Speer Girls High School March 1st Participation Statue
Courtesty of Choi Chong-Myoung
Publisher Dr. Shin Gyonggu
Editor-in-Chief Dr. David E. Shaffer
Management Officer Chung Hyunhwa
Copy Editing Dr. David E. Shaffer
Layout Editor Johanna Lezada
The Gwangju News is the first English monthly magazine for the general public in Korea, first published in 2001. Each monthly issue covers local and regional issues, with a focus on the roles and activities of the international residents and local Englishspeaking communities.
The Gwangju News is published by the Gwangju International Center: Jungang-ro 196-beon-gil 5 (Geumnam-ro 3-ga), Dong-gu, Gwangju 61475, South Korea
Tel: (+82)-62-226-2733 Fax: (+82)-62-226-2731
Website: www.gwangjunewsgic.com
Email: gwangjunews@gic.or.kr
Registration No. 광주광역시 라. 00145 (ISSN 2093-5315)
Registration Date: February 22, 2010
For volunteering and article submission inquiries, please contact the editor at gwangjunews@gic.or.kr.
From the Editor
Weather folklore has it that “March comes in like a lion, and goes out like a lamb,” meaning that the harsher, frosty temperatures of early March give way to the gentler, milder mercury levels of the end of the month. As March begins, the Gwangju News is “roaring” to bring you a variety of articles for you to experience the warm and pleasant reading satisfaction that a lamb might evoke.
A loud roar of the Korean populace went out on March 1st of 1919 in protest of their occupying colonial power. Starting in Seoul, the movement spread throughout the nation. In the intervening century, protests have not disappeared. They have continued to influence today’s demonstrations in their essence but now differ in several distinct ways. In this issue, we bring you two articles linking present-day protests to the March 1st Movement and other historical instances of civil disobedience – one is by a Korean researcher, the other by a younger international resident.
As spring opens its leaf and flower buds onto us, locales throughout the province begin to open their gates with festivals of all sorts. Peruse our feature on spring and summer festivals to plan your upcoming weekend adventures. In an additional article, we focus on one of these fetes – the mid-March Gwangyang Maehwa Festival. Read this article and plan your visit to the plum blossoms before their peak season is over.
What is UNESCO doing these days? Read how one of its “bootcamps” has gifted one Korean attendee with “the power to change the world”! Read also how university life in Gwangju has impacted one Filipina exchange student.
The vast majority of our readers are related in some way to teaching and/or learning languages. If you’re considering gauging your Korean proficiency, prepare with tips from our article on the TOPIK test. If you’re a language teacher and wondering how best to handle your classes of students with differing proficiencies, dip into our article on grouping students with varying ability levels.
Check out our Environment article on the new citywide waste management plan. Learn about two important figures of the last century from the Gwangju-Jeonnam area. Experience the fun of going to away soccer games, and read our monthly sports round-up.
And of course, we have more for your March reading enjoyment.
David E. Shaffer Editor-in-Chief Gwangju
News
Gwangju & South Jeolla
Spring Blossoms
Under the blush of spring blossoms, the pavilion stands – a timeless sentinel of serenity, where petals drift like whispers of eternity and the air hums with the quiet joy of renewal.
This photograph was taken at the Yeongam Wangin Culture Festival, held in Gurim Village, South Jeolla Province, during the cherry blossom season of March and April.
The Photographer
A native of India, Neha Bisht is pursuing her PhD at Chonnam National University. She loves to meet new people and make new friends.
COMMUNITY
20 Exchange Student Diary: A Filipino Student’s Life at Chonnam National University
TEACHING & LEARNING
22 Language Teaching: Getting on the Level About Learner Levels
26 Facing TOPIK: And What You Can Learn From It
OUR PLANET
28 The Environment: Gwangju’s New Waste Management Plan
PONDERINGS & CONTEMPLATIONS
31 Korea’s Movers and Shakers from Gwangju-Jeonnam: Seo Jae-pil and Han Chang-gi
SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT
34 Away Days: Experiencing Football on the Road
37 Area Sports Round-Up
39 March Upcoming Events
Photo Credits 07. Speer Girls High School March 1st participation statue. (Courtesy of Choi Chong-Myoung)
10. Sansuyu, a member of the dogwood family. (KENPEI)
13. A March 1st Movement demonstration in Seoul.
Gwangju City News
Exclusive Banking Service for Foreign Residents Opens in Gwangju
On February 24, 2025, the Kwangju Bank Foreigner Banking Center opened on the first floor of the Gwangju International Residents Center. This specialized financial institution exclusively serves international residents, offering multilingual banking services in five languages: Vietnamese, Indonesian, Mongolian, Nepali, and English. Key services include the following:
•Multilingual banking services for various transactions.
•Exclusive financial products for international residents, including savings accounts, loans, and credit cards.
Support for Foreign Workers: New Industrial Accident Counseling Advice
Starting in February 2025, the City of Gwangju has launched an industrial accident counseling service to support foreign workers. This initiative, in collaboration with the Gwangju International Residents Center and the Gwangju Regional Office of the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, aims to provide guidance on industrial accident compensation and related policies. More specifically, the services available include the following:
• Retirement pensions
• Employment accident insurance
• Application for leave of absence benefits
•Application for nursing care benefits
•Nursing rehabilitation
•Rehabilitation compensation
•Disability assessment
Car-Free Sundays in Dongu District
From March through December this year, the Dong-gu District of Gwangju will enforce a carfree zone on the first Sunday of every month along Geumnam-ro (from Geumnam Park to Jeonil Building 245). This initiative, excluding October (due to the Chuseok Festival), will restrict vehicle access from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Program highlights include the following:
• Geumnam Park Activities: Relaxation spaces with bean bags, live busking performances, and flea markets.
• Democracy Square: Interactive installations and cultural experiences.
• Jeonil Building 245: Playgrounds and community gatherings.
• Special Monthly Events: Various activities, including sports competitions and seasonal celebrations.
The opening ceremony is scheduled for March 2, 2025, alongside a formal declaration of the initiative.
GIC Citizen Choir Recruitment
The Citizens Choir of the Gwangju International Center is currently recruiting members. This opportunity is open to both Koreans and international residents aged 20 and above who can read sheet music.
Audition Details:
•Date: March 8, 2025
•Time: 2:00 p.m.
•Location: 1st Floor Auditorium, Gwangju International Center
•Phone: 010-4397-0911, 010-8613-3170
Compiled by Shin Gyonggu.
(Foreigner Banking Services, Gwangju International Residents Center)
Descendants of the March 1st Movement
Generation MZ with Light Sticks
“Can the past help the present?” and “Can the dead save the living?” These questions, central to Han Kang’s exploration of the 1980 Gwangju Uprising, resonate deeply in modern South Korea. Over 500 people were killed by martial law forces in Gwangju in the May 18th Uprising of 1980, just as more than 7,000 were killed in the March 1st Movement of 1919. These historical atrocities serve as stark reminders that remembering and confronting past suffering is essential for healing and preventing future injustices.
These reflections have resurfaced amid South Korea’s current political turmoil following the December 3 martial law decree – a palace coup by a president yet to be impeached. The historical memory of the March 1st Movement and the Gwangju Uprising provided today’s citizens with the courage to quickly nullify the latenight imposition of martial law. The sacrifices of those who fought and died in 1919 and 1980 paved the way for modern-day protesters who physically faced martial law troops but survived in front of the National Assembly.
Generation MZ and the Evolution of Protest
Historically, youth have led Korea’s resistance movements. Today’s MZ Generation (that is, Millennials [born between 1981 and 1996] and Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012]) shares this legacy but distinguishes itself in key ways.
Having witnessed government failures during the recent Park government and the current Yoon administration, including the Sewol ferry disaster and the Itaewon crowd-crush tragedy, the MZ Generation is deeply skeptical of authoritarian leadership. Unlike the older
386 Generation (born in the 1960s), who faced ideological suppression and relied on traditional protest methods, the MZ Generation leverages digital tools and decentralized communication to mobilize quickly and effectively.
Characteristics of the MZ Generation
The MZ Generation prioritizes economic rights and leisure, and rejects traditional gender roles and marriage norms. They value diversity and inclusivity, integrating the internet into daily life and preferring digital interactions over face-to-face communication. Their consumer habits are shaped by online reviews, influencer marketing, and fast, efficient delivery services.
Beyond consumerism, they actively engage in social movements. Their fandom culture extends beyond supporting idols to promoting activism, as seen in BTS’s UN address advocating youth participation and Blackpink’s climate advocacy.
Expression of the MZ Generation
Unlike past protests requiring physical presence and ideological commitment, MZ activists use digital platforms to live-stream demonstrations, coordinate efforts, and provide indirect support through prepaid purchases of food and supplies. Their activism extends globally, engaging overseas Koreans and international supporters.
A defining feature of their protests is the use of K-pop light sticks, transforming them into symbols of non-violent resistance. Humor, memes, and digital creativity have further broadened participation, making activism more inclusive and dynamic.
MZ activists also demonstrated solidarity with farmers who were attempting to join the
protests, using social media to highlight their struggles against police roadblocks. In freezing temperatures, they arranged heated buses and food deliveries through quick-service apps, demonstrating their commitment in innovative ways.
Theoretical and Political Implications
Terror management theory (TMT) suggests that existential threats push people to reinforce cultural values and seek symbolic immortality.
Generation MZ’s activism reflects this, as they respond to national crises by asserting their collective power through digital and physical actions.
Historical Context and Conclusion
South Korea has a rich history of youth-led uprisings, from the 1894 Donghak Peasant Revolution to the 1919 March 1st Movement, the 1960 April 19 Revolution, the 1980 Gwangju Uprising, the 1987 June Uprising, and the recent 2016 Candlelight Protest. The 2024 protests share their commitment to non-violent resistance and civic responsibility.
International media have highlighted South Korea’s unique protest culture, where demonstrators not only resist injustice but also
clean up after their protests, reinforcing their civic-mindedness. The MZ Generation has shown that activism can be innovative, inclusive, and deeply impactful.
As this generation emerges as a dominant political and economic force, leaders must recognize and integrate their values. Future leadership will require more than charisma – it will demand engagement with a digitally connected, politically aware generation shaping a new era in South Korean democracy following the tradition of the March 1st Independence Movement and the May 18 Democratization Movement.
In Appreciation
Choi Chong-Myoung contributed the original text for this article. With a doctoral degree in counseling psychology, she is the director of the Gwangju Mudeung Branch of HugMom Hug-In. She is also a researcher at Chonnam National University’s Institute for Democracy and Community Studies.
Article translation and adaptation by Dr. Shin Gyonggu.
Photograph courtesy of Hong Inhwa.
Speer Girls High School March 1st participation statue.
Spring and Summer Festivals in Jeollanam-do
A Guide to Celebrations, Culture, and Must-Visit Events
By Neha Bisht
Encompassing the vibrant city of Gwangju, Jeollanam-do hosts a plethora of festivals from March through September, each celebrating the region’s rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, and local traditions. Here is a comprehensive guide to these festivals:
Gurye Sansuyu Festival
• Background: Set in the hot springs resort area of Jiri Mountain, this festival celebrates the blooming of yellow sansuyu (cornelian cherry) flowers.
• Specialty: With the theme “Finding Everlasting Love,” the festival features performances, fireworks, and hands-on experiences. Attendees can also enjoy foods and drinks made from sansuyu.
• Why Visit: Experience vibrant spring colors and participate in unique cultural activities.
• Attractions: Jirisan Hot Springs, cultural performances, and local cuisine.
• Date: March annually
• Location: Jirisan Hot Springs Resort area, Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do.
Sinan Daffodil Festival
• Background: Celebrated in March, this festival showcases the blooming daffodils on Seondo Island in Sinan County.
• Specialty: The island is adorned with golden daffodils, creating picturesque scenery.
• Why Visit: To enjoy the serene beauty of the daffodil fields and engage in related cultural activities.
• Attractions: Flower exhibitions, cultural performances, and local delicacies.
• Background: Due to a unique build-up of pebbles and silt, during the lowest point of the ebb tide, a three-kilometer-long pathway appears in the seabed between Modo Island and Jindo Island at Hoedong-ri.
• Specialty: This sea-parting phenomenon is well known both domestically and internationally, drawing visitors to witness this miraculous sight. The miracle path can only be seen for one hour a day. While waiting for the tide to ebb, visitors can participate in various cultural and hands-on programs.
• Why Visit: To experience the rare natural phenomenon of the sea parting and engage in cultural activities.
• Date: Late March to April annually
• Location: Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do.
Yeongam Wangin Culture Festival
• Background: This festival honors Wangin, who traveled to Japan during the Baekje Kingdom era to spread knowledge, culture, and art.
• Specialty: Held in April, when cherry blossoms are in full bloom, the festival includes traditional performances and a highlight street parade open to all visitors and citizens.
• Why Visit: To delve into historical cultural exchanges and enjoy the scenic cherry blossoms.
• Attractions: Traditional performances, cultural exhibitions, and a vibrant street parade.
• Date: April annually
• Location: Yeongam-gun, including Wangin’s Historic Site, Gurim Village, and the Pottery Museum.
Gokseong World Rose Festival
• Background: Held every May in Gokseong, this festival celebrates the beauty of roses from around the world.
• Specialty: Features a vast array of rose species displayed in beautifully curated gardens.
• Why Visit: To immerse oneself in the fragrant and colorful world of roses and enjoy various themed activities.
• Attractions: Rose gardens, photo zones, and cultural performances.
• Date: May annually
• Location: Gokseong Train Village, Gokseonggun, Jeollanam-do.
Sinan Tulip Festival
• Background: Celebrated in April, this festival showcases a vast array of tulips in full bloom.
• Specialty: Visitors can stroll through expansive tulip gardens, capturing the vibrant colors and unique varieties.
• Why Visit: To witness one of Korea’s largest tulip displays and enjoy the spring ambiance.
• Attractions: Tulip gardens, photo zones, and local food vendors.
• Date: April annually
• Location: Sinan Tulip Park, around Daegwang Beach, Imja-myeon, Sinan-gun.
Damyang Bamboo Festival
• Background: Damyang is renowned for its lush bamboo forests, and this festival highlights the cultural and ecological significance of bamboo.
• Specialty: The festival offers participatory programs where visitors can engage in traditional bamboo crafts and art, reflecting the local heritage.
• Why Visit: To immerse oneself in the serene beauty of bamboo groves and appreciate traditional crafts.
• Attractions: Bamboo craft workshops, cultural performances, and local bamboo-inspired cuisine.
• Background: Boseong is Korea’s largest producer of green tea, with picturesque fields often featured in dramas.
• Specialty: Visitors can participate in tea leaf picking, tea making, and sampling green tea snacks. Traditional tea ceremonies and photography exhibitions are also part of the festival.
• Attractions: Tea fields, cultural performances, and tea-related workshops.
• Date: May annually
• Location: Korea Tea Culture Park, Boseonggun, Jeollanam-do.
Jeongnamjin Jangheung Water Festival
• Background: Held annually in late July to early August, this festival takes place in Jangheung County, utilizing the pristine waters of the Tamjin River, Jangheung Lake, and nearby cypress forests.
• Specialty: Centered around the theme of water, the festival offers various programs, including the Salsu Battle Street Parade and the World’s Largest Water Fight, where participants engage in lively water battles to beat the summer heat.
• Why Visit: To enjoy refreshing water-themed activities and experience the communal spirit of the festival.
• Attractions: Water fights, parades, cultural performances, and hands-on programs in the cypress forest.
• Date: Late July to early August annually
• Location: Tamjin River area, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do.
Muan White Lotus Festival
• Background: Hosted in Muan County, this festival celebrates Korea’s largest white lotus habitat at Hoesan Baengnyeon-ji (White Lotus Pond).
• Specialty: Visitors can stroll through expansive lotus fields, participate in lotus-themed activities, and enjoy the serene beauty of blooming white lotuses.
• Why Visit: To experience the tranquil ambiance of lotus ponds and engage in cultural events centered around the lotus flower.
• Attractions: Lotus flower exhibitions, cultural performances, and hands-on experiences like lotus leaf tea tasting.
• Date: July annually
• Location: Hoesan White Lotus Pond, Muangun, Jeollanam-do.
Yeosu Night Sea Fireworks Festival
• Background: Held in Yeosu, this festival features spectacular fireworks displays over the sea, attracting numerous visitors each summer.
• Specialty: The festival offers a mesmerizing night view with colorful fireworks illuminating the Yeosu coastline, accompanied by various performances and events.
• Why Visit: To witness breathtaking fireworks over the ocean and enjoy the festive seaside atmosphere.
• Attractions: Fireworks displays, live performances, and food stalls offering local delicacies.
• Date: August annually
• Location: Yeosu City, Jeollanam-do.
Myeongnyang Battle Festival
• Background: Hosted in September in Wando County, this festival commemorates Admiral
Yi Sun-shin’s victory in the Battle of Myeongnyang in 1597.
• Specialty: Features reenactments of the historic naval battle, traditional performances, and various hands-on programs.
• Why Visit: To honor historical events and experience traditional Korean naval culture.
• Attractions: Battle reenactments, cultural exhibitions, and local food stalls.
• Date: September annually
• Location: Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do.
Suncheon Bay Reeds Festival
• Background: Although primarily an autumn event, the Suncheon Bay Reeds Festival often begins in late September, celebrating the vast reed fields of Suncheon Bay.
• Specialty: Visitors can explore extensive reed beds, participate in ecological programs, and appreciate the unique wetland environment.
• Why Visit: To experience the natural beauty of one of Korea’s most significant coastal wetlands and engage in environmental activities.
• Attractions: Reed field tours, ecological exhibitions, and cultural performances.
• Date: Late September annually
• Location: Suncheon Bay Wetland Reserve, Suncheon City, Jeollanam-do.
These festivals offer a glimpse into the diverse cultural tapestry of Jeollanam-do, enticing visitors with unique experiences that blend history, nature, and local traditions.
• Sansuyu, a member of the dogwood family. (KENPEI)
• Damyang Bamboo Festival. (Neha Bisht)
The Author
A native of India, Neha Bisht is pursuing her PhD research at Chonnam National University’s School of Materials Science and Engineering. She loves to meet new people and make new friends. Neha endeavors to contribute to the wellbeing of society in whatever way she can.
Photo Credits
A Glimpse of Korea's Independence Struggle March
1st, 1919
By Yousra Feriel Drioua
Koreans and citizens worldwide gasped for air when martial law was lifted last December – December 3rd, a day that will haunt history books for generations to come, as did March 1st, 1919.
Although the Korean won took quite a hit and the Korean economy will require some time to recover, recent political events in Korea proved that civilians on the peninsula are painfully aware of the price they need to pay for freedom. One of the many lessons Korean history teaches is that civilians cannot let their guard down or become complacent, even in a seemingly democratic society.
I cannot shake from my mind the image of Congresswoman An Gwi-ryeong grabbing a
soldier’s gun with her bare hands. No matter what one’s political ideations may be, and though some might call it a foolish act, it was what both despair and courage look like in dire situations. Men and women of all ages ran to the National Assembly to stop history from repeating itself. One of the most painful scenes was when the elderly formed a human shield using their bodies against the army. The elderly, who most likely lived through some of Korea’s most agonizing historical events; Japanese colonial rule, the Korean War, the Jeju Massacre, the Gwangju Uprising, and somewhere in the middle, the March 1st Movement. The March 1st Movement, also known as Samil Undong (삼일 운동), is an official holiday in Korea, but historically speaking, it was a pivotal step toward Korea’s sovereignty and independence.
The Yoon Seok Yeol protest in front of Gwanghwa-mun in Seoul.
In 1910, the Japanese had annexed Korea. Fast forward to 1919, thirty-three Korean leaders publicly declared Korea’s independence and officially declared a series of peaceful demonstrations across the country, in response to the oppressive policies of their colonizer at the time. The movement quickly gained traction with over 1,500 demonstrations and approximately two million participants. That is when the Japanese authorities responded with extreme repression, resulting in numerous deaths and arrests, despite the peaceful nature of the liberating initiative.
Samil Undong is considered a cornerstone of Korean independence and the modern Korean democratic struggle. It was an event that inspired and probably set in motion many others in Korea.
History, indeed, has a way of repeating itself –not just in Korea but across the world. The responsibility to remain vigilant and hold governments accountable falls on the shoulders of citizens everywhere and the most powerful legacy we can pass on to future generations is education and political literacy, ensuring they understand that democracy and freedom are not a given but must be taken. The fight for democracy is neither linear nor finite; it requires constant effort, unwavering resolve, and the strength of every individual. After all, a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, and in this struggle, every link matters.
media
and journalism. She’s an Algerian citizen residing in South Korea and aspires to be someone of use to society. Instagram: @myyigli
Kangwon National University’s student response to martial law.
A March 1st Movement demonstration in Seoul.
Mural quotation at the Korea Democracy Museum.
The Author
Yousra Feriel Drioua is a freelance writer and activist with an MA in
communication
The UNESCO Bootcamp Gifting the Power to Change the World
By Park Yeonju
Do you believe that you have the power to change the world? Do you think that power lies within you? Many people might hesitate to answer these questions. However, I can now answer with confidence: I, too, have the power to change the world. And where did I learn this sense of certainty and countless values? It was at the UNESCO Bootcamp last autumn. In Cagliari, Italy, young people from many countries gathered in one place. Countless nations we see when spinning a globe – this event brought together diverse cultures from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia.
This UNESCO Bootcamp took place over the course of one week is early September. It’s unique and overarching theme was “Building DiverCity,” combining diversity and city to represent cities with diversity. The bootcamp was a space for raising voices against racial discrimination and addressing various social issues, while also integrating the value of “sustainable development.” The camp was a highly organized event hosted by UNESCO, the European Coalition of Cities Against Racism (ECCAR), and the Future Food Institute. ECCAR was established by UNESCO in 2004 to raise voices against racial discrimination and strengthen networks among cities in relation to this issue. Ultimately, its goal is to transform cities into safe and harmonious places where we can all coexist.
ECCAR President Benedetto Zacchiroli, Vice President Dr. Ayfer Yazkan Kubal representing Türkiye, and UNESCO staff took the lead in planning and guiding the seven-day experience. On the first day, from those who flew in from distant countries to participants from neighboring European nations, people began gathering one by one at the hostel – with heavy luggage in hand and many steps leading up to
the hostel. Climbing these steps meant stepping into a completely different space from that of Korea and starting a week-long journey with new people. Every time I climbed those steps, my heart raced as if I were taking my first steps into a new world.
After all the participants had gathered, the camp officially began with the ECCAR president’s opening address. Following his presentation, the participants took turns introducing themselves briefly. As the only Korean participant, I gradually felt a pleasant sense of responsibility representing Korea. At the same time, I found myself contemplating how I, as a Korean, could contribute to this camp.
The participants I met came from truly diverse backgrounds: a student pursuing a master’s degree in Brazil; a peer from Italy who, after studying international relations in Rome, raised their voice in various political movements; a French participant who studied economics in Paris; a woman from Uganda who became the youngest female mayor in the country’s history; and from Jordan, a pharmacy student with deep knowledge not only of human rights but also in various other fields. Despite their different positions and backgrounds, they all had one thing in common:
UNESCO Bootcamp participants.
They were actively engaged in international fields where they could continuously raise their voices, such as participating in UN models or conferences.
On the second day, the camp officially began. The UNESCO Bootcamp started each morning with yoga classes to ensure participants could approach the camp with healthy bodies and clear minds. As the sun gently rose and wrapped Cagliari in soft sunlight, we practiced yoga in a pleasant, cool breeze. Those romantic moments of sweating while gazing at the blue sky and the beautiful view of Cagliari made the experience truly special. Thanks to this, participants were able to kickstart their day feeling refreshed and invigorated. After yoga, we would dive into new reading material in PDF format for the day. This was referred to as “early-bird reading.” Since the camp also prioritized environmental friendliness, the use of PDFs instead of paper was a key principle.
The topics for early-bird reading were diverse. We took turns reading aloud, one sentence at a time from the Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech of Leymah Roberta Gbowee, a Liberian peace activist. We also explored the legacy of Eleanor Roosevelt, a UN representative, prolific writer, and speaker. Her speech on “Where Do Universal Human Rights Begin?” and the article written after the adoption of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” reflected on how rights and freedoms could progress in the future. We discussed Amos Oz’s speech on “The Nature of Fanaticism,” where he stated that fanaticism, the belief that one’s own path is the only way,
is not confined to a specific group but can be found in every corner of the world. He advocated for a world that embraces diversity. Finally, we reflected on the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” which seeks to ensure universal respect for the inherent and inalienable rights of all human beings.
Starting with Article I of the declaration: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood,” all participants spoke about the importance of human rights and took time to deeply understand its roots. Every morning, we read stories of those who fought for human rights and articles related to human rights. This provided us with a genuine opportunity to grasp the essence of its value. What stood out was that we didn’t just read the articles – we spoke the words aloud, and for sentences that left a strong impression, we repeated them. Although this activity felt unfamiliar at first, over a day or two, we gradually became immersed in the readings and grew curious about which sentences other participants found meaningful. It became a meaningful moment that allowed us to confront and truly reflect on the importance of human rights through written words.
After spending a meaningful morning, the program continued with more in-depth lectures and discussions. Topics included how a hypercomplex society can co-construct ecosystems and open democracies, as well as “augmented cities” for more sustainable and inclusive development. We also took time to learn about the history of Cagliari and Sardinia,
Doing yoga while basking in the morning sunlight.
Early-bird reading time.
where the bootcamp was held. Thanks to a lecture delivered by a university professor based in Cagliari, we were able to study these topics in a profound and engaging manner.
We also explored the role of UNAR (Italy’s National Office Against Racial Discrimination) as an equality body and worked on developing intercultural competencies through a story circle. In addition, we formed small activity groups with participants from the Erasmus camp, which was held during the same period as the UNESCO Bootcamp. In these groups, we introduced ourselves, shared our career aspirations, and gained a deeper understanding of diversity. Meeting participants from the Erasmus camp, part of the European exchange program, provided an opportunity to hear and experience the cultures of various European countries in a short yet vibrant and enriching time.
The power of networking that can connect the world, a seminar with UNAR officials, and even a visit to the Cagliari City Hall – these were among the variety of programs held, and through attending these lectures, discussions, and seminars, each participant had the opportunity to design their own human rights project by the end of the bootcamp.
Since there were participants from various nations, the human rights issues they focused on differed depending on their respective home
countries. Some participants designed projects related to LGBTQ+ rights, while others explored how to support the Black movement in France. It was an opportunity to reflect on diverse human rights issues across different countries. These projects needed to be elaborately designed. Participants had to determine the target group for their project, estimate the time required for implementation, and outline the methods for realizing it. After presenting the projects one by one, the group engaged in a Q&A session and received feedback. This process allowed each participant to refine and enhance the quality of their own human rights project.
I took the time to reflect on women’s rights in Korea. Despite taking parental leave, women face significant challenges in returning to work, as well as there being a glass ceiling within companies. Moreover, the percentage of female members of the National Assembly in Korea remains very low. Previously, I had worked on a project with my professor in Korea, where we collected public opinions and submitted them to members of the National Assembly. Based on this experience, I was able to design a larger-scale human rights project. Interestingly, some participants were already aware of the challenges women face in Korea and the difficulty of systematically guaranteeing women’s rights in Korean society.
Elaborating a project, especially one focused on human rights, was no easy task. However,
Visiting Cagliari City Hall.
through this activity, we were able to genuinely explore the human rights issues facing our respective countries and further reflect on potential solutions to mitigate them. It was a truly meaningful experience. We listened to lectures from politicians and experts from various fields, which helped us build a solid foundation in human rights and diversity. The final projectdesign activity allowed us to put that knowledge into practice. Even though some projects may still have had shortcomings, each participant’s human rights project was inherently meaningful in and of itself.
Being able to speak about the situation in Korea and the thoughts of Koreans in front of people from various countries, as well as representatives from UNESCO and ECCAR who are dedicated to human rights, was an overwhelming and inspiring experience. Just as I gained new perspectives on unfamiliar fields by listening to other participants’ projects, I believe they also had an opportunity to understand Korea in a more diverse and nuanced way. During the week-long camp, we engaged in highly productive programs, including in-depth lectures, discussions, and self-driven activities.
Not only the historical sites in Cagliari but also the beach we visited in the mornings left a lasting impression – as did the shimmering waves under the sunlight and the friends who shared those moments. The scenery became an unforgettable memory, like a picture etched in my mind. During the evening by the beach, we went night swimming, learned how to float in the water, and enjoyed a wonderful night with delicious food and laughter. Regardless of nationality or race, we all came together to create radiant and meaningful memories. Moreover, I realized that
there are so many brilliant and inspiring people around the world who continue to raise their voices for the universal value of human rights in their respective places.
This camp was an unforgettable experience that provided endless inspiration and learning. The UNESCO Bootcamp brought together not only representatives from UNESCO, ECCAR, and UNAR but also diverse talents, some of whom are already making impactful contributions to society, while others hold immense potential. As we got to know each other and grew closer, we soon found ourselves sharing jokes and enjoying dinner filled with laughter. By the end, the bonds we had formed were so strong that tears were shed during our goodbyes. The countless voices cheering me on are still vivid in my mind. The seven-day UNESCO Bootcamp in Cagliari, Italy, was truly an unforgettable chapter in my life. Based on the values I learned here, I hope to become a better version of myself and meet these incredible people again.
Park Yeonju is an undergraduate at Chonnam National University, majoring in political science and diplomacy as well as Chinese language and literature. Her third major is international development cooperation studies. She was born and raised in Gwangju and wants to promote the colorfulness of the city that she has been a part of for so long. Also, she wants to deliver various voices of the world. It is her dream to become a true journalist by inheriting the spirit of May 18.
Bootcamp activities with the Erasmus Camp.
UNESCO Bootcamp and the Erasmus Camp participants.
Photographs courtesy of UNESCO Bootcamp.
The Author
Whisper of Spring A Journey to the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival
By Neha Bisht
As winter slowly loosened its grip, I began noticing the subtle signs of spring in Gwangju, South Korea – the crisp air felt gentler, the sun lingered a little longer in the sky, and tiny buds started appearing on bare branches. There’s always something magical about the changing of seasons, and I was eager to witness one of the country’s most stunning spring spectacles: the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival.
The festival, famous for its breathtaking plum blossoms (maehwa, 매화), takes place every March in Maehwa Village, nestled along the Seomjin River in Gwangyang, Jeollanam-do. Eager to escape the city and embrace the beauty of nature, I packed my bag and hopped on an early morning bus, ready to immerse myself in a landscape covered in soft white and pink petals. As we neared the festival grounds, I caught my first glimpse of the rolling hills blanketed in plum blossoms, a sight that immediately filled me with excitement.
Background and Significance: The festival is centered in Maehwa Village, also known as Seomjin Village, situated along the Seomjin River. Over five decades ago, a visionary woman named Hong Ssang Ri transformed this area by planting over 10,000 plum trees, turning it into the largest plum plantation in Korea. Her dedication beautified the region and established a thriving industry of plum-based products. Today, the festival celebrates both the breathtaking plum blossoms and the enduring spirit of innovation and community.
The Beauty of Maehwa Village: Stepping into Maehwa Village felt like walking into a Korean painting – the white plum blossoms stretched endlessly across the hills, their delicate petals swaying in the breeze. The air was filled with a faint, sweet fragrance, and the gentle hum of visitors marveling at the scenery created a peaceful, almost dreamlike atmosphere.
The best way to experience the festival is to walk along the trails that wind through the village. As I followed the paths lined with plum trees, I found hidden viewpoints that offered stunning panoramic views of the Seomjin River cutting through the valley. Every turn presented another breathtaking sight, making it impossible to resist stopping every few steps to take photos.
The Cultural and Traditional Charm of the Festival: Beyond the natural beauty, the festival is also a celebration of Korean culture and tradition. I was captivated by the sight of visitors dressed in hanbok (traditional Korean attire), their vibrant colors contrasting beautifully with the soft white and pink blossoms. It was as if history and nature were blending together in perfect harmony.
Close-up of Prunus mume blossoms, also known as Chinese plum or Japanese plum.
Throughout the festival, there were traditional performances showcasing Korean music, dance, and art. At another corner, an artist was demonstrating calligraphy under the shade of a plum tree, his brush moving gracefully over the parchment to create elegant characters. The festival also offers experience events such as plum highballs, Gwangyang tastes, hanbok and school uniforms, plum handkerchiefs, calligraphy, and the Seomjin River boat ride. These activities add a personal touch to the visit, allowing visitors to bring home a meaningful souvenir.
The Taste of Spring – Plum-Infused Delicacies: No festival in Korea is complete without delicious food, and the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival is no exception. As I wandered through the market stalls, I discovered a variety of plum-based delicacies, each offering a unique way to enjoy the essence of maehwa.
• Maesil Tea: A fragrant tea made from fermented plums, known for its refreshing, slightly tart flavor.
• Maesilju (Plum Wine): A smooth, sweet wine that pairs perfectly with Korean grilled meats.
• Plum Bibimbap: A creative twist on the classic bibimbap, where the sauce is infused with maesil extract.
• Plum Confectionaries: From plum-flavored rice cakes to jams, candies, sauces, ice-cream, and health supplements, there were plenty of sweet treats to sample and take home as souvenirs.
One of my favorite moments was eating ice cream while sitting under a plum tree, letting the delicate aroma and flavors blend with the peaceful surroundings.
For many Koreans, the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival is not just about flowers – it’s about welcoming a new season and embracing nature’s beauty. Families spread out picnic mats under the trees, enjoying homemade meals while children run around, playing among the blossoms. Couples walk hand in hand, taking in the romantic scenery, while elderly visitors sit quietly, sipping tea and soaking in the tranquility. One tradition that fascinated me was the belief that plum blossoms symbolize resilience and new beginnings. I
noticed some visitors take a moment to close their eyes and make a wish beneath the blossoms, hoping for a year of good fortune and happiness.
A Memory to Cherish: As the sun began to set over Maehwa Village, the golden light filtering through the plum blossoms created a truly magical sight. I took one last deep breath, letting the fresh, floral scent fill my senses. My visit to the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival was more than just a visual delight – it was a celebration of nature, culture, and the warmth of welcoming spring.
Leaving the festival, I couldn’t help but smile. Spring had officially arrived, and with it came a feeling of renewal and joy. If you ever find yourself in the area during March, I highly recommend visiting this plum blossom festival – it’s an experience that will stay with you long after the last petal falls.
Tips for Visiting the Festival: If you’re planning to visit the Gwangyang Maehwa Festival, here are some tips to make the most of your trip:
✔ Best Time to Visit: Arrive early in the morning or on a weekday to avoid large crowds. The blossoms are at their peak in early to midMarch (this year’s festival period is March 7–16). For more details visit www.gwangyang.go.kr
✔ What to Wear: Layered clothing is recommended as mornings and evenings can still be chilly in March.
✔ How to Get There: Take a bus from the Gwangju bus terminal to Gwangyang. From Gwangyang Bus Terminal, take a local bus or taxi to Maehwa Village.
✔ Nearby Attractions: If you have extra time, consider visiting Suncheon Bay Wetland Reserve or taking a short trip to Yeosu, a beautiful coastal city nearby.
Photograph courtesy of Neha Bisht.
The Author
A native of India, Neha Bisht is pursuing her PhD research at Chonnam National University’s School of Materials Science and Engineering. She loves to meet new people and make new friends. Neha endeavors to contribute to the wellbeing of society in whatever way she can.
Exchange Student Diary A Filipino Student's Life at Chonnam National University
By Julienne Mei Magbanua
Ihad never imagined myself on an exchange program, but the opportunity presented itself in 2023 at a fair at my home university in the Philippines. I applied and got accepted to represent the school in the program. It was a yearlong process and the fruits of my preparation were about to unfold.
I remember being on the plane on my own, and my thoughts were trying to convince me to be anxious. After all, it was my first international trip by myself. But there was a gentle whisper telling me not to fear, and it overwhelmed me with peace. I knew at that moment that I was right where I was supposed to be. Nonetheless, having to discover how to live in a place I’d never been to before wasn’t an easy task. I thought that I would need extra time adjusting to the new environment, but I managed to get used to it quite quickly, special thanks to the amazing people I met who made it easier.
When I arrived at Chonnam National University, I couldn’t help but feel astonished. This was something I only used to see in pictures, and now I was there. I took five classes for the semester. All of them were very interesting and fun. In some classes too, students developed a strong connection with each other as well as with the
professor. Some friends that I grew really close with were those that I met in class. We made and shared memories together. We went on trips and explored Gwangju and neighboring towns and cities. I love nature, so I was in awe of the beauty of South Korea’s countryside scenery. I remember thinking about how much I wanted to bring my family when I got the chance. Hopefully, I’ll get to visit those places again with my family someday.
My friend and I were able to witness the opening of the Philippines’ solo pavilion at the Gwangju Biennale – a historic first for our country. It was an honor to see the works of the hands of masters in the field of art and more so to be in their presence. Aside from what I’ve already mentioned, I had the incredible opportunity to become a volunteer as well, here at the Gwangju News and at UNESCO KONA. The Gwangju News introduced me to events happening in Gwangju such as the Fringe Festival and the World Human Rights Cities Forum. I saw wonderful performances at the festival and gained new insights at the forum. Through UNESCO KONA, I was given a platform to present about the Philippines at Gwangju International Community Week and also at a local daycare center. Seeing the children being so interested in my culture warmed my heart. What’s most memorable to me was when
the students participated in dancing one of my country’s traditional dances called tinikling. It uses bamboo poles that were tapped and beaten during the dance. We didn’t have those in the classroom, but the teachers found a way and used some long sticks as an alternative. I demonstrated it and then allowed the children to try dancing tinikling as well. It’s definitely a memory I will always cherish.
“This was something I only used to see in pictures, and now I was there."
Another highlight of my exchange program experience was having my first international stage performance where I got to sing an original song at the CNU Festival on my birthday. I’ve had a few gigs in the Philippines as a singer-songwriter, but this was something else! It was both a gift to me and the crowd. I had so much fun, and my friends played a huge part in it. They were so supportive of me. I felt fulfilled seeing my music cross borders.
Being a part of the exchange program definitely shaped my character. I became braver and more confident in trying out new things – some I never
even considered when I was in the Philippines. I was surprised to see myself take on greater heights. As the program was coming to an end, I felt excited to go home to the Philippines. I already missed my family so dearly. After all, it was the longest time I had been away. Despite the homesickness, I knew that I would yearn for the time I had spent in South Korea as soon as I got back home. And so I did. There was grief in leaving the life I had lived in a land that was not my own. But even so, there’s also this joy in having experienced all those beautiful things in life in another part of the world. I am glad that I took that leap of faith and went on with this journey. I wouldn’t have known and experienced all these things if I hadn’t had the courage to try and the grit to move forward.
I do not know where life may take me in the future, but South Korea, especially Gwangju, will always have a special place in my heart.
Julienne Mei Magbanua was an exchange student at Chonnam National University majoring in political science. She is a Christian and her main goal is to reflect God’s light to the world in everything that she does. One of the ways in which she shares this is through music. As a singer-songwriter, she aims to bring hope to her listeners through the music she creates. Instagram: @_teresa.music
Photographs courtesy of Julienne Mei Magbanua.
The Author
Julienne wearing a hanbok for Chuseok.
Julienne with her buddy team.
Getting on the Level About Learner Levels
Dealing with Students' Varied Language Abilities
By Bryan Hale
If you work in English language teaching (ELT), you probably have detailed, even passionate, ideas about your students’ ability levels and what they should mean for teaching. But perhaps you have found discussion around this issue can lack precision and purpose. There are also substantial disagreements about whether or not to divide students by ability. Many teachers might not have a choice about organization of courses or classes, but we all do have responsibility for managing our classrooms, and thinking and communicating about these issues with clarity could be beneficial.
Clarifying Terms and Concepts
Even just imagining chatting with colleagues about student levels, I feel myself bracing for a chaotic jumble of issues! An initial focus on communication abilities might quickly get into academic aptitude, grades, behavior, and more. Exactly what “level” means might not even be clearly defined in the process of organizational decision-making related to it. So, let’s clarify some of the concepts that often overlap in these discussions.
Streaming (or tracking) refers to dividing classes based on some measure, often academic performance. For example, a secondary school might schedule English lessons at the same time for an entire grade, and combine homerooms into “A,” “B,” and “C” classes based on test scores. In other contexts, such as universities or private academies, division similar to streaming might occur. This approach is particularly contentious in K–12 teaching, and is now discouraged by education authorities, as we will explore further.
Within-class grouping often refers to long-term, ability-based groupings within a class, although we can of course make more temporary pairs
and groupings within lessons. As with streaming, there are similar disagreements about the merits of within-class grouping.
Academic aptitude is about students’ likelihood and ability to succeed within school settings. This is not the same as ability to successfully use language, but when we talk about “levels,” it is easy to focus mainly on this!
Age is obviously distinct from ability, but they are also interrelated, and in most settings, age is the prime way in which students are separated (although in after-school programs, academies, and university classrooms, there might be some mixing of age levels). In any context, it is worth asking “What understandings and assumptions do we have about students’ ages?” and “What do their ages mean about their previous and current learning and abilities, and how do we know?”
Behavior is a topic that dominates many conversations! Behavior management is something many teachers need more time to talk about, and it is easy to muddle in with other issues. But most teachers clearly understand that behavior is distinct from ability and knowledge. They can impact each other, though! Chances
are we’ve encountered the “troublemaker” whose English communication skills are stronger than their classmates’.
Other “levels”: Maybe you’ve taught private academy groups named after Ivy League universities, animals, or similar. These ad hoc levels might involve factors we’ve already mentioned, and also the amount of time a student has spent in a particular academy, their own or their parents’ expectations, and even the amount of money they pay. In these contexts it might be more delicate, but perhaps even more crucial, to be clear about what we really mean by “level.”
But, if none of these really is what we mean by “level,” then what should we talk about?
Let's Talk About Communicative Competence
Communicative competence is the ability to use language in authentic contexts. It includes knowledge of form – pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar – but it also encompasses using language functionally, appropriately, and purposefully. This term was proposed by sociolinguist Dell Hymes in 1966 and has been integral to the communicative approach to language teaching in the decades since. In my experience, in many Korean ELT contexts, “communicative competence” isn’t part of the regular professional vocabulary. Additionally, it often isn’t actually what we mean by “level”: We might actually mean academic aptitude, or success with rote learning, and so on. But if you have a student who is “surprisingly good” at English compared to their peers, and then you find out that they spend hours each week gaming with players around the world, or
they spent last vacation at an English school in the Philippines, what you’ve probably initially noticed is their communicative competence. This concept is invaluable for understanding our learners’ progress, and it’s worth being aware of where it is and when it isn’t what we’re talking about.
"There are also substantial disagreements about whether or not to divide students by ability."
Should We Organize Students According to Communicative Competence?
In recent years, practices of dividing students by aptitude or ability have come into question. Hattie (2009, pp. 90–91) mustered evidence from many studies to influentially argue that streaming risks alienating lower-level students without benefiting overall outcomes. Ability grouping can deprive students of role models and also opportunities to act as mentors, and can negatively impact students’ self-concept (Johnston & Wildy, 2016, pp. 9–10). The OECD recommends against streaming in its advocacy for educational equity (OECD, 2012). So, we should at least be sensitive to potential negative side-effects in ability grouping, and consider that mixing abilities might have benefits. Other possibilities for grouping students include random grouping, grouping by interest or goal, or making groups in which each student has a role such as “secretary.” Some questions to ask include “In this context, what could lower-level students learn from their peers?” and “What opportunities to support and guide each other might students have, and how could they benefit from these?”
Student ability levels are not level.
Language students differ and in differing ways.
However, we need to recognize that communicative competence largely involves implicit knowledge rather than explicit conceptual understandings that one student might productively explain or model to another. A common critique of broad-stroke, “evidencebased” recommendations is that they flatten ages, contexts, and types of knowledge, and indeed Hattie himself cautions against being careless about particularities (Lovell, 2018). If two students’ communicative competence diverges widely, they simply might not be able to meaningfully interact in English. In our teacher talk, we don’t overwhelm our learners with huge walls of language they can’t process; maybe we can’t expect highly fluent students to be so sensitive with classmates or to be interested in behaving like a teacher. If we want our classrooms to include student-to-student English, ability grouping might be necessary. Furthermore, Korean students often arrive at school having already experienced wildly different opportunities to develop communicative English: Ability groupings could be said to promote equity by creating valuable learning opportunities for less privileged students. Given the considerations we’ve discussed, some questions to ask include “For which tasks is it most necessary or advantageous to organize students according to level?” “Would longer-term groupings or more temporary ones be more beneficial?” and “How can we assess, identify, and talk about communicative competence in ways sensitive to
learners’ experiences and self-concept, and in ways encouraging of development?”
Whether we are organizing courses and classes, or planning the many possibilities within lessons and classrooms, a constructive way forward might be more purposeful and transparent pedagogic communication about communicative competence. A useful standard to refer to is the CEFR scale.
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Scale
The CEFR was developed in Europe following the emergence of communicative language teaching and is a descriptive scale aimed at valuing achievements at all levels and promoting autonomy, self-confidence, and motivation (Council of Europe, n.d.). CEFR descriptors classify communicative abilities from A1 (beginner) to C2 (proficient), and information freely available online ranges from the highly detailed to comprehensible self-assessment grids –something to do a quick search for if you’re curious!
Although the CEFR is from Europe, it is now used worldwide. I think it offers a helpful framework in Korean ELT settings because it can help us diminish the foggy influences of school politics, irrational expectations, and student (and parent) sensitivities, and instead focus pedagogic communication on describing learning and
Language learner levels are not level.
Varied language abilities within a class.
progress in honest, purposeful, and encouraging ways. There are many options for incorporating the CEFR: We could link tasks, diagnostic and formative assessments, or planning and rationale documents to CEFR descriptors; we could ask students to self-assess and then consider their level in choosing their own tasks and goals for independent learning; we could put the descriptors on display on our walls in the hopes of making our professional discussions more precise and productive!
In a blog post I’m fond of, Scott Thornbury (2011) illuminates ideas for an innovative language learning environment that dissolves many of the hierarchies and barriers that define most schooling and gives learners profound freedom over their engagement. This would be truly ideal in many ways! But as Thornbury notes, even in this context, learners would need to be aware of and self-assess their language abilities. More clarity, and less contention, about communicative ability and its development might be valuable for schools, teachers, and learners alike.
References
Council of Europe. (n.d.). Historical overview of the development of the CEFR. https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-frameworkreference-languages/history
Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge. Hymes, D. (1966). Two types of linguistic relativity. In W. Bright (Ed.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 114–158). Mouton. Johnston, O., & Wildy, H. (2016). The effects of streaming in the secondary school on learning outcomes for Australian students: A review of the international literature. Australian Journal of Education, 60(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944115626522
Lovell, O. (Host). (2018, May 18). John Hattie defending the meta-analysis (No. 018) [Audio podcast episode]. In Education Research Reading Room. https://www.ollielovell.com/johnhattie/ OECD. (2012). Equity and quality in education: Supporting disadvantaged students and schools. OECD. http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/9789264130852-en
Thornbury, S. (2011, May 22). O is for open space. An A–Z of ELT. https:// scottthornbury.wordpress.com/2011/05/22/o-is-for-open-space/
Gwangju-Jeonnam KOTESOL
Upcoming Event
Monthly Chapter Meeting
• Date: March 8, 2025 (Saturday)
• Topic 1: The Finer Points of Organizing Students into Pairs and Groups (Bryan Hale)
• Topic 2: The Unfolding of Careers: Why Some Expatriate English Teachers Leave the Profession (Ian Moodie)
• Venue: Gwangju National University of Education (GNUE)
Check the chapter’s webpages and Facebook group periodically for updates on chapter events and additional in-person and online KOTESOL activities.
For full event details:
• Website: https://koreatesol.org/gwangju
• Facebook: Gwangju-Jeonnam KOTESOL
The Author
Bryan Hale currently teaches at Jeonnam Foreign Language High School in Naju. He is a lifetime member of the GwangjuJeonnam KOTESOL chapter and has served in various roles throughout KOTESOL, including chapter and national president. He holds a Master of Applied Linguistics (TESOL) from the University of New England, Australia.
Facing TOPIK And What You Can Learn From It
By Dhivyaa S. P.
The Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) is an internationally recognized exam designed for non-native speakers who wish to assess and certify their Korean language skills. Whether for academic, professional, or personal reasons, TOPIK serves as a valuable benchmark for language proficiency and is accepted by universities, employers, and immigration programs in Korea.
TOPIK is divided into two primary categories:
TOPIK I: Suitable for beginners, covering basic vocabulary, grammar, and everyday expressions. It includes two sections – listening and reading –and is scored on a scale of 80 points.
TOPIK II: Intended for intermediate and advanced learners, it evaluates listening, reading, and writing skills. The total score is 300 points, and test-takers are classified into proficiency levels 3 to 6 based on performance.
My Personal Experience with the TOPIK Exam
I began learning Korean as part of the Global Korea Scholarship program, where we had to complete a year of language studies. To progress to graduate studies, we needed at least TOPIK Level 3. Those who didn’t achieve this score had to extend their language studies for another six months.
After finishing Level 2 at the Chonnam Language Center, I took my first TOPIK II exam in January 2023. To get familiar with the question format, I attempted a few free mock tests from the official TOPIK website. I went in without many expectations, simply wanting to experience the exam structure. However, once the listening section started, it felt too fast for my level. I struggled with vocabulary and grammar, leading to panic mid-exam. To make things worse, the heating in our room wasn’t working properly, and the winter cold made it even harder to concentrate.
"Getting ready for the TOPIK exam is a mix of fun and challenge."
TOPIK II is a 180-minute exam divided into two sessions. The first session includes listening and writing, followed by a 30-minute break, then reading for 70 minutes. After coming out of the exam hall, I realized the seriousness of the test and decided to prepare more rigorously for the next one in April 2023. In my January exam, I scored 113 – just 7 points short of passing Level 3. This motivated me to put in more effort. Over the next few months, I took three consecutive TOPIK II exams and achieved Level 4 in all of them. By my final attempt, my listening and reading skills had significantly improved, though writing still remained a challenge.
Being a planner (MBTI “J” type), I approached my preparation strategically. My first attempt in January helped me understand my strengths and weaknesses, allowing me to focus on sections that were easier to score in later exams.
Tips for TOPIK II Exam-Takers
•Work smart, not just hard. Learn the exam pattern and prepare accordingly.
•Take the exam at least once to familiarize yourself with the structure and atmosphere.
•Bring a correction tape; it’s especially useful for the writing section!
•Don’t forget your ID card and exam hall ticket.
•Most importantly, believe in yourself and do your best. You’ve got this! Fighting!
I also spoke to a few friends about their experiences with TOPIK, and it was interesting to see how the test felt different for each of them:
At the end of the day, preparation and mindset play a huge role in how we approach and succeed in language proficiency exams.
The Author Dhivyaa S. P. believes that little things matter more than we realize and that every thought has the power to inspire action. Instagram: @ my.hobby.page
“If you go with a friend, you will feel less stressed. You can take the TOPIK pens after the exam.”
Karina Kolmogortseva, Russia
“The exam was an interesting experience, as it covered the 3 major sections of language learning: reading, listening, and writing. With my level of knowledge in the language, I found the audios for listening were comprehensible and the time allotted was adequate for all 3 sections.”
Mohanraj Dheeptha, India
“Getting ready for the TOPIK exam is a mix of fun and challenge; not only do we have to study well but also be ready for anything, since the exam can surprise you with its difficulty. The study materials are everywhere, but I quickly learned that aiming for the toughest content and understanding the exam's pattern were my best bets to achieve my score goal. You’ve gotta be prepared to give it your all!”
Desy Damayanti Simamora, Indonesia
“The TOPIK exam is a helpful way to assess your Korean skills, especially in reading, writing, and listening, but it has its limits. It focuses more on language knowledge than practical use, so being able to apply the language in real-life situations requires additional practice beyond the exam.”
Daniel Aiman Bin Kamaruzaman, Malaysia
Gwangju's New Waste Management Plan
By Chung Hyunhwa
The Trash Situation and the New Plan
It was surprising to learn that Gwangju is generating about 1,000 tons of waste in total each day. Where does this all go? About 400 tons is going to the Yanggwa-dong landfill in Namgu, and about 600 tons goes to Naju SRF (solid recovered fuels) site, where the waste is burned to make solid fuel. The Yanggwa-dong landfill is estimated to be full by 2029, and from 2030, by the new national law related to waste management, no more landfill of combustible waste will be allowed nationwide. At the moment, Gwangju is sending a large portion of its trash to Naju SRF because there isn’t a working incineration facility in the city since the Sangmu incinerator stopped running in 2016 due to its proximity to
residential areas. (The Sangmu incinerator site is being turned into a large cultural complex, including a major library, by the end of 2025.)
Gwangju now desperately needs a solution to its waste problem and has finally gotten a plan for a resource recovery center with an incineration facility, which will be located in Gwangsan District. Gwangsan District will receive 50 billion won from the city as a reward for hosting the facility, aside from 2 billion won each year, which will be used for its residents. However, there is still a conflict since the residents who live near the facility are still against the plan. The new facility that Gwangsan District has proposed follows the examples of the best facilities in Korea – those
Hanam Union Park in Gyeonggi Province. (Hanam City Hall)
of Hanam, Pyeongtaek, and Cheonan – but the residents’ response is understandable because past trash incineration facilities never left good memories. Is it going to be safe to have such a facility nearby?
“We need a solution for the trash generated by our city, but we also want to secure clean air and safety for every citizen.”
Getting Agreement from the Public
On October 4, 2024, there was a field trip provided for the residents of Gwangsan District to Hanam Union Park, one of the newest resource recovery facilities in Korea, according to the Mudeung Ilbo newspaper. This was to give residents a chance to experience what they can expect from the planned new facility. Hanam Union Park has a 25-meter-deep underground waste management system that runs under negative pressure so that the smell of the garbage is not released into the air outside. The incoming waste will be separated into recyclable waste and waste to burn. Dioxin is the most unwanted byproduct of the waste incinerating process, but Union Park reportedly releases only one tenth of 0.1ng-TEQ/m3 which is the standard, due to the high temperature of over 800°C during combustion and the filters applied. This “park” is equipped with a landmark 105-meter-high observatory that is also the chimney, a grass square, a water park for children, a multipurpose gym, and other outdoor sports facilities. The gas from the chimney is always monitored, and air quality sensors are installed at the nearby residential areas to resolve any suspicions. It seems that there are technologies installed all around the resource recovery center, and “seeing is believing” seems to work for the visitors as well.
and there they declared that they agreed to the installation of a resource recovery facility. They reasoned, “If there is an alternative where no waste is disposed of, we would oppose the installation of a waste incineration plant, [but] since such an alternative cannot be realized, we support the installation of a resource recovery facility, that is, a waste incineration plant, to solve the domestic waste issue in the Gwangju area.”
A Solution with No Sacrifice
Years ago, a book titled Zero Waste Home by Bea Johnson opened my eyes to the issues of waste. Since then, I have tried my best to reduce the release of waste from home, but I must admit that zero waste is beyond some people’s efforts. I know there are a lot of people who are trying hard, but a thorough and complete system and new laws can do this much more effectively. Years ago, I looked into the advanced incineration system in Singapore, which seems to be the only solution for such a small country, and thought that the time for this would soon come in Korea, and here we are. As a person who is aware of such waste issues, it gives me a heavy heart to learn about the conflict surrounding the new incineration facility because I understand both sides. We need a solution for the trash generated by our city, but we also want to secure clean air and safety for every citizen. Is the new facility going to meet both needs? It is certainly fair for Gwangju to be able to take care of its waste without sending it to Naju, but if we build a waste facility in the city, it should be a perfect one so that no residents or workers will suffer from any hazardous gases, including dioxin. It is not right to ask anyone to sacrifice.
On December 10, 2024, according to Public News, a press conference was held by 122 seniors and civil society activists at Gwangju City Hall,
Incineration requires energy and will release some gases, even if the amount is minimal, so the less trash burned, the better it is in every way. From this, it follows that we need to find ways to minimize waste before it gets to the incinerator. This can be achieved by changing regulations for product wrapping, such as Styrofoam or plastic dishes for food at supermarkets, as it is ridiculous to buy trash as well when we just want to buy potatoes or cucumbers. Another example is the plastic straws and cups at cafes. Plastic straws were
this did not happen for political reasons, although a lot of cafes had already been prepared to use paper straws. Some straw factories that invested in paper straw production suffered financial loss, too. I read the debate about which straws are better for the environment, but fundamentally speaking, do we really need to use straws so often? Do you use straws at home, too? I am very sure that not having straws at cafes would not lead us to disaster. Thailand already banned plastic straws and cups in cafes in 2019, which shows that it is possible. Choosing plastic or paper is not enough. Choosing none seems to be a better answer.
“Another thing that we should not ignore is the importance of electing leaders with clear insight into the current environmental circumstances.”
What Matters Most
Incineration may not be unavoidable, since we have no more land available. Technology now seems to be well enough advanced for a proper incineration system, but what is lacking is trust. Thus, if we need to install such a facility, we should keep in mind that it should first of all be safe. Even in 2022, there was news that some workers at some incineration facilities were found to have accumulations of dioxin in their bodies three times higher than the average amount. I assumed they were from old facilities with poorer conditions. Safety-first is most important no matter what.
Another thing that we should not ignore is the importance of electing leaders with clear insight into the current environmental circumstances. Having a president such as Trump who canceled the paper straw policy right after returning to office is not at all helpful, considering the climate disasters, such as unusual snowstorms, summer with floods and extreme heat, and wild fires that we have had lately. Trash is a worldwide problem nowadays, but I was happy to read that the Mapo District governor in Seoul is trying hard to fight back against the pressure for another
incinerator when there are already two existing ones in the area by reducing combustible waste. This is a good example, and this is why a good vote is also going to make a huge difference.
Before I finish, I would like to emphasize again that everyone’s goodwill of course matters, but a systemic approach will do more things more efficiently. Therefore, we need to do our best to minimize our waste through our goodwill and raise our voices to change the system at the same time. We need more people who agree to give up on some conveniences, if that leads to reduced waste. There is a saying: “A bird is born when there is effort from both sides of the eggshell.” What do you think?
Considerations Before the Installation of a New Incineration Facility
1.Policies to reduce trash in the first place.
2.How to create trust toward the facility among the nearest residents.
3.More thorough recycling protocols to minimize incineration.
4.Automation at the incineration facility to protect workers from being harmed.
5.A safety-first management plan, including monitoring for hazardous gas release.
6.Strict and regular monitoring by a reputable organization.
The Author
Chung Hyunhwa, a native of Gwangju, recently worked for a horticultural company. She led the international ecohike group Gwangju Hikers at the GIC in 2020 and 2021. Previously, she taught English at Yantai American School and Yantai Korean School in China and worked in school administration at Branksome Hall Asia in Jeju. She holds a master’s degree in TESOL from TCNJ in the U.S. and a license to teach Korean. She loves plants, birds, and repurposing items creatively.
Korea's Movers and Shakers From Gwangju-Jeonnam Seo Jae-pil and Han Chang-gi
By Park Nahm-Sheik
The Gwangju-Jeonnam area has produced quite a few torch bearers for modern Korea, one of whom ended up having no choice but to seek refuge abroad.
Every Korean student of my generation learned in school that Seo Jae-pil (서재필, aka Philip Jaisohn, 1864–1951) was a leading Korean intellectual representing the decades bridging the 19th and 20th centuries. He was born in Boseong County (보성군) in what was then known as the Jeolla Provence of Joseon. Among other things, he was the founding publisher of the first-ever Korean-language newspaper Tongnip Sinmun (독립신문, The Independence Times).
Seo became a persona non grata in Korea when the Gapsin Coup of 1884 (갑신정변) came to naught. As a ringleader of this failed palace coup, all over the land there were droves of sleuths and bounty hunters on Seo’s trail. His wife was executed along with the rest of his family. He thus ended up being reduced to seeking asylum in the United States via Japan. The Rev. Grant Horace Underwood reportedly helped arrange Seo’s trans-Pacific passage aboard the USS China from Japan to San Francisco.
Upon arrival in San Francisco, Seo Jae-pil managed to get odd jobs, again with references from Underwood. From there, he proceeded on to Pennsylvania, where he worked at night and attended school by day. He began by attending high school to study English. He went on to the School of Medicine at a local institution, which is believed to have been the predecessor of today’s George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
He eventually obtained an MD, which must have been almost like a holy grail to him at the time. He then went on to open a small clinic in the area but had a hard time attracting a clientele. He fell on hard times again and again, evidently a target of discrimination against people of color and/or Asian descent.
Known by his newly minted American name, Philip Jaisohn, by this time, Seo was practically shedding blood and sweat, as well as tears, in his struggle to live up to his aspirations as a revolutionary nationalist reformer. No wonder, a grateful nation had come to embrace him with unwavering love and respect. Gwangju-Jeonnam is entitled to pride itself as the birthplace and
Seo Jae-pil in his early years.
hometown of this extraordinary patriot. He holds pride of place as a nautilus to many of today’s aspiring young Koreans.
“Gwangju-Jeonnam is entitled to pride itself as the birthplace and hometown of this extraordinary patriot.”
Han Chang-gi (한창기, 1936–1997) may have been among the first prominent youngsters from Bosang County to find an ideal role model in Seo. He grew up in Beolgyo, within a stone’s throw of Seo’s hometown of Mundeok. Like Seo, he too was a trailblazer of historical proportions and started leaving his footprints early on while the country was still striving to clear the roadblocks to modernization.
With his near-native command of English, Han was the envy of his entire school. The miracle
weapon in his arsenal happened to be none other than William Maxwell, his roommate for all of his three years of high school. Maxwell was at the time an adjunct professor of English at Chonnam National University in Gwangju. He was a “bard of color,” as it were. His expertise as a Shakespearean specialist was very impressive to the impressionable Gwangju High School class of 1958, me included.
Han was a legendary culture lover-preserver and writer-publisher. He may very well have been Korea’s single most significant creative mind of the day. What set him apart most of all was his dedication to the collection and preservation of pansori (판소리, a well-known traditional Korean music genre), exhibits of folk drawings (minhwa,민화), collections of tea utensils, and kitchen and table utensils. He is known to have accumulated a collection of items dating from Korea’s olden times. Some 6,500 pieces are on display at a museum set up in Suncheon under his auspices.
“Not many are aware of the part he played as a selfless patron of Korean studies.”
Furthermore, Han Chang-gi deserves eulogizing as a top-notch publisher-writer. He is remembered as the founding publisher of a couple of highly influential popular magazines of the mid-tolate 20th century. To wit, Deep-Rooted Tree (뿌리깊은 나무) and Inexhaustible Well (샘이 깊은 물) are two great magazines that he painstakingly crafted almost single-handedly while at the helm of Encyclopedia Britannica Korea.
As a child, Han is said to have been called an aengbo (an implacable crybaby) by his neighbors. True to this childhood sobriquet, he turned out to be anything but easy to please when immersed in his lifelong pursuit as a culture lover-preserverrestorer. Parenthetically, aengbo may in part be an onomatopoeic word having something to do with the buzzing sound of honey bees or humming
Seo Jae-pil in his hospital, 1948.
birds. The one-of-a-kind sales and publishing phenom that Han had evolved into had also won the heart of the late Hubert H. Humphrey (1911–1978), who was a high-profile American statesman of his day. They happened to be in one and the same corporate orbit of the Encyclopedia Britannica for a brief span of the 1970s.
Lest it be permanently buried in the dustbin of history, let me reveal one momentous secret behind probably the greatest contribution Han made to the cultivation of the language and culture of his motherland. Not many are aware of the part he played as a selfless patron of Korean studies with particular reference to the study of Korean grammar. The late Prof. Seo Jeong-su was among the best known students/scholars of Korean grammar who benefited most immediately and immensely from Han’s patronage. He was also from the province that Han came from: Jeonnam. He was from Muan County’s Illo Township and graduated from Mokpo High School.
This great compendium of Korean grammar compiled and written by Seo Jeong-su would not have seen the light of day had it not been for Han seeing to it that it got completed without a single misstep along the way. In fact, Han was a cantankerous overseer and an equally fastidious proofreader. Interestingly, Prof. Seo began by majoring in physics at Seoul National University.
He later earned an MA and a PhD in Korean language at Yonsei University.
Years later, I had the unique privilege of seeing in person Han Chang-gi and his younger brother Pan-gi at work at their Encyclopedia Britannica Offices in Seoul. About a decade into my tenure at Seoul National University, I was invited to their Encyclopedia Britannica corner offices a couple of times. True brotherly love permeated their work together. It was in evidence all over. May their legacy live forever and light up the world for generations to come!
By the way, I was one year behind Chang-gi at Gwangju High School and two years ahead of Pan-gi at the same high school. As luck would have it, I got to teach English to Pan-gi in one of my private tutorials, thereby getting to know the two brothers up close and thus that much better.
The Author
Park Nahm-Sheik is a native of Gwangju. After graduating from Chonnam National University, he went on to receive a master’s degree at the University of Hawaii and a PhD (applied linguistics) at Georgetown University, both in the U.S. Upon completing an illustrious career at Seoul National University, Prof. Park served as president of the International Graduate School of English.
Han Chang-gi. (Special Collection! Han Chang-gi)
Away Days Experiencing Football on the Road
By David J. Richter
Tosports fans from Europe, the term “away days” probably rings a few bells, be it from having participated in them in the past or from just hearing about them one way or another. In America, because of the sheer size of the country, I think a lot of regular participation in away days is much less common. In Europe, away days are probably mostly associated with football/soccer, but they are really an occurrence in almost every organized league-based sport, no matter the level of play. For me, away days (or Auswärtsfahrten/Auswärtsspiele in German) were more synonymous with ice hockey back home in Germany. My favorite football team’s home games were already two and a half hours away and, quite frankly, a bit out of budget for my family when I was growing up.
The local hockey team was right around the corner and tickets were comparatively cheap. In middle and high school, I regained interest in following the team again, which led to me attending nearly all away games over the span of three or so years, spending close to three hours on the road every week to watch my team play. While this might sound crazy to some – and
quite frankly, it somewhat is – it also is a heck of a lot of fun. You get to see a bunch of people and become friends with them, both from your team’s fanbase and the team’s management and staff, as well as people involved with other teams. On top of that, you also get to travel to a bunch of new places, try new foods and drinks, and thoroughly enjoy yourself.
As such, when I got to Korea and started watching sports here, of course, I immediately became interested in the idea of traveling to away games as well. Now it is not as easy as it was back home, having no access to a car, being busier in school than I had been before, not having pre-existing connections to people that are interested in the idea as much as I am, etc. This, however, did not stop me from giving it a shot. So finally this past season, I gave it a try and have, so far, traveled to two Gwangju FC away games – one in Daejeon and one in Jeonju – with varying degrees of success. So what is it like here in Korea?
Generally speaking, I think it is sort of a 30,000foot view. It is not all too different, but then again, everything is just a bit different. Now keep in
Gwangju FC losing to Daejeon in the last minute on a very rainy day. (David J. Richter)
mind that I am comparing mid-level German ice hockey with the highest level of play in Korean football, so some things that I bring up here might be obvious to fans who have followed a higher-level team back home.
First, ticketing in Korea is a bit of a nightmare. Granted, K League matches rarely, if ever, sell out, so this ticketing step could probably simply be skipped. Once I get more used to this whole ticketing thing, that is what I might start doing. However, if you want to make 100 percent sure that you can get tickets, and the right ones too (that is, in the away end of the stadium), then booking online is the way to go.
The K League does not, to the best of my knowledge, have a centralized or standardized ticketing system. When going to Daejeon, we had to download a banking app to get tickets. Even after trying for quite a bit, my Korean friend and I still could not figure it out. So, we had to call customer support, who, even after elevating the ticket, had to call us back to get it all figured out. In all fairness, Jeonju was not as easy; it seemed so much more difficult than it has to be. If you want to be sure to get a ticket, especially if the game is somewhat special and runs the risk of getting sold out, book online; if not, it might not be worth the trouble.
Now, if you have a car, getting there is really straight forward. If you don’t, however, it gets a bit more difficult. Of course, there are all the buses and trains going everywhere, and they are the best (and possibly only) choice. But there are
some caveats that come with that: getting back home. Often K League games are played late in the evening, meaning full time is reached very near the time the last train or bus is to depart. So, with everybody trying to catch a taxi once the game is over, there is a real risk of not making it back home. The first time, we made it to the last train with only about five minutes to spare. The second time, we missed the last bus back home by a mile and had to emergency book a room, so be prepared for that.
There might be a charter bus organized by the active fan scene here in Gwangju that I do not yet know about, but that would also be limiting in several ways. They might go there late to only see the game, taking away from a sightseeing opportunity, or they might want to stay a bit late to celebrate the victory. So, long story short, be well prepared and be aware that there is a chance you will have to pivot plans and book a room.
The thing that, so far, has been most disappointing to me is the way the away fans are accommodated in the stadiums. There is segregation between the fan bases, which to be fair is common in Europe as well, although I doubt there would be fights breaking out between fan bases here. As such, if you book a ticket in the away end, it will only be possible for you to walk around a single block once inside the stadium. Now that is not a big issue except for one reason: food. Both in Daejeon and Jeonju, the away block only had a single convenience store in the seating area for away fans, and it had only convenience store food.
The crowd at Daejeon football stadium when Gwangju FC came to town. (David J. Richter)
Gwangju FC on their way to a win in Jeonju last August. (Kim Hyeonji)
There were other options available outside, but those were located all the way on the other end of the stadium, meaning that you would miss some of the game if you decided to go there – even if you did so during halftime. Home fans have food trucks either at their blocks inside the grounds or just outside of them, but there was no such thing for away fans both times I went, which is quite disappointing.
Lastly, I want to talk about the experience once you are actually at the game, and quite honestly, it is really fun. Gwangju might not have the biggest fan scene here in Korea – and therefore not the biggest following when playing in another city –but there are still traveling fans, both the more casual ones and those from the active fan scene (“ultras”). This makes for a fun and diverse group of people. You can more or less pick how involved you want to be (the closer to the ultras with their drums and flags you get, the louder it will be and the more you will be expected to cheer).
"You also get to travel to a bunch of new places, try new foods and drinks, and thoroughly enjoy yourself.”
While the level of play might not be as high as it is back in Europe, essentially the experience of going to a game, especially one on an away day, is quite similar. You can watch the team you like play and give it their all, while being surrounded by a bunch of people who are crazy enough to spend their weekend and money to travel after their team and cheer them on – just like me. And while my Korean is not good enough to overcome the language barrier completely, I have still had a bunch of fun interactions with other fans along the way. With all that, I definitely plan to go again, and I hope I have convinced a few more people to also give it a try, be it for Gwangju FC, the Kia Tigers, the AI Peppers, or any other team that you have chosen as yours.
For anyone who is really interested in giving it a go, the next opportunities for seeing Gwangju FC play K League 1 matches away from home are listed below.
March 16, 4:30 p.m.
Gimcheon Sangmu vs. Gwangju FC Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do
March 29, 4:30 p.m.
Daejeon Hana Citizen vs. Gwangju FC Daejeon
April 13, 2:00 p.m.
Gangwon FC vs. Gwangju FC Chuncheon, Gangwon-do
April 20, 2:00 p.m.
FC Seoul vs. Gwangju FC Seoul, World Cup Stadium
May 2, 7:30 p.m.
Ulsan HD vs. Gwangju FC Ulsan
May 18, 4:30 p.m.
Pohang Steelers vs. Gwangju FC Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do
June 1, 7:00 p.m.
Daegu FC vs. Gwangju FC Daegu
June 18, 7:30 p.m.
Jeju SK vs. Gwangju FC
Jeju World Cup Stadium
The Author
David Jona Richter, born and raised in the extreme south of Germany, is a current graduate student at Chonnam National University. Before coming to Korea in late 2022, he spent about three years in Chicago in the U.S. Midwest. Besides his studies, he tries to engage in local communities in Gwangju and elsewhere in Korea.
Area Sports Round-Up
A monthly overview of local sports, featuring area teams and brought to you…
By Zhang Jiuzhou (Julius)
Kia Tigers Gearing Up for Championship Repeat
On February 5, the KBO announced the preseason schedule for all 10 baseball teams. Aiming for their 13th championship, the Kia Tigers will test their spring training progress through matchups against Lotte, NC, Doosan, Samsung, and SSG.
Kia’s preseason kickoffs against Lotte are at Sajik Stadium on March 8 and 9, followed by games against NC in Changwon (March 10 and 11). They will then face Doosan in Jamsil (March 13 and 14) before concluding their preseason schedule with home games in Gwangju against Samsung (March 15 and 16) and SSG (March 17 and 18).
Key points to watch include the form of returning stars like Kim Do-young and the emergence of young prospects from spring training. If Kia’s young core and new additions perform well early on, expectations for a repeat championship will soar.
Following the departure of Socrates Brito, Kia signed power hitter Patrick Wisdom. With 88 career home runs, including three consecutive 20-homer seasons in MLB, Wisdom’s raw power has already impressed teammates. While foreign power hitters often struggle with KBO’s breaking pitches, Wisdom’s strong spring training performance has sparked optimism. If Kim Doyoung and Wisdom can combine for 40 home runs, Kia’s road to Victory 13 looks promising.
Gwangju FC Advances to ACL Elite Round of 16, Faces Challenges
On February 11, Gwangju FC suffered a 1–3 away defeat to Shandong Taishan in the AFC Champions League Elite (ACLE) East Asia Group Stage. However, they had already secured a place in the tournament’s Round of 16.
Despite advancing, head coach Lee Jung-hyo expressed disappointment, stating, “As head coach, I feel ashamed sitting on the bench. I
Patrick Wisdom at batting practice. (Kia Tigers)
will reflect on myself first and think seriously about how we should approach this year’s league together.” Gwangju faces a major challenge at midfield after Jeong Ho-yeon’s departure to the United States, leaving a crucial gap in both attack and defense. Addressing this issue remains the coach’s top priority.
In domestic news, Gwangju FC announced they will host their 2025 K League home matches at Gwangju World Cup Stadium instead of at Gwangju Football Stadium. The latter’s aging turf, further damaged by last summer’s extreme heat, made proper maintenance difficult, affecting both training and match conditions. Additionally, new K League facility regulations, requiring at least 10,000 paid seats and a 105-meter pitch, made the switch inevitable, as Gwangju Football Stadium’s capacity is only 8,000 seats and field length is only 97 meters.
Despite internal and external setbacks, a new season has begun. Gwangju FC hopes 2025 will be a year of shared dreams with their fans.
AI Peppers Continue Record-Breaking Season, Eye First Playoff Berth
The AI Peppers are on track for their best season yet, breaking franchise records for most wins and most points scored. Every additional victory will further cement the team’s historic progress.
Head Coach Chang So-yun recently shared her vision in an interview: “We’ve had many discussions as a team, and we’ve set clear goals. Even if we reach double-digit wins, our aim remains making the playoffs. I’ve told the players to stay committed to playing our brand of volleyball until the very end.”
With the team pushing toward a playoff berth for the first time since its founding, the AI Peppers are determined to finish the volleyball season on a high note.
Zhang Jiuzhou (Julius) is from Harbin, China. He began writing in 2022 and has contributed to the Chinese media in Gwangju. He concurrently serves at a sports data company. He is pursuingamaster’sdegreeinmediaand communications and is responsible for the Chinese Students Association at Chonnam National University.
Gwangju FC advances to the ACLE Round of 16. (Gwangju FC)
AI Peppers Head Coach Chang So-yun giving instructions to players during a recent match. (KOVO)
※ All of the above events and more can be found on the Play Gwangju website, and reservations can be made there as well (https:// www.playgwangju.co.kr/).
Compiled by Chung Hyunhwa.
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