Riparian Urbanism

What are the critical issues?

RIPARIAN URBANISM

RIPARIAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM AS URBAN ARMATURE

Service Infrastructure Web 1 2 3 4 5

Environment

•

Megacities and future megacities are urbanizing primarily within sensitive coastal environments

•

Coastal areas within Mumbai’s region have been under sever scrutiny over the past decade, particularly along Thane creek. Without intervention Mumbai may lose the last of its dwindling mangrove forest and become increasingly susceptible to flooding, disease, and specie extinction.

•

Growing scale of informal city encroaching sensitive ecological areas

•

CRZ has failed to adequately protect Mumbai’s coastal region

•

Mumbai’s Slum Redevelopment Authority has been unsuccessful at instituting fair and equitable relocation strategies.

•

Mumbai has the lowest ratio of green space per capita than any other major city in the world.

•

Mumbai’s transportation is highly centralized, overburdened, and inadequately connected across the bay.

what is the infrastructure? what service does it provide? what is its capacity? who is it serving? what are the threats?

A to the infrastructure B from the infrastructure

Megacities

90% of the world’s rapidly urbanizing megacities are within coastal areas.

Access to the coast has significant economic benefits such as ocean navigation, coastal fisheries, tourism and recreation. Because of these benefits, human settlements are often more concentrated in the coastal zone than elsewhere. As population density and economic activity in the coastal zone increases, pressures on coastal ecosystems increase. Among the most important pressures are habitat conversion, land cover change, pollutant loads, and introduction of invasive species. These pressures can lead to loss of biodiversity, new diseases among organisms, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, siltation, reduced water quality, and a threat to human health through toxins in fish and shellfish and pathogens such as cholera and hepatitis A residing in polluted water.

Mangrove Economy

Rank Megacity

Country

Population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 24 25

Japan South Korea Mexico India India USA Brazil Philippines USA China Japan India Pakistan China Indonesia Egypt Argentina Russia China Bangladesh Turkey Brazil Iran UK Nigeria

33,800,000 23,900,000 22,900,000 22,400,000 22,300,000 21,900,000 21,000,000 19,200,000 18,000,000 17,900,000 16,700,000 16,000,000 15,700,000 15,300,000 15,100,000 14,800,000 14,100,000 13,500,000 13,200,000 13,100,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 12,300,000 11,400,000

Tokyo Japan Seoul Mexico City Delhi Mumbai (Bombay) New York City São Paulo Manila Los Angeles Shanghai Osaka Kolkata Karachi Guangzhou Jakarta Cairo Buenos Aires Moscow Beijing Dhaka Istanbul Rio de Janeiro Tehran London Lagos

1 ha of mangrove gives a commercial return of $30,000/yr

724,160

864,320

1,040,980

Mangrove Infrastructure Timeline

$705 3,4000,000

Mumbai Mangrove Hardening

CO2 Sequestering $573

(tons/year)

$480

Carbon Offset Value Mangrove Economy (per mangrove area) *million US dollars

$31

Fishermen

forestry agriculture other

1967

235km (28%)

191km (22%)

103km (12%)

204km (24%)

1994

2008 160km (18%)

437km (52%)

50,000

176,295 $5

1925

$117

$195

294,190 $9

$21

$26

Population in million

2009

65km (18%)

39km (11%)

437km (52%)

463km (63%)

Hardening of the edges across the region Mumbai is a prime example of a megacity that is suffering from extreme ecological degradation due to urbanization within coastal environments. Mumbai has lost 40 percent of its mangrove forest in the past decade. Land fill and development, industrial pollution, sedimentation, dredging and informal settlement are the main causes of the mangrove disappearance. Mangroves forests are important because they provide vital functions for coastal areas, including pollution filtration, flood and surge protection, wildlife habitat, and coastline stabilization. Mangroves also increase the diversity for ecological DNA that protects sensitive coastal ecology from monoculture, which could potentially lead to serious disease epidemics in fish, shellfish and humans.

0

Mangroves Threatened Edge Slums Urbanized Area

1Km

4Km

THREAT FREQUENCY

Car Rail

Networks

Boat

Proposed and Existing

(existing and proposed network)

Not all landscapes are the same and the one size fits all development mentality is destroying their ecology. Landscapes have tremendous variation and therefore the way they are developed should reflect the variation. New urban models are needed to address the differentiation among the world’s landscapes. Specifically, coastal environments are one the most sensitive habitats and they are urbanizing more rapidly than any other area. The site chosen east of Thane Creek was identified as the area in the Mumbai region with the highest frequency of threats to the remaining mangrove forest. It is a landscape that is predominantly characterized by its hydrology, yet many of the streams have been channelized, covered over, and degraded due to pollution produced from surrounding urbanization. The edge between hard and soft along the streams and next to the mangroves continues to shift and without intervention both will be destroyed.

Riparian Armature

Existing Hydrology

Proposed Hydrology

Transportation

The hydrology of the site is currently threatened by encroachment and land hardening. The degredation of the natural buffers perpetuates the already decline aquatic system of the region.

The proposed restoration of the natural hydrology will restore the ecological gradient, create edge boundaries to prevent further encroachment, and increase surface area and access to the surrounding buffer/open space network.

Connecting the waterways creates an additional transportation system. The disaggregation of the transportation system will help better connect within the site and connect Navi Mumbai to the Mumbai.

CRZ Failures

New Urban Model

• Does not protect the inland tributaries, which degrade the coastal water quality.

Unregulated growth along the Bay of Mumbai will follow the trends of coastal urbanization, destroying sensitive ecological systems, while endangering the lives of all that inhabit the area. Riparian urbanism is a new urban model that addresses these issues. It is a new model of urbanization that uses the existing hydrology within coastal zones as the armature for development. This typology provides a mechanism for protecting and maintaining ecological systems in coastal areas, while allowing development to proceed. This type of urbanization gives privilege to the natural systems by regulating growth and density within enclaves, while creating a riparian buffer along waterways.

• Allows existing development within ecologically sensitive areas to remain.

• Amendments have diluted the basic objectives of the CRZ. • Relaxation for industrial, mining, tourism, and other commercial activities.

• Lack of/corrupt enforcement

Proposed Armature

Riparian Buffer System

The proposed armature is a reflection of land consolidation. The proposed armature is a network created in order to connect and protect the natural hydrology of the landscape

Riparian buffer offsets reflect the best case scenario according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -Stream Protection Buffer Study

Riparian Urbanism is an urban typology that can be replicated throughout the region within areas of natural hydrology and minimal development.

Riparian Buffer Physiology Native Grasses

Slow growing tree species

Shrubs

10 Meter Buffer

100 Meter Buffer

100 Meter Buffer

Existing Buffer

200 Meter Buffer

Potential Development

Recommended Buffer Widths

Grasses and woody shrubs

Fast growing tree species

Stormwater Runoff Control Water Temperature Control

Bank Stabilization

EPA Minimal Buffer Requirement

Fisheries habitat

Buffer Vegetation

Buffer Width

Total % TSS Removal

Total % Phosphorous Removal

Total % Nitrogen Removal

Nutrient Removal

Grass

4.6-9.1

63-78

57-74

50-67

Sediment Control

Native Hardwood Forest

20-40

-

23

-

Forested

-

-

30-42

85

Fecal Coliform Control

Flood Control Wildlife Habitat

ZONE 4

150m

Zone 4 functions to intercept and dissipate the energy of surface runoff, trap sediment and agricultural chemicals in the surface runoff, and provide a source of organic matter for soil microbes that can metabolize nonpoint source pollutants. Native grasses with a uniform cover that has dense, stiff stems provides a highly frictional surface to intercept surface runoff and facilitate infiltration. (Dabney et al. 1993)

ZONE 3

100m

Zone 3 consists of a strip of tall grasses or herbaceous cover to spread and filter runoff which may be transporting sediment, nutrients and pesticides off urban land, cropland, or erosive or sparsely vegetated areas. The establishment of this zone is critical where the control of sediment, nutrient, pesticide or nonpoint source pollution is necessary, as is the case in urban and agricultural situations

ZONE 2

50m

Zone 2 contains trees and shrubs and other vegetation needed to filter runoff and absorb nutrients and pollutants. Dominant vegetation consists of existing or planted trees and shrubs suited to the site and purpose. Forest management and tree harvesting is permitted as long as the purpose of the zone is not compromised. Tree harvesting allows the landowner to maintain the land’s productive value while providing water quality benefits at the same time.

ZONE 1

0m

Zone 1 is adjacent to the water and contains trees and shrubs needed to provide shade, insect habitat, bank stability and large woody debris for in-stream habitat. The complex root structures of woody plans are highly desirable for holding soil in place, improve bank stability and to maintain a natural riparian ecology.

RIPARIAN ARCHITECTURE

Dimensional Uses Creating Value for the Buffer

ENVIRONMENT

CULTURE/SOCIAL

• Defines the edge between dense “hardened” land, which in turn protects vulnerable ecological systems.

• Provides a wildlife corridor • Natural filtration process for polluted storm water runoff • Ecological DNA- a richer, more robust landscape system- a mechanism to clean the water and protect habitat, resist monocultures • Increased water storage • Flood protection

• Provides recreation and open space • Open space network connects the region • Increases the surface area of open space, making the recreation and natural amenities accessible to everyone

BUFFER

ADJACENCIES

HARD

A

Commercial Development

B

Residential

C

Road Infrastructure

D

Rail infrastructure

E

Industrial

• Increased accessibility, aquaculture, agriculture / forestry • Decentralize the transportation system, taking pressure off the existing system while providing an accessible mode of transit for all classes

PROGRAM

Nutrient Control Wildlife Habitat

• Iconic symbol to give a sense of identity within each enclave • Permanent land holding establishes ownership and guardianship position within area • Oversee the protection and regulation of buffer and surrounding land development

ECONOMY

Sports and Recreation Fields Festival Procession/ Gathering Space Boating and Kayacking Launch Temple and Ghat Walking and Biking Trails Pedestrian Bridges Calisthenics and Exercise Area

Water Temperature Control

I NSTI TUTI ON

ECONOMIC

GUARDIAN

Restaurants Rickshaw Rides Floating Market Food Carts Water Transit Long Boat Rides

IHHS Art Museum Performace Amphitheater Cricket Stadium Multi-modal transit Hub Screen on the Green Religious Institution

Fish and shrimp Farms Agriculture (Informal)

IHHS Art Museum Performace Amphitheater Cricket Stadium Screen on the Green Religious Institution

F Informal Settlement

Water Temperature Control

H

Fishing Village

Nutrient Control Wildlife Habitat

I

Quarry

J

Aquaculture

K

Agriculture

L

Salt Panning

M

Sewage Treatment

SOFT

F LEX

G

Walking Wetlands Sculpture Garden Informal Artwalk and Art wall Mangrove Marathon Yoga Park Swimming Water Storage Flood Control

N O

Undeveloped

P

Mangrove

Water Temperature Control

Fecal Coliform Control Nutrient Control Sediment Control Wildlife Habitat

Walking Wetlands Mangrove Marathon Yoga Park

Water Storage Flood Control Wildlife Sanctuary

Eco-Resort

Land Fill

Commercial

Guardian Institution

Public Boardwalk

Public / private enterprise to maintain stewardship over the edge, serve as an icon for the community, and protect the mangroves.

Low impact walk connected to the overall pedestrian network.

Pedestrian Bridge

Urban Plaza

Pramanade

Transitional space connecting urban spaces to buffer

Connecting urban center with recreational buffer/ open space and commercial esplanade

Open Lawn

Unprogrammed open lawn for spontaneous recreation and/or events

Tree and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen, while filtering TSS in water.

Walk

Tree and Vegetative Buffer

Stream/Canal

Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Water Transit Network

Informal Settlement

Open Lawn

Unprogrammed open lawn for spontaneous recreation and/or events, beginning of filtration buffer

Public Gathering Space

Guardian programs to be placed in the most threatened and/or ecologically sensitive areas in order to protect the edge from further encroachment.

Vegetative Buffer Grass buffer for TSS, Phosphorous, & Nitrogen removal

Communal space and market

Public Toilet Toilet equipped with water faucets

Tree Buffer Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal

Boardwalk

Low impact access to the water

Esplanade Recreation strip for Stream/Canal non-motorized activities, Commercial Water Transit Network & Floating Market strip for venders

Industrial Informal Settlement

Industrial Complex

Community Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer disSpace solves nitrogen and filters

Transitional space connecting urban spaces to buffer

TSS in stormwater runoff.

Stream/Canal Water Transit Network

Fishing Village

Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.

Commercial Warehouse Berm/walk

Wall and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative buffer as 1st phase of the pollution filtration process

Wetland Buffer Sedimentation Settlement Pond

Vegetative Buffer

Pier/Loading Dock

Boardwalk

Wildlife Sanctuary TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal

Low Impact boardwalk to connect to pedestrian network

Vegetative Buffer Wildlife Sanctuary and Mangrove Reconstruction; TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal

Stream/Canal Water Transit Network

Fishing Village

Fish Farms Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.

Residential

Stream/Canal

Vegetative Buffer

Water Transit Network

Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Community Center Recreation Complex

Aquaculture Berm/walk

Tree and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative buffer as 1st phase of the pollution filtration process

Vegetative Buffer

Cricket/ Recreation Fields Grass fields for recreation and 1st of filtration process

Tree Buffer TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal

Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen, while filtering TSS in water.

Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Vegetative Buffer Low Impact boardwalk to connect to pedestrian network and adjacent neighborhood to reduce impact to Vegetation Buffer

Fish Farms

Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.

Public Beach Access to water for low impact recreation

Grass Buffer

Stream/Canal Water Transit Network

Stream/Canal

Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.

Pier/Loading Dock

Slum Redevelopment

Current Redevelopment Process

Slum Redevelopment Failures • Robust land division increases socio-economic gap • Development strategy destroys integral urban form • Informal residents are unjustly moved to transfer camps for sometimes up to 3-20 years • Slum redevelopment transfer camps are located outside of the city due to the lack of land and inflated land prices. This dislocates residents from their livelihoods and community • Informal housing building typologies are poorly regulated and create unsafe and inhuman environments • New housing typology hurts informal economy

Informal settlement street activity

Land Divide

Sum Redevelopment

Slum Redevelopment Transfer Camp

tare

1 hec

Existing Slum Condition

Phase 1- Land Divide & Clearance

Phase 2- Development Incentives

Phase 3- Slum Redevelopment

Informal Settlement existing on government owned land. The existing form is conductive for the informal residents’ livelihood and sense of community.

The government sells the land to a private developer, contingent on the redevelopment of the existing settlement, the land is divided and half the slum is demolished and the informal residents are moved to a transfer camp far north.

These residents are dislocated from their community and livelihood for 3-20 years.

The developer receives development incentives for redeveloping the slums. The developer divides the land, erects a wall, and builds a tower with the increased F.A.R from 1.33 (standard) to 4-6 F.A.R. Furthering the social and economic gap, while continuing to separate the urban fabric.

The rest of the slums are demolished and housing blocks are built in their place. The redevelopment often is unsuccessful due to subpar building standards and becomes unsafe for living. Also, the new urban form takes street activity, destroying the livelihood for many of the residents.

Buffer Acquisition 1

2

3

4

5

6

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

806,211 136,526 125,465 238,174

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,111,532 205,454 167889 221,562

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

214,444 12,536 139417 13,606

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

533,174 118,113 214,359 88,318

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

577,893 65,658 112,051 177,661

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

334,888 130,417 179,761 12,679

Land Transfers & Development Feasibility

2

1

7

770,434 63,949 240,700 288,895

8

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

3,604,045 1,112,933 332,479 126,791

15

4 3

5 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

6

2,435,832 92,177 194,372 371,373

17

8

7 2,081,240 Total Land Area 70,023 Developable Land 207,164 Buffer Existing 394,659 Buffer Gained

18

10

11 12

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,934,772 734,752 410,749 143,627

16

9 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

13

2,580,310 654,644 246,026 432,758

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

348,851 11,317 17,192 165,381

19

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

2,262,197 504,569 329,580 51,304

20

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

216,435 0 0 151,116

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

831,545 0 o 316,262

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,387,184 216,711 68745 361,304

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

2,426,453 554,202 256254 334,270

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,317,599 58,368 52214 350,482

14

21

15

16

9

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

768,475 306,868 297,902 170,684 18

10

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

17

1,407,484 306,868 297,902 176,798

11

894,068 115,583 260,225 158,986

21 22 23

12

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

2,481,215 466,545 148,796 437,735

23

20

19 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

22

24

24

25

27

25

26

13

14

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,024,904 216,338 160,737 260,305

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

1,739,173 288,285 95695 449,622

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

2,693,122 866,274 382,482 343,433

Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained

4,007,522 459,939 230450 636,678

26

27

Buffer Acquisition Phasing Diagram

Conservative Surgery

The area along Thane Creek has already experienced encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas, much of which resides within the allocated buffer. The first phase of the buffer implementation allocates undeveloped land within the buffer system to be protected and then designed per its adjacent land uses. The second phase, will acquire land within the buffer by relocating informal settlements to adjacent undeveloped land outside of the buffer. In order to ensure little disruption to the people and an equitable relocation strategy, each informal area is moved within close proximity to its original and/or adjacent island. The third phase would acquire the remaining buffer, by relocating the exiting formal developments outside of the buffer. To incentivize this process, land-owners will be given increased FAR and other development privileges for redeveloping land outside the buffer.

Nondeveloped Land Developed Land Industrial Informal Settlement Informal Transfer Land Transfer

2

1

2

1

3

3

4

4

4 4

2

1

2

1

3

5

3

5

5

5 6

6

6 6

8

8

8 8

7

7

7 7

10

9

10

9

10

9

11

11

11 11

10

9

12

12

12 12

13

13

13 13

14

14

14 14

15

15

15 15

16

16

16 16

18

18

18

18

17

17

17

17

20

19

20

19

20

19

21

21

21

20

19

21 22 23

23

24

23

24

26

26

26

Existing Land Use Conditions

24

25 27

27

27

27

23

24

25

25

25

22

22

22

27

26

27

Phase 1-Buffer Land Acquisition

Phase 2-Buffer Land Acquisition

Phase 3-Buffer Land Acquisition

Transfer Development- Informal (0-5 years)

Transfer Development- Industrial (0-10 years)

Transfer Development-Formal (0-20

*area in square meters

Developed: Total Land Area Developed Informal

40,845,002 28,415,897 5,326,805

NonDeveloped

12,429,105

Outside Buffer

7,433,252

Non Developed Overlap

4,995,853

100m Buffer

13,188,207

Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer - existing overlap) = 8,192,354

Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap) = 7,433,252 Total Net Land: (Land Available - Buffer Needed) = -507,375

(Existing + transfer - buffer)

Informal: Informal Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:

28,415,897 5,326,805 1,663,829 12,429,105

(Nondeveloped- transfer)

Developed:

27,799,947

(Existing + transfer - buffer)

Industrial: Industrial Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:

5,995,214

Outside Buffer:

27,799,947

(Existing + transfer - buffer)

5,326,805 1,663,829 13,045,055

(Nondeveloped+ relocation)

Outside Buffer:

Developed: Formal: Formal Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:

19,923,259 5,135,914 13,904,355

(Nondeveloped+ relocation)

5,995,214

Outside Buffer:

859,300

(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)

(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)

(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)

Transfer Strategy Informal settlement overlap relocated to nearest nondeveoped land outside of the buffer.

Transfer Strategy Industrial development overlap removed from buffer-consolidated within existing industrial sites or relocated outside urban area.

Transfer Strategy Formal development overlap removed from buffer- transfer deveopment rights to existing nondeveloped location within site.

Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed - informal overlap) = 6,502,589

Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed - industrial overlap) = 5,886,639

Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed -formal overlap) = 0

Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 5,995,214

Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 5,995,214

Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 859,300

Total Net Land:

Total Net Land:

Total Net Land:

(Land Available - Buffer Needed) = 108,575

(Land Available - Buffer Needed) = 859,300

(Land Available - Buffer Needed) =

-507,375

Buffer Enlargement

Phasing and Management

Phase 1

A

A. Informal Development Phasing The encroachment of informal settlements into existing riparian zones is severely degrading the water quality of the adjacent streams, which is compounded as the water is deposited into the larger water system. The encroachment also creates an unsafe environment for the slum dwellers, as they are increasingly more susceptible to flooding and water borne diseases.

15 D B

16

C

F E

H G

17

I

J

0m

1200

2400

4800

Buffer Management Strategy and Hierarchy • Neighborhood • District • Region

B. Residential Phasing Rivers and streams are currently being covered over and channelized in order to maximize the surrounding developable land. This development practice degrades the streams water quality by eliminating the natural riparian filter and destroying the stream’s sinuosity. Plant and wildlife species are killed and/or forced out due to the destruction of their habitat. Thane Creek has lost 73% of its natural wildlife and aquatic species, many of which have gone extinct.

The success of this new urban model will rest on the management strategy. The urban form lends itself to multiple hierarchies of management strategies, which in turn will increase the likelihood of the riparian buffer success. First, the armature of the site segments the land into small enclaves, which creates a neighborhood system and a sense of ownership by the residents. Each enclave will have a guardianship program, responsible for overseeing the protection of the buffer within its own enclave. Second, the site lies between two major bridges, which divides the site into a city district. This district would have a management team that would oversee protection and maintenance of all the enclave’s buffers. Finally, if this urban typology is instituted throughout the bay, Mumbai could have a regional authority to protect all its coastal environments and tributaries. Also, Mumbai could employ NGO’s to become part of the management program as well.

G. Industrial Phasing Industry is a dirty, highly polluting and undesirable land use in conjunction with other land uses. In the natural process of urbanization, industries will be moved outside of the city, but the relics of their infrastructure will remain. This infrastructure can be repurposed to accommodate new uses within the buffer.

Phase 2 Some informal economies, such as fishing and harvesting are allowed in Zone 1 during this phase to supplement the livelihood of those transferred outside the buffer.

Flexible structures are decontructed and moved outside of the buffer.

Residential towers that are less flexible remain during the first phase of the buffer construction. Streams are naturalized, creating beautiful views and open space to the remaining residents.

Informal and private boat transportation are accommodated.

Phase 3

Areas for private boat ties allows the local fisherment access to the Thane Creek and Mumbay Bay. This will help to eliminate dredging and encroachment into the mangroves.

Thick, wooded and grassy fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment during construction of the adjacent relocation outside of the buffer.

A thick vegetative and grassy buffer is preserved in Zone 1 to capture and filter any pollutants that passed Zone 2 and 3.

Ball fields, and other open recreational areas are carved out of the buffer for the local residents, while aiding in the water filtration process.

Thick, wooded and grassy fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment during construction of the adjacent relocation outside of the buffer.

Existing buildings and infrastructure are adapted and repurposed to be used as esplanades and overhead structure for water transit, hawkers, and other informal economies.

Thick, wooded and grassy, fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment in Zones 2 and 3, eliminating pollutants before entering zone 1.

Water Taxis stands and private boat tie area provided along the boardwalk to create easier transportation access.

Informal and private boat transportation stations are accommodated with the reuse of existing structures.

Pedestrian bridges are placed throughout buffer system to connect enclaves to each other and to act as iconic structures of neighborhood identity, public art and way-finding.

Existing buildings are moved outside of the buffer and high-rise residential towers are constructed as a part of a land transfer agreement. These developments will get increased FAR, as well as, prime real estate adjacent to the buffer.

A thick vegetative and grassy buffer is preserved in Zone 1 to capture and filter any pollutants that passed Zone 2 and 3.

Existing buildings are moved outside of the buffer and high-rise residential towers are constructed as a part of a land transfer agreement. These developments will get increased FAR, as well as, prime real estate adjacent to the buffer.

Esplanade creates pedestrian and bike connection to rest of buffer, while promoting commercial activity.

Aquaculture, agriculture, and other types of productive landscapes are allowed within Zone 2 and 3 of the buffer where adjacent to informal settlements.

These softscape economies will be regulated to ensure the health of the buffer and adjacent inhabitants, while also increasing the value of the buffer and providing jobs in close proximity to the informal settlements near by.

Boardwalk connects throughout the buffer to provide linear recreation and accessibility throughout the enclave and district. It also provides a space for spontaneous economies.

Water Taxis stands and private boat tie area provided along the boardwalk to create easier transportation access.

Existing industrial structures are deconstructed, however parts of their infrastructure adjacent to the water will remain to not disturb the riverbed, while the riparian buffer is constructed beyond to filter surface runoff.

Formal and private boat transportation