What are the critical issues?
RIPARIAN URBANISM
RIPARIAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM AS URBAN ARMATURE
Service Infrastructure Web 1 2 3 4 5
Environment
•
Megacities and future megacities are urbanizing primarily within sensitive coastal environments
•
Coastal areas within Mumbai’s region have been under sever scrutiny over the past decade, particularly along Thane creek. Without intervention Mumbai may lose the last of its dwindling mangrove forest and become increasingly susceptible to flooding, disease, and specie extinction.
•
Growing scale of informal city encroaching sensitive ecological areas
•
CRZ has failed to adequately protect Mumbai’s coastal region
•
Mumbai’s Slum Redevelopment Authority has been unsuccessful at instituting fair and equitable relocation strategies.
•
Mumbai has the lowest ratio of green space per capita than any other major city in the world.
•
Mumbai’s transportation is highly centralized, overburdened, and inadequately connected across the bay.
what is the infrastructure? what service does it provide? what is its capacity? who is it serving? what are the threats?
A to the infrastructure B from the infrastructure
Megacities
90% of the world’s rapidly urbanizing megacities are within coastal areas.
Access to the coast has significant economic benefits such as ocean navigation, coastal fisheries, tourism and recreation. Because of these benefits, human settlements are often more concentrated in the coastal zone than elsewhere. As population density and economic activity in the coastal zone increases, pressures on coastal ecosystems increase. Among the most important pressures are habitat conversion, land cover change, pollutant loads, and introduction of invasive species. These pressures can lead to loss of biodiversity, new diseases among organisms, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, siltation, reduced water quality, and a threat to human health through toxins in fish and shellfish and pathogens such as cholera and hepatitis A residing in polluted water.
Mangrove Economy
Rank Megacity
Country
Population
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 24 25
Japan South Korea Mexico India India USA Brazil Philippines USA China Japan India Pakistan China Indonesia Egypt Argentina Russia China Bangladesh Turkey Brazil Iran UK Nigeria
33,800,000 23,900,000 22,900,000 22,400,000 22,300,000 21,900,000 21,000,000 19,200,000 18,000,000 17,900,000 16,700,000 16,000,000 15,700,000 15,300,000 15,100,000 14,800,000 14,100,000 13,500,000 13,200,000 13,100,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 12,300,000 11,400,000
Tokyo Japan Seoul Mexico City Delhi Mumbai (Bombay) New York City São Paulo Manila Los Angeles Shanghai Osaka Kolkata Karachi Guangzhou Jakarta Cairo Buenos Aires Moscow Beijing Dhaka Istanbul Rio de Janeiro Tehran London Lagos
1 ha of mangrove gives a commercial return of $30,000/yr
724,160
864,320
1,040,980
Mangrove Infrastructure Timeline
$705 3,4000,000
Mumbai Mangrove Hardening
CO2 Sequestering $573
(tons/year)
$480
Carbon Offset Value Mangrove Economy (per mangrove area) *million US dollars
$31
Fishermen
forestry agriculture other
1967
235km (28%)
191km (22%)
103km (12%)
204km (24%)
1994
2008 160km (18%)
437km (52%)
50,000
176,295 $5
1925
$117
$195
294,190 $9
$21
$26
Population in million
2009
65km (18%)
39km (11%)
437km (52%)
463km (63%)
Hardening of the edges across the region Mumbai is a prime example of a megacity that is suffering from extreme ecological degradation due to urbanization within coastal environments. Mumbai has lost 40 percent of its mangrove forest in the past decade. Land fill and development, industrial pollution, sedimentation, dredging and informal settlement are the main causes of the mangrove disappearance. Mangroves forests are important because they provide vital functions for coastal areas, including pollution filtration, flood and surge protection, wildlife habitat, and coastline stabilization. Mangroves also increase the diversity for ecological DNA that protects sensitive coastal ecology from monoculture, which could potentially lead to serious disease epidemics in fish, shellfish and humans.
0
Mangroves Threatened Edge Slums Urbanized Area
1Km
4Km
THREAT FREQUENCY
Car Rail
Networks
Boat
Proposed and Existing
(existing and proposed network)
Not all landscapes are the same and the one size fits all development mentality is destroying their ecology. Landscapes have tremendous variation and therefore the way they are developed should reflect the variation. New urban models are needed to address the differentiation among the world’s landscapes. Specifically, coastal environments are one the most sensitive habitats and they are urbanizing more rapidly than any other area. The site chosen east of Thane Creek was identified as the area in the Mumbai region with the highest frequency of threats to the remaining mangrove forest. It is a landscape that is predominantly characterized by its hydrology, yet many of the streams have been channelized, covered over, and degraded due to pollution produced from surrounding urbanization. The edge between hard and soft along the streams and next to the mangroves continues to shift and without intervention both will be destroyed.
Riparian Armature
Existing Hydrology
Proposed Hydrology
Transportation
The hydrology of the site is currently threatened by encroachment and land hardening. The degredation of the natural buffers perpetuates the already decline aquatic system of the region.
The proposed restoration of the natural hydrology will restore the ecological gradient, create edge boundaries to prevent further encroachment, and increase surface area and access to the surrounding buffer/open space network.
Connecting the waterways creates an additional transportation system. The disaggregation of the transportation system will help better connect within the site and connect Navi Mumbai to the Mumbai.
CRZ Failures
New Urban Model
• Does not protect the inland tributaries, which degrade the coastal water quality.
Unregulated growth along the Bay of Mumbai will follow the trends of coastal urbanization, destroying sensitive ecological systems, while endangering the lives of all that inhabit the area. Riparian urbanism is a new urban model that addresses these issues. It is a new model of urbanization that uses the existing hydrology within coastal zones as the armature for development. This typology provides a mechanism for protecting and maintaining ecological systems in coastal areas, while allowing development to proceed. This type of urbanization gives privilege to the natural systems by regulating growth and density within enclaves, while creating a riparian buffer along waterways.
• Allows existing development within ecologically sensitive areas to remain. • Amendments have diluted the basic objectives of the CRZ. • Relaxation for industrial, mining, tourism, and other commercial activities. • Lack of/corrupt enforcement
Proposed Armature
Riparian Buffer System
The proposed armature is a reflection of land consolidation. The proposed armature is a network created in order to connect and protect the natural hydrology of the landscape
Riparian buffer offsets reflect the best case scenario according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -Stream Protection Buffer Study
Riparian Urbanism is an urban typology that can be replicated throughout the region within areas of natural hydrology and minimal development.
Riparian Buffer Physiology Native Grasses
Slow growing tree species
Shrubs
10 Meter Buffer
100 Meter Buffer
100 Meter Buffer
Existing Buffer
200 Meter Buffer
Potential Development
Recommended Buffer Widths
Grasses and woody shrubs
Fast growing tree species
Stormwater Runoff Control Water Temperature Control
Bank Stabilization
EPA Minimal Buffer Requirement
Fisheries habitat
Buffer Vegetation
Buffer Width
Total % TSS Removal
Total % Phosphorous Removal
Total % Nitrogen Removal
Nutrient Removal
Grass
4.6-9.1
63-78
57-74
50-67
Sediment Control
Native Hardwood Forest
20-40
-
23
-
Forested
-
-
30-42
85
Fecal Coliform Control
Flood Control Wildlife Habitat
ZONE 4
150m
Zone 4 functions to intercept and dissipate the energy of surface runoff, trap sediment and agricultural chemicals in the surface runoff, and provide a source of organic matter for soil microbes that can metabolize nonpoint source pollutants. Native grasses with a uniform cover that has dense, stiff stems provides a highly frictional surface to intercept surface runoff and facilitate infiltration. (Dabney et al. 1993)
ZONE 3
100m
Zone 3 consists of a strip of tall grasses or herbaceous cover to spread and filter runoff which may be transporting sediment, nutrients and pesticides off urban land, cropland, or erosive or sparsely vegetated areas. The establishment of this zone is critical where the control of sediment, nutrient, pesticide or nonpoint source pollution is necessary, as is the case in urban and agricultural situations
ZONE 2
50m
Zone 2 contains trees and shrubs and other vegetation needed to filter runoff and absorb nutrients and pollutants. Dominant vegetation consists of existing or planted trees and shrubs suited to the site and purpose. Forest management and tree harvesting is permitted as long as the purpose of the zone is not compromised. Tree harvesting allows the landowner to maintain the land’s productive value while providing water quality benefits at the same time.
ZONE 1
0m
Zone 1 is adjacent to the water and contains trees and shrubs needed to provide shade, insect habitat, bank stability and large woody debris for in-stream habitat. The complex root structures of woody plans are highly desirable for holding soil in place, improve bank stability and to maintain a natural riparian ecology.
RIPARIAN ARCHITECTURE
Dimensional Uses Creating Value for the Buffer
ENVIRONMENT
CULTURE/SOCIAL
• Defines the edge between dense “hardened” land, which in turn protects vulnerable ecological systems. • Provides a wildlife corridor • Natural filtration process for polluted storm water runoff • Ecological DNA- a richer, more robust landscape system- a mechanism to clean the water and protect habitat, resist monocultures • Increased water storage • Flood protection
• Provides recreation and open space • Open space network connects the region • Increases the surface area of open space, making the recreation and natural amenities accessible to everyone
BUFFER
ADJACENCIES
HARD
A
Commercial Development
B
Residential
C
Road Infrastructure
D
Rail infrastructure
E
Industrial
• Increased accessibility, aquaculture, agriculture / forestry • Decentralize the transportation system, taking pressure off the existing system while providing an accessible mode of transit for all classes
PROGRAM
Nutrient Control Wildlife Habitat
• Iconic symbol to give a sense of identity within each enclave • Permanent land holding establishes ownership and guardianship position within area • Oversee the protection and regulation of buffer and surrounding land development
ECONOMY
Sports and Recreation Fields Festival Procession/ Gathering Space Boating and Kayacking Launch Temple and Ghat Walking and Biking Trails Pedestrian Bridges Calisthenics and Exercise Area
Water Temperature Control
I NSTI TUTI ON
ECONOMIC
GUARDIAN
Restaurants Rickshaw Rides Floating Market Food Carts Water Transit Long Boat Rides
IHHS Art Museum Performace Amphitheater Cricket Stadium Multi-modal transit Hub Screen on the Green Religious Institution
Fish and shrimp Farms Agriculture (Informal)
IHHS Art Museum Performace Amphitheater Cricket Stadium Screen on the Green Religious Institution
F Informal Settlement
Water Temperature Control
H
Fishing Village
Nutrient Control Wildlife Habitat
I
Quarry
J
Aquaculture
K
Agriculture
L
Salt Panning
M
Sewage Treatment
SOFT
F LEX
G
Walking Wetlands Sculpture Garden Informal Artwalk and Art wall Mangrove Marathon Yoga Park Swimming Water Storage Flood Control
N O
Undeveloped
P
Mangrove
Water Temperature Control
Fecal Coliform Control Nutrient Control Sediment Control Wildlife Habitat
Walking Wetlands Mangrove Marathon Yoga Park
Water Storage Flood Control Wildlife Sanctuary
Eco-Resort
Land Fill
Commercial
Guardian Institution
Public Boardwalk
Public / private enterprise to maintain stewardship over the edge, serve as an icon for the community, and protect the mangroves.
Low impact walk connected to the overall pedestrian network.
Pedestrian Bridge
Urban Plaza
Pramanade
Transitional space connecting urban spaces to buffer
Connecting urban center with recreational buffer/ open space and commercial esplanade
Open Lawn
Unprogrammed open lawn for spontaneous recreation and/or events
Tree and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen, while filtering TSS in water.
Walk
Tree and Vegetative Buffer
Stream/Canal
Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Water Transit Network
Informal Settlement
Open Lawn
Unprogrammed open lawn for spontaneous recreation and/or events, beginning of filtration buffer
Public Gathering Space
Guardian programs to be placed in the most threatened and/or ecologically sensitive areas in order to protect the edge from further encroachment.
Vegetative Buffer Grass buffer for TSS, Phosphorous, & Nitrogen removal
Communal space and market
Public Toilet Toilet equipped with water faucets
Tree Buffer Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal
Boardwalk
Low impact access to the water
Esplanade Recreation strip for Stream/Canal non-motorized activities, Commercial Water Transit Network & Floating Market strip for venders
Industrial Informal Settlement
Industrial Complex
Community Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer disSpace solves nitrogen and filters
Transitional space connecting urban spaces to buffer
TSS in stormwater runoff.
Stream/Canal Water Transit Network
Fishing Village
Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.
Commercial Warehouse Berm/walk
Wall and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative buffer as 1st phase of the pollution filtration process
Wetland Buffer Sedimentation Settlement Pond
Vegetative Buffer
Pier/Loading Dock
Boardwalk
Wildlife Sanctuary TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal
Low Impact boardwalk to connect to pedestrian network
Vegetative Buffer Wildlife Sanctuary and Mangrove Reconstruction; TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal
Stream/Canal Water Transit Network
Fishing Village
Fish Farms Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.
Residential
Stream/Canal
Vegetative Buffer
Water Transit Network
Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Community Center Recreation Complex
Aquaculture Berm/walk
Tree and Vegetative Buffer Thick vegetative buffer as 1st phase of the pollution filtration process
Vegetative Buffer
Cricket/ Recreation Fields Grass fields for recreation and 1st of filtration process
Tree Buffer TSS, Phosphorous & Nitrogen Removal
Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen, while filtering TSS in water.
Thick vegetative and tree buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Vegetative Buffer Low Impact boardwalk to connect to pedestrian network and adjacent neighborhood to reduce impact to Vegetation Buffer
Fish Farms
Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and filters TSS in stormwater runoff.
Public Beach Access to water for low impact recreation
Grass Buffer
Stream/Canal Water Transit Network
Stream/Canal
Grass Buffer Thick vegetative buffer dissolves nitrogen and phosphorous, while filtering TSS in water.
Pier/Loading Dock
Slum Redevelopment
Current Redevelopment Process
Slum Redevelopment Failures • Robust land division increases socio-economic gap • Development strategy destroys integral urban form • Informal residents are unjustly moved to transfer camps for sometimes up to 3-20 years • Slum redevelopment transfer camps are located outside of the city due to the lack of land and inflated land prices. This dislocates residents from their livelihoods and community • Informal housing building typologies are poorly regulated and create unsafe and inhuman environments • New housing typology hurts informal economy
Informal settlement street activity
Land Divide
Sum Redevelopment
Slum Redevelopment Transfer Camp
tare
1 hec
Existing Slum Condition
Phase 1- Land Divide & Clearance
Phase 2- Development Incentives
Phase 3- Slum Redevelopment
Informal Settlement existing on government owned land. The existing form is conductive for the informal residents’ livelihood and sense of community.
The government sells the land to a private developer, contingent on the redevelopment of the existing settlement, the land is divided and half the slum is demolished and the informal residents are moved to a transfer camp far north. These residents are dislocated from their community and livelihood for 3-20 years.
The developer receives development incentives for redeveloping the slums. The developer divides the land, erects a wall, and builds a tower with the increased F.A.R from 1.33 (standard) to 4-6 F.A.R. Furthering the social and economic gap, while continuing to separate the urban fabric.
The rest of the slums are demolished and housing blocks are built in their place. The redevelopment often is unsuccessful due to subpar building standards and becomes unsafe for living. Also, the new urban form takes street activity, destroying the livelihood for many of the residents.
Buffer Acquisition 1
2
3
4
5
6
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
806,211 136,526 125,465 238,174
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,111,532 205,454 167889 221,562
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
214,444 12,536 139417 13,606
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
533,174 118,113 214,359 88,318
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
577,893 65,658 112,051 177,661
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
334,888 130,417 179,761 12,679
Land Transfers & Development Feasibility
2
1
7
770,434 63,949 240,700 288,895
8
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
3,604,045 1,112,933 332,479 126,791
15
4 3
5 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
6
2,435,832 92,177 194,372 371,373
17
8
7 2,081,240 Total Land Area 70,023 Developable Land 207,164 Buffer Existing 394,659 Buffer Gained
18
10
11 12
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,934,772 734,752 410,749 143,627
16
9 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
13
2,580,310 654,644 246,026 432,758
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
348,851 11,317 17,192 165,381
19
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
2,262,197 504,569 329,580 51,304
20
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
216,435 0 0 151,116
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
831,545 0 o 316,262
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,387,184 216,711 68745 361,304
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
2,426,453 554,202 256254 334,270
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,317,599 58,368 52214 350,482
14
21
15
16
9
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
768,475 306,868 297,902 170,684 18
10
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
17
1,407,484 306,868 297,902 176,798
11
894,068 115,583 260,225 158,986
21 22 23
12
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
2,481,215 466,545 148,796 437,735
23
20
19 Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
22
24
24
25
27
25
26
13
14
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,024,904 216,338 160,737 260,305
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
1,739,173 288,285 95695 449,622
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
2,693,122 866,274 382,482 343,433
Total Land Area Developable Land Buffer Existing Buffer Gained
4,007,522 459,939 230450 636,678
26
27
Buffer Acquisition Phasing Diagram
Conservative Surgery
The area along Thane Creek has already experienced encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas, much of which resides within the allocated buffer. The first phase of the buffer implementation allocates undeveloped land within the buffer system to be protected and then designed per its adjacent land uses. The second phase, will acquire land within the buffer by relocating informal settlements to adjacent undeveloped land outside of the buffer. In order to ensure little disruption to the people and an equitable relocation strategy, each informal area is moved within close proximity to its original and/or adjacent island. The third phase would acquire the remaining buffer, by relocating the exiting formal developments outside of the buffer. To incentivize this process, land-owners will be given increased FAR and other development privileges for redeveloping land outside the buffer.
Nondeveloped Land Developed Land Industrial Informal Settlement Informal Transfer Land Transfer
2
1
2
1
3
3
4
4
4 4
2
1
2
1
3
5
3
5
5
5 6
6
6 6
8
8
8 8
7
7
7 7
10
9
10
9
10
9
11
11
11 11
10
9
12
12
12 12
13
13
13 13
14
14
14 14
15
15
15 15
16
16
16 16
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
20
19
20
19
20
19
21
21
21
20
19
21 22 23
23
24
23
24
26
26
26
Existing Land Use Conditions
24
25 27
27
27
27
23
24
25
25
25
22
22
22
27
26
27
Phase 1-Buffer Land Acquisition
Phase 2-Buffer Land Acquisition
Phase 3-Buffer Land Acquisition
Transfer Development- Informal (0-5 years)
Transfer Development- Industrial (0-10 years)
Transfer Development-Formal (0-20
*area in square meters
Developed: Total Land Area Developed Informal
40,845,002 28,415,897 5,326,805
NonDeveloped
12,429,105
Outside Buffer
7,433,252
Non Developed Overlap
4,995,853
100m Buffer
13,188,207
Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer - existing overlap) = 8,192,354
Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap) = 7,433,252 Total Net Land: (Land Available - Buffer Needed) = -507,375
(Existing + transfer - buffer)
Informal: Informal Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:
28,415,897 5,326,805 1,663,829 12,429,105
(Nondeveloped- transfer)
Developed:
27,799,947
(Existing + transfer - buffer)
Industrial: Industrial Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:
5,995,214
Outside Buffer:
27,799,947
(Existing + transfer - buffer)
5,326,805 1,663,829 13,045,055
(Nondeveloped+ relocation)
Outside Buffer:
Developed: Formal: Formal Overlap/Transfer Nondeveloped:
19,923,259 5,135,914 13,904,355
(Nondeveloped+ relocation)
5,995,214
Outside Buffer:
859,300
(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)
(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)
(Nondeveloped outside buffer-transfer)
Transfer Strategy Informal settlement overlap relocated to nearest nondeveoped land outside of the buffer.
Transfer Strategy Industrial development overlap removed from buffer-consolidated within existing industrial sites or relocated outside urban area.
Transfer Strategy Formal development overlap removed from buffer- transfer deveopment rights to existing nondeveloped location within site.
Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed - informal overlap) = 6,502,589
Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed - industrial overlap) = 5,886,639
Total Buffer Acquisition Needed: (Buffer needed -formal overlap) = 0
Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 5,995,214
Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 5,995,214
Land Available for Development: (Nondeveloped - overlap-transfer) = 859,300
Total Net Land:
Total Net Land:
Total Net Land:
(Land Available - Buffer Needed) = 108,575
(Land Available - Buffer Needed) = 859,300
(Land Available - Buffer Needed) =
-507,375
Buffer Enlargement
Phasing and Management
Phase 1
A
A. Informal Development Phasing The encroachment of informal settlements into existing riparian zones is severely degrading the water quality of the adjacent streams, which is compounded as the water is deposited into the larger water system. The encroachment also creates an unsafe environment for the slum dwellers, as they are increasingly more susceptible to flooding and water borne diseases.
15 D B
16
C
F E
H G
17
I
J
0m
1200
2400
4800
Buffer Management Strategy and Hierarchy • Neighborhood • District • Region
B. Residential Phasing Rivers and streams are currently being covered over and channelized in order to maximize the surrounding developable land. This development practice degrades the streams water quality by eliminating the natural riparian filter and destroying the stream’s sinuosity. Plant and wildlife species are killed and/or forced out due to the destruction of their habitat. Thane Creek has lost 73% of its natural wildlife and aquatic species, many of which have gone extinct.
The success of this new urban model will rest on the management strategy. The urban form lends itself to multiple hierarchies of management strategies, which in turn will increase the likelihood of the riparian buffer success. First, the armature of the site segments the land into small enclaves, which creates a neighborhood system and a sense of ownership by the residents. Each enclave will have a guardianship program, responsible for overseeing the protection of the buffer within its own enclave. Second, the site lies between two major bridges, which divides the site into a city district. This district would have a management team that would oversee protection and maintenance of all the enclave’s buffers. Finally, if this urban typology is instituted throughout the bay, Mumbai could have a regional authority to protect all its coastal environments and tributaries. Also, Mumbai could employ NGO’s to become part of the management program as well.
G. Industrial Phasing Industry is a dirty, highly polluting and undesirable land use in conjunction with other land uses. In the natural process of urbanization, industries will be moved outside of the city, but the relics of their infrastructure will remain. This infrastructure can be repurposed to accommodate new uses within the buffer.
Phase 2 Some informal economies, such as fishing and harvesting are allowed in Zone 1 during this phase to supplement the livelihood of those transferred outside the buffer.
Flexible structures are decontructed and moved outside of the buffer. Residential towers that are less flexible remain during the first phase of the buffer construction. Streams are naturalized, creating beautiful views and open space to the remaining residents. Informal and private boat transportation are accommodated.
Phase 3
Areas for private boat ties allows the local fisherment access to the Thane Creek and Mumbay Bay. This will help to eliminate dredging and encroachment into the mangroves.
Thick, wooded and grassy fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment during construction of the adjacent relocation outside of the buffer. A thick vegetative and grassy buffer is preserved in Zone 1 to capture and filter any pollutants that passed Zone 2 and 3.
Ball fields, and other open recreational areas are carved out of the buffer for the local residents, while aiding in the water filtration process. Thick, wooded and grassy fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment during construction of the adjacent relocation outside of the buffer.
Existing buildings and infrastructure are adapted and repurposed to be used as esplanades and overhead structure for water transit, hawkers, and other informal economies. Thick, wooded and grassy, fast growing vegetation provides complete filtration of pollutants and sediment in Zones 2 and 3, eliminating pollutants before entering zone 1.
Water Taxis stands and private boat tie area provided along the boardwalk to create easier transportation access.
Informal and private boat transportation stations are accommodated with the reuse of existing structures.
Pedestrian bridges are placed throughout buffer system to connect enclaves to each other and to act as iconic structures of neighborhood identity, public art and way-finding.
Existing buildings are moved outside of the buffer and high-rise residential towers are constructed as a part of a land transfer agreement. These developments will get increased FAR, as well as, prime real estate adjacent to the buffer. A thick vegetative and grassy buffer is preserved in Zone 1 to capture and filter any pollutants that passed Zone 2 and 3.
Existing buildings are moved outside of the buffer and high-rise residential towers are constructed as a part of a land transfer agreement. These developments will get increased FAR, as well as, prime real estate adjacent to the buffer.
Esplanade creates pedestrian and bike connection to rest of buffer, while promoting commercial activity.
Aquaculture, agriculture, and other types of productive landscapes are allowed within Zone 2 and 3 of the buffer where adjacent to informal settlements. These softscape economies will be regulated to ensure the health of the buffer and adjacent inhabitants, while also increasing the value of the buffer and providing jobs in close proximity to the informal settlements near by.
Boardwalk connects throughout the buffer to provide linear recreation and accessibility throughout the enclave and district. It also provides a space for spontaneous economies.
Water Taxis stands and private boat tie area provided along the boardwalk to create easier transportation access.
Existing industrial structures are deconstructed, however parts of their infrastructure adjacent to the water will remain to not disturb the riverbed, while the riparian buffer is constructed beyond to filter surface runoff. Formal and private boat transportation