সানজাক-ই উসমান

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj

cÖKvkbvq MvwW©qvb cvewj‡KkÝ 34, b_©eæª K nj †ivW, gv`ivmv gv‡K©U (2q Zjv), evsjvevRvi, XvKvÑ 1100  01710-197558, 01998-584958 guardianpubs@gmail.com www.guardianpubs.com

AbjvBb cwi‡ekK www.rokomari.com

cÖ_g cÖKvk : 16 GwcÖj, 2018 wØZxq ms¯‹iY : 30 GwcÖj, 2018 Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY : 22 wW‡m¤^i, 2018 MÖš’¯^Z¡: †jLK kã web¨vm: †gv: Rwniæj Bmjvg cÖ”Q` : AY©e nvmvb widvZ gy`ªY: GKZv Ad‡mU †cÖm 119 dwKivcyj, R‡e`v †gbkb, gwZwSj XvKv| nvW©Kfvi g~j¨ : 500.00 †ccvie¨vK g~j¨ : 450.00 ISBN- 978-984-8254-09-7 (Hardcover) Sanjak-E Usman by Prince Muhammad Sajal, Published by Guardian Publications, Price Tk. 500 (HC)/Tk. 450 (PB) Only.

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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†jL‡Ki K_v Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq, c„w_ex‡Z wZb ai‡bi fv‡jv eB Av‡Q| cÖ_g ai‡bi eB Avcbv‡K Avb›` †`‡e, co‡eb, fv‡jv jvM‡e, Zvici fz‡j hv‡eb| wØZxq ai‡bi eB Avcbv‡K Rxeb wb‡q fve‡Z †kLv‡e| Avi Z…Zxq ai‡bi eB, Avcbvi RxebUv‡K e`‡j w`‡e| Avgvi G eB GB wZb ai‡bi fv‡jv eB‡qi K¨vUvMwii †Kv‡bvUvq co‡e wKbv †m wb‡q fvebv-wPšÍvi `vqUv Avwg cvV‡Ki Ic‡iB †Q‡o w`‡Z PvB| BwZnvm ej‡Z Avgiv Kx eywS? Avwg eywS, BwZnvm n‡jv k‡ãi K¨vbfv‡m mg‡qi Qwe AuvKv| GB Qwe wbLuyZ K‡i AuvK‡Z cvivUvB BwZnvm wb‡q †jLv‡jwLi g~j K_v| ïay evsjv‡`k bv, mviv c„w_ex‡ZB BwZnvm wb‡q †h mgm¨vUv Rvwi Av‡Q Zv n‡jv, mg‡qi Qwe wbLuyZ K‡i AuvK‡Z wM‡q cÖ_vMZ HwZnvwmKiv Qwe‡K GZ weiw³Ki K‡i †d‡jb †h mvaviY gvbyl, we‡kl K‡i ZiæYiv mg‡qi †mB Qwei w`‡K Avi ZvKv‡ZB Pvq bv| Acic‡¶, HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm hviv †j‡Lb, Zviv GZ isPs jvMvb †h, Avgiv AZx‡Zi NUbv¸‡jvi mwVK QweUv Avi cvB bv| Avwg GLv‡b `y‡Uv Rbivi wg‡k‡j bZzb K¨vbfv‡m, bZzb is-Zzwj e¨envi K‡i wfbœ GK Qwe AuvKvi c‡_ †nu‡UwQ| eB‡qi Kfv‡i †Kej †jLv _v‡K †jL‡Ki bvg, wKš‘ eB‡qi cÖwZUv cvZvi †bc‡_¨ AviI A‡b‡Ki AvZ¥Z¨vM wg‡k _v‡K| Avgvi cÖ_g K…ZÁZv ZvwiKzi ingvb kvgxg fvB‡qi cÖwZ| Avgv‡K wZwb †`‡L‡Qb G‡Kev‡i wK‡kvi eqm †_‡K, Avgvi wPšÍvfvebvq Zvi cÖfve KZLvwb, Zv e‡j †evSv‡bv m¤¢e bq| GB eB‡qi MÖšc ’ wćZ _vKv AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU eB wZwbB Avgv‡K †hvMvo K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, Ab¨_vq Avgvi c‡¶ †m¸‡jv wK‡b cov `ytmva¨ wQj| Gic‡iB Avm‡e bvRgym mvwKe wbS©i fvB‡qi bvg| Avgvi g‡Zv GKRb Avb‡Kviv †jL‡Ki cÖ‡Póv‡K QvcvLvbvi †Pnviv †`Lv‡Z wbS©i fvB‡qi D‡`¨vM wQj Amvgvb¨| eB‡qi †idv‡iwÝs, bvgKiY I m¤úv`bv wb‡q wbS©i fvB‡K Avwg h‡_ó R¡vwj‡qwQ, wKš‘ wZwb KL‡bv wei³ nbwb| GB eB †jLvi mgq GKRb AmvaviY gvby‡li AK…wÎg †mœ‡n Avwg ab¨ n‡qwQ, wZwb dRjyj Kwig wiqv` fvB| Avgvi Rb¨ wZwb wewmGm cixÿvi cÖ¯‘wZ ev` w`‡q wbijm cwikªg K‡i‡Qb, G Avgvi †mŠfvM¨| GB eB‡qi †bc‡_¨ _vKv Avgvi wPšÍvi R¡vjvwb mieivn Ki‡Z AvkdvK fvB I gvmiæi fvB‡qi Ae`vb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB D‡c¶v Kiv hv‡e bv| Gevi eÜz‡`i K_vq Avwm| Avgvi AZ¨šÍ wcÖq eÜz cvš’‡K †idv‡iwÝs I GwWwUs‡qi Rb¨ w`‡bi ci w`b AK¬všÍ cwikªg Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| †m mn‡hvwMZv bv Ki‡j GB eB GZ `ªæZ

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

Av‡jvi gyL †`LZ bv| eB‡qi cÖv_wgK KvVv‡gvUv web¨v‡mi KvR K‡iwQj eÜz Zb¥q| †idv‡iwÝs Ki‡Z mgq w`‡q‡Q AcyI| Giv †h fv‡jvevmv wb‡q Avgvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i‡Q, Zv †Kv‡bv †ckv`vi‡K w`‡q Kiv‡bv m¤¢e bv| eBUvi KvR hLb ïiæ Kwi, ZLb Avwg Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q msKUgq mgq¸‡jvi GKUv cvi KiwQjvg| Avgvi eÜz kvIb, cvš’ Avi mviv Avgv‡K AvZ¥wek¦vm Avi mvnm RywM‡q‡Q| mg‡qi cwiµgvq kvIb Avi cvš’ Avgvi KvQvKvwQB Av‡Q, Avjøvn †hb KL‡bv I‡`i Avgvi KvQ †_‡K `~‡i bv mivb| mviv GLb my`~i A‡÷ªwjqvq| Zvi GUv g‡b Kivi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB Avwg Zv‡K fz‡j †MwQ| G QvovI eÜz gviæd, ivRy, †gvnvBwgbyj, †ZŠwn`, Zzwnb, Zv‡iK, mvjgvb, †mœ‡ni AbyR kwidzj, wR`vb, bxj, dviw`b I gyRv‡¤§‡ji K_v ej‡ZB n‡e| cvVK‡`i †fZi PviRb‡K we‡klfv‡e g‡b co‡Q| AvivdvZ fvB, ivwd fvB, Avgvb fvB I wZgv Avcy| Avjøvn Avcbv‡`i fv‡jv ivL‡eb, GB cÖZ¨vkvB Kwi| Avgvi †MvUv wk¶vRxeb †h e¨w³i Kv‡Q FYx Zvi bvgwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB, Rbve Gg`v` Bmjvg| Avwg Zuv‡K KL‡bv fzje bv| ab¨ev` cvIbv Avgvi evev-gv‡qiI| Zuviv Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi ev wewmGm K¨vWvi nIqvi MÇvwjKv cÖev‡n Mv-fvmv‡bvi †P‡q memgq Avgvi B”Qv‡KB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| ab¨ev‡`i `vwe`vi cÖKvkK b~i †gvnv¤§v` fvB, whwb GB AL¨vZ Ziæ‡Yi eB cÖKv‡ki g‡Zv GKUv SzuwKc~Y© KvR nv‡Z †bIqvi mvnm †`wL‡q‡Qb| Av‡iKR‡bi K_v bv ej‡jB bq, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK, cÖ‡dmi W. wQwÏKzi ingvb Lvb m¨vi| Ibvi g‡Zv GKRb cwÐZ gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K †h myü` e¨envi Avwg †c‡qwQ, Zv Avgvi Rb¨ AcÖZ¨vwkZ wQj| Avwg BwZnv‡mi GKUv wfbœ, gvbweK eY©bv cvVK‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqvi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ| GB eY©bv, GB BwZnvm cvV¨ eB‡qi cÖPwjZ A‡bKvs‡kB Jcwb‡ewkK BwZnvmex¶‡Yi m‡½ wgj‡e bv| mZ¨ wg_¨v hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cvVK‡K †idv‡iÝ †PK Kivi Aby‡iva RvbvB| bZzb mnmªv‡ãi ïiæ‡Z c„w_ex‡Z GK bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’v M‡o DV‡Z hv‡”Q| cy‡iv‡bv‡K Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e GB bZzb mg‡qi †PvL w`‡q| c„w_ex †`Lvi †jÝUv‡K e`‡j †dj‡eb, bv cy‡iv‡bvUv w`‡qB †`L‡eb, wm×všÍ Avcbvi| mgq †_‡g _v‡K bv| wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq 20 gvP©, 2018

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

`kg kZvãx‡Z Avie gymwjg mvgªvR¨ wZbwU wLjvd‡Z wef³ n‡jI A‡Uvgvbiv wb‡R‡`i †K›`ªxf‚Z kw³‡K a‡i ivL‡Z †c‡iwQj| gymjgvb‡`i cweÎ ¯’vb g°v-gw`bvi wbqš¿Yfvimn †lv‡ovk kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z wLjvd‡ZiI `vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi d‡j Zviv RvMwZK ivóªkw³i KY©avi †_‡K gymwjg we‡k^i Ava¨vwZ¥K †bZ…‡Z¡i AwaKvix wn‡m‡eI Avwef‚©Z nq| ZiæY I cÖwZkÖæwZkxj †jLK wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj-Gi cÖ_g MÖš’ mvbRvK-B Dmgvb : A‡Uvgvb‡`i `ywbqvq GZ`&wel‡q iwPZ MÖš’ivwRi g‡a¨ GKwU bZzb I e¨wZµgx ms‡hvRb| MÖšw’ Ui cÖwZwU Q‡ÎB i‡q‡Q BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb| MÖšw’ U AvUwU Aa¨v‡q wef³| web¨¯Í Aa¨vq wk‡ivbvgmn DcRxe¨ wel‡qi Dcwk‡ivbvg¸‡jvI PgrKvi I AvKl©Yxq| A‡Uvgvb ivóªkw³i DÌvb I weKvkaviv MÖš’Kv‡ii g~j jÿ¨¯’j n‡jI cÖm½µ‡g G‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q AveŸvwm ivRkw³ I Avie mf¨Zvi wech©q, †gv½j‡`i DÌvb I weKvk, wgm‡ii gvgjyK‡`i †gv½j cÖwZ‡iva I gymwjg mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ iÿvq Zv‡`i Ae`vb| †jLK cvVK‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb ga¨hy‡Mi ÿwqòz BD‡iv‡ci Ny‡i `uvov‡bv I Zv‡`i †i‡bmuvi cÖwZ| GwU †Kv‡bv mvaviY BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ bq| ZvB BwZnvm †ev×viv G‡Z BwZnv‡mi cÖYvwjwm× iPbv c×wZi Av‡jv‡K welqe¯‘ AbymÜvb Ki‡j nZvk n‡eb| Z‡e mvaviY cvVKmn BwZnv‡mi cvVK I M‡el‡Ki Rb¨ G eBwU ¸iæZ¡ Kg n‡e bv| KviY, BwZnv‡mi ÁvZ Ges we‡kl K‡i AšÍiv‡j Pvcv cov wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqvewj‡K cv`cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jvq Avbvi †Póv i‡q‡Q eBwU‡Z| BwZnv‡mi QvÎ ev M‡elK bv n‡qI BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ AbyivM †_‡K †jLK Av‡jvP¨ MÖš’wU iPbvi †h D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb, Zv wbtm‡›`‡n cÖksmbxq| Avwg Zuvi G `ytmvnmx AvšÍwiK cÖqvm‡K ¯^vMZ RvbvB| Avwg `„pfv‡e wek^vmx, ZiæY †jL‡Ki e¨wZµgx iPbvwU BwZnv‡mi wkÿK-wkÿv_©x, M‡elK, BwZnvm AbyivMx I mvaviY cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q mgv`„Z n‡e| Avwg mvbRvK-B Dmgvb : A‡Uvgvb‡`i `ywbqvq kxl©K MÖšw’ Ui eûj cÖPvi Kvgbv KiwQ| Acvi m¤¢vebvgq †jLK wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj-Gi Rb¨ iBj A‡bK A‡bK ïfKvgbv|

cÖ‡dmi W. †gvnv¤§` wQwÏKzi ingvb Lvb Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM XvKv wek^we`¨vjq GwcÖj, 2018

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

9

f‚wgKv ÔwKqvgZ ZZ w`b ch©šÍ msNwUZ n‡e bv, hZ w`b bv jvj gyLIqvjv, †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv wZh©K †PvL I P¨vcUv bvKwewkó ZvZv‡iiv †Zvgv‡`i Ici PovI n‡e| Zviv c~e©w`K †_‡K Avm‡e Ges ckg jvMv‡bv Pvgovi RyZv ci‡e, Avi Zv‡`i gyL n‡e Xv‡ji g‡Zv cÖk¯Í| Zviv †Zvgv‡`i Ggbfv‡e Av”Qbœ K‡i †dj‡e, †hgb K‡i c½cv‡ji SuvK AvKvk‡K †X‡K †`q|Õ mwnn eyLvwi : 2770 GB fwel¨`&evYx wg_¨v nqwb| mwZ¨ mwZ¨B ivm~j (mv.)-Gi Idv‡Zi †mvqv Qq‡kv eQi ci c~e©w`‡K GK e‡ovm‡ov So I‡V, †Pw½R Lv‡bi Z‡jvqv‡ii av‡i e`‡j †h‡Z _v‡K `ywbqvi gvbwPÎ| 1206 mv‡j g‡½vwjqvi †¯Í‡c Avavey‡bv, Aa©mf¨ wKQz hvhvei DcRvwZ‡K wb‡q †Pw½R Lvb †h mvgªv‡R¨i m~Pbv K‡ib, Zv cieZ©x Kzwo eQ‡i c„w_ex Ry‡o wb‡q Av‡m wKqvg‡Zi Av‡MB Av‡iK wKqvgZ| Pxb, ZzwK©¯Ívb, AvdMvwb¯Ívb, †Lvivmvb, Bivb n‡q K‡Kkvm †_‡K G‡Kev‡i ivwkqv ch©šÍ †Pw½R Lvb nZ¨v K‡ib †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl‡K, Kv‡qg K‡ib GK AvZ‡¼i mvgªvR¨| GUvB BwZnv‡m gvby‡li Rq Kiv me‡P‡q e‡ov Awew”Qbœ mvgªvR¨| †Pw½R Lv‡bi g„Zz¨i c‡iI †gv½jiv _v‡gwb, G‡K G‡K Zviv KeRv K‡i‡Q cÖvq cy‡iv ga¨cÖvP¨| 1258 mvj bvMv` Zviv G‡m c‡o evM`v‡`i †`vi‡Mvovq| Avie¨ iRbxi †mB evM`v`, AveŸvwmqv wLjvdZ Z_v Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi †mvbvwj hy‡Mi cÖZxK evM`v`| Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi ¯^Y©hyM †kl n‡q wM‡qwQj Gi eû Av‡MB| ivR‰bwZK I ag©xqfv‡e eûavwef³ gymwjg D¤§vn †gv½j AvMÖvm‡bi mvg‡b LoKz‡Uvi g‡Zv †f‡m hvq| ÁvbweÁv‡b, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †hvRb †hvRb GwM‡q _vKvi ciI Bgvb, HK¨ Avi †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve gymjgvb‡`i cwiYZ K‡i †gv½j‡`i `v‡m| Pxbv‡`i cwiYwZI nq GKB iKg| ·qv`k kZvãxi cy‡ivUv Ry‡oB wQj c„w_exi w`‡K w`‡K †gv½j‡`i Îv‡mi ivRZ¡| wKš‘ Gi gv‡SB bZzb GK kw³i DÌvb N‡U wgm‡i| gvgjyKiv Rxeb evwR †i‡L †gv½j‡`i nvZ †_‡K wmwiqv, wgmi I g°v-gw`bv‡K i¶v K‡i| AvBb RvjyZ Avi †nvg‡mi hy‡×i ci cvj‡U †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i BwZnv‡mi †mªvZaviv| †Pw½R Lv‡bi †gv½j‡`i nvZ †_‡K cvwj‡q †eu‡P hvIqv ZzwK© gymwjgiv Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡Z M‡o Zzj‡Z _v‡K bZzb mf¨Zv| G‡`i g‡a¨B GKRb wQ‡jb AviZziæj †ei †Q‡j Dmgvb|

10

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

·qv`k kZvãxi †k‡l Avbv‡Zvwjqvq †h gymwjg AvwgivZ¸‡jv Rb¥ †bq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †Qv‡Uv Avwgiv‡Zi myjZvb wQ‡jb wZwb| GB Dmgvb †_‡KB A‡Uvgvb mvjZvbv‡Zi DÌv‡bi MíUv ïiæ| Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡Z Dmgv‡bi eskaiiv hLb M‡o ZzjwQj bZzb GK Bmjvwg mf¨Zv, ZLb BD‡iv‡ci e¨vcviUv wQj m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †gv½j AvµgY †_‡K †gv‡Ui Ici †eu‡P hvIqv BD‡ivc D”P ga¨hy‡Mi mg„× mgq‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j G‡m‡Q| G‡Ki ci GK µz‡m‡W civRq, †cv‡ci m‡½ mgªvU‡`i weev`, mvgvwRK AmsMwZ, Kzms¯‹vi I AÜwek¦vm, †mBm‡½ Rjevqy cwieZ©b I gnvgvwi BD‡iv‡ci Ici giY †Qvej nv‡b| eø¨vK †W_ Avi `ywf©‡¶ DRvo n‡q hvq BD‡iv‡ci RbmsL¨vi cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk| Iw`‡K PZz`©k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K Gwkqv‡Z Avevi Avwef©ve N‡U GK w`M&weRqxi| whwb cy‡iv Gwkqv‡K GKUv e‡ov Kei¯’v‡b cwiYZ K‡ib| Zvi bvg Avwgi ZvBgyi, BwZnvm KzL¨vZ ˆZgyi js| GKUv mvgªv‡R¨i Mo Avqy mvaviYZ GK‡kv †_‡K †`o‡kv eQi nq, Zvici Zv ax‡i ax‡i †f‡O c‡o| wKš‘ GK kZvãx a‡i µ‡gB †e‡o DVv A‡Uvgvb mvjZvbv‡Zi †f‡O covi †Kv‡bv j¶Y †`Lv hvw”Qj bv| ZvBgy‡ii Avµg‡Y weaŸ¯Í nIqvi c‡iI wU‡K hvq A‡Uvgvbiv| Zv‡`i wU‡K _vKvi g~jgš¿ wQj mykvmb, Bbmvd Avi cy‡iv‡bv‡K jvj‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb‡K MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv| Gfv‡eB A‡Uvgvbiv cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z _v‡K GK wek¦kw³‡Z| 1453 mv‡j myjZvb gynv¤§v` Avj dvwZni †bZ…‡Z¡ Zviv ev¯Í‡e iƒc`vb K‡i gnvbwe (mv.)Gi Av‡iKwU fwel¨`&evYx; Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj weRq| †gv½j‡`i Avµg‡Y aŸsm¯Í‚‡c cwiYZ nIqvi `y‡kv eQ‡ii gv_vq Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi nvj a‡i A‡UvgvbivB| cÂ`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ BD‡ivc ax‡i ax‡i Avo‡gvov †f‡O DV‡Z _v‡K| nvRvi eQi a‡i †P‡c _vKv AÜwek¦vm, Kzms¯‹vi Avi `ytkvm‡bi g‡a¨I BD‡iv‡c Rb¥ wb‡Z _v‡K KvjRqx me wPšÍvaviv I wPšÍvbvq‡Kiv| GLvb †_‡KB ïiæ BD‡ivwcqvb †i‡bmuv| mvbRvK-B Dmgvb : A‡Uvgvb‡`i `ywbqvÕ eBwU‡Z Av‡jvPbvq G‡m‡Q †gv½j‡`i DÌvb, mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i µ‡gB Zv‡`i `y‡Uv e„nËi gnvmf¨Zvq wejxb n‡q hvIqvi K_v, G‡m‡Q RvbevR gvgjyK‡`i `uv‡Z `uvZ Pvcv msMÖv‡gi K_v| GLv‡b Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e G‡Kev‡i aŸs‡mi cÖvšÍ †_‡K Avevi GKUv mf¨Zv D‡V `uvovq|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

11

BwZnv‡mi eB n‡jI GwU cÖ_vMZ BwZnvm Av‡jvPbvi c_ a‡i AvMvqwb| GB eBwU GKv‡Wwgwkqvb‡`i Rb¨ bq, Zv‡`i Rb¨ ARmª eB i‡q‡Q| GB eB mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨, hviv G‡Ki ci GK mvj, ZvwiL Avi evnvwi bv‡gi P°‡i c‡o BwZnvm‡K Gwo‡q Pj‡Z Af¨¯Í| HwZnvwmK NUbvewji Mreuvav weei‡Yi †P‡q GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q h_vm¤¢e we‡kølYg~jK weei‡Yi| A‡Uvgvb mvjZvbvZ GLv‡b †K›`ªxq Dcv`vb n‡jI ga¨hyMxq BD‡ivc‡KI GLv‡b Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gymwjg myjZvb I mvgªvR¨¸‡jvi BwZnvm †jLvi mgq cÖvP¨ m¤ú‡K© Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ †jLK‡`i (Iwi‡q›Uvwj÷) cÖfve h_vm¤¢e D‡c¶v Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mBm‡½ †Kv‡bv NUbvi we‡kølY Kivi mgq RvZxqZvev`x AwZiÄb Gov‡bviI †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ZzwK© HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z wQj| BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ Pvcv c‡o hvIqv wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv Ges Zv‡`i †cQ‡bi NUbv¸‡jv‡K cv`cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jvq Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q GB eB‡q, hv A‡bK †¶‡Î g~javivi BwZnv‡m D‡cw¶Z †_‡K hvq| GB eB GKv‡WwgK BwZnv‡mi aviv weeiYx bq, bq †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vmI| G n‡jv BwZnv‡mi †d‡j Avmv c‡_ wKQz¶‡Yi GKUv mgq cwiågY| A‡bK K_v n‡jv| Gevi Avgiv †`Le g‡½vwjqvq Kx NU‡Q| Avgiv cv ivL‡Z hvw”Q A‡Uvgvb‡`i `ywbqvq|

12

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

wb‡`©wkKv hviv BwZnv‡mi wbqwgZ cvVK bb Ges f‚‡Mv‡j hv‡`i `ye©jZv Av‡Q, Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avwg GB wb‡`©wkKv Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ| eBwU covi Av‡M GLv‡b †PvL eywj‡q wb‡j AcwiwPZ k㸇jv‡K †Pbv Zv‡`i Rb¨ mnR n‡e| hy‡×i eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q †h Bs‡iwR mvgwiK cwifvlv¸‡jv eB‡Z G‡m‡Q, GLv‡b †m¸‡jviI msw¶ß e¨vL¨v Av‡Q| Avcwb GKUz ci GK UvBg Uª¨v‡f‡j wd‡i †h‡Z P‡j‡Qb A‡Uvgvb‡`i `ywbqvq| †mB `ywbqv‡K wPb‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K mvg‡bi K‡qKwU cvZvq fv‡jv K‡i †PvL †evjv‡Z n‡e| †fŠ‡MvwjK cwifvlv : †¯Íc : we¯ÍxY© Nv‡m XvKv mgf‚wg, †hLv‡b †Zgb †Kv‡bv e‡ov MvQ Rb¥vq bv| BD‡µb †_‡K mvB‡ewiqv Ges ga¨ Gwkqvi we¯ÍxY© AÂj †¯Í‡ci AšÍfz©³| GB AÂjwU‡K BD‡iwkqvb †¯Íc ejv nq| BD‡iwkqvb †¯Í‡ci wewfbœ AÂj‡K Avevi Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq bvg †hgb, g‡½vwjqvb †¯Íc, wKcPvK †¯Íc, ivkvb †¯Íc bv‡gI WvKv n‡q _v‡K| I‡bvb b`x : AvU‡kv AvVv‡iv wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© GB b`xwU †LšÍvB ce©Zgvjv †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| eyiLvb Lvj`yb ce©Z : †LšÍvB ce©Zgvjv‡Z Aew¯’Z g‡½vwjqvi AZ¨šÍ my›`i GKwU ce©Z| Gi D”PZv cÖvq AvovB nvRvi wgUvi| gv Iqviv Dbœvnvi : Biv‡bi Dˇi, Avgy `wiqv Avi wmi `wiqvi gvSvgvwS Aew¯’Z GK De©i mgf‚wg| Avgy `wiqv : Aviwe‡Z G‡K e‡j RvBûb, dviwm‡Z e‡j Avgy `wiqv, wMÖK bvg A·vm| AvdMvwb¯Ívb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb, I ZvwRwK¯Ív‡b Aew¯’Z `ynvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk ˆ`‡N¨©i GKwU weL¨vZ b`x| wmi `wiqv : KvRvL¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb I wKiwMR¯Ív‡bi Ici w`‡q e‡q hvIqv †mvqv `ynvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© Av‡iKwU b`x| Gi Aviwe bvg mvBûb, wMÖK fvlvq G‡K e‡j Rv·v‡U©m| ZzwK©¯Ívb : ga¨ Gwkqvi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z b`xwe‡aŠZ DcZ¨Kv I mgf‚wg| DR‡ewK¯Ívb, ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb,ZvwRwK¯Ívb, KvRvL¯Ívb, wKiwMR¯Ívb I AvaywbK Px‡bi wRbwRqvs wb‡q MwVZ| Gi Dˇi mvB‡ewiqvb †¯Íc, `w¶‡Y Bivb, c~‡e© wZeŸZ Ges †Mvwe giæf‚wg I cwð‡g Kvw¯úqvb mvMi Aew¯’Z| wZ‡qbkvb ce©Zgvjv : Pxb †_‡K ga¨ Gwkqvq cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_B GB mywekvj, myD”P ce©Zgvjvi Ae¯’vb| GwU Pxb, wKiwMR¯Ívb, KvRvL¯Ívb I DR‡ewK¯Ívb Ry‡o we¯Í…Z|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

13

†Lvivmvb : `w¶Y ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb, `w¶Y-c~e© DR‡ewK¯Ívb I ZvwRwK¯Ívb, DËi-c~e© Bivb Ges cwðg AvdMvwb¯Ívb wb‡q MwVZ GKwU AÂj| GwU g~jZ cÖvPxb cvim¨ mf¨Zvi m~wZKvMvi wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ| wn›`yKzk ce©Zgvjv : cvwK¯Ívb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb mxgv‡šÍi GKwU myD”P ce©Z‡kªwY| cvwgi gvjf‚wg : ZvwRwK¯Ívb, AvdMvwb¯Ívb, wKiwMR¯Ívb I Px‡bi ga¨eZ©x cvwgi ce©Zgvjvi GKwU D”Pf‚wg| GB D”Pf‚wg AvaywbK ZvwRwK¯Ívb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| cvwgi gvjf‚wg c„w_exi D”PZg gvjf‚wg, Gi D”PZv cÖvq mvZ nvRvi wgUvi| wmÜz b` : wZeŸ‡Zi gvbm m‡ivei †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q wMjwMU evjwU¯Ívb, jv`vL, R¤§y-Kvk¥xi n‡q mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q `ynvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk `xN© GB wekvj b` Avie mvM‡i G‡m c‡o‡Q| Kviv‡Kvivg ce©Zgvjv : GwU g~jZ cvwK¯Ívb-Pxb mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z GKwU ce©Zgvjv| wMjwMUevjwU¯Ívb, jv`vL I c~e© ZzwK©¯Ív‡b we¯Í…Z| c„w_exi wØZxq D”PZg k„½ †K-Uz GB ce©Zgvjvi D”PZg we›`y| AvjeyR© ce©Zgvjv : DËi-DËi-cwðg Bivb I AvRvievBRv‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU ce©Zgvjv| †dvivZ b`x : wMÖK bvg BD‡d«wZm| `yB nvRvi AvU‡kv wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© GB b`x Zzi‡¯‹ DrcwË jvf K‡i wmwiqv I BivK n‡q cvim¨ DcmvM‡i c‡o‡Q| `Rjv I †dvivZ b`xi gvSvgvwS †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv A‡jB c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zvi Rb¥| `Rjv b`x : wMÖK bvg ZvBwMÖm| GK nvRvi AvU‡kv wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© GB b`xwUI Zzi¯‹wmwiqv I Biv‡Ki †fZi w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q| RvwRivZzj Avie : Avie DcØxc bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvaywbK †mŠw` Avie, B‡q‡gb, Igvb, mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ, RW©vb, wdwjw¯Íb wb‡q MwVZ| Gi cwð‡g wmbvB DcØxc, Dˇi wmwiqv, DËi-c~‡e© BivK Aew¯’Z| RvwRivZzj Avi‡ei wZb w`‡K †jvwnZ mvMi, Avie mvMi I cvim¨ DcmvMi _vKvq Aviwe‡Z G‡K RvwRiv ev Øxc ejv nq| gvM‡ie : wgmixq giæf‚wgi cwð‡g g~jZ mvnviv giæf‚wg msjMœ f‚ga¨mvMi Zx‡ii gymwjg †`k¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î gvM‡ie ev cwðg ejv nq| Avj‡Rwiqv, wjweqv, wZDwbwmqv, gi‡°v I †gŠwiZvwbqv GB A‡ji AšÍfz©³| bxj b` : Qq nvRvi AvU‡kv wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk `xN©, c„w_exi `xN©Zg b`x | GwU GMv‡ivwU †`‡ki Ici w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q| bxj b‡`i DrcwË g~jZ Avwd«Kvi †jK wf‡±vwiqvq, Avi GwU G‡m c‡o‡Q f‚ga¨mvM‡i| A¨vUjvm ce©Zgvjv : gvM‡ie A‡ji f‚ga¨mvMi DcK‚j †Nu‡l Aew¯’Z GKwU AZ¨šÍ iæ¶ ce©Zgvjv|

14

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

K‡Kkvm ce©Zgvjv : K…ò mvMi I Kvw¯úqvb mvM‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡g©wbqv, AvRvievBRvb I RwR©qvq Aew¯’Z GKwU ce©Zgvjv| Gi Dˇi ivwkqv, cwð‡g Avbv‡Zvwjqv, `w¶Y I c~‡e© Bivb Aew¯’Z| K‡Kkvm AÂj : g~jZ Av‡g©wbqv, AvRvievBRvb I RwR©qv wb‡q MwVZ GKwU AÂj hv K…ò mvMi, Kvw¯úqvb mvMi, Bivb-Zzi¯‹ I ivwkqvi †fZi GKwU †mZzi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Avbv‡Zvwjqv : Gwkqv gvBbi bv‡gI cwiwPZ GB f‚LÐ BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi gvSvgvwS Aew¯’Z| eZ©gvb Zzi‡¯‹i cÖvq cy‡ivUvB Avbv‡Zvwjqv wb‡q MwVZ| GB AÂj ce©Z -DcZ¨Kv I gvjf‚wg‡Z cwic~Y©| gvigviv mvMi : Avbv‡Zvwjqv I ejKvb DcØxc‡K wef³Kvix GB mvMi BD‡ivc †_‡K Gwkqv‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| GwU Zzi‡¯‹ Aew¯’Z| `v`©v‡bwjm cÖYvwj : GB Rjivwk c~e© f‚ga¨mvMi I gvigviv mvMi‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q| Gi DËi-cwð‡g Mvwjøcwj DcØxc (BD‡ivc), `w¶Y-c~‡e© Avbv‡Zvwjqv (Gwkqv)| emdivm cÖYvwj : emdivm cÖYvwj Gwkqv I BD‡ivc‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q, Avi gvigviv mvMi I K…ò mvMi‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q| f‚ga¨mvMi : wReªvëvi cÖYvwji gva¨‡g AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii m‡½ mshy³ GB wekvj mvMi BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv I ga¨cÖv‡P¨i gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z| Gi Zx‡i A‡bK¸‡jv cÖvPxb mf¨Zv M‡o I‡VwQj| c„w_exi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgyw`ªK evwYR¨c_¸‡jvi K‡qKwU f‚ga¨mvM‡ii m‡½ RwoZ| GwRqvb mvMi : f‚ga¨mvM‡ii DËi-c~‡e© Zzi¯‹, wMÖm I wmwiqvi gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z mvMi| K…ò mvMi : `w¶Y-c~e© BD‡ivc, Avbv‡Zvwjqv, K‡Kkvm I ivwkqvi gvSvgvwS Aew¯’Z GKwU mvMi| Uivm ce©Zgvjv : Avbv‡Zvwjqvi `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z GKwU gvSvwi D”PZvi, wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ `yM©g ce©Zgvjv| †_ªm : cÖvPxb wMÖm I eyj‡Mwiqvi Askwe‡kl| ejKvb ce©Zgvjv : eyj‡Mwiqv I mvwe©qvq Aew¯’Z GKwU ce©Zgvjv| ejKvb DcØxc : f‚ga¨mvM‡ii Dˇi I Avbv‡Zvwjqvi cwð‡g Aew¯’Z GKwU DcØxc| Gi cwð‡g A¨vwWªqvwUK mvMi I c~‡e© K…ò mvMi Aew¯’Z| `vwbqye b`x : BD‡iv‡ci wØZxq `xN©Zg b`x| `ynvRvi mvZ‡kv Avwk wK‡jvwgUvi ˆ`‡N¨©i GB wekvj b`x `kwU †`‡ki Ici w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q| `vwbqye †_‡K Drcbœ kvLv b`x¸‡jv e‡q †M‡Q AviI cÖvq bqwU †`‡ki Ici w`‡q| GwU‡K g~jZ ejKvb A‡ji m‡½ ga¨ BD‡iv‡ci mxgvšÍ wn‡m‡e aiv nq|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

15

Iqvjvwmqv : †ivgvbxqvi `vwbqye we‡aŠZ GKwU AÂj| GwU GK mgq Nb R½j I cvnv‡o cwic~Y© wQj| gj`vwfqv : GwU K…ò mvM‡ii Zx‡i Aew¯’Z †ivgvwbqvi GKwU AÂj| UªvwÝjfvwbqv : †ivgvwbqvi GKwU cÖ‡`k| GK mgq GwU nv‡½wiqvb mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb wQj| Iqvjvwmqv, gj`vwfqv I UªvwÝjfvwbqv `xN©w`b Dmgvwb‡`i Aax‡b wQj| c¨vUv‡Mvwbqv : `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi Av‡R©w›Ubv I wPwj‡Z Aew¯’Z GKwU AZ¨šÍ DuPz gvjf‚wg| †KBc Ad ¸W †nvc : evsjvq DËgvkv AšÍixc e‡j cwiwPZ| `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi G‡Kev‡iB `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z GB we›`y‡Z AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi fviZ gnvmvM‡ii m‡½ wg‡k‡Q| gvjv°v cÖYvwj : e‡½vcmvMi †_‡K B‡›`v‡bwkqvq cÖ‡e‡ki Rjc_| c„w_exi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU evwYR¨c_ e‡j GwU nvRv‡iv eQi a‡i weL¨vZ| †fvjMv b`x : ivwkqvi RvZxq Ges BD‡iv‡ci `xN©Zg GB b`x cÖvq wZb nvRvi mvZ‡kv wK‡jvwgUvi `xN©| ga¨ ivwkqv‡Z Drcbœ n‡q Kvw¯úqvb mvM‡i c‡o‡Q| b„ZvwË¡K cwifvlv ZvZvi : Avie-Bivwb ga¨hyMxq HwZnvwmKiv †gv½j‡`i †evSv‡Z ZvZvi kãUv e¨envi Ki‡jI ZvZviiv Avm‡j wfbœ GKwU Rb‡Mvôx| †Pw½R Lv‡bi Avg‡j ZvZviiv g~jZ g‡½vwjqv I mvB‡ewiqvi †¯Íc A‡ji evwm›`v wQj| kvixwiK Mo‡bi w`K †_‡K Zviv †gv½j‡`i †P‡q ZzwK©-mvB‡ewiqvb‡`i †ewk KvQvKvwQ| DBNyi : GKwU ZzwK© b„‡Mvôx| G‡`i GKwU e‡ov Ask eZ©gvb wRbwRqvs Z_v c~e© ZzwK©¯Ív‡b evm K‡i| wKcPvK : GivI GKwU ZzwK© b„‡Mvôx| G‡`i cÖavb AveŸvm ivkvb †¯Í‡ci cwðgvsk I KvRvL¯Ív‡b| G‡`i ˆ`wnK Mo‡b †gv½j I K‡Kwkqvb Dfq b„‡Mvôxi ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq| mvK©vwkqvb : Giv g~jZ mvK©vwkqv A‡ji K‡Kwkqvb Rb‡Mvôx| ˆ`wnK †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ weL¨vZ| ZzK©gvb : ZzK©gvb k‡ãi `y‡Uv e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq| GKUv n‡jv Cgvb`vi ZzwK©, Ab¨Uv n‡jv LuvwU ZzwK©| cÖ_g gZUv Be‡b Kvwm‡ii, wØZxq gZUv gvngy` KvkMwoi| Giv me©caÖ vb ZzwK© b„‡Mvôx, Ges ZzwK©‡`i †fZi GivB cÖ_g Bmjvg MÖnY K‡iwQj| Agymwjg‡`i †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨B g~jZ Giv ZzK©gvb bvg MÖnY K‡i| INyR : GKwU ZzK©gvb b„‡Mvôx| †mjRyK, A‡Uvgvbmn eû mvjZvbvZ GivB M‡o †Zv‡j| ûb : BD‡iwkqvb †¯Í‡ci hvhvei DcRvwZ, Lye m¤¢eZ cÖvPxb ZzwK© RvwZ| wfwmM_ : g~jZ Rvg©vb Amf¨ RvwZ| ¯øvf : ivkvb/c~e© BD‡ivwcqvb b„‡Mvôx|

16

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

BqvRyR gvRyR : cÖvPxb ag©MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z evievi G‡`i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| ejv nq, wKqvg‡Zi Av‡M Giv AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡e Ges gvbeRvwZ G‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i aŸsm nIqvi Dcµg n‡e| gvgjyK : we‡kl cÖwk¶YcÖvß `vm ˆmwbK| Giv mvaviYZ ZzK©gvb, wKcPvK ev Kzw`© b„‡Mvôx †_‡K AvmZ| kvgvb : ISv| cÖK…Zc~Rvwi †Mvôx¸‡jv‡Z Zviv GKBm‡½ wPwKrmv, MYKwe`¨v I cy‡ivwn‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Zz‡K©v-†gv½j cÖvPxb mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z kvgvb‡`i e¨vcK cÖfve I ¸iæZ¡ wQj| KziæjZvB : †gv½j DcRvZxq KvDwÝj| G‡K AvaywbK msm‡`i †gv½j fvm©b ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| KziæjZvB‡Z mvaviYZ me e‡ov e‡ov †Mv‡Îi Lvbiv †hvM w`‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewfbœ wel‡q wm×všÍ †bb| †Zswi : cÖvPxb ZzwK© I †gv½jiv GK mªóvq wek¦vm KiZ| Zv‡`i aviYv, GB mªóvi bvg †Zswi Ges wZwb AvKv‡k evm K‡ib| †gv½jiv †Zswii cvkvcvwk wewfbœ †`eZviI c~Rv KiZ| ivR‰bwZK cwifvlv : Kviv wLZvB : KvRvL¯Ívb, `w¶Y mvB‡ewiqv I cwðg Px‡bi wekvj Ask Ry‡o Øv`k kZvãx‡Z M‡o IVv GKwU †eŠ× mvgªvR¨| wR wRqv ivResk : DËi-cwðg Px‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx ivResk| 1038 mvj †_‡K 1227 mvj ch©šÍ Zv‡`i mvgªvR¨ wU‡K wQj| wRb ivResk : DËi Pxb I DËi-c~e© Px‡bi GKwU wekvj mvgªvR¨| ms ivResk : `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e© Px‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx mvgªvR¨| wR wRqv, wRb I ms mvgªvR¨ ci¯ú‡ii mgmvgwqK wQj| DgvBqv : DgvBqv Beb Ave` kvgm Be‡b KzmvB‡qi eskai‡`i DgvBqv ejv nq| DgvBqv wQ‡jb ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi ci`v`v nvwkg Beb Ave‡` gvbv‡di cÖwZØw›Ø| GB cÖwZØw›ØZv Zv‡`i g„Zz¨i ci Zv‡`i eskai‡`i g‡a¨I Pj‡Z _v‡K| DgvBqv wLjvdZ : nRiZ gyqvweqv Beb Avey mywdqvb (iv.) wLjvdZ‡K eskvbyµwgK ivRZ‡š¿ cwiYZ K‡ib| Zuvi mšÍvb I DgvBqv es‡ki Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ wLjvdZ‡K DgvBqv wLjvdZ (661-750 wLªóvã) ejv nq| AveŸvwmqv : ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi PvPv AveŸvm Beb Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei eskai‡`i AveŸvwmqv ejv nq| AveŸvwmqv wLjvdZ : DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi cZb †W‡K Av‡b AveŸvwmqviv| 750 wLªóv‡ã cÖwZwôZ GB wLjvdvn 1258 wLªóvã ch©šÍ Bmjvwg D¤§vni †bZ…‡Z¡i Avm‡b AwawôZ wQj|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

17

†mjRyK mvjZvbvZ : INyR ZzwK©‡`i kvLv wKwbK †MvÎ †_‡K D™¢‚Z ZzwK© †bZv †mjRy‡Ki eskai‡`i cÖwZwôZ wekvj mvjZvbvZ‡K †mjRyK mvjZvbvZ ejv nq| GKv`k kZvãx‡Z GB mvjZvbvZ mgMÖ ga¨ Gwkqv I ga¨cÖv‡P¨i GK”QÎ wbqš¿Y MÖnY K‡i| Avbv‡Zvwjqv Rq K‡i Zviv Bmjvg‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq †cuŠ‡Q †`q| Øv`k kZvãx‡Z †mjRyK mvjZvbvZ LÐweLÐ n‡q hvq Ges cieZ©x mg‡q wejyß nq| †mjRyK mvjZvbvZ-B iæg : †mjRyK mvjZvbvZ †f‡O hvIqvi ci Avbv‡Zvwjqvq †mjRyK mvjZvbv‡Zi Aewkóvsk| dvwZwg wLjvdZ : BmgvBwj wkqv‡`i M‡o †Zvjv GKwU wkqv mvgªvR¨| 909 wLªóv‡ã GwU ¯’vwcZ nq Ges `kg kZvãxi †kl bvMv` mgMÖ DËi Avwd«Kv, wgmi, cwðg wmwiqv, †jevbb, wdwjw¯Íb I cweÎf‚wg wnRv‡Ri (g°v-gw`bvmn cwðg Avie) wbqš¿Y AveŸvwmqv wLjvd‡Zi KvQ †_‡K †K‡o †bq| †mjRyK‡`i DÌv‡bi d‡j Zviv wmwiqv I wnRv‡Ri wbqš¿Y nvivq| myjZvb byiæwÏb Rvw½ Zv‡`i wmwiqv †_‡KI weZvwoZ K‡ib| †kl‡gk myjZvb mvjvn DwÏb AvBqywe GK i³cvZnxb Afz¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g dvwZwg wLjvd‡Zi Aemvb NUvb Ges AvBqywe mvjZvbvZ cÖwZôv K‡ib| mywbœ gymwjg‡`i Kv‡Q dvwZwgiv KL‡bvB wLjvd‡Zi ˆeaZv cvqwb| AvBqywe mvjZvbvZ : myjZvb mvjvn DwÏb AvBqywe I Zvi eskai‡`i cÖwZwôZ wgmi, wmwiqv, wnRvh, B‡q‡gb I `w¶Y Avbv‡Zvwjqvq cÖwZwôZ mvjZvbvZ| gvgjyK mvjZvbvZ : AvBqywe mvjZvbv‡Zi cZ‡bi ci wgmi, wmwiqv, my`vb, wnRvR I B‡q‡g‡b M‡o DVv GB mvjZvbvZ g~jZ ZzwK© `vm ˆmwbK‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| GwU 1517 mvj ch©šÍ wU‡KwQj| K¬vwmK¨vj †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ : mgªvU Rywjqvm wmRvi I A±vwfqvb wmRv‡ii mgq †_‡K (wLªóc~e© 31 Aã‡K Gi m~PbvKvj aiv nq) 476 wLóv‡ã †iv‡gi cZb Aewa wU‡K _vKv †ivgwfwËK mvgªvR¨| wb‡Ri ¶gZvi wkL‡i †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ mgMÖ DËi Avwd«Kv, `w¶Y BD‡ivc, ejKvb AÂj, weª‡Ub, d«vÝ, Rvg©vwb, wgmi, Avbv‡Zvwjqv, wmwiqv, †jevbb I wdwjw¯Íb wbqš¿Y KiZ| evBRv›UvBb †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ : mgªvU w_I‡Wvwmqv‡mi g„Zz¨i ci Kb÷¨vw›U‡bvcj‡K †K›`ª K‡i ejKvb AÂj, Avwd«Kv, wgmi, wmwiqv I Avbv‡Zvwjqvq †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ wU‡K _v‡K| Lwjdv nRiZ Dgi dviæK (iv.)-Gi mgq ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †ivgvb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| Dmgvwb myjZvb gynv¤§v` Avj dvwZn evBRv›UvBb mvgªv‡R¨i cZb NUvb| Dcvwam~PK cwifvlv : Lvb : Zz‡K©v-†gv½j †MvÎcÖavb‡`i m¤§vbm~PK Dcvwa| LvKvb : Lvb‡`i Lvb, Zz‡K©v-†gv½j ev`kvn ev mgªvU‡`i †¶‡Î GB Dcvwa e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

18

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

†e/†eM : AwfRvZ e¨w³| G‡dw›` : m¤§vwbZ e¨w³| †R‡jwe/†P‡jwe : f`ª‡jvK(wg÷vi/Rbv‡ei mgv_©K)| LvZzb/nvZzb : f`ªgwnjv| †bvBqvb : †gv½j mvgªv‡R¨i cÖv‡`wkK kvmK| Giv GK m‡½ kvmK I †Rbv‡i‡ji f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zb| ZziMvD`/†LwkM : Lv‡bi we‡kl †`ni¶x evwnbx| KvBRvi : †ivgvb mgªvU/BD‡ivwcqvb mgªvU| Rvi/wmRvi : KvBRvi k‡ãi j¨vwUb/¯øvf Acåsk| cvcvj eyj : †cv‡ci Rvwi Kiv wjwLZ cÖÁvcb| KvwW©bvj : †cv‡ci we‡kl cÖwZwbwa, whwb GKwU wbw`©ó A‡ji K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cÖav‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| bvBU : AwfRvZ BD‡ivwcqvb fvwi Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmwbK| Z‡e bvBUm †U¤újvi, nmwcUvjvi I wUDUwbK bvBU‡`i e¨vcviUv wfbœ| bvBUm †U¤újvi : GKwU ga¨hyMxq åvZ…msN| G‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wQj we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥K wmw×jvf Kiv| ag©‡hv×v wn‡m‡e µz‡m‡W AmvaviY exiZ¡ †`Lv‡bvi Kvi‡Y Zviv weL¨vZ wQj| Zv‡`i wQj wbR¯^ †Mv‡q›`v †bUIqvK© I A_©e¨e¯’v| bvBUm nmwcUvjvi I wUD‡UvwbK bvBUivI A‡bKUv bvBUm †U¤újvi‡`i g‡ZvB ag©xq mvgwiK åvZ…msN wQj| †W¯úU : mgªvU‡K Ki cÖ`v‡bi wewbg‡q ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi AwaKvicÖvß kvmK| KvD›U/jW© : AwfRvZ Rwg`vi| g¨vM‡bU : m¤£všÍ nv‡½wiqvb Rwg`vi| eqvi : ¯øvf/†ivgvwbqvb AwfRvZ e¨w³| KvwR Dj Kz¾vZ : cÖavb wePviK| kvBLyj Bmjvg : cÖavb Bmjvwg AvBb cÖ‡YZv| myjZvb ev`kvn‡`i Zv‡`i m‡½ civgk© K‡i ivóªxq KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mvjZvbv‡Z kvBLyj Bmjvg‡`i ¶gZv cÖvq myjZvb/kvm‡Ki mgK¶ wQj| cvkv : Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| GKBm‡½ myjZvwb w`Dqv‡bi m`m¨, GKwU e‡ov cÖ‡`‡ki kvmK Ges †Rbv‡ij|

19

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

m~wPcÎ c_Ö g Aa¨vq : gZ „ ¨z i m¤vª U eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j Lvb-B Lvbvb NvZK †gv½j gnvPx‡b S‡oi c~e©vfvm BqvRyR gvRyR ZzwK© ZiæY †Mvi¯Ívb-B Lyivmvb wn›`yKzk †_‡K wn›`y¯Ív‡b †KD Agi bq †divwi Avbv‡Zvwjqvi Kv‡djv Avie iRbxi ¯^cf œ ½

25 31 34 39 43 48 59 62 67 73 82 87 93

wØZxq Aa¨vq : RvbevR gvgjyK wgm‡ii wmsn eviwK Lvb BkwK¯Ívb cvjUv AvNvZ †gv½j‡`i gy‡LvgywL P‚ovšÍ jovB

106 114 119 126 135 142

ZZ … xq Aa¨vq : MvwRi †Nvov AviZziæj, G‡`e Avwj, Dmgvb WvBbvwg· Ad Avbv‡Zvwjqv MvwR

148 151 159

20

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

MvwR‡`i MvwR AvwL Kv‡jv giY BD‡iv‡ci `yqv‡i gyiv` gvwirRvq i³M½v Rvwbmvwi K‚UbxwZi MÖ¨vÛgv÷vi K‡mv‡fvi hy×

164 170 175 182 187 191 199 203 208

PZ_z © Aa¨vq : Pvwiw`‡K kÎæ _vÛvi‡evë giYcY AkvšÍ Avbv‡Zvwjqv AvjRvB `¨v †Pm‡evW© gnvmgi M„nhy× N‡ii kÎæ KgvÛvi Rb fvb©v nª‡`i Zx‡i mywd myjZvb ¸jevnvi

215 219 229 232 234 242 251 258 262 268 274 282

cÂg Aa¨vq : eviæw` mvjZvbvZ Avj dvwZn LvKvb-Dj evnivBb gkjv †n‡ig-B ûgvqyb Avevi ûbqvw` Cgvb, Bbmvd, BbmvwbqvZ †UªweRÛ Awfhvb

285 314 318 321 330 336 348

21

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

lô Aa¨vq : exi-gnvexi kqZv‡bi †Q‡j WªvKzjvi gy‡LvgywL †Mwijv giYcY jovB mbœ¨vmx †Rbv‡ij myjZv‡bi †kl jovB WªvKzjvi M`©vb wµwgqvi wPwV myjZvb, KvBRvi, †cvc nvwi‡q hvIqv BMj Avevi M„nhy× mßg Aa¨vq : bqv `wy bqvq wiKbKzB¯Ív Avjnvgivi AkÖæ K‡jvwbqvj `ywbqvq AvUjvw›UK Qvwo‡q †MøvevjvB‡Rkvb bZzb GK c„w_ex‡Z Bibliography

†Pw½R Lv‡bi eskai‡`i ZvwjKv Dmgvbx myjZvb‡`i eskZvwjKv

352 358 366 372 382 387 391 394 397 400 403 406 413 419 423 427 432 435 437 438

22

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

c_Ö g Aa¨vq : gZ „ ¨z i mgvª U

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j GK 1162 mvj, emšÍKvj| cweÎ ce©Z eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi Xv‡j I‡bvb b`xi Zx‡i wb‡Ri `yB ¯¿x †mvwP‡`B Avi û‡q‡jvb‡K wb‡q †ek Av‡gv` K‡i †eovw”Q‡jb †eviwRwMb †Mv‡Îi Bqymy‡MB| `yB ¯¿xi g‡a¨ e‡ovRb †mvwP‡`B Zvi †P‡q K‡qK eQ‡ii e‡ov| wKš‘ †mvwP‡`B Zvi cÖavb ¯¿x bb, †m RvqMvUv ivLv Zvi †Qv‡Uv ¯¿x û‡q‡jv‡bi Rb¨| nvjKv cvZjv Mob Avi j¤^v Pz‡ji GB †g‡qwU‡K Bqymy‡MB jyU K‡i G‡b‡Qb †giwKZ‡`i KvQ †_‡K| Zvici Zv‡K K‡i wb‡q‡Qb wb‡Ri cÖavb ¯¿x| cvnvo †_‡K †b‡g b`x Zx‡i wKQz¶Y P‡i †eov‡bvi ci nVvr û‡q‡jvb †Nvov †_‡K †b‡g coj| wb‡Ri †cU †P‡c a‡i e‡m coj gvwU‡Z| ïiæ n‡jv wPrKvi|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

23

Bqymy‡MB cÖ_‡g bv eyS‡jI †mvwP‡`B wVKB ey‡S‡Qb Zvi mwZ‡bi cÖme †e`bv I‡V‡Q| Zv‡K wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv GKUv †Sv‡ci †fZi| K‡qK wgwb‡Ui †fZ‡iB GK my¯’ mej wkïcy‡Îi Rb¥ w`‡jv û‡q‡jvb| †Q‡jwUi †PvL‡Rvov njy`, Wvb nv‡Zi gy‡Vv‡Z RgvU †eu‡a Av‡Q GK UzK‡iv jvj i³|1 AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q gnvb †Zswi‡K K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡jb Bqymy‡MB| nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq RgvU i³ wb‡q Rb¥v‡bvi gv‡b GB †Q‡j GKw`b gnvexi n‡e|2 ei‡di Ici wKQz¶Y ï‡q wekÖvg †k‡l ev”Pv‡K †Kv‡j wb‡q nuvUv ai‡jb û‡q‡jvb| NÈv Lv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B D‡V co‡jb wb‡Ri †Nvovq| wZwb IjLvwb †Mv‡Îi †g‡q|3 Zvi †Mv‡Îi †g‡q‡`i †Nvov †_‡K †b‡g ev”Pv cÖme K‡i †Nvovq D‡V †h‡Z †ewk¶Y jv‡M bv| Bqymy‡MB wVK Ki‡jb, Zvi mšÍv‡bi bvg ivLv n‡e †ZgywRb| B‡qmy‡MB gvbylUv mvaviY n‡jI Zvi eskcwiPq mvaviY wQj bv| Zvi `v`v Lveyj wQ‡jb LvgvM †gv½j‡`i Lvb| Zvi eskaviv wM‡q wgwjZ n‡q‡Q gnvexi ey`ybPvi gybLv‡Mi m‡½|4 wKš‘ Øv`k kZvãx‡Z Px‡bi wRb ivRes‡ki AZ¨vPv‡i Zv‡`i Rxeb AwZô n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| Lveyj Lv‡bi nvZ †_‡K ¶gZv †K‡o wb‡q Zv w`‡q †`Iqv n‡qwQj ZvZvi‡`i nv‡Z|5 wRb‡`i kw³ wQj Acwi‡gq ZvB Zv‡`i weiæ‡× jovB Kivi †Kv‡bv †PóvB K‡iwb †gv½jiv| Bqymy‡MB †Póv KiwQ‡jb wb‡Ri †Mv·K Avevi HK¨e× Ki‡Z| wKš‘ ZvZviiv Avi †mUv n‡Z w`‡jv bv| g~jZ kw³ evov‡bvi Rb¨B Bqymy‡MB e‡ov †Q‡j †ZgywRb‡K we‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb Hw½ivZ †Mv‡Îi †g‡q ewZ©i m‡½| †gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx hviv †g‡q †`q Zviv n‡jv DuuPz, Avi hviv †g‡q †bq Zviv n‡jv wbPz| ZvB †Q‡ji cwievi †g‡qi cwievi‡K †hŠZzK †`q| GB we‡q‡Z †hŠZzK wQj GKUv Kv‡jv m¨ve‡ji Pvgovi R¨v‡KU| evevi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ †ZgywRb †gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx ewZ©i evwo‡ZB †_‡K‡Qb wZb eQi| 1.

Charleux, I., 2009. Chinggis Khan: Ancestor, Buddha or Shaman?. Mongolian studies, 31, pp.207-258.

2. cÖv¸³(1) 3. Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida M. Jackson, Encyclopedia of traditional epics, p. 527.

4. Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 9–10.

5. Saunders, J.J., 2001. The history of the Mongol conquests. University of Pennsylvania press.

24

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

B‡Zvg‡a¨ ZvZviiv GKw`b we‡qevwoi Lvev‡i wel w`‡q nZ¨v K‡i Bqymy‡MB‡K| 6 evev nviv‡bvi Lei †c‡q evjK †ZgywRb eva¨ n‡jv gv‡qi Kv‡Q wd‡i †h‡Z| Bqymy‡MB‡qi g„Zz¨i ciciB †Mv‡Îi kw³kvjx cÖwZc¶iv wbe©vm‡b cvVvq †ZgywRb I Zvi cwievi‡K| e‡b R½‡j Zxeª K‡ói †fZi e‡ov n‡Z _vKj †ZgywRb| Zv‡`i Lvevi wQj wkKvi †_‡K cvIqv Li‡Mvk, nuvm Avi NyNyi gvsm| wKš‘ †ivR †ivR wkKvi wgjZ bv| wZb fvB, `yB mrfvB Avi GK †evb I gv‡K wb‡q R½‡j wU‡K _vKv wQj AZ¨šÍ KóKi I P¨v‡j‡Äi| Ggb A‡bK w`b †M‡Q, †bK‡oi LvIqv giv luv‡oi gvsm †L‡q wU‡K †_‡K‡Q Zvi cwievi| GB Kó AviI Zxeª n‡q D‡V hLb Zvi GK mrfvB eviMvZ †Rvi K‡i Zvi gv û‡q‡jvb‡K ¯¿x wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| wb‡Ri fvB‡`i g‡a¨ †ZgywRb Avi Lvmvi ZLb evjK gvÎ|7 †Pv‡Li mvg‡b mrfvB‡qi nv‡Z cÖwZ iv‡Z gv‡K awl©Zv n‡Z †`Lvi Zxeª hš¿Yv mn¨ K‡i w`b‡K w`b †jvnvi g‡Zv KwVb n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K †ZgywR‡bi gb| GKw`b wkKv‡ii fvMvfvwM wb‡q nIqv Zz”Q gvivgvwi‡Z †mB †¶v‡fi we‡ùviY n‡jv| †ZgywRb Avi Lvmvi wg‡j Lyb K‡i †djj mrfvB eviMvZ‡K|8 Gici G‡jv AviI KwVb mgq| ˆZqywP` †Mv‡Îi `my¨‡`i nv‡Z ew›` n‡q `v‡m cwiYZ n‡jv †ZgywRb|9 A_P GB ˆZqywP`iv GKw`b wQj Zvi evevi eÜz| wZb wZbwU eQi Zv‡K KvUv‡Z n‡q‡Q `vm‡Z¡i g‡a¨| wKš‘ hvi fv‡M¨ Av‡Q gnvmgªvU nIqv, Zv‡K wK Avi `vmZ¡ gvbvq? ˆZqywP`‡`i Zuvey †_‡K GK iv‡Z †ZgywRb cvwj‡q †Mj| Zv‡K cvjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj IB Zuveyi i¶xiB †Q‡j wPjvDb|10 GZw`b †h †ZgywRb wQj Amnvq wkKvi, †lv‡jv eQi eq‡m G‡m †m wkKvwi‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z PvBj| Zvi m‡½ †hvM w`‡jv Zvi fvB Lvmvi, `yB evj¨eÜz eiPz Avi †Rjwg| GKUz GKUz K‡i GK kw³kvjx evwnbx M‡o Zzjj Iiv| I‡`i evwnbx‡Z Ic‡i DVvi iv¯Ív wQj GKUvB, †gavex Avi wek¦¯Í nIqv|

6.

Lane, G., 2004. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Hackett Publishing.,pp. 15.

7. Weatherford, Jack (March 22, 2005). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. p. 23.

8. cÖv¸³ (7)| 9. Weatherford, J., 2011. The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan rescued his Empire. Broadway Books.

10. cÖv¸³ (1)|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

25

GB Qq eQi †ZgywRb e‡b, R½‡j, c‡_-cÖvšÍ‡i Ny‡i †ewo‡q‡Q wVKB, wKš‘ Zvi ü`‡q wQj ewZ©, Zvi wcÖqZgv ¯¿x| ¯¿x‡K wbivcËv †`Iqvi ¶gZv Zvi Av‡Q, g‡b nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †ZgywRb ewZ©‡K wb‡Ri Kv‡Q wb‡q G‡jv| wKš‘ fvM¨ Gev‡iI Zv‡K wbg©g GK KlvNvZ nvbj| †h †giwKZ †MvÎ †_‡K Zvi evev Zvi gv‡K Zz‡j G‡bwQ‡jb, cÖwZ‡kva wn‡m‡e Zviv GK iv‡Z AZwK©Z nvgjv K‡i emj †ZgywR‡bi †Mv‡Î| †Nvov Kg _vKvq ïay cyiælivB cvjv‡Z cvij, aiv c‡o †M‡jb û‡q‡jvb, ewZ© I Ab¨vb¨ †g‡qiv| Zv‡`i B‡”Qg‡Zv e¨envi Kiv n‡jv gv‡mi ci gvm| cÖvq GK eQi ci kw³kvjx GK †gv½j Lvb ZNiæ‡ji mnvqZvq ewZ©‡K Avevi wdwi‡q Avbj †ZgywRb| †giwKZ‡`i Ici †m wbg©g cÖwZ‡kva wb‡qwQj Gi A‡bK A‡bK w`b ci| AvU gvm ci ewZ© GK †Q‡ji Rb¥ w`‡jv| †Q‡ji bvg ivLv n‡jv †RvwP| †RvwPi Avmj evev †K, Zv wb‡q ïiæ n‡jv ¸Re| †ZgywRb eySj, hw` †RvwP‡K †m A¯^xKvi K‡ib, Zvn‡j wcÖqZgv ewZ©‡KI nviv‡Z n‡e| †RvwP‡K wb‡Ri mšÍvb e‡j MÖnY Kij †m| Z‡e †Mv‡Îi †jv‡Kiv memg‡qB †RvwPi cwiPq wb‡q m‡›`n K‡i‡Q| ewZ©i GB Acni‡Yi NUbv †ZgywR‡bi Rxe‡bi †gvo Nywi‡q †`q| †m eyS‡Z cvij, Zv‡K ¶gZvevb n‡Z n‡e| †gv½j †¯Í‡c wU‡K _vK‡Z kw³i †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| †hgbUv ejv Av‡Q cÖvPxb ZvZvi cÖev‡`| ÔBwib †gvi wb‡Mb eyBÕ| gvbeRvwZi c_ GKUvB, hy×!! `yB hy×B KvQvKvwQ G‡b w`‡qwQj `yB wcÖq eÜz, i³ kc‡_i fvB (Blood Brother) RgyLv Avi †ZgywRb‡K| RgyLv wQ‡jb †ZgywR‡bi wek¦¯ÍZg mnPi, me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi eÜz| RgyLv, †ZgywRb, †Rjwg Avi Lvmvi wg‡j M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb GK †Qv‡Uv, wKš‘ `ya©l© †hv×vi `j| †ZgywRb hLb Zvi evevi i³ kc‡_i fvB ZNiæ‡ji mnvqZvq †giwKZ‡`i KvQ †_‡K ewZ©‡K wQwb‡q Avb‡jb, ZLb ch©šÍ me wVKVvKB PjwQj| wKš‘ mvdj¨ A‡bK mgqB eÜz‡Z¡ dvU‡ji KviY nq| †giwKZ‡`i m‡½ jovB‡qi Av‡M †gv½j‡`i cÖavb kvgvb †KvPzKz †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb, †ZgywR‡bi m‡½ Av‡Q ¯^‡M©i Avkxe©v`| †m n‡e GK gnvb Lvb| GB jovB‡q †mB wRZ‡e|11 11.

Beckwith, C.I., 2009. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press.

26

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

GB †NvlYvi †Kv_vI RgyLvi K_v wQj bv| †gv½j †¯Í‡c †ZgywR‡bi ¶gZv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ RgyLvi m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© Lvivc n‡Z _vKj| Gi cÖavb KviY wQj µgvMZ Cl©v Avi †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q gZwe‡iva| †ZgywRb †P‡qwQj esk gh©v`v bv, †gavi wfwˇZ †mbvevwnbxi KgvÛvi wb‡qvM w`‡Z| wKš‘ RgyLv wb‡R wQ‡jb GK †MvÎ cÖavb, ZvB wZwb GB c×wZ gvb‡jb bv| wZwb PvB‡Zb wPivqZ †gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx †MvÎxq m¤§v‡bi Ic‡iB †mbvevwnbxi †bZv wbe©vwPZ †nvK| GB we‡iv‡ai mg‡qI †ZgywRb RgyLv‡K Awek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb fve‡Zb, RgyLv Avi hvB KiæK Zvi m‡½ †Kv‡bv w`b ؇›Ø bvg‡e bv| wKš‘ cyiæ‡li wbðqZvI †hLv‡b fzj nq, †mLv‡b cÖvqkB mwVK cÖgvwYZ nq bvixi Abygvb| ewZ© Av‡MB m‡›`n K‡iwQ‡jb RgyLv‡K| 1187 mv‡j RgyLv †ZgywR‡bi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡jb| hy‡× civwRZ n‡q R½‡j cvwj‡q †M‡jb †ZgywRb| Gici cÖvq `k eQi †ZgywRb Kx K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi wKQzB Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e aviYv Kiv nq, GB mg‡qB wZwb m¤ú~Y© AbyMZ GK evwnbx ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| hv‡`i AvbyMZ¨, `¶Zv Avi wek¦¯ÍZv GgbKx wnUjv‡ii bvwR‡`iI nvi gvbv‡e| †ZgywR‡bi evwnbx‡Z wQj K‡Vvi k„•Ljv| Zviv Pjv‡div KiZ A‡f`¨ GK †`qv‡ji g‡Zv| ˆmwbK †_‡K Lvb, mevB Lvevi †L‡Zv GKBm‡½| wkKvi ev jy‡Ui fv‡M wQj mevB mgvb| wb‡Ri Lv‡bi m‡½ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB wg_¨v ejZ bv †Kv‡bv †gv½j| KviY, wg_¨vi kvw¯Í wQj GKUvB, g„Zz¨| cÖwZ `kRb †hv×v wg‡j n‡Zv GK Avievb| `k Avievb wg‡j GK RyDb, `k RyDb wg‡j GK wgw½b Avi `k wgw½b wg‡j GK Uz‡gb| A_©vr cÖwZ `k nvRvi †hv×v wg‡j G‡KKwU Uz‡gb ˆZwi n‡Zv| cÖwZ `kR‡bi Rb¨I wba©vwiZ wQj KgvÛvi, hvi Av‡`k hyׇ¶‡Î wQj Aj•Nbxq|12 hy‡×i gq`vb †_‡K cvjv‡bvi K_v †KD fve‡ZB cviZ bv| KviY, †h Avievb (BDwbU) †_‡K †Kv‡bv †hv×v cvwj‡q hv‡e, †mB Aviev‡bi evwK bqRb‡KB RevB Kiv n‡e|13 †Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Lvevi LvIqv wbwl× wQj, hv‡Z ˆmb¨‡`i wel LvIqv‡bv bv hvq| cÖevwnZ cvwb‡Z †Mvmj Kiv wQj wbwl×| KviY, Zvn‡j cvwb `~wlZ n‡q eRªcv‡Zi WªvMb‡`i wei³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 12.

13.

Martin, H.D., 1943. The Mongol Army. Journal of The royal Asiatic Society, 75 (1-2), pp.46-85. cÖv¸³|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

27

b`x‡Z †ckve Kiv wQj mivmwi wbwl×| KviY, G‡Z WªvMbiv wei³ nq|14 GB ai‡bi Aciv‡ai mvRv wQj g„Zz¨| GKB iKg Lvevi, †cvkvK, RxebhvÎv Avi GKB †bZvi AvbyMZ¨ Zv‡`i †fZi ˆZwi K‡iwQj Amvgvb¨ HK¨ Avi Kg‡iWwkc| †ZgywRb KvD‡K Zvi Dcvwa ev †Mv‡Îi bv‡g WvKv wbwl× K‡iwQ‡jb| mevB‡K WvKv n‡Zv hvi hvi wb‡Ri bv‡g, GgbKx †ZgywRb‡KI| hy‡× hviv gviv †hZ, Zv‡`i ¯¿x I mšÍvb‡`i †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zb †ZgywR‡bi gv| Zviv e‡ov n‡Zv †ZgywR‡bi wbivcËvq| wZwb M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb GK kw³kvjx †Mv‡q›`v †bUIqvK©| kÎæi Ici AvNvZ nvbvi Av‡M kÎæi D‡Ïk¨ Avi kw³ m¤ú‡K© kZfvM cvKv Lei _vKZ Zvi Kv‡Q| GB ˆewk󨸇jv †ZgywRb‡K µ‡gB kw³kvjx K‡i †Zv‡j| 1196 †_‡K 1203 mv‡ji †fZ‡i wZwb ZvZvi‡`i civwRZ K‡ib| RgyLv‡K civwRZ K‡ib, civwRZ K‡ib Zvi evevi eÜz, GK mg‡qi mvnvh¨Kvix ZNiæj‡KI| 1203 mv‡j RgyLv bvBgvb‡`i wb‡q †klev‡ii g‡Zv †ZgywR‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovb| wKš‘ Zvi Av‡Mi iv‡Z RgyLvi †Mv‡Îi me‡P‡q cÖexY †jvKUv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb, gnvb ¯^M© Zv‡K †ZgywR‡bi m‡½ †hvM w`‡Z Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb| d‡j wZwb hy‡×i Av‡M `jZ¨vM K‡ib| wkwe‡ii me‡P‡q cÖexY †hv×v `j Z¨vM K‡i‡Q Rvbvi ci RgyLvi wkwe‡i ey‡ovi ¯^‡cœi K_v Qwo‡q c‡o| AmsL¨ †hv×v RgyLv‡K Z¨vM K‡i †ZgywR‡bi `‡j wf‡o hvq| AveviI civwRZ I ew›` n‡jb RgyLv| †ZgywRb †P‡qwQ‡jb wb‡Ri i³ kc‡_i fvB‡K ¶gv K‡i Avevi eÜz n‡q †h‡Z| wKš‘ RgyLv PvB‡jb i³cvZnxb gnvb g„Zz¨| Zv‡K †giæ`Ð †f‡O †g‡i †djv n‡jv|15 †gv½j †¯Í‡ci kvmK wn‡m‡e iB‡jb GKRbB, †ZgywRb| wZwb fve‡jb, GB wekvj, wew¶ß, †Kv›`‡j wjß †gv½j‡`i GLb GKwÎZ Kivi mgq n‡q‡Q| 1205 mv‡j †gv½j †¯Í‡c Lei Qwo‡q coj, Lvb †ZgywRb me †Mv‡Îi Lvb‡`i AvMvgx em‡šÍ cweÎ ce©Z eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi DcZ¨Kvq KziæjZvB‡q †W‡K‡Qb|

14.

RiasanovsKz, V.A., 1948. Mongol Law--A Concise Historical Survey. Wash. L. Rev. & St. BJ, 23, p.166.

15. Okada, H., 1972. The Secret History of the Mongols, a Pseudo-Historical Novel. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 5.

28

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

Lvb-B Lvbvb ÔAvR †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ G‡K A‡b¨i i³ Siv‡bv wbwl× n‡jv| GK †Mv‡Îi m‡½ Av‡iK †Mv‡Îi jovB Avi Pj‡e bv| GB mgf‚wg, hv gnvb AvKvk †`eZv Avgv‡`i Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb, Zv cweÎ| GB f‚wg‡Z _vKv cÖwZwU hvhvei AwaKv‡ii w`K †_‡K mgvb| AvR †_‡K †KD Kv‡iv m‡½ cÖZviYv ev gvivgvwi Ki‡j Zvi kvw¯Í n‡e g„Zz¨`Ð| †KD Kv‡iv †Nvov Pzwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡iv Kv‡Q A‡b¨i †Nvov cvIqv †M‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B AviI mvZwU †Nvov, †Nvovi Avmj gvwjK‡K Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e| †Nvov bv _vK‡j wb‡Ri mšÍvb‡`i w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| mšÍvb bv _vK‡j wb‡Ri Rxeb w`‡Z n‡e| AvKvk †`eZvi GB gnvb f‚wg‡Z AvR †_‡K †Kv‡bv wfÿzK ev `wi`ª‡K †KD AeÁv ev D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv e„ׇK Am¤§vb Kiv hv‡e bv, †Kv‡bv †g‡q‡K †Rvic~e©K AcniY Kiv hv‡e bv| A‡b¨i ¯¿xi m‡½ †hŠb m½g Kiv hv‡e bv| KvD‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zvi ¯¿x I †g‡q‡`i al©Y Kiv hv‡e bv| Gi cÖwZwU Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í GKUvB, g„Zz¨`Ð| Avgvi mvgªv‡R¨ Lvb‡`i wPivPwiZ †MvÎxq c`gh©v`vi wfwˇZ †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ cvIqv Pj‡e bv| †bZ…Z¡ cweÎ, GwU ¯^M© †_‡K Av‡m| ïay exi, mvnmx, eyw×gvb I wek¦¯ÍivB Gi †hvM¨| cÖ‡Z¨‡K hvi hvi Lvb‡K †g‡b Pj‡e| wb‡Ri Lvb‡K †g‡b Pjv, Avgv‡K †g‡b PjviB kvwgj| †h wb‡Ri Lv‡bi Aeva¨, †m AvgviI Aeva¨| Avi †ZgywR‡bi Aeva¨Zvi cwiYvg GKUvB, g„Zz¨| †gv½jiv kZ kZ eQi a‡i KL‡bv ZzwK©‡`i nv‡Z, KL‡bv DBNyi‡`i nv‡Z, KL‡bv nvb ev wRb‡`i nv‡Z gvi †L‡q G‡m‡Q| GB gvi LvIqvi w`b AvR †_‡K †kl| Avgiv, cweÎ Ck¦i †Zswii g‡bvbxZ GK weRqx RvwZ| c„w_ex‡K kvmb Kivi Rb¨ gnvb †Zswi GB RvwZ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| AvR †_‡K GB RvwZ KviI ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv| Avgv‡`i †Nvovi MwZi Kv‡Q c„w_ex msKxY© n‡q Avm‡e| gnvb AvKvk †`eZvi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wek¦Rq Kie| m~‡h©v`‡qi ¯’vb †_‡K †kl mvM‡ii Zxi, †hLv‡b m~h© †Wv‡e, †mB ch©šÍ Avgiv Avgv‡`i †Nvovi cvj †Lw`‡q wb‡q hve|

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

29

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30

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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31

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32

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

Zv‡`i aby‡Ki cvjøv wQj cÖvq `yB‡kv †_‡K mv‡o wZb‡kv wgUvi1| Pxbv‡`i aby‡Ki †P‡q cÖvq wظY| GB cvjøvi Kvi‡Y Zviv A‡bK A‡bK `~i †_‡KB kÎæ‡K Nv‡qj Ki‡Z m¶g wQj| wZi›`vwR‡Z †gv½j‡`i †miv A¯¿ wQj cvw_©qvb kU bv‡gi `~`©všÍ GK †KŠkj| kÎæi mvg‡b †_‡K nVvr fq †c‡q cvjv‡bvi fvb K‡i Zviv †Nvov Dj‡Uvw`‡K Nywi‡q cvjv‡bvi fvb KiZ| d‡j kÎæiv ¯^fveZB Zv‡`i wcQz wbZ| cvjv‡bvi fvb Kiv Ae¯’v‡ZB nVvr QzUšÍ †Nvov †_‡K †cQb wd‡i wZi †g‡i Zviv kÎæi eyK G‡duvoI‡duvo K‡i w`Z, Avi GB duv‡` GKevi c‡o †M‡j †eu‡P †div †h KviI Rb¨B KwVb n‡q †hZ| hy‡×i gq`v‡b ZvB †gv½jiv Lye KgB kÎæi m‡½ mivmwi msN‡l© †hZ| Zviv kÎæ‡K Mv‡qi †Rv‡i bq, eyw×i †Ljv‡Z nvwi‡q Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡q AvmZ, †hb hy× ïiæi Av‡MB kÎæi civRq n‡q I‡V AeavwiZ| `yB †Pw½R Lvb KL‡bvB Ggb †Kv‡bv hy‡× Rov‡Zb bv, †hLv‡b wZwb wRZ‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Gme †¶‡Î wZwb †mªd hy× Gwo‡q †h‡Zb| kÎæi nvwoi Lei ivL‡Z hy‡×i K‡qK gvm ev K‡qK eQi Av‡MB wZwb cÖPzi †Mv‡q›`v wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| e‡ov hy׸‡jvq †Pw½R Lv‡bi mvd‡j¨i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY, wZwb kÎæi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv ivL‡Zb| ZvB Zvi c‡¶ kÎæi cieZ©x Pvj Av›`vR Kiv wQj A‡c¶vK…Z mnR| Zvi †Mv‡q›`viv cÖvqB kÎæevwnbxi †fZ‡i hviv KgvÛvi wKsev mgªv‡Ui weiæ‡× †¶‡c Av‡Q, Zv‡`i wPwýZ KiZ Ges my‡hvM ey‡S Zv‡`i `‡j wfwo‡q wbZ| †gv½jiv jovB‡qi mgq mvaviYZ Zv‡`i `yišÍ K¨vfvjwi wb‡q kÎæi †h‡Kv‡bv GKUv d¬ ¨v¼, KL‡bv `yB d¬¨v¼B †f‡O †djZ| GUv wQj Zv‡`i cÖvBgvwi U¨vKwU·| G‡Z KvR bv n‡j Zviv A‡bK mgq GKUv `ye©j evwnbx cvwV‡q kÎæ‡K jovB‡q bvg‡Z DØy× KiZ| g~j evwnbx jywK‡q _vKZ PZzw`©‡K| jovB ïiæi ci Zviv kÎæ‡K nVvr wN‡i †djZ mew`K †_‡K| 2 GB Ae¯’vq mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv exi †mbvcwZ Rxeb evwR †i‡L kÎæ‡K AvµgY K‡ib| †m‡¶‡Î ¶q¶wZi cwigvY n‡Z cviZ A‡bK †ewk| GB ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †gv½jiv cvjv‡bvi GKUv c_ †i‡L w`Z kÎæi G‡Kev‡i mvg‡bB| d‡j kÎæ Pviw`K †_‡K †NivI n‡q jovB Kivi SzuwK bv wb‡q IB c_ w`‡q QÎf½ n‡q cvjvZ| 1.

2.

McLeod, W., 1965. The Range of the Ancient Bow. Phoenix, 19(1), pp.1-14.

May, T., 1996. Chormaqan Noyan: the First Mongol Military Governor in the Middle East (Master's thesis, Indiana University).

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

33

wKš‘ GLv‡bB †kl wQj bv| IB c‡_i †k‡li w`‡K ˆZwi n‡q _vKZ jywK‡q _vKv †gv½j wZi›`v‡Ri `j| Suv‡K Suv‡K wZi †g‡i Zviv cvjv‡Z _vKv kÎæ‡`i †g‡i mvd K‡i †djZ| Gm‡ei mv‡_ mv‡_ †gv½j evwnbx K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i wk‡LwQj hy× †KŠk‡ji BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q KwVb U¨vKwU·¸‡jvi GKUv, †dBÛ wiwUªU ev QÙ cjvqb| jovB Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr GKUv mg‡q cy‡iv †gv½j evwnbx wcQz n‡U cvjv‡bvi Awfbq KiZ| G‡Z kÎæ‡mbv‡`i k„•Ljv bó n‡q †hZ| Zviv gnv mgv‡iv‡n †gv½j‡`i Ici Suvwc‡q coZ| Gfv‡e kÎæ‡`i wb‡R‡`i cQ›`g‡Zv RvqMvq wb‡q G‡m Zviv Suvwc‡q coZ kÎæ‡`i Ici, ïiæ n‡Zv nZ¨vhÁ| Nb mwbœweó e¨vUj di‡gkb¸‡jvi wecix‡Z Suv‡K Suv‡K wZi †g‡i Zviv †m¸‡jv †f‡O †djZ| †gv½j‡`i kw³kvjx wZi AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Pvgovi eg© †f` K‡i †djZ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î avZe eg©I| di‡gkb †f‡O cvZjv n‡q hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ïiæ n‡Zv †nwf K¨vfvjwi PvR©| GUv wQj †gv½j‡`i P‚ovšÍ AvNvZ| KvZv‡ii ci KvZvi kÎæiv jvk n‡q †hZ GB †PB‡bi g‡Zv mvRv‡bv G‡Ki ci GK AvµgY †KŠk‡ji cybive„wˇZ| GB wdì ÷ª¨v‡UwR¸‡jv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z GK GKUv evwnbx‡K n‡Z nq `ªæZMwZi, wKš‘ myk„•Lj, AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ges wn‡mwe| †Pw½R Lvb eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i cÖwk¶Y w`‡q wb‡Ri evwnbx‡K M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb wbg©g GK hy‡×i †gwkb wn‡m‡e| wZwb Zvi †mbvcwZ‡`i Ici Pig Av¯’v ivL‡Zb| Zv‡`i‡K wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb wb‡R †_‡K wm×všÍ †bIqvi Aeva ¯^vaxbZv| G‡Z Zv‡`i c‡¶ cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S wm×všÍ †bIqv mnR n‡q wM‡qwQj| †gv½jiv e¨w³MZfv‡e †hv×v wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i AwaKvsk cÖwZc‡¶i †P‡qB wQj AvKv‡i Le©Kvq, kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j Avi Awkw¶Z| wKš‘ Zviv GwM‡q wQj mvnm, GKZv, Avi AvZ¥wek¦v‡m| Zviv wek¦vm KiZ Zviv Ck¦‡ii g‡bvbxZ GK RvwZ, hv‡`i civwRZ Kiv Am¤¢e| Zv‡`i wek^vm R‡b¥wQj, †Pw½R Lvb KL‡bvB civwRZ n‡eb bv| ZvB Zviv wQj †bZvi cÖwZ Pigfv‡e AbyMZ GK RvwZ| BZvwjqvb ch©UK wRIfvwbœ wj‡L †M‡QbÑ ÔThe Tatars—that is, the Mongols—are the most obedient people in the world in regard to their leaders, more so even than our own clergy to their superiors. They hold them in the greatest reverence and never tell them a lieÕ.3

hy‡× wRZ‡Z †h ¸Y¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb Zvi me¸‡jvB Zv‡`i †fZi cy‡ivgvÎvq nvwRi wQj| wKš‘ Zv‡`i AviI A‡bK GwM‡q w`‡qwQj Zv‡`i mieivn, †KŠkj Avi evnb| 3.

De Hartog, L., 1989. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the world. Barnes & Noble Publishing.

34

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

wZb GKUv Aj I‡q`vi †fwnK‡ji K_v fveyb, hv k~‡b¨i wb‡P cuqZvwjøk wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm †_‡K k~‡b¨i Ic‡i Pwjøk wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ Avivg‡m c_ Pj‡Z cv‡i| hv Pvjv‡Z Avcwb c‡_ hv Kzwo‡q cvb Zv w`‡qB R¡vjvbxi KvR n‡q hvq, Avevi wb‡Ri IR‡bi mgvb fvi mviv¶YB enb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hvi Avjv`v †Kv‡bv †`Lv‡kvbvi `iKvi c‡o bv Ges hv Avcbv‡K Lvevi, cvbxq `y‡UvB w`‡Z cv‡i| †mBm‡½ †mUvi wewfbœ Ask w`‡q Avcwb †cvkvK, _vKvi RvqMv Avi A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ggb †Kv‡bv Rv`yKwi evnb wK Avm‡jB Av‡Q? †gv½j‡`i wQj, Avi Zv wQj †gv½j †Nvov| GB †Nvov¸‡jv Aviwe ev ZzwK© †Nvovi †P‡q AvKv‡i A‡bK †Qv‡Uv| g‡½vwjqvi KwVb, iæ¶ Avi cÖPÐ VvÛvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ GB AvKv‡i †Qv‡Uv nIqvUv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| †gv½j †Nvov cÖwZ kxZ I em‡šÍ wb‡R‡`i kix‡ii cÖvq 30 kZvsk IRb nvivq| KviY, G mgq Zviv Lye mvgvb¨ Lvevi †L‡qB wU‡K _v‡K| GB IRb Zviv MÖx‡®§ Rb¥v‡bv ZvRv Nvm †L‡q Avevi c~iY K‡i †d‡j| kx‡Zi g‡a¨ Pj‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y †hLv‡b ga¨hy‡Mi †h‡Kv‡bv evwnbx kxZKv‡j PzcPvc N‡i e‡m _vK‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv, †mLv‡b †gv½jiv Qz ‡U †eovZ cÖPÐ VvÛv‡ZI|4 cÖwZwU †gv½j ˆmwb‡Ki m‡½ wZb †_‡K cuvPUv †Nvov _vKZ| †Kv‡bv GKUv †Nvov K¬všÍ n‡q †M‡j Zviv mv‡_ mv‡_B †Nvov e`‡j †djZ| Gfv‡e cvjv K‡i Pvi cuvPUv †Nvovq PoZ e‡j Zviv Abvqv‡m †Kv_vI bv †_‡gB cvi n‡q †hZ, wekvj `~iZ¡| GKRb †gv½j mIqvi ˆ`wbK GK‡kv wek gvBj c_ cvwo w`Z, hv †mB mg‡qi gvby‡li Kv‡Q wQj AKíbxq| GB †Nvov¸‡jv †Qv‡Uv‡ejv †_‡KB †e‡o DVZ †gv½j †¯Í‡c, †hLv‡b Nvm Qvov LvIqvi Avi †Zgb wKQzB †bB| G‡`i Avjv`vfv‡e †Kv‡bv hZœ †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv bv| AvKv‡i †QvUv nIqv‡Z Lvevi jvMZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| Giv cvwb †L‡Zv LyeB Kg, w`‡b wZb †_‡K Pvievi gvÎ| cÖPÐ kx‡Zi g‡a¨ Giv ei‡di ¸‡ov †L‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Rv‡Zi †P‡q G‡`i ÷¨vwgbvI nq †ewk| GKUv 250 †KwR IR‡bi †gv½j †Nvov wc‡V 300 †KwR IRb wb‡q w`‡b 60 wK‡jvwgUvi c_ Pj‡Z cv‡i K¬vwšÍ QvovB| Avi GKRb mIqvi wb‡q 60 wK‡jvwgUvi †i‡m nvwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ab¨ me †Nvov‡K| †gv½j‡`i cÖavb Lvevi wQj †Nvovi gvsm, evwj© Avi †Nvovi `ya| Zv‡`i RvZxq cvbxq n‡jv †Nvovi `ya w`‡q evbv‡bv GK iKg A¨vj‡Kvnj, AvBivM| 4.

Rossabi, M., 1994. All the Khan's horses. Natural history, 103, pp.48-48.

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35

Zv‡`i mevi Kv‡QB _vKZ GK e‡ov e¨vM fiv †evU©, (ïK‡bv †fovi gvs‡mi ¸‡ov) hv Zv‡`i Rb¨ `~icvjøvi hvÎvq w`‡bi ci w`b Lvev‡ii †hvMvb w`Z| ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq ev my¨c wn‡m‡e LvIqvi Rb¨ GUv wQj LyeB Kvh©Ki GKwU Lvevi| cÖPÐ Lv`¨vfv‡ei mgq †Nvovi wkiv †K‡U i³ cvb K‡i †eu‡P _vKZ †gv½jiv| ïay †Nvovi `ya Avi i³ cvb K‡iB Zviv wU‡K _vK‡Z cviZ cy‡iv GK gvm| Ggb GKUv evwnbxi Rb¨ jwRw÷K mvcøvB‡qi †Kv‡bv `iKvi coZ bv| Zv‡`i ïay GKUv wRwbmB †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡Zv, Pjvi c‡_ †hb †Nvov‡`i LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖPzi Nvm _v‡K| GB myweav¸‡jv †gv½j †mbvevwnbx‡K cwiYZ K‡iwQj Zvi mg‡qi †P‡q K‡qK‡kv eQi GwM‡q _vKv GK hy‡×i †gwk‡b| msL¨v, kw³ ev cÖhyw³i †P‡q †gv½jiv A‡bK †ewk GwM‡q wQj gvbwmKZvq| Amf¨ GK mgv‡R †e‡o IVvq Zviv wQj Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv RvwZi Zzjbvq fqWinxb| wb‡R‡`i hvhvei HwZn¨ Zv‡`i w`‡qwQj Aweivg kZ kZ wK‡jvwgUvi c_ Pjvi mvg_©¨ Avi wkKvi‡K avIqv Kivi cÖe„wË| †mBm‡½, Zv‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb gb¯ÍvwË¡K hy‡×i me©Kv‡ji †miv †Rbv‡ij, †Pw½R Lvb|

36

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

gnvPx‡b GK Dˇii ZvZvi Avi mvB‡ewiqvi ey‡bv DcRvwZ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q Avm‡Z †Pw½R Lv‡bi Lye †ewk mgq jv‡Mwb| Gici wZwb bRi w`‡jb Px‡bi w`‡K| Pxb ZLb wef³ wZbwU e‡ov e‡ov mvgªv‡R¨; wR wRqv, wRb Avi ms| Giv wQj G‡K Ac‡ii giYcY kÎæ| weMZ kZvãx¸‡jv‡Z wR wRqv Avi wRb mgªvUiv hv‡”QZvB iKg AZ¨vPvi K‡iwQ‡jb †gv½j‡`i Ici| wkKvwi ev‡Ni g‡Zv IZ †c‡Z _vKv †Pw½R Gevi Zvi weL¨vZ gb¯ÍvwË¡K hy× ïiæ Ki‡jb| Zvi †Mv‡q›`viv ax‡i ax‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z jvMj Pxbv mvgªvR¨¸‡jvi †fZi| 1207 mvj †_‡K 1209 mvj, GB wZb eQ‡ii wKQz LuywUbvwU msNl© †k‡l †Pw½R Lvb wRqv mvgªv‡R¨i weiæ‡× Awfhv‡b bvg‡jb| Awfhv‡bi wVK Av‡M wRqv mvgªv‡R¨i weiæ‡× wZwb wRb mvgªv‡R¨i KvQ †_‡K †c‡jb mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZkÖæwZ| †nvqvs‡nv b`xi Zx‡i jovB‡q bvgvi Av‡MB †Pw½R Lv‡bi nv‡Z P‡j G‡mwQj kÎæi evwnbxi mg¯Í Z_¨| wPivPwiZ mvgšÍ †mbvevwnbx wb‡q jovB‡q bvgv wRqv †mbvcwZ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡jb †gv½j‡`i `ye©vi MwZ| jovB‡qi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ GKeviI †gv½j‡`i MwZi †Kv‡bv Reve wZwb w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| †n‡jb ce©Zgvjv †_‡K B‡qPzqvb ch©šÍ mv‡o wZb jvL Pxbv ˆmb¨ †kl n‡q †Mj K‡qK NÈvi fqven †gvKvwejvq|1 wbiƒcvq wRqv mvgªvR¨ hLb wRb‡`i Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ PvBj, wRb mgªvU gRv K‡i ej‡jb- kÎæi AvNv‡Z kÎæ‡K gi‡Z †`Lv †Zv †mŠfv‡M¨i e¨vcvi|2 ZLb †K RvbZ, `yeQi ci GB AvNvZ Zvi wb‡Ri Nv‡oB co‡e!

1.

Man, J., 2014. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China. Random House.

2. Man 2004, pg.131. Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. New York City: St. Martin's Press.

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`yB wRb ivResk Avm‡j G‡mwQj Px‡bi evB‡i †_‡K| Zv‡`i ejv n‡Zv Ryi‡Pb| mvB‡ewiqvi wkKvwiiv wQj Zv‡`i Avw` cyiæl|3 wKš‘ Zv‡`i kvwmZ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB wQj nvb †Mvôxi gvbyl| Uvbv hy‡×i d‡j Zv‡`i Ici Pvwc‡q †`Iqv K‡ii †evSv w`b‡K w`b ïay evowQj| 1211 mv‡j †gv½jiv hLb wRb mvgªvR¨ AvµgY K‡i emj, ZLb wRb cÖkvm‡b _vKv nv‡biv c‡` c‡` wek¦vmNvZKZv Kij mgªv‡Ui m‡½| MvbcvDWvi mw¾¡Z wekvj evwnbx, hv wQj msL¨vq †gv½j‡`i AšÍZ AvU¸Y4, ZvivB wKbv †gv½j‡`i mvg‡b `uvov‡ZB cvij bv| †gv½j‡`i k„•Ljv Avi nvb‡`i wek¦vmNvZKZvi gy‡L cÖhyw³, m¤ú` Avi wekvj †mbvevwnbx wb‡q wRbiv wKQzB Ki‡Z cvij bv| 1214 mv‡ji gv_vq †Pw½R Lv‡bi mvgªvR¨ c~‡e© Rvcvb mvMi †_‡K cwð‡g KvRvwL¯Ívb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡q †Mj, gvÎ AvU eQ‡i| Zvi GB DÌv‡b hZUv Zvi wb‡Ri K…wZZ¡, wVK ZZUvB Zvi cÖwZc‡¶i| wb‡R‡`i aŸsm Ki‡Z Zviv hv K‡iwQj, †mUvB Zv‡`i cZb †W‡K G‡bwQj| wZb wRb‡`i weiæ‡× Awfhv‡bi mgq c„w_exi Kv‡Q cwi®‹vi n‡q †M‡qwQj, †gv½jiv Avm‡j KZUv wbg©g n‡Z cv‡i| †h c_ w`‡qB Zviv †M‡Q `ycv‡k †i‡L †M‡Q gvby‡li KvUv gv_v w`‡q evbv‡bv wcivwgW, †Pw½R Lv‡bi weR‡qi ¯§„wZ‡mŠa| Zviv gvwU‡Z wgwk‡q w`‡q‡Q AšÍZ `kUv wekvj kni, †h¸‡jvi cÖwZwUi RbmsL¨v `yB jv‡Li †ewk wQj| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi RbmsL¨v wQj GK wgwjq‡bi †ewk| G¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e aŸsm Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †mLvb †_‡K D‡V `uvov‡Z mgq †j‡M‡Q AšÍZ `y‡Uv kZvãx| cÖwZwU kn‡ii m`i `iRvq †Pw½R Lvb †i‡L wM‡qwQ‡jb gvby‡li KvUv gv_vi wcivwgW| †m¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvUvq cÂvk nvRvi †_‡K GK jvL gv_vI wQj|

3.

Chan, H.L. and Wang, O., 1993. The fall of the Jurchen Chin: Wang E's memoir on Ts' aichou under the Mongol siege (1233-1234) (Vol. 66). Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH 4. Man, J., 2014. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China. Random House

38

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cÖ_g w`‡K †gv½jiv kni Ae‡iv‡ai c×wZ RvbZ bv| GB NvUwZ `~i Ki‡Z Zviv e¨envi K‡i `y‡Uv †KŠkj| †Kv‡bv kni Ae‡iv‡ai Av‡M Zviv kn‡ii Pvwiw`‡K evm Kiv me MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡`i a‡i wb‡q AvmZ| Zvici cÖ_‡g Zv‡`iB †Rvi K‡i cvVvZ kn‡ii †`qvj fvO‡Z| Pxbv †mbvevwnbxi Avµg‡Yi cÖvq cy‡iv av°vUvB g~jZ †hZ ew›` mvaviY gvby‡li Ici w`‡q| Gici †`qvj hLb †f‡O hvq hvq, ZLb kÎæi †mbvevwnbx‡K Avµg‡Yi cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q gq`v‡b wb‡q G‡m KPzKvUv Kiv n‡Zv| Zvici webv evavq `Lj Kiv n‡Zv kni| wØZxq c×wZUv wQj Awfbe| †ewkifvM Pxbv kniB M‡o I‡V‡Q b`xi Av‡kcv‡k| †Pw½R Lvb Ae‡iv‡ai P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q kn‡ii KvQvKvwQ _vKv b`xi euva †f‡O w`‡Zb| GgbKx †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq b`xi MwZc_ e`‡j w`‡Zb| d‡j b`xi cøve‡b kni Wz‡e †hZ| cÖ_g K‡qKwU kni Gfv‡e Rq Kivi ci †Pw½R Lv‡bi nv‡Z G‡jv K‡qK jvL ew›`| G‡`i ga¨ †_‡K evQvB Kiv n‡jv †miv KvwiMi, BwÄwbqvi, Wv³vi Avi mgi wekvi`‡`i| Zvici Zv‡`i cvVv‡bv n‡jv Zvi ivRavbx Kviv‡Kviv‡g| GKUv kni `L‡ji ci Kv‡`i nZ¨v Kiv n‡e Avi Kv‡`i nZ¨v Kiv n‡e bv †m wel‡q †Pw½R Lv‡bi GKUv mvaviY bxwZ wQj| Miæi Mvwoi PvKvi †P‡q D”PZvq †Qv‡Uv, Ggb wkï‡`i I †g‡q‡`i mvaviYZ gviv n‡Zv bv| wKš‘ cÖvqB GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg K‡i kn‡ii mevB‡K gv‡Vi g‡a¨ †W‡K G‡b nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv| KvwiMi-wkíx, Wv³vi-cÖ‡KŠkjx Avi weÁvbx‡`i nv‡Z †c‡q †Pw½‡Ri nv‡Z P‡j G‡jv A‡bK A‡bK cÖhyw³| Zvi †mbvevwnbxi KvwiMwi `¶Zv †e‡o †Mj K‡qK¸Y, wPwKrmvi gvb GK jv‡d D‡V †Mj A‡bK DuuPz‡Z| †mBm‡½ GLb Zvi nv‡Z P‡j G‡jv A‡Xj m¤ú`, wekvj msL¨K Ki`vZv cÖRv, kni Ae‡iv‡ai c×wZ‡Z Pigfv‡e `¶ cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges fqsKi gviYv¯¿ MvbcvDWvi|5 Pvi †ewkifvM †gv½jiv wQj LyeB Mwie| g‡½vwjqvi kxZj giæf‚wg‡Z MRv‡bv mvgvb¨ Nvm Zv‡`i †Nvov, †fov, BqvK Avi D‡Ui †cUB fiv‡Z cviZ bv| ZvB cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡`i LyuR‡Z n‡Zv cï Piv‡bvi bZzb f‚wg| Pxb †_‡K Avbv wecyj m¤ú` mvaviY †gv½j‡`i Zuvey‡Z Lye †ewk †cuŠQvqwb| †ewkifvM m¤ú` cywÄf‚Z n‡qwQj Lvb‡`i nv‡Z| Zvi Ici mvaviY †gv½j‡`i nv‡Z Avmv cïcv‡ji msL¨v K‡qK¸Y †e‡o hvIqvq, Zv‡`i Rb¨ bZzb PviYf‚wgi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †e‡o †Mj| 5.

(the University of Michigan)John Merton Patrick (1961). Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 13.

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ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ AvRxeb jovB K‡i Avmv KZ¸‡jv DcRvwZi GKUv mgwó‡K AvBb K‡i myk„•Lj †mbvevwnbx‡Z cwiYZ K‡iwQ‡jb †Pw½R| wKš‘ wZwb Rvb‡Zb, G‡`i wVKg‡Zv LvIqv‡Z civ‡Z bv cvi‡j Giv †Kv‡bv AvB‡bi aviB avi‡e bv| fiY-†cvl‡Yi evB‡iI Zv‡`i wQj evowZ GK cÖ‡qvRb mwnsmZv| Ly‡bvLywb bv K‡i †gv½jiv _vK‡Z cviZ bv| Lv‡bi Ici ZvB Av‡iKUv `vwqZ¡ wQj, †gv½j‡`i Rb¨ Ly‡bvLywbi e¨e¯’v K‡i ivLv| hw` evB‡ii gvbyl‡K Lyb Kivi e¨e¯’v bv Kiv hvq, Z‡e Giv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨B Avevi ïiæ Ki‡e Ly‡bvLywb| †f‡O co‡e †Pw½R Lv‡bi kvmb| †Pw½R ZvB wKQzw`b ciciB Zvi evwnbx‡K Gw`K Iw`K Awfhv‡b cvwV‡q w`‡Zb| B‡Zvg‡a¨B DBNyi, wKiwMR Avi ZvwRKiv †Pw½R Lv‡bi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqvq Zvi ¶gZv AviI A‡bK †e‡o †Mj| wZwb Gevi my¯úófv‡e Abyfe Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb, fvM¨ c„w_exi e„nËg evwYR¨c‡_ cÖ‡e‡ki GKUv c_ Zvi mvg‡b Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| wRb mvgªvR¨ R‡qi ci †mbvcwZ †R‡e †bvBqb Avi myey`vB evnv`yi‡K ZvB wZwb cvwV‡q w`‡jb Kviv wLZvB‡`i weiæ‡× jovB‡q| ga¨ Gwkqv‡Z †gv½j‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki GLv‡bB ïiæ| Giv cÖ_‡g Sv‡oes‡k mvd K‡i w`‡jv †giwKZ‡`i| Zvici `Lj K‡i wbj Kviv wLZvB mvgªvR¨| wmé †iv‡W mivmwi cÖ‡e‡ki AwaKvi †c‡jb †Pw½R Lvb| †mBm‡½ wZwb †`L‡jb Zvi mvgªvR¨ GLb Ggb GK mvgªv‡R¨i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m‡Q, hv‡`i Aax‡b Av‡Q Pvi jv‡Li †ewk †hv×v, Avi cÖvq cy‡iv wmé‡iv‡Wi ü`wcÐ| †Pw½R kv‡n LvIqvwiRg AvjvDwÏb gynv¤§v`‡K wPwV wjL‡jbÑ ÔI am Khan of the lands of the rising sun while you are sultan those of the setting sun: Let us conclude a firm agreement of friendship and peace.Õ6

6.

Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 120 .

40

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S‡oi c~e©vfvm GK evnv‡mi gq`v‡bi evB‡i gvivgvwi †j‡M †M‡Q| GK AvkAvwi Bgv‡gi m‡½ BmgvBwj wkqv Bgv‡gi evnv‡mi GK ch©v‡q `yR‡bi mg_©KivB D‡ËwRZ n‡q gvivgvwi ïiæ K‡i †`q| B‡Zvg‡a¨B gv_v †d‡U †M‡Q †ek K‡qKR‡bi, i³v³ Ae¯’vq Zv‡`i nvmcvZv‡ji w`‡K †bIqv n‡”Q| Lwjdv Avb bvwm‡ii Kv‡Q bvwjk †Mj| wZwb `yB Bgv‡gi m‡½ Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv Ki‡eb e‡j fve‡jb| mevB fvej, Gevi eywS NUbvi GKUv mgvavb n‡e| mܨvi ci Lwjdvi `ievi †_‡K wKQz mg‡qi e¨eav‡b `yB Bgvg‡KB †ei n‡Z †`Lv †Mj| `yR‡bi gy‡LB wQj Lywk Lywk fve| Lwjdv kvw¯Íi e`‡j `yRb‡KB eLwkm w`‡q‡Qb| gvivgvwii KviY wQj Avwj (iv.) n‡Ki Ici, bvwK gyqvweqv (iv.) n‡Ki IciÑ Zv wb‡q weev`| AvkAvwi Avi BmgvBwj `yB c‡¶iB evM`v‡` wecyj mg_©K| Giv wb‡Riv wb‡Riv Zz”Q welq wb‡q †j‡M _vK‡j LwjdviB jvf| Avb bvwmi Rv‡bb, Zvi g‡Zv ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmK‡`i Rb¨ RbMY‡K wef³ ivLv LyeB Riæwi| HK¨e× RbMY ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡Ki ¶gZvi cÖwZ ûgwK n‡q `uvovq| ZvB Zv‡`i †fZi †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv A‡nZzK e¨vcv‡i wefw³ wRB‡q ivL‡Z nq| Avb bvwmi cÖvq `yB‡kv eQi ci Avevi evM`v‡`i Lwjdvi nviv‡bv †MŠie wdwi‡q Avb‡Z †Póv Ki‡Qb| wZwb B‡Zvg‡a¨B †MvUv Biv‡Ki wbqš¿Y wb‡q wb‡q‡Qb| †mjRyK myjZvb ZzNiæ‡ji weiæ‡× ZzK©gvb †mbvcwZ AvjvDwÏb †ZwKk‡K jvwM‡q w`‡q Biv‡b †mjRyK‡`i ¶gZvi mgvwß NwU‡q‡Qb|1 wZwb Pvb, AveŸvwmqviv Avevi †MvUv gymwjg D¤§vni cÖK…Z †bZvi Avm‡b mgvmxb †nvK| Avb bvwm‡ii PvIqvq †Kv‡bv †`vl wQj bv, wKš‘ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Dcvq wQj †bvsiv| 1.

J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 191.

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42

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2.

http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Iran_Heads.htm

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46

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Boyle, John Andrew (1979), "Alexander and the Mongols", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (2):p.126, JSTOR 25211053। * . dzU‡bvU : dvimvL n‡jv 5 wK‡jvwgUvi mgvb `~iZ¡|

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50

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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3.

Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press, 1997.

52

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Raphael, K., 2009. Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 19(3), pp.355-370

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cÖv¸³(1),c… : 248 Boyle, JA.1997.Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press 7 . Weatherford, J.M., 2004. Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world. Broadway Books 6.

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

59