Expository Writing by gracie508

5PARAGRAPH

EXPOSITORY

WRITING

Grammar ⁻ Vocabulary ⁻ Media Reference

Table of Contents

1. Essay Structure

a. Introduction / Overview .................................................................................................. 3 b. A Strong Introduction / Review ...................................................................................... 5 c. Conclusion Overview ..................................................................................................... 9 d. Effective Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 10 e. Conclusion Exercise .......................................................................................................11 f. Identifying the Components of a 5-paragraph Essay ......................................................13 2. Activity 1: Plastic Pollution ...................................................................................................18 a. [ Lesson & Warm Up ] Transition Words ..........................................................................19 b. [ Lesson Review ] Transition Words .................................................................................24 c. Vocabulary & Articles ......................................................................................................26 d. Writing Section ...............................................................................................................38 3. Activity 2: Life-Changing Innovations ..................................................................................49 a. [ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Simple Past Tense .........................................................50 b. [ More Grammar Drills ] Simple Past Tense .....................................................................55 c. Vocabulary & Articles ......................................................................................................57 d. Writing Section ...............................................................................................................69 4. Activity 3: The Global Language ..........................................................................................80 a. [ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Simple Future Tense .....................................................81 b. [ More Grammar Drills ] Simple Future Tense ..................................................................83 c. Vocabulary & Articles ......................................................................................................86 d. Writing Section ............................................................................................................... 101 5. Activity 4: Music Education .................................................................................................. 112 a. [ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Conjunction + Compound & Complex Sentences........... 113 b. [ More Grammar Drills ] Conjunction + Compound & Complex Sentences ...................... 117 c. Vocabulary & Articles ...................................................................................................... 119 d. Writing Section ............................................................................................................... 130 6. Activity 5: Jobs of the Future ............................................................................................... 141 a. [ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Relative Clauses ............................................................ 142 b. [ Grammar Review ] Relative Clauses .............................................................................. 147 c. Vocabulary & Articles ...................................................................................................... 151 d. Writing Section ............................................................................................................... 166 2

[ Basic Essay Structure ] Introduction INTRODUCTION Hook Bridge Thesis

SUPPORTING IDEA #1 ✴Topic

Sentence

✴Examples/Details

SUPPORTING IDEA #2 ✴Topic

Sentence

✴Examples/Details

SUPPORTING IDEA #3 ✴Topic

Sentence

✴Examples/Details

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

✴Conclusion/Transition

CONCLUSION Restate thesis Summarize Points

[ Standard Essay Structure ] Overview I. Introductory Paragraph A. Opening that grabs the reader’s attention 1. Anecdote 2. Quotation 3. Generalization 4.Question B. Explanation of opening that moves the reader from the hook to the driving force of the essay. C. Thesis statement which tells the reader what the essay is about. II. Body — First Paragraph A. Opening sentence about Reason #1. B. First evidence/example and explanation C. Second evidence/example and explanation D. Mini-conclusion only about Reason #1 III. Body — Second Paragraph A. Opening sentence about Reason #2. B. First evidence/example and explanation C. Second evidence/example and explanation D. Mini-conclusion only about Reason #2 IV. Body — Third Paragraph A. Opening sentence about Reason #3. B. First evidence/example and explanation C. Second evidence/example and explanation D. Mini-conclusion only about Reason #3 V. Concluding Paragraph A. Transitional sentence wrapping up paper. B. Restates (not repeats) the thesis statement C. Summary of the three main points from the body paragraphs to recount how you have proven the thesis statement. D. A final statement that gives the reader signals that the discussion has come to an end.

[ Essay Structure ] A Strong Introduction Introductions can be the most difficult part of an essay to write. They act as bridges that transport your readers to get into your topic and care about what you are saying. Remember these three points: • You never get a second chance to make a first impression. The opening paragraph of your paper

will provide your readers with their initial impressions of your argument, your writing style, and the overall quality of your work. • Your introduction is an important road map for the rest of your paper. Your introduction lets

readers know what your topic is, why it is important, and how you plan to discuss it. Your introduction must contain a thesis that explains your opinion on the topic. After reading your introduction, your readers should get a clear idea of what the rest of the paper will be about. • Your introduction should make your readers want to read your paper. The introduction should

capture your readers' interest. Starting your introduction with a compelling story, a fascinating quotation, an interesting question, or a stirring example can get your readers to see why this topic matters and serve as a way to “hook” them in.

[ PART I ] Hook As a writer, your first priority is to make sure that you are keeping your audience in mind. That means grabbing and keeping their attention from the start, so that they want to read every word. This is why the essay hook exists and is such an important tool. Consider these options: 1. A puzzling scenario A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. Some people might find a deep and mysterious meaning in this fact... 2. A vivid anecdote It was so noisy in our classroom that no one noticed when the walls began to shake. Then the clock fell off the wall, and we all froze because we realized what was happening. An earthquake! 3. A thought-provoking question to get their brain thinking Is it true that bigger is always better? Could it be that society’s insatiable desire for more is in many ways giving people less? 4. Current events Tesla Motors seemed to be on top of the world with the development of their self-driving electric cars. But now they are under pressure after the May 7 fatal crash that killed a man after his Model S's cameras failed to detect a turning tractor-trailer and did not automatically activate the brakes. 5. Personal experience When I was five years old, I played in my first soccer game. As I ran towards the goal, I noticed that the crowd was yelling in a hysterical way. I still ran as fast as I could, realizing too late it was towards the wrong goal. 5

6. Dramatic statements Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, could spend one million dollars per day, every day, seven days a week and would not run out of money until he was 311 years old! 7. Surprising statistics The odds of an American dying in a plane crash are about one in 11 million. It just so happened that my neighbor was that one in 11 million, because he rode on an airplane piloted by an overworked captain flying beyond the prescribed hours. 8. Interesting fact or background information the reader needs to know. Albert Einstein failed his first college entrance exam in 1895. 9. Strong quotations that evoke emotions and relates to the topic Hillary Clinton once said that “There cannot be true democracy unless women's voices are heard.”

[ PART II ] Thesis Statement A thesis statement summarizes the conclusion that the writer has reached about the topic. Although the reader will read the hook first, you actually write the thesis statement first because it is the frame of your entire essay. It should: have only one topic express the topic as an opinion that can be discussed (not as a fact) organizes and limits your thesis to three main ideas with an essay map --a series that lists the subtopics supporting your thesis in the body paragraphs. It is usually -but not always- at the end of the introduction can be one or more sentences. 1. Practice, conditioning, and a proper diet help athletes perform at a high level. 2. Communist countries worldwide were not successful because of weak international trade plans, poor farming methods, and excessive military budgets. 3. To prevent fires in the home, people should hide matches from children, put safety devices on plugs, and keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. 4. To improve one’s language skills, one can read more often, watch movies, and keep a diary. 5. The best movies have a superb cast, creative scene frames, and a unique story plot. REMEMBER: Be straightforward and confident in your thesis statement. Avoid statements like "In this paper, I will argue why conservation is important." While this sentence points toward your main argument, it isn't especially interesting. It might be more effective to say what you mean in a declarative sentence. It is much more convincing to tell us that "Conservation is important" than to tell us that you are going to say why. Assert your main argument confidently. BAD: In this paper, I will discuss why sales of hybrid cars have increased. GOOD: Sales of hybrid cars have increased because of Reason A, Reason B, and Reason C. 6

[ Essay Structure ] Introduction Review PART I: Identifying the Essay Map DIRECTION: Identify the topic and opinion, and then underline the essay map in each of the following thesis statements. 1. Japanese cars are a better automobile choice than American cars because of affordability, reliability, and design. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

2. Succeeding in school often is based on hard work, dedication, and intelligence. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

3. New York is an exciting city to visit because of its many points of historical interest, excellent music and theater, and fine restaurants. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

4. Styling, construction, and accuracy make the Rolex a popular watch for watch connoisseurs. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

5. The culture of Haiti has three influence: the people’s African heritage, the French language, and a cultural influence from Latin America. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

PART II: Identifying the Hook and Essay Map DIRECTION: There are four sample introductions below. First identify the hook by filling in the blank with one of the choices below. Then underline the essay map in each of the following thesis statements. quote

dramatic statement

interesting fact

personal experience

anecdote

1. This example uses a ________________________________ Famed American author Mark Twain once said, “Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrowmindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one’s lifetime.” This means that traveling makes people more open-minded and tolerant of cultures. There are many reasons why I want to travel to South America this summer, but mainly it’s because I want to learn about other cultures, try new cuisines and experience many adventures. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________ 7

2. This example uses a ________________________________ Did you know that every year, the average American produces about 1600 pounds (726 kg) of garbage? If you multiply that by the 322,762,018 of inhabitants living in America and producing waste everyday, that creates a huge trash problem. Garbage doesn’t disappear, so it must go somewhere. But where? It fills the landfills all over the country, polluting the soil with runoff from rain. This is environmentally disastrous so we must do something about it. In order to decrease the amount of trash we produce, we should make simple changes in our lives: bring reusable bags and containers when shopping, buy items made of recycled content, and compost food scraps and yard waste. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

3. This example uses a ________________________________ Paula always wore the same two or three outfits. She decided she'd rather be made fun of for wearing the same clothes all the time than for wearing the cheap, no-name gear that made up most of her wardrobe. At least these outfits gave her a shot at hanging out with the cool kids. At least she could proudly display the brand-name logos. Unfortunately, Paula's attitude toward clothing is all too common among students who spend more time worrying about what they (and others) are wearing than about what they're supposed to be learning. School uniforms can benefit students because it lessens the pressure that kids have to “look cool” and create a sense of equality amongst students, so they can focus on school work. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

4. This example uses a ________________________________ More people are afraid of flying than swimming, but this is a groundless fear because the chance of actually being in a plane crash is so rare-- one in 29.4 million to be exact. On the other hand, 3,000 to 4,000 fatal drownings occur annually in the United States, and about one in five people are children 14 and younger. This is the real fear that people, especially parents, should be concerned about because it can happen in an instant. Child drownings could be greatly reduced if parents never left their children unattended around water, if pools were properly fenced, and if other safety devices were installed in or by the pool. TOPIC ___________________________ OPINION ________________________________________

[ Essay Structure ] Conclusion Overview Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write, and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper. While the body is often easier to write, it needs a frame around it. An introduction and conclusion frame your thoughts and bridge your ideas for the reader. Your conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down. Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. It allows you to: to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper to summarize (not repeat) your thoughts. Show how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together. to demonstrate the importance of your ideas If you're stuck and feel like your conclusion isn't saying anything new or interesting, ask yourself, "So what?" or "Why should anybody care?" Then ponder that question and answer it. Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or appreciate your topic in personally relevant ways. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest your reader, but also enrich your reader's life in some way. It is your gift to the reader.

◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇ Functions of a Conclusion ◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇⎯◇ A. Restate the main idea Emphasize once again the main idea of the message with a clear, concise, single sentence. B. Summarize the main points. 1. Just as you gave a map in the introduction, give a summary in the conclusion. 2. Remind the audience of the big ideas to help solidify their memory of the message. 3. In a technical or argumentative speech it can be particularly useful to restate your thesis and main points exactly. For instance, it can look like: So, today I have tried to show you the importance of learning a foreign language. I first explained -----. Second, I made the point that -----. Finally, I documented that ----. 4. In some speeches you may think this is too mechanical. You may then choose to paraphrase rather than restate exactly, summing up the content (as shown on the next page). C. Signaling the Ending 1. A successful message also conveys a sense of completeness and finality. 2. You can signal the end with different types of transition phrases: a. “In summary...... “ b. “As I conclude this address, let me reiterate . . . “ c. “The eminent poet, Robert Frost, best summarizes what I have been saying. . . .” 9

[ Essay Structure ] Effective Conclusions One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion. • Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction. • End with an interesting quote to close your thoughts. Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper. • Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader's thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications. • Point to broader implications. For example, if your paper examines green energy, you could point out its impact on the global movement as a whole. • Make a deduction. With all the supporting details you have used, make your own opinion-based conclusion.

Things you should AVOID 1. Do not use “thank you” as a substitute for a clincher. 2. Making an abrupt and redundant conclusion that just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can't think of anything else to say. 3. Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion. The body of your speech is the place for that.

[ Essay Structure ] Conclusion Exercise Remember, conclusions must: (1) Restate main idea (2) Summarize the main points. (3) Call for reflection or action DIRECTION: There are three sample conclusions below. The main idea and call for reflection or action have been identified by color coordination, so you just need to underline the main points. Lastly, identify the type of ending the conclusion uses by filling in the blank with one of the choices below. broader implications

question

deduction

call to action

1. This example uses a ________________________________ Of course, school uniforms won't solve every problem, but it will make significant improvements in studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lives. Low-income kids will still be poor, violent students may still be violent, and advertisements will still assail us with the message that you can get what you want (the right guy, the right girl, the right friends, the right job) by buying and wearing trendy clothes. But school uniforms can help equalize the incredible division between the fashion "haves" and the "have nots"; they can improve discipline, and they can improve learning. In the same year the disciplinary incidents went down at Jamestown High, SAT scores went up. Wouldn't you like your school to do the same?

2. This example uses a ________________________________ It is mind boggling that with all the human advances, we have become lazier as a society. Very few of us ever take show accountability anymore, and unconsciously, we believe that problems have a way of taking care of themselves. The sad reality is, that problems will remain until someone decides to take action. This is apparent in the trash problems that are plaguing the world. That is why in order to tackle our environmentally disastrous trash problem, we must take action. We can start by using reusable bags when shopping. While we are shopping, we should try to buy things packaged in recyclable materials whenever possible such as in glass or paper boxes instead of plastic. The last thing we can do is composting food scraps to use as fertilizer. This will not only help our plants grow better, but we will produce a significant amount of less trash. Each year, nations generate 1.3 billion tons of waste and thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expected to soar to 4 billion tons by 2100 unless we do something about it. 11

7. This example uses a ________________________________ School uniforms aren't a cure-all, but in all of the public schools where school uniforms are now required, attendance and test scores are up, and disciplinary incidents are down. The changes in student morale and performance are obvious. Students attest to feeling as if they're part of a community, and most say they like not having to worry about what to wear. More importantly, most say they actually feel better about themselves and school than they ever did before. The power to create this kind of positive change is in your hands. Talk to your PTA and school board representatives. Show them the facts. Start a campaign to make school uniforms part of your child's education. You'll be glad you didâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and so will they.

4. This example uses a ________________________________ The encouragement, support, discipline, and humility I've learned through playing volleyball have helped me to mature and to grow as a person, and I'll carry these lessons with me throughout life. The success Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve had from volleyball competitions has taught me to be gracious and humble when things fall in my favor, and failure has taught me that even though things don't always go my way, I can still lift my head because I know I tried my best. Lastly, it has taught me the value of teamwork and working together. Volleyball is so much more than just a pass, a set, and a hit. It's an experience that teaches invaluable lessons - lessons that will bring out the best in me. Beyond just giving children athletic abilities, maybe learning these lessons is the real benefit of playing sports.

[ Essay Structure ] Identifying the Components of a 5-paragraph Essay DIRECTION: On the following pages are four essays. You will underline and identify several things: I. Introduction A. Underline the hook. B. Underline the thesis statement. II. Body Paragraphs A. Underline the topic statement of each body paragraph. B. Circle all the transitions. III. Conclusion A. Underline the restatement of the thesis. B. Underline the call for reflection or action.

In the following essays, take note of the heading (name, date, and class name), and the title (short and to-the-point). The title should never a complete sentence.

Charlie Brown December 31, 2016 Writing Intensives Life Without Television "The easiest way to reduce inactivity is to turn off the TV set. Almost anything else uses more energy than watching TV." Do you agree? William H. Deitz, pediatrician and researcher at Tufts University School of Medicine, said this while studying the negative effects of television. Since TV is an important part of modern life, we can hardly imagine living without it. However, if I were forced to live without television, I would pursue other interests, socialize with friends and family, and exercise more often, so it wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be such a bad tradeoff! Without TV in my home, I would have time to pursue other interests. For example, I love to play the piano and without the distraction of TV, I would have more time to practice. But practicing piano requires so much more work than passively watching TV, so I usually choose to do the latter. At other times, I could paint portraits of my family and friends. Painting takes a lot of time so it takes much time investment. In short, my interests would take first priority if someone came and took away my TV. Not only that, but I could find much more time to socialize with my friends and family if my TV disappeared. At my house, the TV is always on after dinner. As a result, we rarely have conversation with one another. Without the TV to interfere with us, we might have time to talk to each other about what happened to us that day. In addition, we could more easily find more time to talk with old friends on the telephone. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plain to see that our socializing time would increase without a TV. Probably the most important change that a TV-less life would bring is more time for physical activity. With this extra time, I could go on an enjoyable hike in the mountains, swim laps at the pool, or play basketball or soccer at the park. This lifestyle maintains our weight to a healthy level, develops our bones and muscles, and keeps us positive and happy. Having more exercise would provide big health benefits to me; whereas watching more TV limits our movement to clicking on the remote. In closing, my life would benefit in three major ways if I had no TV at home. Instead of just using the tiny amount of energy to click on the remote, I could become healthier, both physically and mentally. I would probably develop more hobbies and skills in my free time, and be pushed to see and make valuable memories with my friends more often. Most significantly, I can become healthier by engaging in more activities. As much convenience as technology has brought to our lives, it has made us lazier. Just think how much more time I would have if I got rid of my computer, too! 14

Poke E. Mon December 31, 2016 Writing Intensives Fitness for Life A number of years ago, I had an experience that changed my life forever. I hiked through a swamp full of mosquitoes, up a steep hill, and through thick trees. How could that change my life? Surprisingly, it wasn’t the scenic beauty or the adventure. Rather, it was my shortness of breath and frequent need for breaks gave me a good reason to change my lifestyle to a more active one by joining the gym, biking more frequently, and going on daily walks. Upon realizing how out of shape I was, the first thing I did was join a gym. One of the staff members showed me several easy exercises I could do that would help tone all parts of my body. I didn’t realize that such small efforts could bring such drastic changes. Soon enough, lifting weights, something I had never done before, became a part of my regular routine. In addition, I started to run on the threadmill and use the elliptical machine in order to get my heart pumping healthily. I've attended regularly now for nearly 10 years, so my lifestyle has certainly changed. Next, I got back onto my bicycle again after many years of it rusting away and gathering dust in the basement. I pumped up the flat tires and began going on bicycle rides through the beautiful parks of my town. When I biked on stressful days, the improvement on my mood was instant and striking. This made it plain to see the valuable physical and metal effects of biking: that it not only develops a fit lifestyle, but it also boosts your mood. Lastly, I began walking regularly. This kind of exercise is the easiest to do: all I need is my sneakers and a place to go. I started walking to the supermarket to buy my groceries. It’s just a fifteenminute walk to get there, but with the added burden of carrying the groceries back home, it really does become a great workout. Recently, my senior neighbor has become too weak to walk her dog every morning and night, so I take her dog for a walk in the evening. In fact, even if the weather is gloomy or cold, I will still go out to walk her dog. Walking has become a key part of my fitness lifestyle. In the end, my tough experience from a decade ago has been a blessing in disguise because it has completely revolutionized my fitness lifestyle. Working out at the gym has really developed my muscles and I’m stronger than I’ve every been. Riding bicycles and walking regularly has made me healthier both mentally and physically, so it’s like a two for one deal! Now, when I climb up a steep mountain or go into the forest, my only worry are the mosquitoes, not the wheezing and panting from my shortness of breath.

Captain Hook December 31, 2016 Writing Intensives Home Safety What do you think are the chances that your home will be robbed? There are 2,000,000 home burglaries are reported each year in the United States which means about four burglaries occur every minute! Imagine coming home to find your house completely ransacked, with the sofa cushions thrown on the floor, object broken off the shelves, cabinets opened and drawer emptied onto the floor, and most of your valuable gone from your house. House break-ins are a very stressful and emotional experience. A few preparations can reduce the chance of a thief breaking in to your home: develop relationships with your neighbors, take extra precautions at home, and spruce up home security. The first step to reducing the chances of having a break-in at your home is to get to know your neighbors. Many neighborhoods in my town have a “Block Watch.” In this system, everyone on a block knows each others addresses, names, and telephone numbers. If you go away, you only need to call your closest neighbors and ask them to watch your house and collect your mail for you so your house doesn’t seem empty to prying eyes. If everyone is familiar with one another, they will recognize suspicious activity much more quickly and can inform the police. Knowing your neighbors can effectively reduce break-ins in your neighborhood. Another effective way to reduce break-ins is changing your behavior around your home. For example, when you go out shopping, leave your radio on in the house, set to a talk radio station so it seems like someone is home. Even if you are home, remember to lock your doors when you are working in the garden or hanging out the laundry since some thieves come in the back door when you are in the front yard. Your behavior at home can help to cut down on break in opportunities. The most important way to keep thieves out of your home is by making physical changes to your home. In most homes, an average thief can break the door lock in two seconds. Why? The lock is not secured to the doorframe properly. Use 4-inch screws to secure your deadbolt lock. Also, put extra locks on your windows. The best method for protection to take advantage of modern technology and install an alarm system. Or you can go one step further and install CCTV that will record all the happenings in your home. These simple physical changes may make all the difference from a vulnerable home to a safe home. In short, following these three steps will help you to reduce your chances of a break in. It won’t take much time to get to know your neighbors, change a few habits at home, and put extra security at home. According to the FBI, the average dollar loss per burglary in the U.S. is $2,185. That amount far exceeds the cost of a basic home security system, and doesn’t include the emotional damage a break-in inflicts on your family. Remember, it’s better to be safe than sorry!

Scooby Doo December 31, 2016 Writing Intensives Meow "A dog is man's best friend." That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people enjoy. Maybe movies like 101 Dalmatians and Lassie have made them seem more appealing, but this doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t prove that they make better pets. Statistics show that for many Americans, a cat is their best friend, with 86 million owned cats compared to 78 million owned dogs. Despite what dog lovers may believe, low-maintenance cats make excellent house pets as they are good companions, are civilized members of the household, and are easy to care for. In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats because most are affectionate. They will snuggle up, wanting to be petted or scratched under the chin. Who can resist a purring cat? If they're not feeling affectionate, cats are generally quite playful. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything dangling from a string. Contrary to popular opinion, cats can be trained. Using rewards and punishments, just like with a dog, a cat can be trained to avoid unwanted behavior or perform tricks. Cats will even fetch! In the second place, cats are civilized members of the household. First, unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. They generally lead a quiet existence. Second, cats also don't have to be house trained. Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. However, cats do have claws, and owners must make provision for this, or they will start scratching and ruining furniture like beds and sofas. A tall scratching post will often keep the cat content to leave the furniture alone. Lastly, one of the most attractive features of cats as house pets is their ease of care. Cats do not have to be walked. They get plenty of exercise in the house as they play, and they do their business in the litter box. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also clean and groom themselves, so bathing a cat is almost never necessary. Cats are more particular about personal cleanliness than people are. In addition, cats can be left home alone all day long with ease. They go about their usual activities until their owners return. To summarize, cats are affectionate, low maintenance, and civilized companions that make them the perfect pet. People who have small living quarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. However, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a cat because they love the cat personality. In many ways, cats are the ideal house pet because you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to sacrifice as much of your time and energy as you would on a dog, but you would still get the loving companionship that pets bring into a household. In America, where there are more cat owners than dog owners, $1 billion is spent yearly on dog treats compared to $100 million a year on cat treats which makes it obvious just how much more demanding it is to raise dogs than cats. 17

Plastic Pollution â&#x153;&#x17D; Transitions

[ Lesson & Warm Up ] Transition Words Transitional expressions show the relationships between ideas by bridging them together. This help readers follow your train of thought or see connections that they might otherwise miss or misunderstand. They are used between sentences and between paragraphs. They are comparative to road signs that help and guide drivers. An essay full of transitions is like a road with precise directions, that smoothly guides the driver to the destination. Below are some of the most commonly used transitions.

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✎ Words that COMPARE ☛ Like Enrique, Sylvia is a huge fan of hip hop music. in the same way

and

too

in addition

both

either

moreover

comparatively

also

as well as

likewise

similarly

1. Turtles stay in their shells when they are frightened. ________________________ dogs put their tails between their legs in frightening situations. 2. Larry will probably play soccer, just ___________________ his older brothers. 3. My grandfather loves to say, “You’re as busy ____________________ a bee at the start of spring.” 4. Math was hard for me in high school. ____________________________, it is hard in college. 5. ________________________ the rhino and mountain gorilla are endangered animals in Africa. 6. Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. _________________________, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice. 7. I like carrot cake ________________________ chocolate cake, but lemon cake is my favorite.

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✎ Words that CONTRAST or SHOW EXCEPTION: ☛ Although Mike loves to watch sports, his brother Jonathan would rather be playing them. although

but

however

instead

on the other hand

even though

conversely

whereas

yet

in contrast

despite

on the contrary

nevertheless

unlike

1. Paul complains about being too tired everyday in class, ________________________ he continues to sleep late every night.

2. The teacher will accept late homework; ________________________, she will take points off of the grade. 3. _________________________ love to read books, I don’t seem to have enough time to read. 4. Susan earned an A on her essay, _____________________________ her twin brother Mark got a F. 5. _______________________________ it was very cold, Mary Beth did not wear a jacket. 6. My sister loves to eat cake, ___________________________ I don’t care much for sweets. 7. She hates housecleaning. _________________________________, she doesn't mind cooking. 8. _______________________ my allergies to flowers, my boyfriend bought me a bouquet of roses.

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✎ Words that ADD: ☛ Maria is a full-time college student; moreover, she is working two jobs. ﬁrst (second, etc.)

another reason is

furthermore

and

in the ﬁrst place

in addition

moreover

also

besides

1. One reason people have dogs is for companionship; ______________________ is for protection. 2. Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be used for communication. ___________________________, in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be the year the first rocket to the moon was launched. 3. The Johnson children get an allowance every week; ________________________ , they earn money for completing chores. 4. It takes a lot of concentration to play the violin. ____________________________, it requires understanding of the violin’s mechanics. 5. The roof is leaking in the old house; ____________________________, the brick is crumbling. 6. Joanne’s appearance is very eccentric. For example, her hair is partially shaved and dyed pink, and she’s covered in tattoos. ________________________, her favorite clothes are ripped and have pictures on them of things like skulls. 7. I like going to the park _____________________ playing basketball with the neighborhood kids. 8. Students should be on time. ___________________________, they must be prepared. 9. I want you to buy milk and eggs; _____________________, I want you to be sure to get cereal.

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✎ Words that introduce EXAMPLES: ☛ Henry has many hobbies. For instance, he plays soccer twice a week in addition to going to piano practice and art class. for example

speciﬁcally

that is

for instance

in particular

such as

to illustrate

1. There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. ________________________, bring a portable radio and listen to music on the earphones while you work. 2. When you begin an exercise program, you must be careful not to overdo it. My father, ______________________, hurt his back by exercising too hard without warming up first. 3. Running can make people more aware of their physical surroundings, ______________________ the scent of honeysuckle or the changing moods of the trees. 4. He often eats strange foods. ________________________, he once ate cow brains. 5. The Iditarod dog sledding race can be grueling; __________________________ the dogs sometimes run for hours at a time without a break. 6. I love tropical fruit ____________________________ pineapple, mango, and papaya. 7. Sally is a helpful girl. ____________________________, she helps her father prepare breakfast.

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✎ Words that show TIME: ☛ First we picked up drinks from 7-11; then, we bought sandwiches from Subway. then

meanwhile

immediately

ﬁrst (second, etc.)

before

when

earlier

at last

afterwards

subsequently

at the same time

during

while

later

ﬁnally

as soon as

1. ________________________ I joined the soccer team, I never really understood teamwork. 2. ________________________, she went to the grocery store. ________________________, she put many tasty food items in her cart. ________________________, she paid for her items. 3. I picked up the pen. ____________________________, I wrote on the paper. 4. Mary was taking care of her baby. _____________________, the chicken was burning in the oven. 5. She had looked everywhere for a job; ____________________, she was called for an interview.

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✎ Words that show DIRECTION or LOCATION: ☛ Behind the football field was an empty lot where the neighborhood kids liked play. here

over there

through

under

to the right

behind

there

opposite

beyond

above

to the left

in the distance

1. ____________________________ I saw my dog running towards me with the frisbee in his mouth. 2. ___________________________ our bus seats were compartments to put our belongings. 3. He hiked ___________________________ the woods to reach the lake. 4. Kate sat in-between her parents, so ____________________________ was her mom, and ________________________________ was her dad. 5. The pharmacy is ________________________ the restaurant, so you just have to cross the street.

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✎ Words that show CAUSE and EFFECT: ☛ Derek wanted to get stronger; consequently, he enrolled in karate class. because

consequently

accordingly

hence

then

as a result

therefore

for this reason

since

thus

1. There’s no room in your mouth for your wisdom tooth, _____________ it’ll have to be removed. 2. The baby cried all night, ______________________________ the new parents had no sleep. 3. ____________ you can’t get rid of a cold, the flu, or a sore throat, the reason may be your toothbrush. Studies have shown that your old toothbrush may carry illness-causing germs. 4. We ran out of food _______________________ more people came to the party than expected. 5. Some people have built their houses very close to the shoreline. _______________________, they had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea. 6. _____________________ Manny’s car stereo was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but I had no idea what he was saying. 7. I forgot that the cake was in the oven. ______________________________, it burned. 8. The principal added additional detention time for students caught littering the school grounds; ____________________________ the campus became much cleaner. 9. Julie’s family canceled the trip ____________________________ her sister caught a cold.

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✎ Words that introduce EMPHASIZE: ☛ Joining a sports team is a great way to make new friends and learn about teamwork. Above all, your body gets healthier and you develop healthy bones and muscles. above all

especially

truly

in fact

particularly

indeed

in other words

1. ________________________, if I didn’t already know that they were sisters, I would never guess that they’re related to each other because they could not be anymore different. 2. We arrived late at the movie; _______________________, we missed the first thirty minutes. 3. I like to watch live performances; ________________________, musicals are my favorite. 4. There is no homework tonight; ____________________________ , there has been no homework this week. 5. The bookstore sells cards. ________________________, they have the best cards around. 6. He was late to class again. ______________________________, he didn't wake up on time. 7. The plan needed only two things to succeed, ________________________ time and money.

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✎ Words that introduce SUMMARIZE or CONCLUDE: ☛ In conclusion, fall is the best season for playing sports. all in all

in other words

in brief

on the whole

therefore

to summarize

to conclude

that is

in conclusion

in short

in summary

ﬁnally

to sum up

thus

1. _______________________, the family tradition, costumes, and entertainment make Oktoberfest a unique holiday experience that I look forward to every year. 2. __________________________, successful writers need to be able to draw on a combination of personal experience, observations of others, and research materials to develop a good story. 3. ___________________________, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship because she is academically accomplished, involved in a lot of school activities, and she got a near-perfect score on her college entrance exam. 4. __________________________, we should offer some financial help to the library so they can buy new supplies, expand their book selection, and upgrade their computer lab.

[ Lesson Review ] Transition Words PART I Circle the correct answer to each question. 1. Which transition word shows location? a. for example b. below c. then 2. Which transition word shows time? a. between b. in other words c. later 3. Which transition word adds information? a. in addition b. over c. earlier 4. Which transition word contrasts? a. earlier b. besides c. yet 5. Which transition word clarifies? a. first b. besides c. in other words

PART II Circle the transitions in the paragraph essay below. A Haven for Nature Lovers

California is the best place to visit or people who like outdoor adventures because of the

stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mild weather and its diverse landscape. Visitors can find the nature they like, such as high mountains and low valleys, in addition to huge forests with massive Sequoia trees like Yosemite National Park, dead deserts like the Death Valley, and beautiful coasts which is the entire western border of the state. First, visitors can find any weather they like. They can find cool temperatures by going to the mountains; also they can find warm weather in the winter. As a result of this varied climate and landscape, there are many recreational activities for visitors. For example, they can go surfing at the beach and play a lot of outdoor sports at the numerous parks in California. Additionally, they can ski and snowboard in the mountains during the winter, or they can mountain bike during the other seasons. Therefore, California is the most wonderful place to visit because of its weather and nature. 24

PART III Choose the correct transition so that the story makes sense. while

then

meanwhile

once upon a time

but

even though

under

besides

as a result of

first

through

Goldilocks and the Three Bears (1) ________________________ there lived a family of bears in a lovely wooded area. Their home was (2) __________________________ some trees (3) _________________________ a small stream. One day (4) ________________________ the bears were not at home, a little girl came to the house. (5) ________________________, she knocked on the door. (6) ________________________ no one answered her knock, she entered the house. (7) ____________________, she tried each of their bowls of porridge and decided Baby Bear’s bowl was best suited for him. (8) _______________________ she felt tired, and decided to take a nap. She liked Mama Bear’s bed the best because of the fluffy pillows, (9)_________________________ Baby Bear’s bed was a better fit for her, so she settled into it and drifted off to sleep. (10) ___________________________, the bears returned home. They were surprised to see their door open. Their roars woke up the girl, and she fearfully ran from the house, (11) ________________________ the woods, and back to her own home. (12) ______________________ this experience, she learned never to go into the woods alone. for example

to sum up

another

also

first of all

third

specifically

in fact

The Greatest Study Aid My computer has changed the way I study. (1)______________________, it has helped me write and edit my work faster. (2)______________________ I have gotten so good at typing that I can type faster than my mom. Since revising on the computer is so easy, I now write much better papers. (3)___________________ way that the computer has helped me with my studies is with research. I can check the library catalogue online to see if a book in the library is available, (4)___________________. I can (5)______________________ locate facts through various Web sites including online encyclopedias. A (6)____________________ way the computer has helped me in school is that I can get in contact with experts who live far away. (7)______________________, I can email them or even chat with them online through Skype for Google Chat. (8)____________________, these changes made possible by computer technology make my studying not only more productive but more fun.

Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

encounter (v)

to have or experience (problems, diﬃculties, etc.) We encountered problems early in the project, so they decided to start over with a new plan.

epidemic (n)

a sudden quickly spreading occurrence of something harmful or unwanted Crime has become an epidemic in the city, so the mayor is increasing the police force.

landﬁlls (n)

an area where waste is buried under the ground Some landﬁlls are being converted into nature preserves and public recreational sites.

plastic beads (n)

patch (v)

preposterous (adj)

contrary to reason or common sense; completely silly or ridiculous His idea was so preposterous that we ignored him.

century (n)

a period of 100 years My grandfather’s photograph was taken half a century ago in 1970.

average (adj)

ordinary or usual The average woman lives longer than the average man.

accounts for (verb phrase)

generate (v)

approximately (adv)

annually (adv)

once a year; every year The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

degrade (v)

to cause (something complex) to break down into simple substances or parts Paper can degrade quickly in the water but plastic does not.

gyre (n)

mass (n)

tiny pieces of plastic, often less than a millimeter wide, that have become a popular addition to cosmetics and personal care products Plastic microbeads primarily serve as exfoliants in face washes and body scrubs, but also add color and texture to toothpastes, lip balms, moisturizing creams, and makeup. a spot or area that is diﬀerent from the surrounding area There were icy patches on the road so the mountain roads were closed.

to be the cause of (something) Cancer accounted for over 10,000 deaths last year. to produce (something) or cause (something) to be produced This new restaurant will generate a lot of business because of it’s central location. used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate or exact The car repair should cost approximately $200.

large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements The picture shows the main ocean currents involved with the North Paciﬁc Gyre a usually large amount of a substance that has no particular shape Masses of snow came tumbling down the mountain during the avalanche.

constitutes (v)

to make up or form something Women constitute 70 percent of the student population at the college.

cetaceans (n)

a mammal (such as a whale, dolphin, or porpoise) that lives in the ocean Blue whales are not only the largest of the cetaceans, but the largest creature alive.

document (n)

to create a record of (something) through writing, ﬁlm, photography, etc. Her study was the ﬁrst to document this type of behavior in gorillas.

absorb (v)

to take in (something, such as a liquid) in a natural or gradual way Plant roots absorb moisture.

positive (adj)

showing the presence of a particular germ, condition, or substance The gold medalist tested positive for steroids and was stripped of his medal.

compound (n)

alter (v)

to change (something) The bombing of Pearl Harbor altered the course of World War II because it got the U.S. involved.

hormone (n)

a natural substance that is produced in the body and that inﬂuences the way the body grows or develops During the early teen years, a persons growth hormones are the most active.

potential (adj)

excess (adj)

disposable (adj)

utensil (n)

a tool used for eating The fancy restaurant had shiny silver utensils.

cartons (n)

a light box or container usually made of cardboard or plastic She got a carton of ice cream out of the freezer.

thermos (n)

a container that keeps liquids hot or cold for long periods of time My mom ﬁlled a thermos with hot chocolate for me.

avoid (v)

polystyrene foam (v)

a molecule made of atoms from diﬀerent elements The compound H2O is made of two hydrogen (H) and single oxygen (O) atoms.

possible; capable of becoming real Critics say the factory poses a potential threat to the environment. more than is usual, allowed, or needed Passengers on a ﬂight are allowed one baggage, and they must pay for any excess luggage. made to be used once or only a few times and then to be thrown away afterwards The hotel’s bathroom had disposable razors and toothbrushes for the guests to use.

to stay away from (someone or something) She took a detour to avoid the heavy traﬃc. a type of plastic made for thermal insulation and craft applications. McDonald’s used to use polystyrene foam as a food container, but now they use paper boxes.

15 Facts About Plastic Pollution Nicole D'Alessandro

It seems nearly impossible to escape plastic in our every day lives, doesn’t it? Plastic is literally at my fingertips all day long. Plastic keyboard. Plastic framed computer monitor. Plastic mouse. The amount of plastic I encounter daily doesn’t end there. Chances are, you can relate. Plastic is an epidemic. But where does all this plastic go? Some are shipped overseas to be recycled. A lot end up in landfills. And more than you can imagine ends up on the loose as plastic pollution, eventually making its way into our waterways. Tiny plastic beads used in hundreds of toiletries like facial scrubs and toothpastes have even been found in our Great Lakes. Giant garbage patches can be found floating around in the oceans. And all this plastic pollution is not only a problem for the earth, it’s bad for our health.

15 Preposterous Facts about Plastic Pollution. •

Over the last ten years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century.

•

50 percent of the plastic we use, we use just once and throw away.

•

Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times.

•

The average American throws away approximately 185 pounds of plastic per year.

•

Plastic accounts for around 10 percent of the total waste we generate.

•

Americans throw away 35 billion plastic water bottles every year (source: Brita)

•

Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every minute.

•

It takes 500-1,000 years for plastic to degrade.

•

Billions of pounds of plastic can be found in swirling convergences in the oceans making up about 40 percent of the world’s ocean surfaces. 80 percent of pollution enters the ocean from the land.

•

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is located in the North Pacific Gyre off the coast of California and is the largest ocean garbage site in the world. This floating mass of plastic is twice the size of Texas, with plastic pieces outnumbering sea life six to one.

•

Plastic constitutes approximately 90 percent of all trash floating on the ocean’s surface, with 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile.

•

One million sea birds and 100,000 marine mammals are killed annually from plastic in our oceans. 28

•

44 percent of all seabird species, 22 percent of cetaceans, all sea turtle species and a growing list of fish species have been documented with plastic in or around their bodies.

•

Plastic chemicals can be absorbed by the body—93 percent of Americans age six or older test positive for BPA (a plastic chemical).

•

Some of these compounds found in plastic have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects.

What You Can do About It. •

Choose to reuse when it comes to shopping bags and bottled water. Cloth bags and metal or glass reusable bottles are available locally at great prices.

•

Refuse single-serving packaging, excess packaging, straws and other "disposable" plastics. Carry reusable utensils in your purse, backpack or car to use at bbq’s, parties or take-out restaurants.

•

Reduce everyday plastics such as sandwich bags and juice cartons by replacing them with a reusable lunch bag/box that includes a thermos.

•

Bring your to-go mug with you to the coffee shop, smoothie shop or restaurants that let you use them, which is a great way to reduce lids, plastic cups and/or plastic-lined cups.

•

Go digital! No need for plastic cds, dvds and jewel cases when you can buy your music and videos online.

•

Recycle. If you must use plastic, try to choose #1 (PETE) or #2 (HDPE), which are the most commonly recycled plastics. Avoid plastic bags and polystyrene foam as both typically have very low recycling rates.

Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

a series of activities designed to produce a particular result The group launched a campaign to protect the area from commercial development.

campaign (n)

gathering steam (idiom)

consumers (n)

tackle (v)

to deal with (something diﬃcult) I'll tackle my homework later after dinner.

litter (n)

things that have been thrown away and that are lying on the ground in a public place The janitor picked up all the litter in the park.

trivial (adj)

not important Compared to her stolen backpack, the bird pooping in my hair seems trivial.

emerging superpowers (n)

ramiﬁcation (n)

aesthetic (adj)

of or relating to art or beauty The school decided to make aesthetic improvements to the campus.

discarded (v)

to throw (something) away because it is useless or unwanted The junkyard had a pile of discarded tires.

sewers (n)

resolutions (n)

ban (v)

to forbid people from using (something) : to say that something cannot be used or done The city has banned smoking in all public buildings.

levy (n)

money that must be paid to a government or other authority The government imposed a levy on gasoline.

persistence (n)

stagnant (adj)

to become more active, important, or full of energy It looks like the economy is gathering steam with the new president. a person who buys goods and services Many consumers are still not comfortable making purchases on the Internet.

country that is speculated to be, or is in the process of becoming, a superpower (a country with a political and economic dominance globally) at some point during the 21st century Brazil, India, China and Indonesia are all emerging powers. something that is the result of an action, decision, etc. The school board discussed the possible ramiﬁcations of shortening summer vacation.

a pipe that is usually underground and that is used to carry oﬀ water and sewage The water ran from the city into the sewer and then out into the ocean. a promise of making a serious eﬀort to do something that one should do He made a resolution to lose weight.

he state of occurring or existing beyond the usual, expected, or normal time The persistence of the rash worried him, so he went to the doctor for a checkup. not ﬂowing There were stagnant puddles of water in the basement. 30

an area where birds, ﬁsh, or other animals habitually breed Centrak Mexico is a breeding ground for Monarch butterﬂies.

breeding ground (n)

malarial (adj)

relating to a potentially fatal infectious disease transmitted by infected female mosquito Malarial Infections are common in tropical regions in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America.

suﬀocate (v)

to die because you are unable to breathe The poor dog suﬀocated in the hot car when the owner left him in there and went shopping.

indigestion (n)

regulate (v)

to make rules or laws that control (something) The government regulates how much taxes to levy on its citizens.

blanket (adj)

aﬀecting or applying to everyone or everything The government enforces a blanket ban on use of the chemical after it proved to be toxic.

waste management (n)

collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation Waste management reduces the adverse eﬀects of waste on health and the environment.

menace (n)

unleashed (v)

developing world (n)

curb (v)

penalty (n)

non-compliance (n)

imprisonment (n)

alternative (n)

opt (v)

a pain or a burning sensation in your stomach or chest caused by diﬃculty in digesting food After Mihee ate spicy food, she had indigestion, so she had to take some medicine.

a dangerous or possibly harmful person or thing Criminals are a menace to society, so they are jailed. to allow or cause (something very powerful) to happen suddenly The storm unleashed its fury and ravaged the town. a nation with a less developed industries, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries People have lower life expectancy, less education, and less income in developing worlds. to control or limit (something) Drinking coffee curbs your appetite. punishment for breaking a rule or law The company was given a penalty for breaking the environmental law. the condition of not having or doing something that is officially required With the new law, very school found to be in noncompliance will be fined $1,000 per day. the punishment of being kept in a prison The judge gave a 10-year imprisonment to the violent thief. offering or expressing a choice We have alternative plans in case the weather is bad and we can’t have the picnic. to choose one thing instead of another He usually orders strawberry ice cream but opted for chocolate this time. capable of being slowly destroyed and broken down into very small parts by natural

biodegradable processes, bacteria, etc. (adj)

Frank was seasick and threw up into a biodegradable bag which he threw into the ocean. 31

Getting a handle on the plastic problem The campaign against plastic bags has been gathering steam in the UK, while China recently announced that it would ban the use of some bags and force consumers to pay for others. But how are other countries tackling the problem? Georgina Smith 23 February 2008 There is an old Chinese expression: if you want to correct something that others do, you should first correct it yourself. It's an expression the Chinese government can claim it is following in its efforts to tackle one of the country's most significant litter problems: the plastic bag. The issue of flimsy plastic bags may seem trivial on the list of environmental challenges facing one of the world's emerging superpowers, but its ramifications are more than aesthetic. Discarded plastic bags disrupt waterways, clog sewers, and choke soil. So, as one of its new year's resolutions, China has promised to put a stop to its 3billion-a-day habit, and ban the use of free and flimsy plastic bags by introducing levies. As of June this year, plastic bags must be paid for, and they will be banned from all public transport, airports and scenic places. Plastic is fantastic. It's multipurpose, strong, waterproof, convenient and very, very cheap. But with all benefits of plastic bags come a long list of problems, and the most problematic of all is their sheer persistence. Depending on the thickness, plastic bags take between 20 and 1,000 years to break down in the environment. They release poisonous gases when they burn; they create stagnant pools which can become a breeding ground for malarial mosquitoes; and they suffocate or disrupt the indigestion of animals that accidentally eat them. So, how easy is it to regulate a blanket ban on something so integral - yet so destructive - to modern living? And does it work? In Europe, good waste management has meant that the menace of the plastic bag has not been unleashed as it has in the developing world. China's situation is perhaps better reflected by experiences on the continent of Africa. In South Africa, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a ban is already working. Before action was taken to curb the problem, consumers in South Africa got through 8billion plastic bags a year. South Africa's answer was to banned the use of plastic bags with a thickness of less than 30 microns (0.03mm). Anything below 30 microns cannot be easily recycled. A levy is in place, and the penalties for non-compliance are tough: fines and even imprisonment. But bans have not been so successful everywhere. In Bangladesh, serious and repeated flooding, which resulted in major loss of life, was reportedly linked to drain blockages caused by plastic bags. As a consequence, the government banned on the sale and use of polythene bags in the capital city, Dhaka, in 2002. But no results are available on its success, suggesting there has been little evidence of a positive outcome on the streets. Yet even when there are alternatives such as paper bags or boxes available, consumers continue to opt for the plastic bag. It seems that we are addicted. It remains to be seen whether China can kick the habit, or find a truly fantastic - and biodegradable â&#x20AC;&#x201C; plastic bag. 32

Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

in a way that is sudden and extreme His grades has improved dramatically since he stopped playing video games.

dramatically (adv)

virtually (adv)

hygiene (adj)

tout (v)

downcycle (v)

generate (v)

devastating (adj)

vortex (n)

plankton (n)

the very small animal and plant life in an ocean, lake, etc. Whale sharks feed mainly on plankton so they come to the surface for feeding.

specify (v)

to name or mention (someone or something) exactly and clearly He clearly speciﬁed to the waiter that he didn’t want onions in his hamburger.

fathom (v)

to understand the reason for (something) I couldn't fathom why she made such a foolish decision to drive when she was extremely sleepy.

degrade (v)

to cause (something complex) to break down into simple substances or parts Dead plants degrade as a result of weather conditions and bacteria feeding on it.

on the right track (idiom)

produce (n)

sap (n)

very nearly : almost entirely Hank has such great memory the he remembers virtually everything people say. the things that you do to keep yourself and your surroundings clean in order to maintain good health Brushing your teeth regularly is an important part of good dental hygiene. to talk about (something or someone) as being very good, eﬀective, skillful, etc. Harvard University has a much touted law program. the process of converting waste materials or useless products into new materials or products of lesser quality and reduced functionality White writing paper is often downcycled into materials such as cardboard and cannot be used to create more premium writing paper. cause or produce (something, especially an emotion or situation) Tax hikes is most likely to generate anger within the community. causing great damage or harm Days of continuous downpour caused a devastating ﬂood. a mass of spinning air, liquid, etc., that pulls things into its center While I was draining the bathtub, a vortex formed at the drain.

doing something correctly or well The coach got the baseball team on the right track to win the championship. fresh fruits and vegetables We buy local and organic produce from the farmers in our town. a watery juice inside a plant that carries the plant's food Sap is taken from maple trees to make syrup.

made by combining diﬀerent substances : not natural The material to make women’s stocking is made from synthetic fabric called nylon.

synthetic (adj)

tumor (n)

detergent (n)

unnecessary (adj)

variety (n)

a number or collection of diﬀerent things or people Samsung sells a variety of electronic products.

prevent (v)

to stop (something) from happening or existing Seatbelts in cars often prevent serious injuries.

barista (n)

someone who makes and serves coffee and coffee drinks (such as cappuccino) to customers I asked the barista for a coffee for my mom and a juice for me.

container (n)

bear (v)

to accept or endure (something) I can't bear cold weather so I decided to stay home.

part (v)

to end a relationship The child parted from his tricycle when he learned to ride the bicycle.

eco-friendly (adj)

processed food (n)

fructose corn syrup (n)

green (adj)

in a way that protects the natural world from pollution and other threats I decided to be more green in the way I travel, and started driving less and riding the bus more.

baking soda (n)

a powder of sodium bicarbonate used in cooking, for cleaning, or in toothpaste Baking soda can replace many harsh and toxic household cleaners and provide excellent results.

portion (n)

a swelling of a part of the body caused by an abnormal tissue growth, whether deadly or not Malignant tumors are most likely going to develop into cancer. a powder or liquid that is used to clean clothes, dishes, etc. We use diﬀerent laundry detergents depending on whether we are washing colors or whites. not needed or necessary Owning a car is unnecessary for residents of New York City,

an object (such as a box or can) that can hold something I packed the leftover food into a container and put it in the fridge.

not harmful to the environment Food grown without toxic pesticides or herbicides are considered eco-friendly. any food that has been altered from its natural state in some way, for safety or convenience Processed food saves time in the cooking process, like canned tomatoes and other vegetables. manmade liquid sweeter and cheaper than regular sugar Fructose corn syrup is found in a wide range of processed foods, from ketchup and cereals to crackers and salad dressings.

a part of a larger amount, area, etc. A portion of the donations will be given to the orphanage to build a computer room.

16 simple ways to reduce plastic waste These easy things can dramatically decrease the amount of plastic trash you make. LAURA MOSS July 29, 2015 Plastic is found in virtually everything these days. Your food and hygiene products are packaged in it. Your car, phone and computer are made from it. And you might even chew on it daily in the form of gum. While most plastics are touted as recyclable, the reality is that they're “downcycled.” A plastic milk carton can never be recycled into another carton — it can be made into a lower-quality item like plastic lumber. How big is our plastic problem? Of the 30 million tons of plastic waste generated in the U.S. in 2009, only 7 percent was recovered for recycling. This plastic waste ends up in landfills, beaches, rivers and oceans and contributes to such devastating problems as the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch, a swirling vortex of garbage the size of a continent where plastic outnumbers plankton. Plus, most plastic is made from oil. Luckily, there are easy changes you can make to dramatically decrease the amount of plastic waste you generate.

Just say no to straws One of the easiest ways to keep plastic out of the landfill is to refuse plastic straws. Simply inform your waiter or waitress that you don't need one, and make sure to specify this when ordering at a drive-thru. Can't fathom giving up the convenience of straws? Purchase a reusable stainless steel or paper straw.

Use reusable produce bags About 1 million plastic bags are used every minute, and a single plastic bag can take 1,000 years to degrade. If you're already bringing reusable bags to the grocery store, you're on the right track, but if you're still using plastic produce bags, it's time to make a change. Purchase some reusable produce bags and help keep even more plastic out of the landfill. However, avoid those bags made from nylon or polyester because they're also made from plastic. Opt for cotton ones instead.

Give up gum Gum was originally made from tree sap called chicle, a natural rubber, but when scientists created synthetic rubber, polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate began to replace the natural rubber in most gum. Not only are you chewing on plastic, but you may also be chewing on toxic plastic — polyvinyl acetate is manufactured using a chemical shown to cause tumors in lab rats. While it is possible to recycle your gum, it may be best to skip it — and its plastic packaging — altogether.

Buy boxes, not bottles Buy laundry detergent and dish soap in boxes instead of plastic bottles. Cardboard can be more easily recycled and made into more products than plastic. 35

Buy from bulk bins Many stores sell bulk food like rice, pasta, beans, nuts, cereal and granola, and opting to fill a reusable bag or container with these items will save both money and unnecessary packaging.

Reuse glass containers You can buy a variety of prepared foods in glass jars instead of plastic ones, including spaghetti sauce, peanut butter, salsa and applesauce, just to name a few. Instead of throwing these away or recycling them, reuse the jars to store food or take them with you when you’re buying bulk foods. If you have plastic containers leftover from yogurt, butter or other food, don’t throw them out. Simply wash them and use them to store food.

Use reusable bottles and cups Bottled water produces 1.5 million tons of plastic waste per year, and these bottles require 47 millions gallons of oil to produce, according to Food & Water Watch. By simply refilling a reusable bottle, you’ll prevent some of these plastic bottles from ending up in landfills and oceans — but don’t stop there. Bring a reusable cup to coffee shops and ask the barista to fill it up, and keep a mug at your desk instead of using plastic, paper or Styrofoam cups. The average American office worker uses about 500 disposable cups a year so you’ll be preventing a lot of unnecessary waste.

Bring your own container Whether you're picking up takeout or bringing home your restaurant leftovers, be prepared with your own reusable containers. When you place your order, ask if you can get the food placed in your own container. Most restaurants will have no problem with it.

Use matches If you need to light a candle, build a campfire or start a fire for any other reason, opt for matches over disposable plastic lighters. These cheap plastic devices sit in landfills for years and have even been found in dead birds' stomachs. If you can't bear to part with your lighter, pick up a refillable metal one to help cut down on waste.

Skip the frozen foods section Frozen foods offer both convenience and plenty of plastic packaging — even those eco-friendly packaged items made from cardboard are actually coated in a thin layer of plastic. While giving up frozen food can be difficult, there are benefits besides the obvious environmental ones: You'll be eating fewer processed foods and avoiding the chemicals in their plastic packaging.

Don't use plasticware Say goodbye to disposable chopsticks, knives, spoons and forks. If you often forget to pack silverware in your lunch, or if you know your favorite restaurant only has plasticware, start keeping a set of utensils.

Reuse reusable containers If you buy berries or cherry tomatoes at the farmers market, simply bring the plastic containers to the market when you need a refill. You can even ask your local grocer to take the containers back and reuse them.

Use cloth diapers According to the EPA, 7.6 billion pounds of disposable diapers are discarded in the U.S. each year. Plus, it takes about 80,000 pounds of plastic and more than 200,000 trees a year to manufacture disposable diapers for American babies alone. By simply switching to cloth diapers, you'll not only reduce your baby's carbon footprint, you'll also save money.

Don't buy juice Instead of buying juice in plastic bottles, make your own fresh-squeezed juice or simply eat fresh fruit. Not only does this cut down on plastic waste, but it's also better for you because you'll be getting more vitamins and less high fructose corn syrup.

Clean green There's no need for multiple plastic bottles of tile cleaner, toilet cleaner and window cleaner if you have a few basics on hand like baking soda and vinegar. So free up some space, save some cash, and avoid those toxic chemicals by making your own cleaning products.

Pack a lunch the right way If your lunchbox is full of disposable plastic containers and sandwich bags, it's time to make a change. Instead of packing snacks and sandwiches in bags, put them in reusable containers you have at home, or try lunch accessories like reusable snack bags. You can also opt for fresh fruit instead of single-serving fruit cups, and buy items like yogurt and pudding in bulk and simply put a portion in a reusable dish for lunch.

Cluster Brainstorming DIRECTION For your essay topic, write down your opinions that will eventually become your body paragraphs. Then add details to each of your ideas, and choose the three most strongly supported details. You will develop them further on the next outline.

How can people help tackle the problem of plastic pollution?

Developing Your Three Supporting Ideas DIRECTION Now that you have narrowed down the reasons to support your choice for the most important language of the future, brainstorm speciďŹ c reasons to support your choices. Your objective is to convince the reader to agree with your choices.

Draft One: 5-Paragraph Essay Template DIRECTION Fill in the outline below with your ideas for your essay. [ Introductory Paragraph ] Introduce the topic by grabbing the audienceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Narrow the topic by leading into the thesis ____________________________________________________________

[ Body Paragraph 1 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 41

[ Body Paragraph 2 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 42

[ Body Paragraph 3 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 43

[ Concluding Paragraph ] Summary Statement: ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Edited Draft

DIRECTION Using the teacher’s edits and comments above, rewrite your ﬁnal copy of the essay. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 45

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 46

Final Copy ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 47

Life-Changing Innovations â&#x153;&#x17D; Simple Past Tense

[ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Simple Past Tense English uses verbs in the simple past tense to refer to ac3ons, situa3ons, or events that are ﬁnished and that happened before now. There are three ways to use simple past tense: (I) be-verb, (II) regular past tense, (III) irregular tense. The rules will be explained ﬁrst, and the examples will be given in red. I. BE-VERBS The verb "be" has two forms in the past tense: was and were. ✓ In a singular (The child was sick last night.) or plural (The children were sick last night.) form. ✓ In a posi+ve (My dog was sick last night.) or nega+ve (Clara was not at school yesterday.) form. SUBJECT

VERB

VERB-ing / ADJ / PREPOSITION

I Singular

He/She

...happy was (not)

...hungry

...a nurse

We Plural

You

...at school were (not)

...late

They

...quietly

1. The ﬁlm ___________________ (not) exci3ng. It was boring. 2. What ____________________ you doing at 7 o’clock in the morning? 3. When I got up this morning the sun _____________________ shining. 4. The children ______________________ playing video games. 5. My grandmother _____________________ a nurse. She ____________________ (not) a doctor. 6. _____________________ the boys at the football game? Yes, they __________________ . 7. The book ____________________ (not) diﬃcult. It ____________________ easy. 8. I ____________________ cold last night, but they ______________________ (not) cold. 9. The books ____________________ (not) on the shelf. They were in the bookcase. 10. About Albert Einstein a. When Albert Einstein ____________________ young, his parents worried about him. b. Einstein's parents ____________________ concerned that Albert was "slow." c. Albert __________________ a terrible student who didn't want to aYend classes regularly and take exams. d. Einstein's best-known work, the theory of rela3vity, ____________________ published in 1905. e. During World War II, the theory of rela3vity ____________________ used to create the atomic bomb.

II. REGULAR VERBS A. RULE ONE Regular verbs make their past tense by adding -d. ☛ I type typed my essay. ✓ Add only -d if a regular verb ends in one or more vowels, a single consonant (except x), and e. For example: baked, eased, ﬁled, hated, liked, raced, seized, smiled, typed, whined 1. I (like) _____________________ the blue shirt beYer, so I bought it instead of the purple one. 2. My mom (bake) _____________________ a cake for my birthday. 3. My brother (whine) _____________________ about wan3ng a cookie, and my mom said no. 4. My teacher (smile) _____________________ at the class while telling us the good news. 5. The children (race) _____________________ across the lawn.

6. The housekeeper (change) _____________________ the bedsheets to fresh ones. 7. The nurses (care) _____________________ for the sick pa3ents. 8. We (move) _____________________ to a new city because of my mom’s new job.

B. RULE ONE Regular verbs make their past tense by adding -ed. ☛ It snow snowed last night. ✓ Add -ed if a regular verb ends in a consonant. For example: asked, belonged, dialed, ﬁlled, guessed, looked, reached, marked, started 1. Fallon (wash) _____________________ the dog in the backyard. 2. Frank (walk) _____________________ to the beach with his mom. 3. Monica (work) _____________________ un3l 12 and then went to eat lunch. 4. The family (open) _____________________ their presents on Christmas morning. 5. The chef (reach) _____________________ for the salt and pepper. 6. I (start) _____________________ my homework a`er I ate my snack. 7. The coach (yell) _____________________ at the lazy soccer players. 8. The baby (touch) _____________________ everything that was around him.

C. RULE TWO When a regular verb ends in a consonant+“y”, the “y” is changed to “ied” to form the simple past tense. ☛ We try tried to buy 3ckets to the concert. | We hurry hurried to the airport. 1. My dad was (worry) _____________________ because my sister was sick. 2. I (try) _____________________ to carry the heavy box and ended up asking for help. 3. The pirate (pry) _____________________ open the treasure chest. 4. The detec3ve (spy) _____________________ on the thief. 51

5. Sebas3en and Grace got (marry) _____________________ in Belgium. 6. Tom (hurry) _____________________ home to watch the soccer game. 7. The chef (fry) _____________________ potatoes to make hash browns. 8. The high school students (apply) _____________________ for university entrance. 9. The dog (bury) _____________________ his bone, and one week later, forgot where it was.

D. RULE THREE When a regular verb ends in a vowel + y, add -ed ☛ I play played with my dog. 1. I was (dismay) _____________________ to see that my car had been solen. 2. The dog (obey) _____________________ it’s owner’s command and sat down. 3. Julie (enjoy) _____________________ the movie although we all hated it. 4. The passengers were (annoy) _____________________ because their ﬂight had been (delay) _____________________.

5. We (stay) _____________________ home because it was raining so much. E. RULE FOUR When a regular verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, the ﬁnal consonant is doubled before adding –ed. ☛ She chop chopped the wood. | I zip zipped my jacket. 1. Frank (rip) _____________________ the paper and gave half of it to his brother. 2. The ar3st (pin) _____________________ the picture on the board. 3. They laid on the beach and (tan) _____________________ underneath the sun. 4. The rabbit (hop) _____________________ away. 5. The children (beg) _____________________ their teacher for extra break 3me. 6. The audience (clap) _____________________ at the end of the musical performance. 7. The angry man (slam) _____________________ he door. 8. The hot spectators (fan) _____________________ themselves with their brochure. F. RULE FIVE When a regular verb ends in 'w' or 'x', add only - ed. ☛ I wax waxed the car.

1. He (fax) _____________________ the document to the company. 2. I (sew) _____________________ a new buYon on to my jacket. 3. The chef (mix) ________________ the ﬂour and the eggs to make pancake. 4. The company (tax) ___________________ the customers on their purchases.

G. LAST RULES 52

1. If a regular verb has two or more syllables, if the verb ends in l or r, and if the last syllable is stressed, double the l or r before you add -ed: compél / compelled; confér / conferred; contról / controlled; defér / deferred; fulfíl / fulﬁlled; prefér / preferred; propél / propelled

2. If a regular verb has two or more syllables, if the verb ends in l or r, and if the last syllable is not stressed, do not double the l or r, before you add -ed: cáncel / canceled; hónor / honored; súﬀer / suﬀered; trável / traveled

III. IRREGULAR VERBS A. RULE ONE Irregular verbs have unexpected spelling changes in various tenses, including the simple past tense. ☛ They bring brought a gi` to the wedding. A. I (come) ____________________ home aèr school. B. Charles (see) ____________________ my grandma last week. C. Tom (leave) ____________________ his homework at home this morning. D. Dinner was great. We (have) ____________________ spaghei. E. Kris3n (tear) ____________________ my jeans when I fell off my bike. F. Pedro (teach) ____________________ me to speak Spanish in a year. He was a great teacher. G. He (drink) ____________________ all the milk last night H. She (stand) ____________________ under the tree to shelter from the rain. I. They (do) ____________________ their homework yesterday. J. We (sing) ____________________ ‘Happy birthday’ to Alan. K. Alan (eat) ____________________ some cake aèr lunch. L. Nate (fall) ____________________ off his bicycle. M. It (take) ____________________ three hours to drive to Paris from Luxembourg. 53

N. I (ﬁnd) ____________________ your keys in your backpack. O. She (get) ____________________ new bike for her birthday. P. We (go) ____________________ to New York in January. Q. I (meet) ____________________ John at the weekend. R. Lucy (pay) ____________________ the bill, before leaving the restaurant. S. She (wear) ____________________ her new coat to the party. T. I (think) ____________________ my football team would win. U. Billy (run) ____________________ a`er the bus. V. I (buy) ____________________ some books this morning. W. We (make) ____________________ a cake, it was delicious. X. He (sit) ____________________ on the old chair, and it broke. Y. They (write) ____________________ a leYer to their grandparents. Z. I'm sorry that I (forget) ____________________ to call you yesterday

D. RULE TWO Some irregular verbs do not change their spelling in the simple past tense. It (ﬁt = ﬁt) in his pocket before. A. It (cost) ___________________ too much money, so I bought the cheaper toy instead. B. They (put) ____________________ their bags in the bedroom. C. She (hit) ___________________ the baseball bat and made a home run.

D. I (cut) ____________________ my ﬁnger while opening the envelope. E. I (hurt) ____________________ my leg playing football yesterday. I can't walk very well today. F. Finally my mother (let) ____________________ me go to a party. G. Fred (quit) ___________________ his job and started his own company. H. I (shut) _____________________ the window because the wind was blowing all the paper oﬀ of the table.

[ More Grammar Drills ] Simple Past Tense DIRECTION Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets 1. Tina (begin) _____________________ her new diary last Monday morning. 2. Thomas (play) ___________________ the guitar and Sonia (sing) ___________________. 3. The two kids (make) _____________________ a sandcastle in the beach. 4. The monkeys (eat) _____________________ some bananas in the zoo. 5. Joanna (change) _____________________ some money at the bank. 6. Walter (drink) __________________ water after he (garden) ____________________ all afternoon. 7. We (swim) ___________________ for an hour and then (get) __________________ out of the pool. 8. They (jog) _____________________ to the beach. 9. Daniel (look) _____________________ after Lorenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s baby last Saturday evening. 10.My daughter (show) _____________________ me her notebooks. 11. Derek (become) _____________________ a famous writer. 12. My husband (grow) _____________________ tomatoes and cucumbers in the orchard. 13. Marilyn (learn) _____________________ to swim in one month. 14. Katherine (teach) _____________________ her son to be polite. 15. The teachers (explain) _____________________ the lessons clearly. 16. Somebody (steal) _____________________ my mobile phone. 17. They (kidnap) _____________________ the prince and asked the kind for a million dollars. 18. William (throw) _____________________ the ball to his school friend. 19. The farmer (milk) _____________________ the cow. 20. I (give) _____________________ carrots to my rabbits. 21. The shepherd (take) _____________________ the sheep to the countryside. 22. Christopher (speak) _____________________five languages fluently. 23. The friendly girl (recommend) _____________________ a restaurant to the lost tourists. 24. The magician (do) _____________________some good tricks. 25. Paul (feel) _____________________ sad when his dog (get) ___________________ sick. 55

26. George (answer) ___________________ the phone and (help) __________________ me. 27. My uncle Antonio (earn) _____________________ a lot of money in his job. 28. Adeline (design) _____________________ some fashionable jewelry. 29. Jimmy and Tony (find) _____________________ some old toys in the attic. 30. The bank (decide) _____________________ to lend the business some money. 31. The library (catch) ________________ on fire and all the books (burn) _______________. 32. Samantha (understand) _____________________ the difficult math lesson. 33. I (scratch) ___________________ my catâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back and she (purr) ____________________. 34. I (kiss) _____________________ my grandmother as I left her home. 35. Meredith (type) _____________________ a very long letter without any mistakes. 36. The postman (carry) _____________________ some heavy boxes to my house. 37. Patrick and Lisa (walk) _____________________ to school together. 38. Fred and Monica (celebrate) _____________________ their birthday. 39. We (marry) _____________________five years ago in Paris. 40. Kathy (bake) _____________________ cookies for the picnic. 41. The fireman (rescue) _____________________ a lot of people in the earthquake. 42. A little girl (cry) _____________________ in a corner. 43. Lucy (remember) _____________________ to send an email to her friend. 44. Hector (receive) _____________________ many presents for his birthday. 45. You (wear) _____________________ a beautiful black dress on Christmas Day. 46. Helen (hear) _____________________ some strange noises in the garden. 47. The dog (hide) _____________________ some bones in the cupboard. 48. Emily and Sonia (choose) _____________________ an expensive ring for their mother. 49. Paul (eat) ____________________ the soup and he (like) _____________________ it. 50. Martin _____________________ (rent) a car during his vacation in France.

Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

a new idea, device, or method Apple brought about many innovations in computer technology.

innovation (n)

catalysts (n)

breakthrough (n)

humbly (adv)

groundwork (n)

pioneering (adj)

using new and better ideas for the ﬁrst time Bill Gates played a pioneering role in PC software development.

democratization (n)

to make something available (or understandable) to all people The magazine's goal is to democratize art.

press (n)

a machine that prints books, magazines, newspapers, etc., usually in large numbers The pages for tomorrow’s newspaper rolled oﬀ the presses.

mould (n)

a shaped cavity used to give a deﬁnite form to ﬂuid or plastic material The mould was used to shape bullets.

alloy (n)

a metal made by melting and mixing a metal and another material together In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often mixed with copper to produce a red-gold alloy.

type (v)

small metal blocks that are used for printing letters and numbers on paper Long ago, text was printed with individual pieces of metal type painstakingly assembled pageby-page, but now they are lasered onto a plate digitally.

assembly line (n)

aﬀordable (adj)

to be able to pay for (something) They couldn't aﬀord new coats for the children.

lower class (n)

the class of people who earn enough money to live, but are not rich or powerful He grew up in a lower class neighborhood, but grew up to become a famous singer.

(Age of) Enlightenment (n)

facilitated (v)

a person or event that quickly causes change or action The bombing attack was the catalyst for war. an important discovery that happens after trying for a long time to understand or explain it Researchers say they have made a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. in a manner that is not special, fancy, or expensive The business began humbly but quickly became successful. something that is done at an early stage and that makes later work or progress possible Apple’s innovations laid the groundwork for further development of smart phone technology.

a line of machines, equipment, workers, etc., in a factory that builds a product by passing work from one station to the next until the product is ﬁnished Cars made on assembly lines because it could be made much faster .

a movement of the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic give people more knowledge and understanding than tradition and religion Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. to make (something) easier : to help cause (something) Cutting taxes may facilitate economic recovery. 57

controversial (adj)

relating to or causing much discussion, disagreement, or argument He is a controversial author who is always criticizing the government.

disseminate (v)

to cause (something, such as information) to go to many people The Internet allows us to disseminate information and ideas faster.

(Protestant) Reformation (n)

prompt (v)

revolution (n)

the usually violent attempt by many people to end the rule of one government and start a new one The king knew that there was a threat of revolution, so he had all of his soldiers ready to ﬁght.

upheaval (n)

a major change or period of change that causes a lot of conﬂict, confusion, anger, etc. The civil rights movement for African Americans marked a period of social upheaval in the U.S.

obsolete (adj)

no longer used because something newer exists Typewriter have almost become obsolete after the widespread use of computers.

inestimable (adj)

mariners (n)

a person who works on a boat or ship as part of the crew (old-fashioned for sailor) He worked as a mariner on a cargo ship.

traverse (v)

to move across (an area) The ship was traversing the ocean from California to Tokyo.

ignited (v)

to cause the sudden occurrence of (something) Her comments have ignited a ﬁght between the two soccer teams.

isolated (adj)

separate from others The camp is located in an isolated area of the moutains.

inception (n)

usher in (verb phrase)

currency (n)

intrinsic (adj)

spur on (verb phrase)

the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that caused a division between the Catholic Church Martin Luther began to question several of the doctrines of the Roman Church and became the spear for the Reformation. to cause (someone) to do something Curiosity prompted her to ask a few questions.

too great, valuable, or excellent to be measured Bill Gates has made inestimable contributions to our society.

the time at which something begins Since its inception, the business has expanded to become a national retail chain. to mark or observe the beginning of Facebook ushered in the age of social media and information sharing. the money that a country uses : a speciﬁc kind of money When the European countries joined together to form the European Union, a new currency was introduced called the Euro. belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing The intrinsic worth of a gem is determined by its rarity. to stimulate or encourage someone or something Low gas prices spurred on the booming economy. 58

to make (something) available to be sold or used The Post Oﬃce will issue a new stamp for the Christmas season.

issue (v)

legal tender (n)

vital (adj)

monetary (adj)

of or relating to money The maﬁa planned a crime for monetary gain.

extensive (adj)

large in size or amount : very full or complete The chef has had extensive training in French cuisine.

fuel (v)

Industrial Revolution (n)

mass-produced (v)

deposit (n)

take for granted (idiom)

carbon arc lamp the ﬁrst widely-used type of electric light and the ﬁrst commercially successful form of (n) electric lamp (from the early 1800s)

money that the law allows people to use for paying debts Soon after France adopted the euro, the French franc ceased to be legal tender. extremely important The sciences are a vital part of the school curriculum.

to provide the necessary conditions for (something) The strong economy has fueled the construction of new homes. the major social and economic changes that occurred in Britain, Europe, and the U.S. in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when new machinery, new sources of power, and new ways of manufacturing products were developed The Industrial Revolution made many things aﬀordable for people to buy. to produce very large amounts of (something) usually by using machinery The company has begun mass-producing computer chips. an amount of a substance (such as oil or coal) that exists naturally in the ground Their company has discovered new oil deposits below the ocean ﬂoor. to fail to appreciate the value of something; to value someone or something too lightly So many of us take clean water for granted while one in ten people don’t have access to it.

to have gotten an oﬃcial document that gives a person or company the right to be the only one that makes or sells a product for a certain period of time She patented all of her inventions so that others could not copy her idea.

patent (v)

reliance (n)

the state of needing someone or something for help, support, etc. Some farmers must reduce their reliance on pesticides.

domestic (adj)

relating to or involving someone's home or family Even though his professional life was very stressful, his domestic life was very peaceful.

domestication (n)

the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use The domestication of wild animals useful to man results in very great value for farming.

equine (adj)

of or relating to horses The horse races with equine grace.

agility (n)

able to move quickly and easily The agile basketball player has been named MVP. 59

cavalry (n)

the part of an army that in the past had soldiers who rode horses The cavalry were brought in to support the mission army.

prevail (v)

to defeat an opponent especially in a long or diﬃcult contest Our soccer team prevailed despite the bad weather.

criminally (adv)

underappreciated (adj)

transistor (n)

in a shameful manner The garden was criminally neglected. not appreciated or valued enough Vincent van Gogh was underappreciated until after his death. a small device that is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, computers, etc. The transistor is the fundamental building block of a radio receiver. materials with electrical conductivities that are intermediate between those of conductors (material capable of conveying electricity) and insulators (materials which prevent the flow of heat or electrical current) Semiconductors are important in electronics such as computers and mobile phones because their conductivity can be controlled allowing for current to flow in just one direction or only under certain circumstances.

semiconductor (n)

current (n)

the ﬂow of an electric charge There are two main types of current used in most electronic circuits: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).

circuit boards (n)

the board base for physically supporting and wiring the surface-mounted and socketed components in most electronics Circuit boards can be single-layer for simple electronic devices, or for complex hardware, such as computer graphics cards and motherboards, may have up to twelve layers.

elemental (adj)

fundamental; basic and important The elemental diﬀerence of shark egg development include: live birth, hatching from an egg, and an egg-and-live-birth combination.

integrated circuits (n)

a group of tiny electronic circuits that work together on a very small piece of hard material (such as silicon) The basic idea of integrated circuits was to take a complete circuit, with all its many components and the connections between them, and recreate the whole thing in microscopically tiny form on the surface of a piece of silicon.

phenomenon (n)

something (such as an interesting fact or event) that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or diﬃcult to understand or explain fully (plural phenomena) Greek myths explained natural phenomena like lightning and earthquakes.

remarkable (adj)

minute (adj)

very small There were minute particles of dust in the air.

cosmos (n)

the universe especially when it is understood as an ordered system There are many theories for the origins of the cosmos, but nothing has been proven.

astonishing (adj)

unusual or surprising : likely to be noticed Competing in the Olympics is a remarkable achievement.

causing a feeling of great surprise or wonder The new actor gave an astonishing performance in her ﬁrst ﬁlm. 60

a large amount of something Paris has an abundance of ﬁne restaurants.

abundance (n)

Hubble Space Telescope (n)

one of the largest and most versatile space telescopes in operation in low Earth orbit The Hubble Space Telescope’s launch and deployment in April 1990 marked the most signiﬁcant advance in astronomy since Galileo's telescope.

archeology (n)

a science that deals with past human life and activities by studying the bones, tools, etc., of ancient people Archeology has uncovered many things like ancient Egyptian tombs and other ancient ruins.

optometry (n)

the profession of examining people's eyes to ﬁnd out if they need eyeglasses or medical treatment Students studying optometry must complete a variety of health, science, and mathematics courses.

telegraph (n)

an old-fashioned system of sending messages over long distances by using wires and electrical signals Before the phone was invented, messages were sent by telegraph or by the post.

convey (v)

intermittently (adv)

transoceanic (adj)

successor (n)

one that follows : one that succeeds another (as in a position, title, oﬃce, or estate) The kind set out several principles that he hopes will guide his successors.

indelible (adj)

impossible to remove or forget Steve Jobs achievements left an indelible mark on the technological era.

bedrock (n)

a strong idea, principle, or fact that supports something His religious beliefs form the bedrock on which his life is based.

to make (something) known to someone The painting conveys different emotions to different people. in a manner that is starting, stopping, and starting again : not constant or steady It has been raining intermittently for the past several days. crossing the ocean On May 21, 1927, Charles Lindbergh completed the first solo transoceanic flight across the Atlantic.

(also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a period characterized 77

information age by the shift from traditional industry to an economy based on information computerization (n) The Information Age has aﬀected the middle class workforce in several ways where workers

are being replaced by computers that can do their jobs faster and more eﬀectively. a drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria and to cure infections Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.

antibiotics (n)

combat (v)

to try to stop (something) from happening or getting worse Exercise can help combat the eﬀects of stress.

inhibit (v)

to prevent or slow down the activity or occurrence of (something) There are drugs that are used to inhibit infection.

antiseptic (n)

a substance that prevents infection in a wound by killing bacteria Clean the aﬀected area with an antiseptic. 61

easy to see or understand The other team's superiority was apparent in the ﬁrst half when they made three goals.

apparent (adj)

contracted (v)

to become ill with (a disease) He contracted a cold from a classmate.

pneumonia (n)

a serious disease that aﬀects the lungs and makes it diﬃcult to breathe Most people contract pneumonia during the winter.

inﬂuenza (n)

a common illness that is caused by a virus and that causes fever, weakness, severe aches and pains, and breathing problems Inﬂuenza is commonly known as "the ﬂu."

malaria (n)

a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes NGOs have distributed nets in Africa to protect people against malaria.

meningitis (n)

tuberculosis (n)

an infectious disease that usually infects the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze

external combustion (n)

fuel is burned outside the engine creating steam, expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work An external combustion engine uses a ﬂame to heat water into steam which then turns a turbine.

momentous (adj)

leap (n)

exponential (adj)

very fast : increasingly rapid The price of gas has increased at an exponential rate.

agriculture (n)

the science or occupation of farming They cleared the land to use it for agriculture.

superpowers (n)

set the stage for (idiom)

internal combustion (n)

turbines (n)

an inﬂammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges

very important : having great or lasting importance My college graduation was a momentous day in my life. a great and sudden change, increase, or improvement There has been signiﬁcant leaps in technology in the last ten years.

an extremely powerful nation America is the leading military superpower of the world. to prepare the way for something else to happen The purpose of that ﬁrst meeting between Brazil and Spain was to set the stage for future ventures between the two countries. the burning of a fuel occurs within the (gasoline or diesel) engine itself in a conﬁned space called a combustion chamber Early internal combustion engines were started by hand cranking. an engine that has a part with blades that are caused to spin by pressure from water, steam, or air Renewable energy comes from a solar panel or a wind turbine. 62

11 Innovations That Changed History By Evan Andrews DECEMBER 18, 2012

Whether it’s early man’s first use of fire or the birth of the space shuttle, innovations have always been the major catalysts behind humankind’s success. Some of these breakthroughs brought about immediate change, while others humbly laid the groundwork for important developments down the road. From pioneering inventions to bold scientific and medical advancements, find out more about 11 innovations that changed the course of human history.

The Printing Press Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did more for the spread and democratization of knowledge than Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press. Developed around 1440 in Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing presses through the use of a mould that allowed for the rapid production of lead alloy type pieces. This assembly line method of copying books enabled a single printing press to create as many as 3,600 pages per day. By 1500 over 1,000 Gutenberg presses were operating in Europe, and by 1600 they had created over 200 million new books. The printing press not only made books affordable for the lower classes, but it helped spark the Age of Enlightenment and facilitated the spread of new and often controversial ideas. In 1518 followers of the German monk Martin Luther used the printing press to copy and disseminate his seminal work “The Ninety-Five Theses,” which jumpstarted the Protestant Reformation and spurred conflicts like the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). The printing press proved so influential in prompting revolutions, religious upheaval and scientific thought that Mark Twain would later write, “What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg.”

The Compass Magnetic compasses may have been made somewhat obsolete by satellites and global positioning systems, but their impact on early navigation and exploration was inestimable. Originally invented in China, by the 14th century compasses had widely replaced astronomical means as the primary 63

navigational instrument for mariners. The compass provided explorers with a reliable method for traversing the world’s oceans, a breakthrough that ignited the Age of Discovery and won Europe the wealth and power that later fueled the Industrial Revolution. Most importantly, the compass allowed for interaction— both peaceful and otherwise—between previously isolated world cultures.

Paper Currency Throughout much of human history, money took the form of precious metals, coins and even raw materials like livestock or vegetables. The inception of paper money ushered in a bold new era—a world in which currency could purchase goods and services despite having no intrinsic value. Paper currency was widely used in China in the ninth century, but did not appear in Europe until the late 1600s. Spurred on by frequent shortages of coins, banks issued paper notes as a promise against future payments of precious metals. By the late 19th century many nations had begun issuing government-backed legal tender that could no longer be converted into gold or silver. The switch to paper money not only bailed out struggling governments during times of crisis—as it did for the United States during the Civil War—but it also ushered in a new era of international monetary regulation that changed the face of global economics. Perhaps even more importantly, paper currency was the vital first step in a new monetary system that led to the birth of credit cards and electronic banking.

Steel While early human societies made extensive use of stone, bronze and iron, it was steel that fueled the Industrial Revolution and built modern cities. Evidence of steel tools dates back 4,000 years, but the alloy was not mass-produced until the invention of the Bessemer Process, a technique for creating steel using molten pig iron, in the 1850s. Steel then exploded into one of the biggest industries on the planet and was used in the creation of everything from bridges and railroads to skyscrapers and engines. It proved particularly influential in North America, where massive iron ore deposits helped the United States become one of the world’s biggest economies.

The Electric Light 64

While they are easy to take for granted, all it takes is a short power outage to remind us of the importance of artificial lights. Pioneered in the early 19th century by Humphry Davy and his carbon arc lamp, electric lights developed throughout the 1800s thanks to the efforts of inventors like Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva Edison. It was Edison and Swan who patented the first long-lasting light bulbs in 1879 and 1880, liberating society from a near-total reliance on daylight. Electric lights went on to be used in everything from home lighting and street lamps to flashlights and car headlights. The complex networks of wires erected to power early light bulbs also helped lead to the first domestic electrical wiring, paving the way for countless other in-home appliances.

Domestication of the Horse Since their domestication some 5,500 years ago, horses have been inextricably tied to human development. They enabled people to travel great distances and gave different cultures the chance to trade and exchange ideas and technology. Equine strength and agility meant that horses could also carry cargo, plow farmland and even clear forests. Perhaps most influential of all, horses changed the nature of war. Nothing was more feared than a horse-drawn chariot or a mounted warrior, and societies that mastered the use of cavalry typically prevailed in battle.

Transistors A criminally underappreciated innovation, the transistor is an essential component in nearly every modern electronic gadget. First developed in 1947 by Bell Laboratories, these tiny semiconductor devices allow for precise control of the amount and flow of current through circuit boards. Originally used in radios, transistors have since become an elemental piece of the circuitry in countless electronic 65

devices including televisions, cell phones and computers. The amount of transistors in integrated circuits doubles nearly every two years—a phenomenon known as Moore’s Law—so their remarkable impact on technology will only continue to grow.

Magnifying Lenses Magnifying lenses might seem like an unremarkable invention, but their use has offered mankind a glimpse of everything from distant stars and galaxies to the minute workings of living cells. Lenses first came into use in the 13th century as an aid for the weak-sighted, and the first microscopes and telescopes followed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Figures like Robert Hook and Anton van Leeuwenhoek would go on to use microscopes in the early observance of cells and other particles, while Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler employed the telescope to chart Earth’s place in the cosmos. These early uses were the first steps in the development of astonishing devices like the electron microscope and the Hubble Space Telescope. Magnifying lenses have since led to new breakthroughs in an abundance of fields including astronomy, biology, archeology, optometry and surgery.

The Telegraph The telegraph was the first in a long line of communications breakthroughs that later included radio, telephones and email. Pioneered by a variety of inventors in the 18th and 19th centuries, the telegraph used Samuel Morse’s famous Morse code to convey messages by intermittently stopping the flow of electricity along communications wires. Telegraph lines multiplied throughout the 1850s, and by 1902 transoceanic cables encircled the globe. The original telegraph and its wireless successors went on to be the first major advancements in worldwide communication. The ability to send messages rapidly across great distances made an indelible impact on government, trade, banking, industry, warfare and news media, and formed the bedrock of the information age.

Antibiotics 66

A giant step forward in the field of medicine, antibiotics saved millions of lives by killing and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were the first to recognize and attempt to combat bacteria, but it was Alexander Fleming who made the first leap in antibiotics when he accidentally discovered the bacteria-inhibiting mold known as penicillin in 1928. Antibiotics proved to be a major improvement on antiseptics—which killed human cells along with bacteria—and their use spread rapidly throughout the 20th century. Nowhere was their effect more apparent than on the battlefield: While nearly 20 percent of soldiers who contracted bacterial pneumonia died in World War I, with antibiotics that number dropped to only 1 percent during World War II. Antibiotics like penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin and streptomycin have gone on to fight nearly every known form of infection, including influenza, malaria, meningitis, and tuberculosis.

The Steam Engine Cars, airplanes, factories, trains, spacecraft—none of these transportation methods would have been possible if not for the early breakthrough of the steam engine. The first practical use of external combustion dates back to 1698, when Thomas Savery developed a steam-powered water pump. Steam engines were then perfected in the late 1700s by James Watt, and went on to fuel one of the most momentous technological leaps in human history during the Industrial Revolution. Throughout the 1800s external combustion allowed for exponential improvement in transportation, agriculture and manufacturing, and also powered the rise of world superpowers like Great Britain and the United States. Most important of all, the steam engine’s basic principle of energyinto-motion set the stage for later innovations like internal combustion engines and jet turbines, which prompted the rise of cars and aircraft during the 20th century.

The most important inventions in history

Developing Your Three Supporting Ideas DIRECTION Now that you have narrowed down the inventions to the top three most important ones of all time, brainstorm speciďŹ c reasons to support your choices. Your objective is to convince the reader to agree with your choices.

Draft One: 5-Paragraph Essay Template DIRECTION Fill in the outline below with your ideas for your “Most Important Invention of All Time” essay. [ Introductory Paragraph ] Introduce the topic by grabbing the audience’s attention ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Narrow the topic by leading into the thesis ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

1. Reason/Detail/Fact with Transition: _______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ [ Body Paragraph 2 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 71

1. Reason/Detail/Fact with Transition: _______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ [ Body Paragraph 3 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 72

1. Reason/Detail/Fact with Transition: _______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ [ Concluding Paragraph ] Summary Statement: ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 73

Opinion/Call to Action: ________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Edited Draft DIRECTION Using the teacher’s edits and comments above, rewrite your ﬁnal copy of the essay. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 75

____________________________________________________________________________________ 76

The Global Language â&#x153;&#x17D; Simple Future Tense

[ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Simple Future Tense will

going to Subject

Be-Verb

am (not)

You

are (not)

He / She It

is (not)

future verb

verb

will (not)

eat play read walk sing cook draw move

going to

We You

Subject

verb

are (not)

eat play read walk sing cook draw move

You He / She It We You They

They

Going to future facts

preconceived plans, arrangements,

• What are you going to do next year?

• He needs some tools. He’s going to ﬁx the car.

• He’s going to be 50 next spring

• I ﬁnished the milk, so I am going to buy some more.

predictions

intentions

• We’re going to miss the bus

• I am going to start a diet.

• You’re going to drop the glass, so be careful.

• I am not going to be rude again.

predictions when there is something in the present that indicates what will happen in the future • Look at the sky. There’s going to be a storm. ・Look at all those cars. We are going to be late.

DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks with the going to form of the simple future tense. 1. Oh look! It’s (snow) __________________________ soon. 2. Tonight we (have) __________________________ a birthday party for my brother. 3. Sponge Bob (work) __________________________ at the Crabby Patty tonight. 4. My friends (go) __________________________ to the movies tonight. 5. He (study) __________________________ will study for the test tonight. 6. Be careful! You (drop) __________________________ the dishes. 7. Look out! That dog (bite) __________________________ you if you get near him. 8. Next Saturday we (attend) __________________________ an NBA game. 9. My father (buy) __________________________ tickets tonight. 10. Later I (read) __________________________ a science ﬁction book on my e-reader. 80

Will future facts

predictions or opinions about the future

•He will be 50 next spring.

• We’ll miss the bus if we don’t hurry.

used for oﬀers, requests, promises

agreeing or refusing to do something

• I’ll help you carry those heavy bags.

• I like Bob. I will help him.

• Will you please lock the door?

• I’m mad at Bob. I won’t help him.

often used with: probably, I (don’t) think, I’m sure, maybe

deciding to do something at the time of speaking

• He’ll probably stay home tonight. ・I don’t think I’ll buy that.

• Q: Would you like tea or coﬀee?

• I’m sure you’ll like the movie. ・Maybe I’ll go to bed early.

• A: I’ll have tea, please.

DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks with the will form of the simple future tense. 1. Ring! Ring! I (answer) __________________________ it. 2. I think our team (win) __________________________ the match. 3. In 2055 robots (be) __________________________ the teachers. 4. I doubt that he (pass) __________________________ the English test. 5. I’m sure that you (find) __________________________ your lost ring. 6. I (help) __________________________ you carry your books. 7. I think the game (be) __________________________ at the Olympic arena. 8. The weather (be) ____________________ dreadful tomorrow, but I doubt that it (snow) __________________. 9. In 300 years people (travel) __________________________ with flying cars instead of airplanes. 10. I (lift) __________________________ that heavy box for you. 11. Schools (not use) ____________________ books. Instead they (use) ___________________ tablet computers. Present Continuous Plans already arranged (specific time or place) ・I am having dinner with my friends on Saturday. ・We are going back on 10th November.

DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks with the present continuous form of the simple future tense. 1. Peter and Susan (get) __________________________ married next June. 2. I (visit) __________________________ my grandparents next week. 3. My dad and I (watch) __________________________ the World Cup match later tonight. 4. We (play) __________________________ video games at Fred’s house today. 5. We (have) ______________________ a party on Saturday. All our friends (come) ________________________. 81

[ More Grammar Drills ] Simple Future Tense PART I: WARM UP DIRECTION Choose the suitable form of the simple future tense. 1. A: I’ve booked the tickets. I’m so happy I’m going to visit / I’ll visit my sister. B: When will you go / are you going? 2. A: I’m off to the shops. Do you want anything? B: Let me think … oh yes, I need some milk. A: OK, no problem, I’ll pop in / I’m going to pop in to the supermarket to buy some bread so I’ll get some while I’m there. 3. A: Does anyone want to come to the cinema with me tonight? B: Sure! I’m going to come / I’ll come with you. I haven’t got any plans for this evening. 4. A: What are you doing this weekend? B: I don’t know. Maybe I’m going to do / I’ll do some studying or I might not! A: I’ve got two tickets for a concert but can’t find anyone to go with me. B: I’ll / I’m going to come with you. That’s sounds much more fun than studying! 5. A: I have to go to town tomorrow and I think it’s going to / it will rain! B: I am not working tomorrow so I will / I am going to take you. 6. A: I haven’t got any money, I’ll have to go to the bank. B: I will / I am going to lend you some. 7. A: I left my homework diary in my locker yesterday and I’ve forgotten to do my English homework! B: Miss Smith said that homework was really important. She will / She is going to be angry.

PART II: COLLECTIVE REVIEW DIRECTION Fill in the blanks with a suitable form of the simple future tense: will, going to, or present continuous. 1. This food’s terrible! I (complain) ___________________ to the manager. What (you, tell) _______________________________ him? 2. Next summer, I (backpack) __________________________ around Europe. 3. They’re fighting. I (stop) ___________________ it. 4. Jack (come) _________________ back from Canada on Saturday. He (arrive) _________________ at the airport at 4.00. 5. We (get) ____________________________ married. Of course, we haven’t fixed the date yet. 6. I (play) _____________________ for the first team on Saturday. Oh, Who (you, play) _____________________ against? 7. During summer vacation we (go) __________________________ swimming every day. 8. Hurry up! We (miss) ______________________ the train. 9. Three-nil, with two minutes to go. We (win) ________________________. 10.Perhaps it (rain) ________________________ tomorrow. 11. In the next century, most people (probably, live) ________________________ in big cities. 12. Jean (learn) ________________________ to drive and then she (buy) ________________________ a car. 13. Look out! The coconut (fall) ________________________ on your head! 14. I (have) ________________________ a party, so I have to go to the market to buy some food. 15. I have failed this time. But be sure I (pass) ________________________ all the subjects next term. 16. I can’t go dancing tomorrow night because I (have) ________________________ dinner with some friends. 17. A: What are your plans for the Easter holiday? I (spend) ________________________ a few days on the mountains. 18. A: Mary (buy) ________________________ a dog next week. B: Really? What (she, call) ________________________ it? 83

19. A: There isn’t any butter left. B: Don’t worry. I (go) ________________________ and buy some. 20. A: Where is the calculator? I can’t find it. B: I (lend) ________________________ you mine. Here you are. 21. Have you heard the news? Harry (join) ________________________ the army. 22. According to the weather forecast, it (snow) ________________________ tomorrow. 23. Careful! You (knock) ________________________ that vase off the table! 24. In fifty years’ time, most people (probably, ride) ________________________ bicycles to work. 25. Our teacher (give) ________________________ us a test tomorrow. 26. I (go) ________________________ to Manchester at the end of next week. 27. Look out! You (hit) ________________________ that tree! 28. A: What is Helen’s address? B: I (look) ________________________ it up in my dairy. 29. I think our team (probably, win) ____________________________________. 30. I (go) ________________________ climbing next weekend. Would you like to come? 31. The boat is turning over! It (sink) ___________________________________. 32. A: I’m hot. B: I (open) ___________________ the window. The air outside (be) ___________________ fresh.

Vocabulary Resource (WSJ) ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

tongue (n)

a spoken language English is my native tongue.

degree (n)

an amount or level that can be measured or compared to another amount or level We don't yet know the degree to which the roof is damaged.

premature (adj)

happening too soon or earlier than usual His retirement seems premature because he is only 50.

days are numbered (idiom)

someone or something will not exist for much longer With the growing popularity of hybrid cars, the days of large gas-guzzling cars are numbered.

vast (adj)

as opposed to (v)

protest (v)

economic (adj)

might (n)

entrenched (adj)

notorious (adj)

well-known or famous especially for something bad The coach is notoriously diﬃcult to talk to when he is in a bad moon.

embrace (v)

to accept (something or someone) readily or gladly These new ideas have been widely embraced by the scientiﬁc community.

approachability (n)

intact (adj)

associate (v)

generation (n)

very great in size, amount, or extent Argentina has a vast expanse of land that is perfect for cattle raising. distinguished from or in contrast with The arthur’s second book was very serious as opposed to his first book which was humorous. to show or express strong disagreement with or disapproval of something There is no use protesting because my mom will not change her mind. relating to the system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought The country's economic growth was based on exports. power to do something : force or strength America has been the leader of military might. (of an attitude, habit, or belief) firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change Computers are now an entrenched part of modern life.

the attribute of being easy to meet or deal with The approachability of the school principal makes him likable by all of the students. not broken or damaged : having every part Even though the American lived in France for twenty years, his English remained intact. to think of one person or thing when you think of another person or thin People associate Samsung with televisions and mobile phones but it makes appliances too. a group of people born and living during the same time The older generation have a hard time understanding the younger generation. 85

What the World Will Speak in 2115 A century from now, expect fewer but simpler languages on every continent By JOHN H. MCWHORTER Jan. 2, 2015 11:35 a.m. ET

Two thousand years ago, English was the unwritten tongue of Iron Age tribes in Denmark. No one then living could have dreamed that English would be spoken today, to some degree, by almost two billion people, on its way to being spoken by every third person on the planet. Fears that English will become the world’s only language are premature. But the days when English shared the planet with thousands of other languages are numbered. A traveler to the future, a century from now, is likely to notice two things about the language landscape of Earth. One, there will be vastly fewer languages. Two, languages will often be less complicated than they are today—especially in how they are spoken as opposed to how they are written. Some may protest that it is not English but Mandarin Chinese that will eventually become the world’s language, because of the size of the Chinese population and the increasing economic might of their nation. But that’s unlikely. For one, English happens to have gotten there first. It is now so deeply entrenched in print, education and media that switching to anything else would entail an enormous effort. Also, the tones of Chinese are extremely difficult to learn beyond childhood, and truly mastering the writing system virtually requires having been born to it. In the past, of course, notoriously challenging languages such as Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Arabic, Russian and even Chinese have been embraced by vast numbers of people. But now that English has settled in, its approachability as compared with Chinese will discourage its replacement. Many a world power has ruled without spreading its language, and just as the Mongols and Manchus once ruled China while leaving Chinese intact, if the Chinese rule the world, they will likely do so in English. Yet more to the point, by 2115, it’s possible that only about 600 languages will be left on the planet as opposed to today’s 6,000. Languages spoken by smaller groups will be the first to go. It is easy for speakers to associate larger languages with opportunity and smaller ones with backwardness, and therefore to stop speaking smaller ones to their children. But unless the language is written, once a single generation no longer passes it on to children, it is all but lost.

Vocabulary Resource (WaPo) ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

a form of a language from an area that uses its own words, grammar, and pronunciation The Scottish dialect of English is diﬃcult for even Americans to understand.

dialect (n)

linguistic (adj)

origins (n)

the point or place where something begins or is created The story of Cinderella had its origin from France.

native (adj)

belonging to a person since birth or childhood (always used before a noun) Maria speaks English, but it's not her native language.

dominate (v)

vary (v)

take into account (idiom)

demographic (adj)

foreigners (n)

conduct (v)

organize and carry out Scientists are conducting research to discover a car that uses water power instead of gas.

analyze (v)

to study (something) closely and carefully The doctor analyzed the test results to see what was causing the patient’s illness.

rankings (n)

a list of people or things that are ordered according to their quality, ability, size, etc. The team is currently ﬁfth in the world soccer rankings.

lose ground (v)

inﬂuence (n)

the power to change or aﬀect someone or something The singer’s inﬂuence has declined since he hasn’t made new music in ten years.

politically (adv)

involving, concerned with the government Teenagers become politically active when they are 18 years old because they can now vote.

ﬂuent (adj)

of or relating to language; the scientiﬁc study of language When we are babies, linguistic development happens naturally and passively.

to be most common Deserts dominate in the northern part of Africa. to be different or to become different The cost of a room at the hotel varies with the season. to consider something to be an important factor in some decision We will take your long years of service into account when we make our final decision. relating to the study of changes that occur in large groups of people over a period of time The demographic information shows that the population increased faster than expected. a person who is from a country that is not your own The foreigner walked into the tourist office to get a map.

to fall behind someone or something Gasoline car sales are losing ground since many hybrid cars were introduced to the market.

able to speak a language easily and very well She speaks ﬂuent Spanish and a little French.

The future of language By Rick Noack September 24, 2015

The Chinese dialects combined already have more native speakers than any other language, followed by Hindi and Urdu, which have the same linguistic origins in northern India. English comes next with 527 million native speakers. Arabic is spoken by nearly 100 million more native speakers than Spanish, which has 389 million speakers. Which languages will dominate the future? Predictions vary, depending on your location and purpose. But here are a few ways to approach this question.

You want to make money in growth markets? These will be your languages. In a recent U.K.-focused report, the British Council, a think tank, identified more than 20 growth markets and their main languages. The report features languages spoken in the so-called BRIC countries — Brazil, Russia, India, China — that are usually thought to be the world's biggest growing economies. "Spanish and Arabic score particularly highly on this study," the British Council report concluded for the U.K. However, when taking into account the demographic trends until 2050 as laid out by the United Nations, the result is very different. Hindi, Bengali, Urdu and Indonesian will dominate much of the business world by 2050, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian. If you want to get the most out of your language course, studying one of the languages listed above is probably a safe bet. Of course, demographic developments are hard to predict. Also, Arabic and Chinese, for instance, have many dialects and local versions, which could make it harder for foreigners to communicate. Despite all that, the chart above gives a broad look into which linguistic direction the business world is developing: away from Europe and North America, and more toward Asia and the Middle East.

You want to speak to as many people as possible? How about Chinese, Spanish or French? 88

German linguistic expert Ulrich Ammon, who conducted a 15-year-long study, recently released a summary of his research. In his book, Ammon analyzes the languages with the most native speakers and the most language learners around the world. Here's his top three of the languages you should learn if you want to use the language as often as possible, everywhere in the world. If you do not have time, however, don't worry too much: English will continue to top all rankings in the near future, according to Ammon. 1. Chinese. "Although Chinese has three times more native speakers than English, it's still not as evenly spread over the world," Ammon said. "Moreover, Chinese is only rarely used in sciences and difficult to read and write." 2. Spanish. Spanish makes up for a lack of native speakers — compared with China — by being particularly popular as a second language, taught in schools around the world, Ammon said. 3. French. "French has lost grounds in some regions and especially in Europe in the last decades," Ammon explained. "French, however, could gain influence again if west Africa where it is frequently spoken, were to become more politically stable and economically attractive." A 2014 study by the investment bank Natixis even predicted that French would become the world's most widely spoken language by 2050. The authors of the study referred to were demographic growth prospects in Africa. "French is also widespread in many smaller countries," Ammon said. However, the study did not take into account a significant fact: Not everyone who lives in countries where French is spoken is actually fluent in French.

Vocabulary Resource (Forbes) ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

a group of people who have been given the oﬃcial job of ﬁnding information about something or controlling something The state set up commissions to examine their public schools to see what could be improved.

commission (n)

mandatory (adj)

attained (v)

regressed (v)

polyglot (n)

superstate (n)

principal (adj)

most important My principal reason for moving is to have a shorter drive to work.

ally (v)

a country that supports and helps another country The United States has been the principal ally for many countries.

export (v)

to send a product to be sold in another country In the Middle East, there are many countries that export oil to the U.S.

board (n)

a group of people who manage or direct a company or organization The bank's board of directors decided they would ﬁre the CEO and look for a new one.

inevitable (adj)

subcontinent (n)

reforms (n)

promulgated (v)

administration (n)

passport (n)

required by a law or rule The mandatory ﬁne for littering is $200. to accomplish or achieve (something) : to succeed in getting or doing (something) Her knnee injury kept her from attaining her goal of competing in the Olympics. to return to an earlier and usually worse or less developed condition or state The patient’s health is regressing, so the doctor will try another method. knowing or using several languages The average person from Luxembourg is a polyglot speaking Luxembourgish, French, German, and English. a large and powerful state or union formed from a federation of nations The European superstate is made up of 28 nations.

sure to happen The inevitable result of sleeping late on a school night is that you are tired the next day. a large area of land that is a part of a continent — used especially to refer to the area that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh The Indian subcontinent is situated on the plate between the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean. an action, plan, rule, etc., that is meant to improve something The president has proposed a list of political reforms to strengthen the military . to make (a new law) known oﬃcially and publicly The law was promulgated in April 1988. the activities that relate to running a company, school, or other organization The hospital administration helps new patients make appointments with doctors. something that allows a person to achieve something Education can be a passport to a successful future. 90

aﬄuence (n)

the state of having a great deal of money; wealth Through hard word and deternination, Oprah rose from poverty to aﬄuence.

populous (adj)

having a large population California is the most populous state in the U.S.

predominantly (adv)

follow suit (v)

to follow in the same pattern; to follow someone else's example If other stores lower their prices, we'll have to follow suit or we will lose a lot of business.

relegation (n)

to put (someone or something) in a lower or less important position, rank, etc. The team's best player’s relegation to a backup role resulted because of injuries.

high stakes (n)

mainly; for the most part. The people in warmer areas are predominantly older.

important consequences from its outcome There are high stakes involved in the new product launch since the company is struggling ﬁnancially.

Must the Whole World Speak English? By Paul Johnson, Contributor 11/29/2004 @ 12:00AM

The French educational world is shaken up by a report on the future of its school system. A commission headed by education expert Claude Thélot has recommended that the teaching of English be mandatory in all French schools and that it be given the same importance as the French language and mathematics. The commission takes the position that English is now the “language of international communication” and that French young people must be taught to speak and write it fluently. Another report on the level of knowledge of English attained by youngsters in eight European countries gives France the lowest rating, claiming the French actually regressed between 1996 and 2002. The Spanish, traditionally the least polyglot of western European nationalities, are now doing better than the French. Under a 1990 law, all Spanish schoolchildren are now taught a foreign language (98% choose English) from the age of 8 and in some regions start at 6. Must not a superstate of a group of nations have a common language? The Germans, the principal allies of the French in the EU, have allowed English to replace French as their country’s second language in schools and in business. Indeed, some German firms with big export interests already hold board meetings in English. They find it “more convenient.” That is also an increasing practice in Sweden and the Netherlands.

The Inevitable Spread As for the further spread of English, much will depend on what happens in India, a subcontinent of countless languages and dialects. The British promoted Hindi as a common language for India. But under mid-19th-century reforms, English was promulgated as the language of administration. Educated Indians today speak and write English fluently, and it is spreading faster in India than in any other country. Indians, even those from poor families, recognize English to be their passport to affluence. Today millions earn their living by speaking English. India will soon be the world’s most populous country. By 2050 India, with a population of 1.6 billion, will have overtaken China (1.4 billion). If India becomes a predominantly English-speaking country, as I expect will happen, China will have to follow suit or risk relegation. There are high stakes in the global language game. But there’s not much we can do about it. Events will take their course. Everyone should calm down–and learn English.

Vocabulary Resource (Forbes) ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

the work of maintaining good relations between the governments of diﬀerent countries The two countries avoided a war by successfully resolving the issues through diplomacy.

diplomacy (n)

Anglosphere (n)

lingua franca (n)

institution (n)

retain (v)

to continue to have or use (something) They immigrated to a new country and still retained their traditions from their home country.

cachet (n)

used to say that someone or something is liked or respected by people Giving up your seat for the elderly has always had social cachet.

projection (n)

an estimate or forecast of a future situation or trend based on a study of present ones The sales projection for the gaming company is positive since they will launch a new game.

moot (v)

subject to debate, dispute, or uncertainty, and typically not admitting of a ﬁnal decision The captain and the coach mooted over the team roster for the game.

excruciatingly (adv)

slide (adj)

predominant (adj)

the countries where English is the main native language, considered collectively The origin of Anglosphere traces back to England. a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are diﬀerent English in the lingua franca in many countries that are involved in trade. a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose Many art institutions promote free visits for children in order to expose them to the arts.

in a way that is mentally agonizing Getting a wisdom tooth pulled out can be excruciatingly painful. a decline in value or quality The country’s economic slide was caused by a decrease in international trade. having or exerting control or power Social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Snap Chat and Instagram have become a predominant communication tool of modern times.

Want To Know The Language Of The Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry , CONTRIBUTOR MAR 21, 2014 @ 05:10 AM

For many centuries, France was the official language of culture and learning. It was the language of diplomacy and arts. In short, if you wanted to be educated, you had to speak French. Things have changed a lot since then. With the decline of France and the rise of the Anglosphere, English is now the world’s lingua franca. But French remains an official language in many international institutions, from the UN to the European Union to the Olympics Committee (founded by a Frenchman), and learning French still retains some cachet. French may be a beautiful language, but few would argue it’s the most useful, and almost nobody would argue it’s the language of the future. Here’s the thing: the data suggests that French language just might be the language of the future. French isn’t mostly spoken by French people, and hasn’t been for a long time now. The language is growing fast, and growing in the fastest-growing areas of the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The latest projection is that French will be spoken by 750 million people by 2050. A study by investment bank Natixis even suggests that by that time, French could be the most-spoken language in the world, ahead of English and even Mandarin. But the point still stands: French is still a fast-growing, global language. The other mooted language of the future, Mandarin, despite being excruciatingly hard to learn for most Westerners, will probably not be that given China’s certain demographic slide. Meanwhile, French will be present on all continents, and particularly predominant in a continent that, by 2050, should be a fast-growing economic powerhouse–Africa. If you were to pick a language of the future, you could do a lot worse.

Vocabulary Resource (NY Times) ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

to be very successful for a limited period of time. Even though the athlete has retired. he is still riding the crest of popularity.

ride the crest (idiom)

dominate (v)

linguist (n)

dethrone (v)

to remove from power Last year’s champion were dethroned this year by our team.

evolution (n)

a process of slow change and development The actor’s evolution from a commercial actor to an award-winning actor took just ﬁve years.

take its course (idiom)

skepticism (n)

minority (adj)

drastically (adv)

in a extreme or serious manner After all the gold was mined from the hills, the town's population declined drastically.

precedent (n)

something done or said that can be used as an example or rule to be followed in the future The doctor’s surgery recommendation to his patient was based on precedent of another surgery.

unequivocal (adj)

very strong and clear : not showing or allowing any doubt When I asked her if she wanted to join the soccer team, her answer was an unequivocal yes.

mechanism (n)

a natural or established process by which something takes place or is brought about The SAT is a mechanism for evaluating a student’s abilities to enter an American university.

uproot (v)

millennium (n)

degree (n)

endeavor (n)

to be much more powerful or successful than others Apple has dominated the smart phone market for years. a person who studies linguistics/language Some linguists also study how emojis aﬀect language.

complete its natural development without interference The greenhouse eﬀect will take its course unless we do something about it. an attitude of doubting the truth of something (such as a claim or statement) I listened to his claims with skepticism because I didn’t think it would happen. a number or amount that is less than half of a total Alan got only a minority of the votes, so he lost the election.

to remove completely The idea to build a park in the city was uprooted when the city ran out of money. a period of 1000 years Dinosaurs ﬁrst appeared about 230,000 millenniums ago. an amount or level that can be measured or compared to another amount or level We don't yet know the degree to which the roof is damaged from the storm. a serious eﬀort or attempt She is involved in several artistic endeavors until she realized music was her true passion.

to make (something, such as a position of power or control) stronger or more secure The team consolidated their lead by scoring another home run.

consolidate (v)

store (v)

to place (information) in a person's memory or a computer's memory Some people are better at storing information, and those are the ones who d well on tests.

intertwine (v)

to be or become very closely involved with each other My neighbor moved away ten years ago, but our paths intertwined when we ended up at the same university.

informatics (n)

invade (v)

fragment (v)

to break or to cause (something) to break into parts or pieces They are fragmenting the class into two separate ones since there are so many students.

full-ﬂedge (adj)

fully developed The two country argued for years and it grew into a full-ﬂedged war.

vernacular (n)

the language of ordinary speech rather than formal writing Peter’s parents didn’t understand him when he spoke in the vernacular of an urban teenager.

literacy (n)

the ability to read and write The elementary school’s goal is to achieve basic literacy in the student body by the age of 9.

diversiﬁcation (n)

entrench (v)

to place (someone or something) in a very strong position that cannot easily be changed Respecting the elders is an philosophy that is deeply entrenched in Korean culture.

oﬀspring (n)

the product or result of something Rock and roll is the oﬀspring of many other musical styles like jazz and blues.

consolidate (v)

to join or combine together into one thing We consolidated two classes into one big group for the Christmas musical.

successive (adj)

following one after the other in a series : following each other without interruption It snowed for three successive days.

virtual (adj)

presence (n)

phenomenon (n)

the science of processing data for storage and retrieval He is studying informatics at the university. to enter (a place) in large numbers The ants invaded the kitchen

the process of becoming varied The diversiﬁcation of England’s population resulted from their colonial history.

existing or occurring on computers or on the Internet There was a website with a virtual library. the fact of being in a particular place : the state of being present His very presence on the basketball court intimidated the other team. something (such as an interesting fact or event) that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or diﬃcult to understand or explain fully He is interested in the phenomenon of earthquakes.

to think of one person or thing when you think of another person or thing I associate ďŹ&#x201A;owers with spring.

associate (v)

origin (n)

colonize (v)

domesticate (v)

to take (something foreign) for oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own use or purpose Pizza has been domesticated by many countries to match their own food culture.

commanding (adj)

having a powerful or important quality that attracts attention, respect, etc. The coach has a very commanding voice.

automatic (adj)

the point or place where something begins or is created : the source or cause of something The origin of french fries is Belgium. to take control of (an area) and send people to live there England colonized Australia in the 1700s.

having controls that allow something to work or happen without being directly controlled by a person That store has automatic doors so when you walk near it, it opens.

Across cultures, English is the word By SETH MYDANS APRIL 9, 2007 SINGAPORE â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Riding the crest of globalization and technology, English dominates the world as no language ever has, and some linguists are now saying it may never be dethroned as the king of languages. Some insist that linguistic evolution will continue to take its course over the centuries and that English could eventually die as a common language as Latin did, or Phoenician or Sanskrit or Sogdian before it. That skepticism seems to be a minority view. Experts on the English language like David Crystal, author of "English as a Global Language," say the world has changed so drastically that history is no longer a guide. "This is the first time we actually have a language spoken almost globally by every country in the world," he said. "There are no precedents to help us see what will happen." John McWhorter, a linguist at the Manhattan Institute, a research group in New York, and the author of a history of language called "The Power of Babel," was more unequivocal. "English is dominant in a way that no language has ever been before," he said. "It is vastly unclear to me what actual mechanism could uproot English given conditions as they are." As a new millennium begins, scholars say that about one-fourth of the world's population can communicate to some degree in English. It is the common language in almost every endeavor, from science to air traffic control. It has consolidated its dominance as the language of the Internet, where 80 percent of the world's electronically stored information is in English, according to David Graddol, a linguist and researcher. There may be more native speakers of Chinese, Spanish or Hindi, but it is English they speak when they talk across cultures, and English they teach their children to help them become citizens of an increasingly intertwined world. At telephone call centers around the world, the symbol of a globalized workplace, the language spoken is English. On the radio, pop music carries the sounds of English to almost every corner of the earth. "English has become the second language of everybody," said Mark Warschauer, a professor of education and informatics at the University of California, Irvine. "It's gotten to the point where almost in any part of the world to be educated means to know English." In some places, he said, English has invaded the workplace along with the global economy. Some Swedish companies, for example, use English within the workplace, even though they are in Sweden, because so much of their business is done, through the Internet and other communications, with the outside world. 98

As English continues to spread, the linguists say, it is fragmenting, as Latin did, into a family of dialects - and perhaps eventually fully fledged languages - known as Englishes. New vernaculars have emerged in such places as Singapore, Nigeria and the Caribbean, although widespread literacy and mass communication may be slowing the natural process of diversification. But unlike Latin and other former common languages, most scholars say English seems to be too widespread and too deeply entrenched to die out. Instead, it is likely to survive in some simplified international form - sometimes called Globish or World Standard Spoken English - side by side with its offspring. English and globalization have spread hand in hand through the world, Warschauer said. "Having a global language has helped globalization, and globalization has consolidated the global language," he said. That process started with the dominance of two successive English-speaking empires, British and American, and continues today with the new virtual empire of the Internet. Although Chinese and other languages are rapidly increasing their share of Internet traffic, English is likely to remain the common language, experts say. "Estonian has an amazing Web presence," McWhorter said. But when Estonians speak on the Internet with people outside their small country, they will continue to use English. In a phenomenon never seen before, Crystal said, English is spoken in some form by three times as many nonnative speakers as native speakers. The teaching of English has become a multibillion-dollar industry, and according to Graddol, nearly one-third of the world's population will soon be studying English. By the most common estimates, 400 million people speak English as a first language, another 300 million to 500 million as a fluent second language, and perhaps 750 million as a foreign language. The largest English-speaking nation in the world, the United States, has only about 20 percent of the world's English speakers. In Asia alone, an estimated 350 million people speak English, about the same as the combined English-speaking populations of Britain, the United States and Canada. Thus the English language no longer "belongs" to its native speakers but to the world, just as organized soccer, say, is an international sport that is no longer associated with its origins in Britain. "The people who were once colonized by the language are now rapidly remaking it, domesticating it, becoming more and more relaxed about the way they use it," wrote the Indian author Salman Rushdie in an essay in 1991. But in the end, Ostler said, all of this could become moot. The advance of technology that helped push English into its commanding position could pull it down again. Though it still sounds like science fiction, it seems likely that some time, many decades from now, a machine will be perfected that can produce Urdu when it hears someone speaking German. "With progress, the problem of machine translation and automatic interpreting is going to be solved," Ostler said, "and the need for a common language is going to be technically replaced."

What will be the most important language for the future?

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[ Body Paragraph 1 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

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[ Body Paragraph 2 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

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[ Body Paragraph 3 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain: _____________________________________________________________________________

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[ Concluding Paragraph ] Summary Statement: ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Music Education ✎ Conjunctions ✎ Compound Sentences ✎ Complex Sentences

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[ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Conjunction + Compound & Complex Sentences I. SIMPLE SENTENCE contains one subject and one predicate to form one complete thought. (S + V) Philip walked to school. Phillip and Kelli walked to school together. Phillip walked and skipped to school. II. COMPOUND SENTENCE formed by joining two simple sentences, which contains two subjects and two predicates and it combined by a conjunc3on (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet and So). It contains two complete thoughts. (S + V), conjuncWon (S + V) A blizzard struck our town. School was canceled. ➠ A blizzard struck our town, so school was canceled. The teacher had a headache. She s3ll taught class. ➠ The teacher had a headache, but she s3ll taught class. We are having a party. My friends are invited. ➠ We are having a party, and my friends are invited. He didn’t eat his vegetable. His sister didn’t eat her vegetable. ➠ He didn’t eat his vegetable, nor did his sister. He has lived in France for ten years. He doesn’t speak French. ➠ He has lived in France for ten years, yet he doesn’t speak French.

DIRECTION Combine the sentences using a conjunction. 1. I like football, _______________ I don’t like basketball. ________________________________________________________________________________

2. The children come home at ﬁve o’clock, ____________ they start their homework a`er dinner. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

3. Paul missed his ﬂight, _____________ he woke up too late. ________________________________________________________________________________

4. I went to bed late last night, ___________ I couldn’t get up in the morning. ________________________________________________________________________________ 112

5. He didn’t clean his room, ___________ did he clean his room. ________________________________________________________________________________

6. My brother runs ﬁve miles before breakfast, ___________ he goes swimming every evening. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

7. I’ve got a cat, ___________ I haven’t got a dog. ________________________________________________________________________________

8. You can go to the park, ___________ you can go to the beach. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

9. We’ve lost the 3ckets, ___________ we can’t go to the concert. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

10. I can’t speak Italian, ___________ I can speak Spanish. ________________________________________________________________________________

11. She hurt her leg, ___________ she managed to walk one mile. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

12. He is not going to go to school, ___________ he is feeling sick. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

13. I don’t want to be late for school, ___________ I really have to go now. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

14. My father likes playing tennis, ___________ he doesn’t enjoy watching it. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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III. COMPLEX SENTENCE feature an independent clause (complete sentence) and one or more dependent clauses-- a group of words that cannot stand alone as a sentence such as:

▻ because I arrived late ▻ while he waited at the sta3on ▻ a`er they le` on the bus Dependent clauses begin with subordina3ng conjunc3ons, which makes clear which ideas are most important. Subordina3ng conjunc3ons tell where, when, why, how, or under what condi3on. Below are some of the most common ones. TIME

CAUSE & EFFECT

CONTRAST

CONDITION

OTHER

after

because

although

whenever

before

since

though

whether or not

wherever

when

now that

even though

even if

which

while

whereas

unless

who

since

while

only if

to (purpose)

until

but

in case (that)

as soon as

in spite of

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause. Conversely, you can begin with the independent clauses first, followed by the dependent clause. *NOTE: It only needs a comma when the subordina3ng conjunc3on begins the sentence. Mike washed the dishes. I made dinner. [1] (subordinaWng conjuncWon + S + V), + (S + V) ➠ Since I made dinner, Mike washed the dishes. [2] (S + V) + (subordinaWng conjuncWon + S + V) ➠ Mike washed the dishes since I made dinner. Complex sentences are oèn more effec3ve than compound sentences because a complex sentence indicates clearer and more specific rela3onships between the main parts of the sentence. DIRECTION Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunc3on.

1. [ TIME ] as soon as ◇ before ◇ a`er ◇ when ◇ while a. I always eat local food _________________________ I’m visi3ng foreign countries. b. We had lunch at KFC _________________________ visi3ng the museum. c. _________________________ she was watching TV, she heard a noise. d. _________________________ they had dinner, they went to the café. e. _________________________ he saw her, he smiled at her.

2. [ CONTRAST ] while ◇ even though ◇ although ◇ whereas ◇ in spite of 114

a. He always carries his umbrella _________________________ the weather is ﬁne. b. She couldn’t get the job _________________________ her college degree. c. My mom wakes up at dawn _______________________ the rest of the family wakes up at 8. d. Mary loves to play soccer _________________________ her brother likes to watch it.

e. _________________________ John didn’t study hard, he did very well on the test.

3. [ CAUSE & EFFECT ] as ◇ if ◇ because ◇ since ◇ now that a. Lots of children like the Harry PoYer books _____________________ they’re funny and exci3ng. b. _________________________ you are 18 years old, you can vote. c. She gave up smoking _________________________ it was damaging her health. d. I won’t walk my dog today _________________________ it’s raining a lot. e. _________________________ you don’t study, you’ll fail.

4. [ CONDITION ] unless ◇ whether ◇ if ◇ in case ◇ or ◇ whether ◇ if a. Take your umbrella _________________________ it rains. b. _________________________ you go to the market, please buy some milk. c. _________________________ he comes, no one can drive us. d. _________________________ it rains, the World Cup match will take place. e. I must study hard, _________________________ I will fail my exam. f. _________________________ you are coming or not, I am s3ll going to Amy's party. g. _______________________ you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework.

5. [ OTHER ] who ◇ to ◇ which ◇ to ◇ when a. I go to the cinema _______________________ relax. b. _______________________ I saw Mary, she was at the cinema. c. They buy a newspaper _______________________ know what’s going on in the world. d. Mrs. Johnson is the teacher _______________________ tells the best stories. e. That was the book _______________________ made the students laugh the most.

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[ More Grammar Drills ] Conjunction + Compound & Complex Sentences DIRECTION Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence.

1. Because / Although it was raining, I didn't get wet. 2. Since / Whereas my sister likes international travel, I prefer domestic vacations. 3. I don't drink coffee although / as it makes me nervous. 4. Paula got the job as / even though she had no experience. 5. Jerry passed the exam the first time as / while I had to retake it three times. 6. I will be late today because / though my car has broken down. 7. Whereas / Since Maria doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada. 8. Although / Whereas I had seen that movie three times, I watched it again. 9. Because / Before you go to the beach, call your brother. 10. Whenever / While she calls me, I feel happy. 11. I like to drink orange juice for breakfast though / whereas my sister likes to drink milk. DIRECTION Rewrite the sentences using the given connector. 1. It was raining at the soccer match, but the audience enjoyed the game. Despite ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Unless we hurry, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be late for school. If __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Although Harry doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cook well, everyone ate what he made for dinner. In spite of ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. She knew it would rain tomorrow, because she saw the weather report on the news. Since ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 116

5. Music is considered a way to relieve stress even though it doesn’t work for everyone. Though ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. If he doesn’t tell me the truth; I won’t be able to help. Unless _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. After I do my homework, I will watch TV. Before _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ DIRECTION Choose from among the subordinating conjunctions to complete each sentence. to

unless

after

While

because

since

1. Thomas needs to see a doctor _________________ his hasn’t stopped coughing for days. 2. The police can't arrest the suspect _________________ they have more evidence. 3. ______________ she was talking on the phone, her kids were making a mess in their room. 4. I will go to school early _________________ study before the test. 5. _________________ she got home from soccer practice, she took a shower. 6. She moved to New York _________________ there are more job opportunities. 7. You can borrow my car _________________ you agree to be very careful with it. until

as soon as

while

although

whereas

even if

Despite

8. _________________ he is the shortest on the basketball team, he is the best player. 9. Ronald is going to finish his homework _________________ it takes him all night. 10. _________________ he finds his phone, he will call his mom. 11. _________________ the fact that she scared of snakes, she wants to go to the Amazon. 12. My brother was singing loudly _________________ my mom told him to stop. 13. Paul likes to play soccer _________________ his twin brother likes to play basketball. 14. My mom listened to the radio _________________ she was driving. 117

Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

bound (adj)

destined or likely to have a speciﬁed experience The sailors were bound for disaster as the violent storm moved in.

excel (v)

be exceptionally good at or proﬁcient in an activity or subject Tom’s father was a football coach which had a hand in helping him excel at football.

facilitate (v)

make (an action or process) easy or easier The college has career counselors who help facilitate job searches for the graduating students.

inevitably (adv)

as is certain to happen; unavoidably Since we woke up late, we were inevitably late for the meeting.

simultaneously (adv)

decode (v)

analyze and interpret (a verbal or nonverbal communication or image) I decoded my brother’s silence as him wanting to be left alone for awhile.

enhance (v)

intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of Computers have enhanced our means of communication.

indicate (v)

be a sign or symptom of; strongly imply An increase in membership at the YMCA indicated that many kids were interested in sports.

imprint (v)

ﬁx (an idea) ﬁrmly in someone's mind A love of animals was imprinted in Bob’s mind after he went on a African safari.

psychological (adj)

exposure (n)

experience of something His exposure to the ocean from a young age inspired him to become a marine biologist.

indicate (v)

be a sign or symptom of; strongly imply Tom’s high fever indicated that he had the ﬂu.

neuroscience (n)

neural (adj)

curriculum (n)

discrimination (n)

at the same time He simultaneously cooked dinner while watching TV, and inevitably burned the chicken.

of, aﬀecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and emotional state of a person The victim of the robbery had sustained physical and psychological damage.

any of the sciences that deal with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain Neuroscience research has uncovered many treatments for brain diseases like tumors and cancer. of or relating to a nerve or the nervous Hank sustained neural injuries when he broke his arm which eﬀected his ability to sense things with his right hand. the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college The teacher made a new creative writing curriculum. recognition and understanding of the diﬀerence between one thing and another The chef could make the discrimination between a good dish and the perfect dish. 118

relating to muscular movement or the nerves activating it The painter had such ﬁne motor skills and could create the most accurate details on his artwork.

motor (adj)

philanthropic (adj)

spatial (adj)

engineering (n)

standardized (adj)

recall (v)

bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind, esp. so as to recount it to others I didn’t recall what my mom had asked me to buy at the market, so I called her to ask.

cognitive (adj)

of or relating to the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses Our cognitive development is eﬀected by what we learn at home, school and social settings.

proﬁciency (n)

enrich (v)

improve or enhance the quality or value of Helen’s piano lessons enriched her appreciation for classical music.

appetite (n)

a strong desire or liking for something The scientist had an appetite for ﬁnding and discovering answers.

(of a person or organization) seeking to promote the welfare of others, esp. by donating money to good causes Bill Gates has started a philanthropic organization focusing on education in the U.S. and diseases in Africa. of or relating to space; of or relating to facility in perceiving relations (as of objects) in space The spatial dimensions of the room make it too small for the furnitures to ﬁt in there. the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures Mechanical engineering deals with the movement of machines to do work. to make alike or matching a model There is a standardized training that all military personnel have to follow during bootcamp.

a high degree of competence or skill His proﬁciency with computers helped him get a job at Google.

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The Benefits of Music Education By Laura Lewis Brown Whether your child is the next Beyonce or more likely to sing her solos in the shower, she is bound to benefit from some form of music education. Research shows that learning the do-re-mis can help children excel in ways beyond the basic ABCs. More Than Just Music Research has found that learning music facilitates learning other subjects and enhances skills that children inevitably use in other areas. Making music involves more than the voice or fingers playing an instrument; a child learning about music has to tap into multiple skill sets, often simultaneously. For instance, people use their ears and eyes, as well as large and small muscles, says Kenneth Guilmartin, cofounder of Music Together, an early childhood music development program for infants through kindergarteners. Language Development “When you look at children ages two to nine, one of the breakthroughs in that area is music’s benefit for language development, which is so important at that stage,” says Luehrisen. While children come into the world ready to decode sounds and words, music education helps enhance those natural abilities. According to the Children’s Music Workshop, the effect of music education on language development can be seen in the brain. “Recent studies have clearly indicated that musical training physically develops the part of the left side of the brain known to be involved with processing language, and can actually connect the brain’s circuits in specific ways. Linking familiar songs to new information can also help imprint information on young minds,” the group claims. Increased IQ A study by E. Glenn Schellenberg at the University of Toronto at Mississauga, as published in a 2004 issue of Psychological Science, found a small increase in the IQs of six-year-olds who were given weekly voice and piano lessons. Schellenberg provided nine months of piano and voice lessons to a dozen six-yearolds, drama lessons (to see if exposure to arts in general versus just music had an effect) to a second group of six-year-olds, and no lessons to a third group. The children’s IQs were tested before entering the first grade, then again before entering the second grade. 120

Surprisingly, the children who were given music lessons over the school year tested on average three IQ points higher than the other groups. The drama group didn’t have the same increase in IQ, but did experience increased social behavior benefits not seen in the music-only group. The Brain Works Harder Research indicates the brain of a musician, even a young one, works differently than that of a nonmusician. “There’s some good neuroscience research that children involved in music have larger growth of neural activity than people not in music training. When you’re a musician and you’re playing an instrument, you have to be using more of your brain,” says Dr. Eric Rasmussen, chair of the Early Childhood Music Department at the Peabody Preparatory of The Johns Hopkins University, where he teaches a specialized music curriculum for children aged two months to nine years. In fact, a study led by Ellen Winner, professor of psychology at Boston College, and Gottfried Schlaug, professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, found changes in the brain images of children who underwent 15 months of weekly music instruction and practice. The students in the study who received music instruction had improved sound discrimination and fine motor tasks, and brain imaging showed changes to the networks in the brain associated with those abilities, according to the Dana Foundation, a private philanthropic organization that supports brain research. Spatial-Temporal Skills Research has also found a causal link between music and spatial intelligence, which means that understanding music can help children visualize various elements that should go together. These skills come into play in solving multistep problems one would encounter in architecture, engineering, math, art, gaming, and especially working with computers. Improved Test Scores A study published in 2007 by Christopher Johnson, professor of music education and music therapy at the University of Kansas, revealed that students in elementary schools with superior music education programs scored around 22 percent higher in English and 20 percent higher in math scores on standardized tests, compared to schools with low-quality music programs. Johnson compares the concentration that music training requires to the focus needed to perform well on a standardized test. And it doesn’t end there: along with better performance results on concentration-based tasks, music training can help with basic memory recall. “Formal training in music is also associated with other cognitive strengths such as verbal recall proficiency,” Pruett says. “People who have had formal musical training tend to be pretty good at remembering verbal information stored in memory.” Being Musical Music can improve your child’ abilities in learning and other nonmusic tasks, but it’s important to understand that music does not make one smarter. “It’s important not to oversell how smart music can make you,” Pruett says. “Music makes your kid interesting and happy, and smart will come later. It enriches his or her appetite for things that bring you pleasure and for the friends you meet.”

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Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

potential (n)

periods (n)

empathy (n)

the feeling that you understand and share another person's experiences and emotions Mother Teresa felt great empathy for the underprivileged and dedicated her life to helping them.

accuracy (n)

the quality or state of being correct Each experiment was performed twice to ensure accuracy.

auditory (adj)

relating to hearing or the ears The rock star has damaged his auditory nerve from listening to music too loudly.

process (v)

to understand; to take in and use (information) It took me a minute to process what he was saying since he was speaking so quietly.

distinguish (v)

capacity (n)

personal growth (n)

peer (n)

a person who belongs to the same age group or social group as someone else After winning the spelling bee championship, Sally was respected and admired by her peers.

recognition (n)

special attention or notice especially by the public for someone's work or actions After his death, Vincent van Gogh ﬁnally received the recognition that he deserved for his art.

cognitive (adj)

interacting (v)

stimulate (v)

to make (something) more active Caﬀeine stimulates the heart.

network (n)

a system of diﬀerent things that are connected to each other A network of blood vessels move blood around our body.

function (n)

the special purpose or activity for which a thing exists or is used The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body.

an ability that someone has that can be developed to help that person become successful He has the potential to be one of the team's best players. a length of time during which a series of events or an action takes place or is completed The period between Christmas and New Year's Eve is a very busy one for families.

to notice or recognize a difference between people or things I have trouble distinguishing the difference between the twins. the ability to do something : a mental, emotional, or physical ability Some species of birds, like penguins, do not have the capacity to fly. development as a person, and their effectiveness in living. Through his struggles living in a new country, Fred experienced much personal growth.

of, relating to, or involving conscious mental activities (such as thinking, understanding, learning, and remembering) Family and environment aﬀect cognitive development in children. to act together : to come together and have an eﬀect on each other — often + with When these two medicine interact with each other, the results can be deadly.

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the potential that the brain has to reorganize by creating new neural pathways to adapt Neuroplasticity controls the amount of signals and information that our brain send to diﬀerent parts of our body.

neuroplasticity (n)

predictors (n)

arithmetic (n)

syllables (n)

phonological (adj)

rich (adj)

having or supplying a large amount of something that is wanted or needed The Internet is a rich source of information, but some sources are more reliable than others.

literacy (n)

the ability to read and write The elementary school’s goal is to achieve basic literacy in the student body by the age of 9.

pre-requisite (n)

something that you oﬃcially must have or do before you can have or do something else Citizenship is a prerequisite for voting.

intuition (n)

perception (n)

collaborative (adj)

involving or done by two or more people working together to achieve or do something Scientists from diﬀerent universities joined forces for a collaborative research project.

nuances (n)

a very small diﬀerence in color, tone, meaning, etc. She noticed the subtle nuances in the painting and tried to interpret the artist’s intentions.

harmonize (v)

jam (v)

prosocial behavior (n)

resilience (n)

the ability to become strong, healthy, or successful again after something bad happens The rescue workers showed remarkable resilience in dealing with the diﬃcult conditions.

heartened (v)

to cause (someone) to feel more cheerful or hopeful The team's ﬁrst championship victory in 40 years has heartened its fans.

something that shows whether or not something is likely to happen High blood pressure can be a strong predictor of future heart problems. a branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division The students were confused by the new arithmetic lesson, so they asked many questions. . any one of the parts into which a word is naturally divided when it is pronounced The word “doctor” has two syllables, and cat has one. the study of the organization of sounds and pronunciation in languages He is studying Japanese phonology.

a feeling that guides a person to act a certain way without proof or evidence Her intuition told her that something was very wrong and that she should call 911. the ability to understand or notice something easily The doctor shows remarkable perception in accurately identifying illnesses in patients.

to play or sing diﬀerent musical notes that sound pleasing together The church choir harmonized together to sing a church hymn. to play music informally together without preparation Several musicians jam together at the park. voluntary behavior intended to beneﬁt other people or society as a whole such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering Stopping at a "Stop" sign is regarded as prosocial behavior.

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emerge (v)

to become known or apparent The facts of the unsolved murder emerged after a long and careful investigation.

therapy (n)

the treatment of physical or mental illnesses He is undergoing cancer therapy.

stroke (n)

a serious illness caused when a blood vessel in your brain suddenly breaks or is blocked He had suﬀered a stroke last winter, and lost movement in the left side of his body.

stuttering (v)

a speech problem that causes someone to repeat the beginning sounds of some words He speaks with a stutter especially when he meets new people.

autism (n)

Parkinson’s disease (n)

dementia (n)

inherent (adj)

existing in someone or something as a permanent and inseparable element, or quality He had an inherent dislike for mushroom even though he wasn’t allergic to it.

ﬂexible (v)

easily changed I have a ﬂexible schedule, so I let my cousin decide which day would be good for lunch.

rehabilitative (v)

to restore to a condition of good health, ability to work, or the like. Henry had to get rehabilitative treatment for four months after he badly injured his knee.

abstract (adj)

relating to or involving general ideas or qualities rather than speciﬁc, touchable things Abstract ideas such as love and hate are hard for children to describe.

complex (adj)

not easy to understand or explain : not simple The surgery was so complex that there needed o be three doctors to perform the surgery.

intended (adj)

in your mind as a purpose or goal We intended to go to the city, but we got on the wrong bus and ended up in the countryside.

recreational (adj)

done for enjoyment The children did a lot of recreational activities at the park like baseball, tennis and swimming.

phenomenon (n)

that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or diﬃcult to understand or explain fully (plural: phenomena) Ancient Greeks made myths to explain natural phenomena like lightning and earthquakes.

engaged (v)

busy with some activity He can’t come to the phone right now because he’s engaged in ﬁxing the broken window.

sustained (v)

continuing for an extended period or without interruption China has experienced several years of sustained economic growth because of exports.

a condition or disorder that causes problems in forming relationships and in communicating The child with autism started yelling in the movie theater, so his mom took him outside. a progressive disorder of the nervous system that aﬀects movement Parkinson's disease symptoms worsen as the condition progresses over time. a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities Police found a person wandering around at 3 a.m. in the streets and learned he had dementia.

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The Benefits of Music Education: Music Study may be the Best Tool A WEALTH OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH over the last decade is proving that music education is a powerful tool for attaining children’s full intellectual, social, and creative potential. l

It speeds the development of speech and reading skills

It trains children to focus their attention for long periods

It helps children gain a sense of empathy for others

Music study requires a high degree of accuracy in auditory processing: being almost in tune is not good enough. This means that musically trained children are better able to distinguish slight details of speech, leading to improved reading, better comprehension, and also a greater ability to interpret what other people – children and adults – are really saying. Most importantly, music gives children a way to express themselves, to express their creativity, and to be inspired by their own limitless capacity for personal growth.

The Backstory Over the past 20 years, several large-scale studies of school achievement have found a strong relation between learning to play an instrument and academic success. One decade-long U.S. study found that students who participated in at least nine hours of arts education a week (including music study) were four times more likely than their peers to have won recognition for their academic achievement, and three times more likely to have won an award for school attendance.

Scientific Proof 125

Now, in a research breakthrough, neuroscientists are demonstrating that there is a causal connection between music study and cognitive growth. The research is showing that learning to play an instrument leads to changes in a child’s brain that make it more likely they will reach their full cognitive and academic potential. Participating in musical activities – whether playing an instrument, singing or listening – stimulates a whole network of brain areas, each interacting with the others to contribute to enjoyment and understanding of the music. This brain workout leads to improved structure and function through a process called neuroplasticity – the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections within the brain.

Overview of Music Study’s Benefits Musical experience draws on nearly every area of the brain, making music the perfect experimental tool to explore brain function. Following is a summary of recent findings. IQ, Memory and Focus Many researchers have linked music lessons with improved IQ and academic performance. In a formal study conducted through the University of Toronto and published in 2004, researchers compared the IQ performance of children in music lessons with those in drama lessons or no extra lessons at all. The students in the music group showed greater increases in IQ scores than those in either of the other groups. IQ scores are widely accepted as standardized predictors of academic achievement. Recent studies have also indicated that individuals who are musically trained show better working memory abilities than those who are not. Working memory is the type of memory that allows us to remember things even while our minds are busy with other matters – crucial for such essential tasks as mental arithmetic and reading comprehension. Learning to play an instrument or sing requires significant levels of attention and concentration. There is evidence that children who take music lessons have greater abilities to focus their attention. Music training seems to be a very active form of mental training that increases children's cognitive capacities, allowing them to perform better in many other parts of their life. 126

Speech and Reading Ability Reading, understanding and speaking a language requires the ability to identify where syllables and words begin and end. This skill is called phonological ability and uses the same areas of the brain used to identify and break up sounds. These are important skills that we gain through experience, and they help us understand our native language and new ones. Studies have shown that musically-trained children have better phonological skills, which can help them to learn words faster, develop a richer vocabulary, and learn to read sooner. In a 2009 Canadian study, young children taking music lessons showed obvious improvement in their verbal intelligence scores after only four weeks of training. The gains from studying music were much greater than for other types of arts training. Improvements in speech and reading are critical to success in school, where strong literacy is a prerequisite for nearly every subject area, including mathematics. Creativity Another study found a noticeable difference in inter-hemispheric communication (communication between the right and left sides of the brain) in individuals with musical training versus those without musical training. Scientists involved in this area of study believe the greater connectivity between brain regions may help develop increased creativity

“The theory of relativity occurred to me by intuition, and music is the driving force behind this intuition. My parents had me study the violin from the time I was six. My new discovery is the result of musical perception.” -Albert Einstein Empathy and Social Awareness Recent studies have shown that collaborative music making can increase empathy in toddlers. Empathy, in part, comes from being sensitive to slight changes in the human voice that show mood and emotion. Children need to develop empathy if they are to succeed in family life, at school, and later, at work. This connection between music and empathy may be due to improved verbal intelligence. Playing music improves a child’s ability to listen and pick up nuances of speech – the way something is said and the emotions underneath the words, not just the words themselves, which in turn is a key element of empathy and emotional intelligence. Musicians must learn how to connect with people on an emotional level. Whether harmonizing in a choir or performing in a string quartet or simply jamming with friends, music students of any age, even the very young, learn how to share attention, co-operate and collaborate. These are extremely valuable skills in both personal relationships and in the workplace. Studies have even shown that collaborative musical activities can increase toddlers’ prosocial behaviors, making them more likely to help someone in need. 127

Health and Resilience Parents will be heartened to know that studying music also brings children life-long health benefits. Scientific research is starting to emerge showing that life-long music training can offer improved cognitive function as we age. We already know that music therapy has helped people recover from strokes, and can be useful in treating a variety of neurological disorders, such as stuttering, autism and Parkinson’s disease. Music training has even been shown to delay the start of dementia. In short, the strong connections between music and speech, as well as the inherent enjoyment of music, make it a useful and flexible rehabilitative technique at many ages. Increases in the Capacity of Key Brain Regions Important regions of the brain, such as the frontal lobes that perform higher-level cognitive functions, are larger in musically trained individuals than in those without this training. As the illustration shows, the colored areas are the regions of the brain that are much more larger in musically trained people – the brighter the color, the bigger the difference. The brains of musically trained individuals are typically larger in the temporal cortex – an area on the side of the brain that controls hearing, among other things – and in the frontal cortex – an area in the front of the brain in charge of abstract thought, planning, and complex behaviors, as well as controlling our intended movements. Conclusion We know that from early childhood through to retirement years, whether involved in recreational music making or training for a professional career, people who are involved in music study are improving their cognitive skills and developing social connections. Over the past two decades, several large-scale studies have found that music students outperform academically compared to other students, often by large differences. Music students tend to be more engaged and motivated in their studies, and more likely to win academic awards. Thanks to the groundbreaking research of neuroscientists, we now have a clear scientific explanation for this phenomenon. Music study leads to lasting changes in children’s brains, increasing their capacity to perform tasks that require sustained attention and careful listening and reading.

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Is music education beneficial for children?

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[ Body Paragraph 1 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

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[ Body Paragraph 2 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

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[ Body Paragraph 3 ] Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________

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[ Concluding Paragraph ] Summary Statement: ___________________________________________________________________

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Jobs of the Future â&#x153;&#x17D; Relative Clause

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[ Grammar Lesson & Warm Up ] Relative Clauses A clause is a part of a sentence. RELATIVE CLAUSES tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means. A pronoun links two sentences that have the same noun or pronoun in them. There are two types of rela3ve clauses: ! 1. Deﬁning relaWve clauses The man who lives next door is very friendly.

relative clause -- (who lives next door tells us which man)

Defining Relative Pronouns

SUBJECT

OBJECT

POSSESSIVE

For people

Who That

Whom/Who That

Whose

For things

Which That

Whose Of which

Non-deﬁning rela3ve clauses Mrs. Smith, who lives next door , is my math teacher.

relative clause -- (who lives next door tells us more about Mrs. Smith)

Non-Defining Relative Pronouns SUBJECT

OBJECT

POSSESSIVE

For people

Who

Whom/Who

Whose

For things

Which

Whose

[ Deﬁning RelaWve Clauses ] People A. Who is used to refer to people 1. Subject a. The man who works at the Post Oﬃce is very kind. b. The girls ________________ serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters. c. The man ________________ robbed the bank has been arrested. d. The woman __________________ came to see us was selling magazines. e. The man ________________ phoned didn’t say his name. 141

2. Object a. The taxi driver is the person who takes people to their desired des3na3ons. b. A coach is a person ________________ helps you train in a sport. c. This is the boy _______________ got into the bike accident. d. Have you met anyone else ___________________ speaks as many languages as yourself? e. The parents thanked the doctor ____________________ had saved their son. f. This is the girl __________________ comes from Spain. g. Melissa is the girl _________________ I met on Friday. B. That is used to refer to people, animals and can replace WHO. Who is normally used, but that is a possible alterna3ve a`er all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody and those 1. Subject a. Everyone who (that) knew him liked him. b. Those __________________ were hungry went to the cafeteria to eat. c. Nobody ___________________ watched the match will ever forget it. 2. Object a. I was playing soccer with a friend ________________ has never played soccer before. b. She is married to a man _________________ is from a diďŹ&#x20AC;erent country. C. Whose is used to refer to possession 1. Subject a. People whose cars have been stolen must report it to the police. b. Pets ____________________ owners mistreat them can be trauma3zed for life. c. ____________________ dic3onary is that? d. The lady ________________ son plays football with me is the principal of my school. e. Children ____________________ parents work are o`en more independent than children with a stay at home parent. 2. Object a. Have you seen the girl whose father is the famous singer? b. I talked to the girl ________________ car had broken down in front of the shop. c. The ďŹ lm is about a boy ________________ dog runs away. d. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the poli3cian ________________ daughter got married in Miami. 142

D. Object of a verb: whom, who or that The object form is whom, but it is considered very formal. In spoken English we normally use who or that (that being more usual than who), and it is s3ll more common to omit the object pronoun altogether: 1. The man whom I saw told me to come back today. 2. The man who I saw told me to come back today. 3. The man that I saw told me to come back today. 4. The man I saw told me to come back today.

[ Defining RelaWve Clauses ] Things A. Which or that (which is more formal) is used to refer to animals and objects 1. Subject a. This is the picture which/that caused such a sensa3on. b. The stairs __________________ lead to the basement are steep. c. The apples ___________________ fall off the tress are eaten by the pigs. d. The rental car ___________________ broke down was a new car. e. The ladder ___________________ I was standing on began to slip. f. The blue jacket ___________________ she is puing on belongs to her friend. g. Where is the boYle of Coke _________________ I bought this morning? 2. Object a. The Tour de France is the race that millions of people watch. b. Yesterday I saw a car_______________ was really old. c. The robber stole the car _______________ the lady had parked in front of the supermarket. d. What did you do with the money ____________________ I lent you? e. Thank you for giving me a book ____________________ was very interes3ng. f. Fred found an old pain3ng in his home ____________________ was worth a million dollars. g. Where are the eggs ____________________ were in the fridge? h. I bought a car _____________________ was used. i. Tina has a bunch of flowers ____________________ her friend bought for her. 143

B. Where is used to refer to places 1. Subject a. The restaurant where we ate was excellent. b. The shopping centre ____________________ I bought your gi` is being renovated. c. The house _____________________ I was born is now for sale. d. The hotel ___________________ we are staying is close to the train sta3on. 2. Object a. A court is a place where people play tennis or basketball. b. This is the hotel ___________________ I always stay when I go to Paris. c. Mr Jones lives on the corner ____________________ the big apple tree grows. d. The shopping centre is a place ___________________ you can buy a lot of things. C. When is used to refer to 3me 1. Subject a. The day when they arrived was the hoYest day of the summer. b. The year ____________________ he was born was the day World War II ended. c. The 3me ____________________ you called was late and everyone was sleeping. 2. Object a. That was the day when my sister was born. b. 1988 is the year ____________________ the Olympics were held in Seoul. c. You will never forget the day ____________________ you were born.

[ Non-Defining RelaWve Clauses ] Non-defining rela3ve clauses are placed aèr nouns which are definite already, so its purpose is to give extra informa3on about the person or thing. They are not essen3al in the sentence and can be omiYed without causing confusion. They are separated from their noun by commas. A. People 1. Who - No other pronoun is possible for the subject a. The farmer, who is very pessimis3c, says there will be no apples this year. b. Peter, ________________ had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. c. Paul, ___________________ I played tennis with on Sundays, was fiYer than me. d. Michelangelo, ________________ one of Italy’s greatest ar3sts, lived un3l he was 90. 144

e. Madonna, ________________ is a popular pop singer and actress, was born in the USA. f. [object] That's Mark, the boy _________________ has just joined the soccer team. 2. Whose - Possessive for the subject a. Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. b. This is George, ______________________ class you will be taking. c. The car, _______________________ driver is a young man, is from Ireland. d. The man, _____________________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. e. Sam, ____________________ dog has died, has been crying all day. f. Hillary Clinton, ____________________ husband was President of the United States in 1993, became president of the United States in 2016. B. Things 1. Which a. Subject i. That building, which cost $5 million to build, has been empty for years. ii. The 8:00 train, ___________________ is usually very punctual, was late today. iii. These books, ___________________ you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the informa3on you need. iv. The Prado Museum, __________________ is in Madrid, is one of the best art galleries in the world. v. London, _____________ is on the River Thames, is the capital of the United Kingdom. vi. The Nile, _____________ runs through several countries, is the longest river in Africa. vii. Her car, ___________________ was very old, broke down a`er just ďŹ ve miles. b. Object i. The coach stopped at a petrol sta3on, which allowed everyone to get out. ii. She gave me this scarf, ________________ she had kniYed herself. iii. The boat stopped at Ushuaia, ________________ is in Chile. iv. They climbed Snowdon, ________________ is the highest mountain in Wales. v. We listened to the news, ________________ was in French. 2. Whose is generally used both for animals and things. a. His house, whose windows are all broken, was a depressing sight. b. The car, ____________________ handbrake wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t reliable, began to slide backwards. c. No one lives in that house, _______________________ roof is full of holes. 145

[ Grammar Review ] Relative Clauses ✎ Defining RelaWve Clauses DIRECTION Join the sentences to write a longer one. 1. She chose the books. She needed them for school. She chose the books that she needed for school. 2. We ate the sandwiches. Jack made them. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress. __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. You lost a key. Did you find it? __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. A policeman stopped our car. He wasn’t very friendly. __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The bus goes to the airport. It leaves every 20 minutes. __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. The instructor taught me how to drive. He was very pa3ent. __________________________________________________________________________________ DIRECTION Write who, that, or which in the blanks. 1. I met a woman _________________ can speak six languages. 2. What’s the name of the river ________________ goes through the town? 3. Everybody ________________ went to the party enjoyed it very much. 4. Do you know anybody ________________ wants to buy a car? 5. Where is the picture ________________ was on the wall? 6. She always asks me ques3ons ________________ are difficult to answer. 7. I have a friend ________________ is very good at repairing cars. 8. A coffee-maker is a machine ________________ makes coffee. 9. Have you seen the money ________________ was on the table? 10. Why does he always wear clothes ________________ are too small for him?

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✎ Non-Deﬁning RelaWve Clauses DIRECTION Make who or which clause using the underlined words. 1. Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps. Mont Blanc, which is between France and Italy, is the highest mountain in the Alps. 2. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood. ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The sun is really a star. It is 93 million miles from the earth ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. John F. Kennedy died in 1963. He was a very famous American President. ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Charlie Chaplin was from a poor family. He became a very rich man. ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The 1992 Olympics were held in Barcelona. It is in the north-eastern region of Spain. ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London. ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Gandhi was born in 1869. He became India’s na3onalist leader. _________________________________________________________________________________ DIRECTION Make one sentence with a who or whose clause using the sentence in brackets. 1. Mar3na Navra3lova. (She was born in Prague.) She became a US ci3zen in 1981. _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled to a lot of countries when he was young. _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Madonna. (Her parents were born in Italy.) She is a famous American singer. _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Sebas3an Coe. (He was a successful English runner.) He is now a poli3cian. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Catherine of Russia. (She ruled for over 30 years.) She made many important changes. _________________________________________________________________________________ 147

DIRECTION Complete the which, who, and whose. Make statement in the parenthesis the clause of the sentence. 1. We decided not to swim in the sea. (The sea looked rather dirty.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The new cinema will open next week. (The cinema holds 150 people) __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Jane is one of my best friends. (I share all my secrets with her.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. That woman over there is a dancer. (I don’t remember her name.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Opposite our house there is a nice park. (There are some beau3ful ﬂowers in this park.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Mrs. Morgan is an English teacher. (Mrs. Morgan’s daughter is my best friend.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. I o`en go to meet my friends in Bournemouth. (Bournemouth is only 30 miles away.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 8. I went to see the doctor. (The doctor told me to rest for a few days.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 9. The popula3on of London is now drecreasing. (London was once the largest city in the world.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Mr. Jason is re3ring next week. (He has worked for the company for 20 years.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Our school vice principle was late this morning. (Vice principle is nearly always on 3me.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 12. The waiter was rude. (The waiter was wearing a blue shirt.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 13. The money is in the kitchen. (The money belongs to John.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 14. My sister has three children. (My sister lives in Australia.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 15. The fruit is on the table. (The fruit isn’t fresh.) __________________________________________________________________________________ 148

â&#x153;&#x17D; Final Review DIRECTION Correct the mistake in each sentence with the appropriate rela3ve clause. 1. Elephants, that are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or more adults. 2. That gentleman is reading a newspaper who is wriYen in German. 3. Roxanne is the liYle girl whose lives in the house next to mine. 4. Richard Williams is the man who daughters are famous tennis players. 5. Is that the place when the accident happened last week? 6. The soldier whose had gold stripes on his uniform seemed to be the most important one. 7. Airplane 3ckets are more expensive where it is vaca3on season like August or December. 8. I really love the new Mexican restaurant, who we went to last night. 9. Many tourists visit the White House, when the president of the United States lives. 10. The referee is the man which decides if a player is given a red card. 11. The dog, who owner lives next door, is over there. 12. My sister, which loves cycling, is a very ac3ve person. 13. Hockey is a game who you play with a s3ck. 14. The day where the earthquake struck was my gradua3on day. 15. This is a doctor whose takes his responsibili3es seriously. 16. Allen, that scored three goals in the ďŹ rst game, was the only player to perform well. 17. The new stadium who is being built is very modern. 18. We had a lovely meal at the place whose Phil recommended. 19. She lives in New York, who she likes. 20. Paul McCartney, that daughter is a famous fashion designer, is recognized as one of the most successful composers of all 3me and a member of the best-selling band in history-- the Beatles. 21. The summer where I graduated from university was long and hot. 22. I live in the city who I aYend university. 23. Mar3n Luther King Jr., whose was known as a leader of the Civil Rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.

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Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

outrageous (adj)

drones (n)

earn a living (idiom)

emerge (v)

[ Definition ]

very strange or unusual : surprising or shocking The singer Lady Gaga is known for her wild hairdos and outrageous costumes. an aircraft without a human pilot aboard either under remote control by a human operator, or fully or intermittently autonomously, by onboard computers Drones are often preferred for missions that are too dull, dirty or dangerous for humans. to make money After graduating from college, Michael got a job to earn a living. to become known, apparent or important Our basketball team has emerged as the clear favorite to win the championship game. the professional service of creating products and systems that optimize function, value and

industrial design appearance for the mutual beneﬁt of user and manufacturer (n) British industrial designer Sir Jonathan Ive designed many of Apple's recent iconic products from

the MacBooks, iPods, iPhones, iPads and the Apple Watch. able to last or continue for a long time India has had sustainable growth though their investments in education.

sustainable (adj)

manufacturers (n)

byproducts (n)

social worker (n)

matchmaker (n)

a person who arranges relationships and marriages between others, either informally or, in certain cultural communities, as a formal occupation. She is a matchmaker in her community for young children looking for sports role models.

psychology (n)

the science or study of the mind and behavior In psychology, researchers look for the underlying cause of a person’s behavior and the mental the processes involved.

interacts (v)

troubleshoot (v)

to ﬁnd and ﬁx problems in machinery and technical equipment (such as computers) When my MacBook began to show problems, I took it to the Apple store for troubleshooting.

management (n)

the act or process of deciding how to use something During the drought, the state of California implemented a new system of water management.

industrial farming (v)

a large, business operation that cultivates massive farms and raises large numbers of animals for food Industrial farming maximize agribusiness proﬁts at the expense of the environment.

a company that makes a product Nestle is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of chocolate. a secondary result, unintended but inevitably produced in doing or producing something else Making friends and getting stronger were byproducts of joining the school soccer team. a person who facilitates the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups A social worker tries to improve problems in society such as poverty and homelessness.

to talk or do things with other people They're shy children who never interact with strangers.

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a decentralized form of digital currency, created and held electronically No one owns or controls the Bitcoin network because it has a peer-to-peer structure, with hundreds of computers all over the Internet working together to process Bitcoin transactions.

Bitcoin (n)

on board (idiom)

included among the group of people who support a particular goal, project, etc Some people aren't on board with the city’s plan to make a subway system because of the tax hike.

currency (n)

the money that a country uses : a speciﬁc kind of money A new currency called the Euro was introduced after the European Union was created.

cryptocurrency (n)

aviation (n)

boon (n)

something pleasant or helpful : a beneﬁt or advantage The new tax cut is a boon for homeowners.

savvy (adj)

practical understanding or knowledge of something Warren Buﬀet, one of the wealthiest people on Earth, is admired for his business savvy.

reputation (n)

blast from the past (n)

nostalgia (n)

sterile (adj)

nursing home (v)

conjure (v)

deceased (v)

no longer living Both his parents were deceased from natural causes of old age.

kick the bucket (idiom)

to die All of my goldﬁsh kicked the bucket while we were on vacation.

memorialist (n)

portrait (n)

digital or virtual currency that uses a secure transactions (like Bitcoin) The anonymous nature of cryptocurrency makes them ideal for money laundering and tax evasion. the business or practice of ﬂying airplanes, helicopters, etc. Paul went to aviation school to learn to become a pilot.

the common opinion that people have about someone or something This new restaurant has a good reputation for its kind staﬀ and delicious burgers. something that reminds you of an earlier time Hearing that old song again was a real blast from the past. pleasure and sadness that is caused by remembering something from the past and wishing that you could experience it again A wave of nostalgia swept over me when I saw my childhood home. very plain and not interesting or attractive Each of the jail cells are concrete rooms that look very sterile. a place where people who are old or who are unable to take care of themselves can live and be taken care of Tom wan’t able to take care of himself because of old age, so he moved into a nursing home. to create or imagine (something) The scientist conjured a plan to test the medicine’s eﬀect of the disease.

a person who writes a memorial (a speech to honor a deceased person) or memoir (a story about a person) a detailed description of something or someone The book presents a portrait of life growing up during the Civil War.

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ROBOT COUNSELOR AND OTHER CRAZY JOBS YOUR KIDS WILL HAVE IN THE FUTURE By JOE MCGAULEY The future promises plenty of outrageous stuff you can spend your money on, from glass-walled jets to self-driving 18-wheelers. Once drones and robots have taken most of our jobs, how will we be earning a living by then? We consulted the Canadian Scholarship Trust Plans' Jobs of 2030 project to see what new and cool careers might emerge over the next two decades.

Garbage designer Job description: Turn trash into useful products Required skills: Strong background in science, engineering, and industrial design; interest in garbage As we inch closer to an earth dotted with mountain range-sized garbage dumps, we'll need to find more sustainable ways to deal with all our waste. Garbage designers will be charged with coming up with clever methods to upcycle trash on a large scale, and manufacturers of everything from toys to clothes to furniture will hire them to find more efficient ways to use and reuse their byproducts.

Robot counselor Job description: Match people with live-in service robots Required skills: Basic social worker background plus an extensive knowledge of technology Once robots take over as maids and in-home caregivers for the elderly or disabled, we're going to need matchmakers around to make sure we buy the right bot for the job. That's where robot counselors step in. Like a car salesmen with a psychology degree, they'll work to pair each customer with the perfect machine by observing how the family interacts with it, and will stick around to troubleshoot.

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Rewilder Job description: Transform ruined land into lush natural landscapes Required skills: Agriculture and wildlife management training As our natural landscapes continue to disappear thanks to overdevelopment, industrial farming and horrifyingly massive cracks in the earth, it'll be important that we get the support and help of a team of agricultural experts to bring nature back in the environment's most abandoned areas.

Digital currency advisor Job description: Help people grow their Bitcoin fortune Required skills: A degree in financial management and computer security Whether or not you're on board with Bitcoin yet, digital currencies are on their way up as people trust traditional government-controlled money less and less. To make sure your financial portfolio isn't a disaster down the road, you're going to want to enlist someone schooled in the complexities of cryptocurrencies to keep things secure for you.

Arctic adventure guide Job description: Lead drone-assisted tours of polar wildlife and wilderness Required skills: Aviation and outdoor survival skills As the climate continues to warm, seeing the Arctic up close will (unfortunately) be easier than ever. Thanks to drone technology and ultralight aircraft that will replace the ice roads as the easiest form of transport up North, it's going to become a boon for eco-tourism

Personal web manager Job description: Prevent people from making fools of themselves on the Internet Required skills: Web and tech savvy Whether you like it or not, your reputation is only as good as what people can find out about you online. If you're already overwhelmed by perfecting your personal brand via Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat, imagine how much tougher it will be in 20 years when the social media landscape is even more enormous. Personal web managers will serve as part hacker, publicist, security agent, and guidance counselor to ensure you're protected from cyber attacks and embarrassing blasts from the digital past, all while helping you construct an online image that puffs you up in the best way. 153

Nostalgist Job description: Recreate familiar living spaces for the old and infirm Required skills: Background in interior design, history, and therapy Rather than expire in some sterile institutional nursing home, the wealthy elders of the future will live in retirement communities inspired by their favorite moments or their most memorable decade. Nostalgists will be specialized interior designers-cum-therapists whose sole mission is to recreate the type of spaces that conjure the client’s greatest life memories, whether it’s the 80s or the 90s, they will recreate a client’s most glorious memories.

Digital memorialist Job description: Clean up online profiles of the recently deceased Required skills: Web savvy with a tech background It used to be that a person's physical possessions were how loved ones remembered you, but now there's an entire digital footprint to deal with once you kick the bucket. That's why hiring a digital memorialist will be as important as planning a funeral when someone passes away. They'll work with surviving loved ones to get rid of your embarrassing online content to ensure the most respectful and accurate digital portrait lives on.

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Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

projection (n)

an estimate or forecast of a future situation or trend based on a study of present ones The sales projection for the gaming company is positive since they will launch a new game.

bellwether (n)

an indicator or predictor of something Fashion designers are the bellwethers for fashion trends.

sharing economy (n)

reliable (adj)

prospects (n)

shift (n)

a slight change in position, direction, or tendency There was a shift in voters opinions, so the government considered making new reforms.

strip (v)

deprive someone or something of (rank, power, or property) The library was stripped of its funding when the city ran out of tax dollars.

peer-to-peer based sharing of access to goods and services through the online marketplace Technology has made sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever thus the rise of “sharing economy,” where people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, coordinated via the internet. consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted Some newspapers are more reliable as a source of information than others. the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring The struggling company had a prospect for growth when the economy improved.

service industry such as healthcare, education, and financial services-- one of the three economic sectors; and the others being the secondary sector (manufacturing) and the primary tertiary sector sector (agriculture, fishing, and mining). (n) America has the largest output of tertiary sectors at $14,083 billion, and the EU is second at $13,483 billion. of or relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment A lawyer is a white-collar worker while a mechanic is a blue-collar worker.

white-collar (adj)

obsolete (adj)

no longer produced or used; out of date The VCR has become nearly obsolete since the introduction of the DVD player.

contract (v)

decrease in size, number, or range A wet sponge contracts when it dries.

myriad (n)

a countless or extremely great number The Internet connects a myriad of people all over the world.

inhabitants (n)

a person or animal that lives in or occupies a place There are more inhabitant in a city than in the countryside.

boomer (n)

someone born following WWII when there was a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, also known as baby boomers. Boomers includes people who are between 52 and 70 years old in 2016.

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elaborate (adj)

euthanasia (v)

opt (v)

implant (n)

exponentially (adv)

range (n)

discipline (n)

augmentation (n)

technician (n)

burgeon (v)

Internet of Things (n)

handyman (n)

installer (v)

virtual reality (n)

obsolete (adj)

colleagues (n)

involving many carefully arranged parts or details The school planned an elaborate graduation party for the seniors. the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering Euthanasia is illegal in some countries and allowed in others. to choose one thing instead of another He usually orders strawberry ice cream but opted for chocolate this time. something placed in a person's body by means of surgery The man had to implant something into his arteries to help the flow of blood in his heart. in a way that is very fast : increasingly rapid Prices have increased exponentially.once the demand was higher than the supply. a group or collection of different things or people that are usually similar in some way The newspaper covers a range of topics such as news, lifestyle, entertainment, and sports. a field of study : a subject that is taught There are many engineering disciplines that are the action or process of adding something to (something) in order to improve or complete it The augmentation of the science class will include new science projects to help the students learn the concepts. an expert in the practical application of a science The computer technician looks after the machines to see they are working properly. to grow or develop quickly The sales of hybrid cars burgeoned when gas prices rose. the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data The Internet of Things industry can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip markers on farm animals, and automobiles with built-in sensors, such as a car tire that has sensors that tell the driver when the air pressure is low. a person (especially a man) who is skillful at doing small jobs (such as household repairs) We needed a lot of repairs done at the house so we hired a handyman. someone who (a machine, a service, etc.) ready to be used in a certain place An installer came to set up our solar panels on the roof. an artificial world that consists of images and sounds created by a computer and that is affected by the actions of a person who is experiencing it Virtual reality machines allow a person to feel like they are in a different world. no longer needed because something newer exists My PlayStation became obsolete because now I play games on my smartphone. a person who works with you : a fellow worker A colleague of mine will be speaking at the conference. 156

to begin to do or use (something, such as a plan) : to make (something) active or eďŹ&#x20AC;ective Due to high costs, the program was never fully implemented.

implement (v)

leisure (n)

appreciate (v)

to be grateful for something I really appreciated the information you gave me.

advantage (n)

a good or desirable quality or feature The advantage of waking up early is that you can get more things done in the day.

enjoyable activities that you do when you are not working I don't have much time for leisure during the weekdays.

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The Top Jobs In 10 Years Might Not Be What You Expect We talked to three futurists to find out what the hot jobs of 2025 could be, and their answers may surprise you. MICHAEL GROTHAUS 05.18.15

For decades, the U.S. Bureau of Labor’s Economic and Employment Projections have been the bellwether for predicting what the hottest jobs up to a decade out would be. But with the rapid speed of technological change disrupting industries faster than ever before (think: robotics, 3-D printing, the sharing economy), it’s becoming obvious to many futurists that past trends may no longer be a reliable indicator of future job prospects. "In the last two centuries, we’ve seen two significant shifts in the global labor market," says Graeme Codrington, futurist at TomorrowToday Global. "First we stripped the agricultural sector of workers, and then we did the same to manufacturing. Now the machines are coming for the tertiary sector, and will begin to strip companies of their white-collar workers in the next decade." What that means, says Codrington, is that some of the hottest jobs of today could be obsolete by 2025. Yet all hope isn’t lost, he says. "History tells us that somehow the labor market creates new jobs whenever it destroys some old ones. While it’s easy to see how the overall job market could contract significantly, and certainly many jobs that exist today will not exist in a decade or two, it’s also quite easy to see myriad new jobs being created." So just what are the jobs that will be in demand in this brave new world only a decade away? Codrington and two other futurists give us their predictions.

END-OF-LIFE PLANNER By the year 2100, the planet is predicted to have another 4 billion inhabitants, yet well before then, the average age of a person living here will also increase. By 2025, the World Health Organization predicts that 63% of the global population will live to over the age of 65—some well past 100. As the average age continues to get older, Tankersley says end-of-life planning will become a hot job sector by 2025.

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"As boomers grow older, they will reshape the last phase of life as they have every other phase. We can expect to see a major push to redefine end of life. New ‘business’ opportunities will range from life memorial planners as funerals become more elaborate than weddings, and even euthanasia guides as more boomers opt to decide when life ends."

NEURO-IMPLANT TECHNICIANS It may sound like science fiction, but advances in neurotechnology are set to explode in the next decade. Luke Skywalker’s robotic hand and even downloading your mind to a computer, could soon come to be. All this means neuro-implant technology will be a hot growing career field. "Our knowledge of the brain is developing faster than almost any scientific field at the moment, and by 2025 our ability to understand the brain will be exponentially improved from today," says Codrington. "We will need a vast range of disciplines to be focused on neurosciences, including brain surgeons, neuro-augmentation and implant technicians and developers, brain backup engineers, real-time MRI scanners and interpreters, and neuro-robotic engineers to build mind-controlled robots and machines."

SMART-HOME HANDYPERSON Moving away from the health sector, Codrington says the burgeoning Internet of Things industry, which is expected to be a $19 trillion market by 2020, will create a number of new jobs not just for engineers, but for technically skilled handymen. Specifically, Codrington believes there will be a huge market for smart-home installers. "There is going to be plenty of work for those who can bring various aspects of the Internet of Things into our homes in the next few decades." he says.

VIRTUAL REALITY EXPERIENCE DESIGNER Part of the expansion of the Internet of Things into our homes will involve the increasing use of virtual reality for both work and play. Offices could become obsolete if you can just log in virtually from your home office and interact with your colleagues as if you were in the same room. And when it comes to virtual reality for home entertainment, well, that 72-inch television and PS4 are going to look positively archaic in 2025. Virtual reality will be as much a part of our lives as the Internet and our iPhones are today—and that means 159

people who can design the best VR experiences will be in huge demand. "We will need VR experience designers in every part of our lives to design and implement virtual reality experiences for us. From training and conference experiences in the workplace, to global tourism and fantasy running trails for our leisure, to even virtual relationships like the OS in the movie Her, virtual reality will need directors, actors, developers, and designers to make virtual reality very real for us," says Codrington.

3-D PRINTER DESIGN SPECIALIST 3-D printers have been around for years, yet the large majority of the consumer population seem to have little interest in learning to use them. But by 2025, Danaher believes an increasing number of people will come to appreciate the advantages of 3-D printing, which means theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll hire people to design and print their objects for them.

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Vocabulary Resource ^

[ Word ]

[ Definition ]

operating (something, such as a factory or system) by using machines, computers, etc., instead of people to do the work Many Mc Donald’s locations are now using automation machines to take people’s orders.

automation (n)

administration (n)

a group of people who manage the way a company, school, or other organization functions The newspaper criticized the school’s administration for not ﬁxing their safety issues.

app developer (n)

a person who creates apps for smart phones There was a 15 year old app developer who made over a million dollars from his app.

social media (n)

Uber (n)

strategic (adj)

of or relating to a general plan that is created to achieve a goal They made a strategic plan to earn money for their baseball team to buy new uniforms.

motivate (v)

to give (someone) a reason for doing something Lance was motivated to lose weight because of his health problems associated with his weight.

inspire (v)

to cause someone to have a strong feeling or emotion The coach inspired the team to keep trying hard even though they had lost the last two games.

industrial (adj)

of or relating to factories, the people who work in factories, or the things made in factories China’s modernization is a result of its industrial economy.

eﬃcient (adj)

capable of producing desired results without wasting materials, time, or energy That worker is very eﬃcient and does the work in half the time as another worker.

waver (v)

operation (n)

precision (n)

established (adj)

nuclear (n)

websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking Their business used social media to advertise their new products. a company that connects passengers to a driver through a smartphone application Some college students become Uber drivers to make money while they are in school.

to become unsteady because of weakness, emotion, tiredness, etc. While listening to a long speech, my attention may waver, and I’ll think about other things. a process in which a doctor cuts into someone's body in order to repair or remove a damaged or diseased part She is recovering from a major heart operation. the quality of being precise : exactness or accuracy Those sharp scissors help you cut with great precision. successful for a long period of time He got a job at a well-established law ﬁrm. of, relating to, producing, or using energy that is created when the nuclei of atoms are split apart or joined together The nuclear power plant provides the whole city with electricity.

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the act of keeping property or equipment in good condition by making repairs, correcting problems, etc. The maintenance crew for the singer makes sure that the stage and all the equipment and instruments are in good condition.

maintenance (n)

novelty (n)

ubiquitous (adj)

enforce (v)

acquiring (v)

ﬂeet (n)

mechanic (n)

a person who repairs machines (such as car engines) and keeps them running properly The auto mechanic found what was wrong with my car and then ﬁxed it very quickly.

software (n)

the programs that run on a computer and perform certain functions The most popular software for creating documents is Microsoft Oﬃce.

neo (preﬁx)

monitor (v)

connectivity (n)

fulﬁllment (n)

spiritual (adj)

the quality or state of being new, different, and interesting The toy’s novelty soon wore off and the child wanted a new toy. seeming to be seen everywhere The new product’s advertisements are ubiquitous. to make (a law, rule, etc.) active or effective : to make sure that people do what is required by (a law, rule, etc.) Police will be enforcing the parking ban in front of the elementary school. to get (something) : to come to own (something) They're planning to acquire a new home in the country. a group of ships or vehicles that move or work together or that are controlled or owned by one company The navy’s fleet of ships were very impressive.

new and different form of something that existed in the past Neo-classical metal is a heavy metal music influenced by classical music to watch, observe, listen to, or check (something) for a special purpose over a period of time Nurses constantly monitored the patient's heart rate. the state or extent of being connected or interconnected The easy access to connectivity has made communication cheap and easy. the feeling of being happy and satisfied because you are doing something that fully uses your abilities and talents Painting during my free time gives me a lot of fulfillment. of, relating to, or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things He doesn’t have a lot of money, but he feels spiritually full. a social structure made up the interactions between an individual and other individuals or

social network organizations (n) Tom has traveled through 30 counries, so he has a wide social network with people all around

the world. 30

values (n)

a strongly held belief about what is valuable, important, or acceptable — usually plural His values include his family, friends, and his religion

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11 really cool jobs that don’t exist today, but will soon Yes, the robots are coming. And yes, they will take some of our jobs. But they will create some too. By Mary Ellen Slayter | February 16, 2016 The World Economic Forum recently reported that humanity would be out 7 million jobs by 2020 due to automation—mostly being admin and office jobs. However, the study also reports 2 million jobs will be created through technological advances. Already technology has created plenty of jobs. Titles like app developer, social media director, and Uber driver are among the ones that didn’t exist a decade ago. And the work landscape will continue to change, bringing us positions in the next two decades that we can barely imagine now. To stay competitive, you’ll want to focus your energy on your ability to be strategic; robots can do a lot, but they can’t (yet) brainstorm, motivate or inspire people. Imagine, working side-by-side with the robots doing creative, thoughtful work—the kind only humans can do. While it’s impossible to say exactly what the future will hold, these examples of jobs that could very likely exist in the future show how current trends could play out over the next couple of decades. Who knows, you could end up landing one of these jobs at some point—if you start working toward it today.

Robotics More robots will be needed for industrial, military, medical and other purposes because they are highly efficient for unpleasant or dangerous tasks and never become bored or allow their attention to waver. We will need more skilled robotic engineers. Robots are even seen in the operating room performing operations with detailed precision. Robots may move from industries where they are well established such as the automobile and nuclear industries, into the home. More jobs are likely in robotic maintenance.

Drone manager Over the next 10 to 20 years, drones will lose their novelty and become ubiquitous. Experts will need to set and enforce a system and rules for acquiring and maintaining an organization’s fleet of drones. Want this job in the future? You’ll probably need experience as a fleet manager today. 163

Self-driving car mechanic While self-driving cars will get rid of many jobs, such as those of taxi drivers and delivery people, they will create a few as well. But these cars won’t be self-fixing, so mechanics will still be in business (in the short term, at least). The mechanic of the future will require be a combination of old-school mechanical ability plus the comfort level to work in a tech culture. Want this job in the future? You’ll probably need experience as a mechanic with a talent for software—or you’re a software developer who works on cars today.

Autonomous transportation specialist If our future is one that includes self-driving cars, drones and boards that actually hover, cities and towns are going to need humans to monitor all this neo-transit. People will need to combine these autonomous vehicles into current systems, and then monitor results, Austin says. Want this job in the future? You’ll probably need experience as a city planner or a traffic specialist.

Wholeness mentor Connectivity has actually made us feel more busy—in an increasingly busy world, the wholeness mentor may well be needed. This person would help others develop lifelong strategies to match their personal goals with a hobby that provides them with fulfillment of physical needs, a social network and spiritual happiness, Grantham says. Want this job in the future? You’ll probably need experience as a life coach and a health coach today.

End-of-life coach With baby boomers approaching the end of their lives in the next 10 to 20 years, there’s likely to be a greater emphasis on how people want to spend their last days, Lebret says. An end-of-life coach can help individuals and families make better decisions on how to spend the last weeks and months of life. “In the next few years, there will be a massive shift toward people wanting to add more life to their days, instead of days to their life,” Lebret says. These coaches will help people explore their personal values and medical options so they can create the kind of end of life they want.

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