros river.

Pinheiros

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Barra Funda

Bom Retiro Santa Cecília

Perdizes

Penha

Pary

Tatuapé Belemzinho

Braz

Pacaembu

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Ypiranga

São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

Freguesia do Ó

Villa Leopoldina

Alto da Lapa

Lapa Villa Pompéia

Butantan

Pinheiros

Jard Eu

1924 In 1920 is initiated the construction of the road connecting São Paulo to São Bernardo, known as Caminho do Mar. The works of retification of the Tietê river are re-initiated at the same year. In may 1922 the real state development of Jardim Europa is open to the public and at the same year the construction of AvenidaAnhangabaú(todayAvenida9deJulho)isaprovedby law. Between 1920-1930 assembly lines of Ford and General Motors were established on the proximities of São Paulo. In 1924 the buses started circulating.

Cidade Jardim

Mazzei V. Gustavo Villa Medeiros

Villa Água Aurora Fria Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Bom Retiro

Villa Guilherme

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Perdizes

Tatuapé Belemzinho

Braz

Pacaembu

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

dim uropa

Jardim Japão

Villa Maria

Barra Funda

Jardim America

Jardim Brasil

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

J. Paulista

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Villa Heleno

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Ypiranga

V. Ind.

São Caetano

Villa da Saúde

Freguesia do Ó

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Alto Pinheiros

Pinheiros Butantan

Jar Eu

Cidade Jardim

V O

Brooklin Paulista II

1930 Paraisópolis

In 1926 the engineer Saturnino de Brito presents his work Improvements for Tietê River, proposing the construction of dams to control the floods and the generation of energy, which was aproved the next year. The avenue Washington Luís is constructed between São Paulo and Santo Amaro. In 1929 Prestes Maia and Ulhôa Cintra initiate the studies for the “Plano de Avenidas”.

Villa Santo Antonio

Broo Paul

Santo Amaro

Mazzei V. Gustavo Villa Medeiros

Villa Água Aurora Fria Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Bom Retiro

Jardim da Syria

Villa Guilherme

Tatuapé

Consolação

V. Cerq. César

República

Villa Gomes Cardim

Sé

Bela Vista

Ibirapuera

Villa Olympia

Liberdade

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Villa Matilde

Villa Carrão

Mooca

Villa America

J. Paulista

Villa Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Braz

Pacaembu

Vila Esperança

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Perdizes

rdim uropa

Jardim Japão

Villa Maria

Barra Funda

Jardim America

Jardim Brasil

Villa da Saúde

Cambucy

Villa Prudente

Villa Deodoro

Villa D. Pedro I

Ypiranga

V. Ind. São Caetano

Campo Belo

oklin lista I Parque Jabaquara

Santo André

Vila Sta Catarina

Vila Jaraguá

V. Clor.

Freguesia do Ó

Vila Piratininga

Vila dos Remédios

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Osasco

Villa Pompéia

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

Vila Butantan

Pinheiros

J A

Butantan

Jardim Europ

Cidade Jardim

Villa Olym

1943 In 1932 the Viaduto Boa Vista is constructed in art decó style and in 1938 the newViaduto do Chá is inaugurated, after the destruction of the first one, built in 1892. In 1936 the first planes landed in the Congonhas Airport and in 1937 the Jockey Club (hypodrom) project was initiated at Cidade Jardim. In 1941 is inaugurated the Avenida 9 de Julho (old Avenina Anhangabaú) extending up to Jardim América and in 1942 it was extended until Jardim Europa.

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

Villa Santo Antonio

Brookl Paulista

Santo Amaro

Vila Socorro

Vila N. Caledôni

Vila Galvão

Mazzei V. Gustavo

Sítio do Mandaqui

Bairro do Limão

Barra Funda

Pacaembu V. Cerq. César

Jardim America

m pa

República

Consolação

Bela Vista

Itaquera

Villa Matilde

Villa Carrão

Mooca Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Villa Emma

J. Paulista Ibirapuera

a mpia

Villa Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino

Villa Prudente Jardim Independencia

Villa D. Pedro I

Ypiranga

Indianópolis

V. Ind. São Caetano

Villa Sacomã

Villa da Saúde Campo Belo

Sapopemba

Villa Prosperidade

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

lin aI

Villa Gomes Cardim

Vila Progresso

Vila Ré

Villa Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Vila Curuçá Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Tatuapé

Braz

Vila Itahym

Parque Ypiranga

Penha

Pary

Santa Cecília

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

Perdizes

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Jardim Brasil

Villa Medeiros

Parque do Estado

Parque Jabaquara

Santo André

Vila Sta Catarina Meninos Vila Império Americanópolis

Vila Jaraguá

V. Clor.

Vila Pereira

Freguesia do Ó

Vila Piratininga

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Osasco

Villa Pompéia

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

Pinheiros

J A

Butantan

Jardim Europ

Cidade Jardim

1951 In 1944 the Radial Leste was duplicated, making a better connection between the city center and the neighborhoods towards the east. In 1945 the international airport in Guarulhos was inaugurated. In this period a series of highways began to be constructed following the Plano de Avenidas by Prestes Maia. They are: the first part of Via Anchieta (to south), Via Anhanguera (tonorhteast)andalsoanumberofbridgescrossingPinheiros and Tietê rivers and viaducts over the main avenues.

Villa Olym

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

Villa Santo Antonio

Brookli Paulista

Santo Amaro

Vila Socorro

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Galvão Mazzei

Tremembé

Parque Vitória

V. Gustavo

Sítio do Mandaqui

Bairro do Limão

Barra Funda Santa Cecília

Pacaembu V. Cerq. César

Jardim America

m pa

República

Consolação

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

Villa America

Itaquera

Vila Matilde

Villa Emma

J. Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia

mpia Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Vila D. Pedro I

Villa da Saúde

V. Ind. São Caetano

Sapopemba

Villa Prosperidade

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Cidade Comer.

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Sta Catarina

Ypiranga

Villa Sacomã

Campo Belo

in aI

Vila Ré

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Progresso

Vila Carrão

Mooca Liberdade

Vila Esperança

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Vila Curuçá Parque Guarany

Tatuapé

Braz

Vila Itahym

Parque Ypiranga

Penha

Pary

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

erdizes

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

Jardim Brasil

Villa Medeiros

Parque do Estado Santo André

Jabaquara Meninos Vila Império Americanópolis

Vila Jaraguá

V. Clor.

Brasilândia Pirituba

Vila Pereira

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Vila Piratininga Osasco

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Villa Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

Pinheiros

Rio Pequeno

1962 In the 50’s the city faced a massive pressure for urbanizationanddemographicgrowth.Theattentionwasdriventothe construction of infrastructure, which meant manly highways with only punctual intervention on the suburbs. Some new landmarks reinforced the modernist character of the city like the pavillons in Ibirapuera in 1954 and the Museum of Art of São Paulo - Masp - by Lina Bo Bardi in 1957. The construction of Fernão Dias Road was inaugurated in 1960 and the fist road ring is proposed for deviating the interminicipality traffic.

Jardim Europ

Morumbi

Raposo Tavares

Villa Olym

Vila Sônia

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Campo Grande Cidade Dutra

Ja A

Butantan

Vila Galvão Tremembé

Cachoeirinha

Consolação

ardim America

Ponte Rasa

Mooca Liberdade

Cambucy

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Itaquera

Aricanduva

Cursino

V. Ind.

Sapopemba

São Lucas

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano

Villa Moinho Velho

n aI

Cidade Comer.

Parque Jabaquara

Pedreira

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Aeroporto Congonhas

Cidade Ademar

Itaquera Artur Alvim

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia

Campo Belo

Vila Sta Catarina

Vila Matilde

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda Villa Emma

Ibirapuera

Vila Progresso

Vila Carrão

Bela Vista

J. Paulista

Parque Guarany

Vila Ré

Villa Gomes Cardim

mpia

Vila Esperança

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Villa America

Vila Curuçá

Tatuapé

Braz República

Vila Itahym

Parque Ypiranga

Penha

Pary

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Villa Maria

Santa Cecília

V. Cerq. César

m pa

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Bom Retiro

Pacaembu

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João Vila Sylvia

Villa Água Aurora Fria

Aeroporto

Barra Funda

Jardim Brasil

Villa Medeiros

Sant’ Anna

Casa Verde

erdizes

Parque Vitória

V. Gustavo

Sítio do Mandaqui

Bairro do Limão

Mazzei

Jabaquara

Parque do Estado

Sacomã

Taboão

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Vila Império Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá

V. Clor.

Brasilândia Pirituba

Vila Pereira

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Vila Piratininga

Osasco

Bai Lim

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Alto da Lapa

Bar Fu

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Perdiz

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

V. C Césa

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

Pinheiros Butantan

Rio Pequeno

Raposo Tavares

Jardim Europa

Jardim Amer

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Vila Sônia

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

1974 In the end of the 60’s the construction of the MarginaisTietê andPinheiros.Othermainavenues,viaductsandbridgeswere also constructed along this period like Piqueri Bridge and Rodovia Régis Bittencourt in 1963, Rodovia Castello Branco in 1968 , Avenida 23 de Maio in 1969 and Rodovia Imigrantes in 1974.

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista I

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Jardim Ângela

Campo Grande

Cidade Dutra

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

Tremembé Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Parque Vitória

Tremembé

V. Gustavo

Cachoeirinha

Sant’ Anna

Santa Cecília

Cerq. ar

m rica

República

Consolação

Vila Esperança

Mooca

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Itaquera

Aricanduva

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Cursino

Campo Belo

V. Ind.

Sapopemba

São Lucas

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano

Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Cidade Comer.

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Sta Catarina

Itaquera Artur Alvim

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Villa Emma

Villa Clementino

Vila Progresso

Vila Carrão

Liberdade

Ibirapuera

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

J. Paulista

Parque Guarany

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Villa America

Vila Curuçá

Tatuapé

Braz

Pacaembu

Ponte Rasa

Penha

Pari

Vila Itahym

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

zes

Jardim da Syria

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

rra unda

Jardim Japão

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Água Fria Casa Verde

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

irro do mão

Jardim Brasil

Tucuruvi

Parque do Estado

Jardim São Caetano Sacomã

Taboão

Jabaquara

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Campanário Cidade Ademar

Pedreira

Vila Império Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia V. Clor.

Pirituba

Vila Pereira

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Vila Piratininga

Ba Lim

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Osasco

Alto da Lapa

Ba Fu

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Perdiz

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

V. C Cés

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

Pinheiros Butantan

Rio Pequeno

Raposo Tavares

Jardim Europa

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista I

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Jardim Ângela

Campo Grande

Cidade Dutra

Jardim Ângela

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Vila Sônia

1984 A new series of roads, avenues highways were inaugurated. Rodovia Bandeirantes in 1978, Avenida Aricanduva in 1979, RodoviaTrabalhadores in 1982. In 1975 the first metro line was implemented going North-South from Santana to Jabaquara, along with the bus terminal in Santana in 1976. In the same year the“Operation Center”starts to take place in a series of interventions giving priority to the pedestrian.

Jardim Ame

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Parque Vitória

Tremembé Cachoeirinha

airro do mão

Casa Verde

Santa Cecília

Cerq. sar

m erica

República

Consolação

Mooca

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Cursino

Parque do Estado

V. Ind.

José Bonifácio

Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus

Iguatemi

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano São Rafael Jardim São Caetano

Sacomã

Taboão

Jabaquara

Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Cidade Líder

Villa Moinho Velho

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Sta Catarina

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Aeroporto Congonhas

Guaianases

Itaquera

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia

Campo Belo

Cidade Comer.

Artur Alvim

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Progresso

Itaquera

Vila Matilde

Vila Carrão

Villa Emma

J. Paulista

Parque Guarany

Vila Ré

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

Villa America

Vila Esperança

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Liberdade

Vila Curuçá

Tatuapé

Braz

Pacaembu

Ponte Rasa

Penha

Pari

Vila Itahym

Parque Ypiranga

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

zes

Jardim da Syria

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

arra unda

Jardim Japão

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Vila Sylvia

Água Fria

Santana

Parque Paulistano

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Itapegica

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Campanário Cidade Ademar

Pedreira

Vila Império Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

Jardim Brasilia

Industrial Anhanguera

Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia V. Clor.

Pirituba

Vila Pereira Industrial Mazzei

Vila Piratininga

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Bairro Limão

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Osasco

Alto da Lapa

Barra Funda

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Perdizes

Vila Militar

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

Pa em

Cidade Universitária Vila Butantan

Butantan

Rio Pequeno

Raposo Tavares

V. Cerq César

Pinheiros

Jardim Europa

Jardim America J.

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Vila Sônia

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

1992 The First Road ring is now completed with the avenues: Pinheiros,Tietê, Salim Farah Maluf, Juntas Provisórias,Tancredo Neves and Bandeirantes.The AvenidaVereador José Diniz is duplicated in 1987 and the bus terminal of Barra Funda is inaugurated in 1989.

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

C Be

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista I

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela Cidade Dutra

Jardim Ângela

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

International Airport

Pimentas

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Tremembé Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Parque Vitória

Tremembé Cachoeirinha

Casa Verde

República

Consolação

Vila Carrão Mooca

Liberdade

Villa America

Cambucy

Villa Emma

Paulista

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Ibirapuera

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Cursino

Parque do Estado

V. Ind.

Guaianases Ferraz de Vasconcelos

José Bonifácio

Cidade Tiradentes

Parque do Carmo Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus

Iguatemi

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano São Rafael Jardim São Caetano

Sacomã

Taboão

Jabaquara

Itaim Paulista

Itaquera

Cidade Líder

Villa Moinho Velho

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Sta Catarina

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Aeroporto Congonhas

Lageado

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia

Campo elo

Cidade Comer.

Artur Alvim

Vila Formosa

Chácara Mafalda

Vila Progresso

Itaquera

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

Vila Curuçá

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Vila Esperança

Parque Guarany

Tatuapé

Braz

acambu

Ponte Rasa

Vila Itaim

São Miguel

Parque Ypiranga

Penha

Pari

Santa Cecília

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Jardim Helena Parque Paulistano Vila Sylvia

Água Fria

Santana

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

o do o

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Macedo

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Campanário Cidade Ademar

Pedreira

Vila Império Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

Anhanguera Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá Industrial Anhanguera

Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia V. Clor.

Pirituba

Vila Pereira Industrial Mazzei

Vila Piratininga

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Bairro Limão

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Osasco

Alto da Lapa

Barra Fund

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Perdizes

Vila Militar

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

P e

Cidade Universitária

Santo Antônio

Vila Butantan

Butantan

Rio Pequeno

Jardim Novo Osasco

Raposo Tavares

V. Cerq César

Pinheiros

Jardim Europa

Jardim America

Villa Olympia

Morumbi

Vila Sônia

2000

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

The metropolitan ring with: Marginais Pinheiros and Tietê, Vereador João de Luca, Cupecê, Presidente Kennedy, Prestes Maia, dos Estados, Pres. Costa e Silva and Aricanduva. The tunnel Presidente Quadros, crossing under Pinheiros river and the tunnelTribunal de Justiça connecting Avenida Santo Amaro and Avenida JK are inaugurated in 1994 and the tunnel Ayrton Senna, under Ibirapuara Park, in 1996. In 2000, the marginal lanes of Rodovia Dutra are constructed.

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

C B

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista I

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela Cidade Dutra

Jardim Ângela

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

International Airport

Paulistana Bela Vista

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Pimentas Picanço

Tremembé Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Parque Vitória

Tremembé Cachoeirinha

Casa Verde

República

Consolação

Mooca Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Villa Clementino Indianópolis

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Cidade Comer.

Itaquera Artur Alvim

Cursino

Parque do Estado

V. Ind.

Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Cidade Tiradentes

Parque do Carmo Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã

São Caetano São Rafael Jardim São Caetano

Sacomã

Taboão

Jabaquara

Guaianases

Itaquera

Cidade Líder

Villa Moinho Velho

Parque Jabaquara

Vila Sta Catarina

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Aeroporto Congonhas

Itaim Paulista

Vila Prudente Jardim Independencia

Campo Belo

Lageado

José Bonifácio

Vila Formosa

Villa Emma

Ibirapuera

Vila Progresso

Vila Carrão

Liberdade

. Paulista

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

Villa America

Parque Guarany

Vila Curuçá

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Vila Esperança

Tatuapé

Braz

Pacaembu

Ponte Rasa

Vila Itaim

São Miguel

Parque Ypiranga

Penha

Pari

Santa Cecília

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Jardim Helena Parque Paulistano Vila Sylvia

Água Fria

Santana

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

o do o

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Cumbica

Macedo

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Campanário Cidade Ademar

Pedreira

Vila Império Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

Anhanguera

Anhanguera Jardim Brasilia

Jaraguá Industrial Anhanguera

Jaraguá Vila Jaraguá Brasilândia V. Clor.

Pirituba

Vila Pereira Industrial Mazzei

Vila Piratininga

Freguesia do Ó

São Domingos

Vila Anastácio

Vila dos Remédios

Osasco

Alto da Lapa

Lapa

Vila Leopoldina

Villa Pompéia

Per

Vila Militar

Alto Pinheiros

Vila Lageado

Cidade Universitária

Santo Antônio

Vila Butantan

Raposo Tavares

Jardim Europa

Brooklin Paulista II Paraisópolis

Taboão da Serra

Campo Lindo

Vila Andrade

Vila Santo Antonio

Capão Redondo

Santo Amaro

Jardim São Luís

Capão Redondo

Brooklin Paulista I

Vila N. Caledônia

Vila Socorro

Campo Grande Jardim Ângela Cidade Dutra

Jar Am

Villa Olymp

Morumbi

Vila Sônia

2011 The Final Road Ring begins to be constructed, called Rodoanel.Thistime,surroundingtheentiremetropolitanregion, has the aim of deviating the heavy traffic from marginais Pinheiros and Tietê. These avenues, ideally, will serve only for metropolitan traffic. In 2011 around half of the Rodoanel is ready and functioning and another great part is currently under construction.

Butantan

Rio Pequeno

Jardim Novo Osasco

V C

Pinheiros

Jardim Ângela

Jardim Maringá Grajaú

Picão International Airport

Paulistana Bela Vista

Cabuçu de Cima

Tremembé

Pimentas Picanço

Tremembé Vila Galvão

Jaçanã Tremembé Cachoeirinha

Casa Verde

Barra Funda

V. Cerq. César

rdim merica

República

Parque Ypiranga Ponte Rasa

Mooca Chácara Mafalda

Cambucy

Vila Deodoro

Villa Marianna

Mirandó polis

Villa da Saúde

Jardim Independencia

Cursino

V. Ind.

n I

Cidade Comer.

Parque Jabaquara

Parque do Estado

Pedreira

Cidade Tiradentes

Parque do Carmo Cidade Tiradentes

Aricanduva

Sapopemba

São Lucas

São Mateus Iguatemi

São Caetano Parque das Nações

Sacomã

Santo André

Rudge Ramos

Vila Fran. Matarazzo

São Rafael

Pq. João Ramalho

Mauá

Campanário Cidade Ademar

Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Itaquera

Cidade Líder

Jardim São Caetano

Taboão

Jabaquara

Guaianases

Villa Prosperidade

Vila Sacomã Villa Moinho Velho

Aeroporto Congonhas

Vila Sta Catarina

Ypiranga

Vila D. Pedro I

Campo Belo

Itaim Paulista

Vila Prudente

pia

Indianópolis

Lageado

José Bonifácio

Vila Formosa

Villa Emma

Villa Clementino

Artur Alvim

Vila Carrão

Liberdade

Ibirapuera

Vila Progresso

Itaquera

Vila Matilde

Villa Gomes Cardim

Bela Vista

J. Paulista

Vila Curuçá

Vila Ré

Vila Aricanduva

Belemzinho

Sé

Villa America

Parque Guarany

Vila Esperança

Vila Itaim

São Miguel

Tatuapé

Braz Consolação

Vila Monte Belo

Vila Matarazzo

Jardim da Syria

Penha

Pari

Santa Cecília

Pacaembu

Parque Paulistano

Villa Maria

Bom Retiro

rdizes

Jardim Japão

Villa Guilherme

Aeroporto

Jardim Helena

Vila Sylvia

Água Fria

Santana

Várzea do Palácio

Vila Augusta

Vila S. João

Villa Medeiros

Mandaqui

Bairro do Limão

Itapegica Jardim Brasil

V. Gustavo

Tucuruvi

Cumbica

Macedo

Parque Vitória

Vila Império

Ribeirão Pires

Americanópolis Vila Nogueira

São Bernardo do Campo

THE ROADS OF SAO PAULO FernĂŁo Dias

Dos Bandeirantes

Castelo Branco Rodoanel

Marginal TietĂŞ

Marginal Pinheiros

Estado Novo

Aric

Bittencourt

Sao Paulo highways Total length roads 370km Pedestrian bridges 81 Car/pedestrian bridges 68 Average amount of bridges 1 per 2.5km

Santo Amaro Interlagos Imigrantes

canduva

Dutra

Alcantara Machado

Trabolhadores

SãoPaulo’shighways,oftenconstructed in the lowlands of mostly canalised rivers, can vary in scale and geographic location, but mostly they resemble. Much of the adjacent landscape consists of repeating elements, gas stations, favelas, shopping malls, social housing etc. Some iconic buildings are easy to identify, like the sambodromo and the Portuguesa stadium along MarginalTietê. Other than these, crossing bridges recognizable by a small sign showing their name, form the best points of orientation. This condition exists throughout the whole city. For our research we focus on three different roads, Rodoanel, MarginalTietêandRodoviaFernãoDias. Rodoanel is the ring road around the city, at the moment only partially built. The first section was inaugurated in October 2002, the second part in 2010 and the whole project is planned to be completed in 2018. The road has been mostly built in natural area, but also crosses a few existing municipalities. With a speed limit of 100km/h, most neighbourhoodshaveturnedtheirback towards this highway. Residents of a wealthy neighbourhood have even financed their own sound barriers. The most occurring image along this road is thereforethegreen,mountainouslandscape, here and there covered by informal settlements.

Rodovia Fernão Dias, a road varying in width between 8 and 12 lanes, is located in the north of the city. It runs along the border between São Paulo municipality and the neighbouring city of Guarulhos and passes through the Cabuçu de Cima water basin area. From Tietê river to the north, the surrounding landscape changes from flat land, covered by both industrial and residential areas, to a hilly landscape, originally protected nature, now partly covered by favelas. Strongly present along the street are walls, to protect possessions, but often also used as background for signs and publicity. Bright colours are used to paint walls, water towers or whole buildings. Social housing blocks may change in exact composition and colourcombination,buttheiroverallappearance is similar. While MarginalTietê is of a completely different scale, Tietê river bordered by on average two 8-lane roads and inbetween strips of green, the adjacent elements are similar. More gas stations, this time clustered, and brightly coloured water towers, logistic centres and shopping malls. Being one of the most centrally located highways in the city, the Marginal is bordered by some iconic buildings.

Rodoanel Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

70km 2 6 50m

Marginal TietĂŞ Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

54km 6 17 200m

14km 6 1 60m

Rodovia FernĂŁo Dias Total length roads Pedestrian bridges Car/pedestrian bridges Width profile

Rodoanel

Marginal Tietê

Rodovia Fernão Dias

RODOANEL

Estr. de Ligacao

Rod. dos Bandeirantes

Rod. Pres. Castelo Branco

Al. Araguaia

Estr. Ibateguara

Av. Ceci

Rod. Anhanguera

R. Amambai Av. do Estado

MARGINALTIETÃ&#x160;

R. Mateus Jose

R. Carlos Jose Michelon

R. Jacirendi R. Manguari

R. Ulisses Cruz R. Tuiuti

R. Tuiuti

R. Azurita

Av. Ten. A. Felicissimo da Silveira R. Sao Felipe

R. Sd Jose Reymao

R. Guaranta

R. T-srg. Joao Lopes Filho R. srg. Manuel Chagas

R. Sao Jorge

Av. Serafim Goncalves Pereira R. T-srg. Joao Soares de Fana

R. Antonio Macedo

R. Imbocui

R. Cb. Basilio Zequim Junior R. Sd Francisco Franco

R. Joaquim Carlos

R. Dr. Vidal Reis R. Paulo Andrighetti R. Silva Teles

R. Amaldo Cintra

R. Francisco Fanganiello

Pte. Aricanduva - Dr. Miguel Arraes

R. Catumbi

R. Massinet Sorcinelli R. Dr. Edgar Teotonio Santana R. Zimon Leimer

Av. Prof. Celestino Bouroul Av. Santos Dumont

Av. Eng. Caetano Alvares Av. Thomas Edson

R. Jose Amato

R. Voluntarios da Patria

Fte. do Limao

Av. Cruzeiro do Sul

Av. Moises Roysen

R. Dr. Rubens Meireles R. Horacio Vergueiro Rudge

R. Jose Gomes Falcao

R. Atilio Piffer

R. do Havre

Av. Otto Baumgart Av. Dr. Abraao Ribeiro R. Zara

R. Amazonas da Silva Fte. da casa Verde

Rte. da Vila Guilherme Av. Rudge

R. Neves de Carvalho R. Anhaia

Av. Guiherme

Av. Olavo Fontoura

R. dos Italianos R. Sergio Tomas R. Angelina Pizzoti

R. Camnine Gaeta

R. Javaes

R. Gen. Flores R. Jaragua R. Nilton Prado R. Matarazzo R. Barra do Tibaji

Av. Nadir Dias de Figueiredo R. David Bigio

R. Prof. Milton Rodrigues

R. Lop R. Brasileira

Av. Joâo Simâo de Castro

RODOVIAFERNãODIAS

R. Cirene de O

R. Abilio Pe

R. Lop

R. Bem

R. Gen. Jerônim

Av. Prof. José Munhoz

R. Aguas d

Rod. Pres. Dutra Av. Santana

R. da Baracela

Vd. Milton Tavares de Souza

Al. S-Srg. Nevio Baracho dos Santos

R. Paulo Lorenzani

Av. Marginal Tietê River Tietê

pes da Costa

R. Vila de Arouca

Oliveira Laet

edro Ramos

Av. Sete de Setembro

R. Igarité

pes da Costa

R. Pedro de Castilho

mardo Lopes

R. Astecas

mo Furtado

R. Cunha Porto

de Chapeco

v. Sanatório

. Acailandia Estr. Três Cruzes

R. Ushikichi Kamiya

R. Turfa

R. Sâo Gabriel

R. Brasileira

OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION

Catalogue : Objects of Perception by Scale

Billboard

Pedestrian Bridge

Favela

Water tower

Gas station

Social Housing

Watch tower

Office building

Highrise Building

Oil tower

Unfinished Building

Monumental Building

Electric tower

Motel

Graffiti on the wall

Logistic station

Flag

Truck Parking

Sculpture

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Billboard City officials in this metropolis of 11 million passed legislation banning billboards, neon signs and electronic panels as of the new year, and the effects of the law have begun to sink in. Billboards have been stripped of their commercial clothing, the stark nakedness of the abandoned frames reminding passers by of the once stolenpublicspacenowreclaimed.

Water Tower A water tower or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container constructed to hold a water supply at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system. Many water towers were constructed during theIndustrialRevolution;someare nowconsideredarchitecturallandmarks and monuments, and may not be demolished. Some are converted to apartments or exclusive penthouses.

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Watch Tower A structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres (65.6 ft) tall and made from stone, iron, concrete and wood.

Oil Tower Generally oil towers are built to takeadvantageoftheirheight,and can stand alone on the ground, or as part of a larger structure or device.

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Electric Towers A transmission tower is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower,usedtosupportanoverhead power line. They are used in highvoltage AC and DC systems, and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55 metres (49 to 180 ft), although heights in excess of 300 metres (980 ft) exist. Always very visiable along the street.

Graffiti on wall São Paulo - In the world’s thirdlargest city, there is no shortage of graffiti. From its colonial center to centersofinternationalcommerce; from the poorest favelas to the walls surrounding the graveyards that honor the ancestors of the metropolitan area’s 18 million inhabitants, it can seem as if nearly every surface is tagged with angular, prosaic, gang-related graffiti.

Sculpture Sculptures are an important form of public art. They can be landmarks in the landscape.

Pedestrian Bridge Cars are an important tool in the life of every paulistano. Some places can be reached only by car, and if you have to travel long distances in town, it is usually the most convenient means of transport. It is also part of the Sao Pauloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own urban culture.To cross the large-scaleinfrastructureprovided for the car, there are many pedestrian bridges in the city. They can have different forms, colors, sizes and features. Some are used with more frequency than others.

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Gas Station When the city transport depends on cars, gas stations turn out to be very important.When we drive along the street one gas station appears after the other.This large amount of gas stations also function as urban nodes, connecting the street to the urban fabric behind.

Office Building There are many offices located along the street, most of them associated with the transport industry.

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Unfinished Building Along the streets you can sometimes find unfinished buildings, large empty structures, that have often never been used.

Motel When we drive along the street, we see many motels with very visible signs. Motels have become a feature on the street with bright colors and a variety of facades.

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Logistic Station There are also plenty of logistic stations along the street. Logistic stations always occupy large tracts of land bordering the street, thereby forminga barrierbetween street and neighborhood.

Truck Parking A cleared area that is more or less level and intended for trucks to park. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semidurable surface.They are often located close to factories or logistic centres.

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Favela These are agglomerations of dwellingswithlimiteddimensions, built with inadequate materials (old wood, tin, cans and even cardboard) distributed irregularly in lots, almost always lacking urban andsocialservicesandequipment, and forming a complex social, economic, sanitary, educational and urban order.

Social Housing Many social housing blocks have been built in 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with basically the same shape and architectural characteristics. People living here form a strong community but it is importantfortheneighborhoodto have enough space for social activities.

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Highrise Building In Sao Paulo the highrise buildings are not only situated in the city CBD as office buildings, but also as residential towers in other parts of city, often surrounded by lowrise constructions.

Monumental Building Large scale objects: Football Stadium, Amusement Park, Big Shopping Mall, Convention Centre, Electric Substation.

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OPPORTUNITIES MR2

MR2

Billboard Function:

commercial advertisement

Size:

around 15m height

Location:

on top of a hill and next to an empty spot along the road

Features:

There are many billboards along the street. When people drive by, billboards catch their attention. Their large size makes them clearly visible from a distance.

Huge scale compared to cars

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Advertisementboardarea

Water Tower Function: basic infrastructure for residential blocks and industry Size:

around 20m height

Location:

some distance from the road

Features:

Apart from their original function, water towers are often used for advertisement by providing space for billboards. Due to the diversity in shapes, materials and size, these towers add a strong visual layer to the landscape of Sao Paulo.

Watchtower

Watch Tower Function:

sub-structure of stadium and jail

Size:

around 15m height

Location:

next to specific buildings along the road

Features:

There are quite a lot of watch towers and most of themarepartofaspecific program such as a stadium or a jail. Therefore, the tower is always perceived together with a high wall. It makes a different urban landscape.

Highwall

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Oil Tower Function:

oil refining

Size:

varies

Location:

not far from the road

Features:

Normally oil towers appear in industrial areas. They are separated from the road by a fence.

Refiningfacility

Power lines

Electric Tower Function:

supply electricity

Size:

around 25 m height

Location:

varies

Features:

Powerlines and towers are very present in the landscape of Sao Paulo.

Various types of towers

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Flat Concrete Bridge

Ramp

Pedestrian Bridge Function:

crossing a road and connecting two sides

Size:

20m or longer

Location:

middle of the road

Features:

There are various types and designs of pedestrianbridges.Normally,bridgesare composed by long concrete ramps, that are used not only by pedestrians, but also by bikers.

Flat roof

24hoursstore Car repair

GAS STATION

Gas Station Function:

gas supply and 24 hours store

Size:

around 20x40 m2

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Normally, gas stations are covered by a wide flat roof. They often contain a 24 hours store, visited by many people during the day and night. It therefore has a great potential as a public space.

Signboard

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Company sign

Office Building Function:

offices and small busineses

Size:

varies

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Office buildings have a simple typology, square. They are occupied by many different programs such as small companies and businesses. As a result, the buildings have many kinds of signs on their facade.

Shadingforpedestrian Smallbusinesses

RCstructure

Unfinished Building Function:

N/A

Size:

varies

Location:

quite far from the road

Features:

Unfinished buildings keep a certain distance from the road. Most of them are made of a reinforced concrete structure with brick veneer.

Certain distance from the road

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Parking

2storybuilding

Motel Function:

temporary accommodation

Size:

around 50x100 m2

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Most of the motels along the highway are surrounded by high walls and it is hard to see the inside of this facility. Almost every building is heavily decorated and has a big sign to be visible for the drivers.

Motel

Sign

Wall

Parking

Gableroof

Logistic Station Function:

logistic

Size:

100x50 m2 or larger

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Logistic centres are composed by a large ware house, a driveway and parking lots for trucks. The building needs to have a large open space, and therefore normally has a wide single roof.

Deckforloading Truckpassage

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Parking for trucks & cars

Truck Parking Function:

commercial parking lots

Size:

Around 50x50 m or larger

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Truck parking facilities seem to be similar to logistic stations due to amount of trucks. However, it has only a small office building for management.

Managementoffice

Small houses & stores on the hill

Favela Function:

housing (informal residential area)

Size:

varies

Location: abandoned area along the road and on the hill Features: Favela is the name for informal settlements in Brazil. Normally favelas are located in unoccupied areas such as steep hills or nearby the river. Although the physical condition of the houses is poor and the density is very high, the space in favelas is unique and rich. Morever, buildings and plots are very organised. As a result, it looks beautiful.

Narrow alley

Regular pattern of size and form

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Social Housing Function:

housing (formal residential area)

Size:

varies

Location:

next to the favela

Features:

Attempttoprovidecheapformalhousing. The housing complexes, called Cingapura, have asimpleandregular structure with some public facilities.

Cingapura

Monumentalshape

Highrise Building Function:

housing (formal residential area)

Size:

Around 25x25 m

Location:

far from the road

Features:

There are various types and designs of highrise buildings. Normally, these buildings are built at a certain distance from the highway. However, people and drivers can perceive their existence because of their monumentality.

Far from the road

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

Shopping Mall Function: Size: Location: Features:

100

selling goods varies nearby the road Most of the shopping malls in Sao Paulo are huge and outdoor space is used for parking. Due to the special logic of shopping malls, the layout of this space is very exclusive and what we perceive is a gigantic statue with some visual decorations.

Stripe on the wall

Entrance

Loadingandunloadingarea

Convention Centre Function:

multi-purpose space for various events

Size:

around 270x270 m for a building

Location:

next to the road

Features:

Another exceptional building in terms of scale. The complex is composed by buildings and parking lots. And the passage around the building is used by two groups, visitors and distributor. Due to the program convention centres have a broad open space with a high-tech structure system. Aluminumpanelfacade ÂŠ Berlage Institute

101

Connecting Two Potential Sites

Truck Parking

Favela

SocialHousing

Truck Parking

Logistic Station

MR2

Favela GAS STATION

Gas station

Pedestrian bridge to connect two potential area

Unfinished Building Offices

Motel

Intervention at the potential site

Truck Parking

Favela

SocialHousing Footballground

bridge as a sign

Linearpark

TruckParking Logistic Station

MR2

Favela GAS STATION

Gas station Waterreservoir

Offices

Unfinished Building

Communitycentre

Motel

Rodoanel : Pedestrian bridge with Gas station

There is a vast open space in the center of this area. The Rodoanel cuts through it in half. Proposed bridge aims to create some-sort ofâ&#x20AC;&#x153;Band-Aidâ&#x20AC;&#x153; to reconnect these fragments. Also, a new gas station with public facilities will be added in the ground level.

106

Open space

Residential

Site analysis

Condominium

Industry

Social housing Park

Empty space Empty space

Industry

Open space

Residential

Existing pedestrian bridge Residential

Residential

Intervention and connection

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with gas station and park

100

500

1000m

Plan Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with park

Intervention : Gas station

Intervention : Kiosk

100m

Section

Rodoanel

108

100m

Perspective from the highway

Perspective on the bridge

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

109

Marginal TietĂŞ : Pedestrian bridge with Restaurant

A proposed pedestrian bridge with restaurants space for the residents of the area will create new activity along the highway. Visitors at the sambodrĂłmo and gas station will have access to the commodities of the proposed bridge.This skinny bridge creates strong connections with the existing amenities

110

Sports facility

Site analysis Factory

Residential

Abandoned building Potential site

Hospital

Parking Gas Station

SambĂłdromo do Anhembi

Open space

TietĂŞ River Residential

School Park

Industry

Intervention and connection Intervention 1 : Reuse abandoned building as restaurants Intervention 2 : Public park

Intervention 3 : Pedestrian bridge

Intervention 4 : Public park

100

500

1000m

Intervention : Reuse abandoned building as restaurant

Plan

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge

100

200m

Section Marginal Tietê

River Tietê

Marginal Tietê

112

100

200m

Perspective from the highway

Perspective on the bridge

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

113

Rodovia FernĂŁo Dias : Pedestrian bridge with Elementary school

Crossing the vast cultivated land and green space, two residential districts can be connected by a pedestrian bridge. At the same time, an elementary school is placed on the bridge and plays a role of common space between them.

114

CabuĂ§u River

Site analysis

Religious facility Condominium Factory Empty space Residential

Residential

Gas station with tower

Can be transformed favela Park

Cultivate land

Condominium Empty space

Factory Park

Residential TietĂŞ River

Intervention and connection

Intervention 2 : Riverside park Intervention 3 : Sports ground

Intervention 1 : Pedestrian bridge with elementary school

Intervention 4 : Pubilic park

100

500

1000m

Plan Intervention : Riverside park

Intervention : Sports ground

Gas station

Intervention : Pedestrian bridge with elementary school Intervention : Public park

Section

100

200

300m

Residential area Residential area

CabuĂ§u River

FernĂŁo Dias

116

100

200m

Perspective from the highway

Perspective on the bridge

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

117

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119

Contributors

Studio Tutors. Pier Paolo Tamburelli and Maria Chiara Pastore. Participants.

GithaHartakoOng,ArielVazquez,HeejungKil,KyungsuJung,PatriciaFernandes,

Ryoichi Aida, Sanne van den Breemer, Si Wu

Jury.

Anne-JulchenBernardt(ProfessorRWTHAachen),JoachimDeclerck(Architectand

FounderArchitectureWorkroomBrussels),JohannaIrander(LandscapeArchitect

and Founder Studio Irander, Stockholm), Oliver Thill (Architect and Founder,

Atelier Kempe Thill) Special guest. Fabienne Hoelzel (Project Coordinator Urban Design at SEHAB – São Paulo

Municipal Secretariat of Housing and Urban Development) and

the Berlage Institute represented by Vedran Mimica, Pier Vittorio Aureli ,

Salomon Frausto External Contributors to the Studio Research.

120

Elisabete França, Fabienne Hoelzel, Fernando Mello Franco, Milton Braga,

Pedro Vada Santos, Maria Teresa Diniz, Ido Avissar, Francesca Benedetto,

Saverio Pesapane, Angelo Boriolo, Job Floris, George Brugmans.

Publication.

The Berlage Institute Research Report, Rotterdam - The Netherlands. V International Architecture Biennale, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.

ÂŠ Berlage Institute

121