Mediating the Future City

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Research Methods Due to the pandemic, many people in the world have been forced to work online, however, it seems they have already get accustomed to this situation to some extent. Although some kinds of jobs such as restaurants and retails should indeed be in person, there are many beneficial aspects concerning remote working. For example, it has enabled people not to commute every day and to choose time to work, which is comfortable for those who have families. In addition to that, it has been possible to work remotely thanks to the developments of technology and many platforms for workers have already been well arranged.

How the design of buildings will be after the pandemic? Is the style of space that only focused on face-to-face obsolete?

When it comes to architectural design, it should be considered that this pandemic also has hugely affected spatial quality. So far, most buildings and their interiors have been designed for people who use them and they should be useful or constructive for users. However, it seems that some places might not be necessary anymore and new space with new quality will probably be required in the future if people continue to work remotely as well as face-to-face.

For instance, though houses are basically designed for those who live there to have a private time and communicate with family members, some of those rooms might be workplaces with high-quality equipment. In contrast, offices are the place where people work, however, they might have to include more types of space in order to accommodate a wide range of people.

Moreover, buildings and these areas might not have to be large in spite of the fact that many of them tend to be designed taller and bigger in order to accommodate more workers, which might be like houses or cafes. According to Kennicott (2020), architecture itself will not continue to exist and it should integrate with other elements. In terms of the center of the city gathering buildings which have administrative functions, it might be empty and collapsed in the future because of this movement. Possibly, the central districts filled with many modern buildings including offices would be spread to outskirts where have currently been depopulated. If these administrative areas are distributed to local areas, people could make a living without commuting for a long time.

As previously stated above, the pandemic has impacted on the people as well as buildings. It is important that buildings with useful functions are fully arranged around the cities, however, conserving the cityscapes and historical buildings would also be inevitable in the future. Due to the developments of technology, many people can have lives with high quality but their

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lifestyles are likely to be globally generalized. In addition, some modern buildings have been similar or almost the same in the world because they can easily satisfy human needs.

Apparently, it is convenient for people because they can adjust to a new environment in any place. On the other hand, the generalization of the townscapes and human activities may have demolished traditions that have played important roles in characterizing each place.

How can the cities in the world integrate modern buildings with historical ones which have been important to shape their cultural aspects?

Before the pandemic, there had been many tourists in the world to experience cultural activities outside the home countries, which was really closely connected and people could easily do. Through the trip, they could not only encounter new cultures and people but also see many characteristic and historical buildings that are attractive. Due to the pandemic, people have not been able to do that and it has damaged travel agencies in each country because they have depended on the income from tourists. Despite this severe situation, there have been many attempts to travel while using technologies such as virtual reality and artificial intelligence. However, these real experiences could not be equivalent to virtual ones because the latter one is mainly taken place on the screen. In order to realize the diverse cities where have each particular culture and recognize where they are, historical buildings should be required in every city. In addition, the integration between modern buildings and ancient ones will be necessary, particularly in the central district, in the future since there should also include a wide variety of functions. Some parts of cultural buildings might have to be modern to some extent to design the continuous townscapes or introduced new functions. In order to adapt to the sudden changes of economy, environment, and politics, the ability to consider lightness, adaptability, suppleness, and the change of program is important. (Kennicott, 2020) As stated so far, there should be changes of the appearance and uses of the buildings while accepting the changes in the world in order to realize sustainable and attractive cities.

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There is no doubt that the outbreak of the pandemic has had enormous influences on people and societies. In order to get accustomed to and overcome this situation, many attempts have been conducted. With the change of societies, the existing ways of architectural and urban design should also be reconsidered and updated to be suitable for future ones. The main aim of this essay is to explore the sustainable ways of building and urban design after the era of the pandemic through the symposium “re---Work!”. Initially, it will investigate the future design of houses and small communities while considering human health and the way of communication during the pandemic. Then, it will show the open space that was discussed as paradise in the symposium with the perspectives of transportation and urban typologies.

Finally, it will argue the environmentally sustainable societies with regard to green buildings and cities as well as unused space by comparing their advantages with drawbacks.

Due to the rapid developments of technology, the way of communication between people has gradually been changed from face-to-face to online. Especially, during the period of the pandemic, this trend has seemed to be more familiar since people have not been allowed to meet others directly in many countries. This development has become a useful alternative way to have a conversation instead of a traditional one, for instance, people do not have to commute to their workplaces every day and have more time to accompany their family members, which these working environments might be less stressful for some of them. On the other hand, it also has negative effects on people in terms of their mental health. Because of remote communication, it is true that people have not frequently been able to interact with others physically as well as to have balanced lives. Consequently, 41.6 percent of respondents in the research reported the decline in their mental health after the outbreak of COVID-19 because remote working itself is not harmful but difficult in the maintenance of healthy habits (Ring, 2021). According to Ring (2021), it is essential to not only have a balanced diet and a habit of exercise but also to obviously differentiate between a workplace and home space where people can have a rest in order to improve productivity. Considering the trend of the style of working remotely, it will probably continue in the future, therefore, architects should take responsibility for designing convenient working environments. As Makhno (2020) describes, the positions of the rooms and furniture would be changed in order to create a workplace inside the house. For example, high-quality equipment such as comfortable furniture, a blackout curtain attached to a big window, and a sound-proof wall which might be made of cork would probably be required in the future design to divide the qualities of space. Curkin (2021) also mentions the importance of the house design that contain not only the place where the family members can gather but also the place where individuals can spend time to think, learn, and recharge by themselves through inventing a new type of typologies

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of houses. With respect to realization of the sustainable environment of houses, there should be more eco-friendly by emitting less carbon dioxide and making the system of net-zero buildings in order to embrace a multigenerational community (Curkin, 2021). In addition to that, it has been proved that the interaction with living plants has a positive influence on human mental health (Makho, 2020). Therefore, prospective functions of houses would probably include not only the places where people work or live with high-standard equipment but also space such as a deck or a garden where are able to heal them. Although the trend of the seamless place that contains an entrance, a kitchen, a dining room, and a living room has been popular in recent years, it might be divided into some parts or requires more flexible structure or components. Moreover, it is inevitable to consider the relationship between neighbors especially in terms of communication in a small community as well as the noise in order to realize the comfortable environments respectively. There might be flexible space between the houses, which people can have interaction and relaxation in a small community to ensure both human health and living comfortability. However, it is aggressive to demolish and recreate buildings or spaces since it should also emit carbon dioxide and other toxic materials to the environment. Thus, architects should ponder the possibility of conversion into other functions in a sustainable way instead of demolishing directly.

Figure 1 : The Future of Home, Illustration by Leonie Bos (Source: Curkin, 2021)

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When it comes to paradise in the age of pandemic, it has been hard to find places such as open space filled with greenery and a variety of people. Although there might have been dangerous for people to gather, these sorts of the place would be required with respect to the aspects of both human being and sustainable society. As Elsea introduced in the symposium, there might not necessarily be large space but be a street or a hidden square between buildings. When thinking about these kinds of places where are safe enough to accommodate people, it is vital to consider whether there are cars or not. According to Safian-Demers (2020), in order to improve future cities, a people-centered approach is urgently required in current societies from a car-centered urban planning model in the context of environmental problems. As a result, it would not only reduce the amount of toxic fume but also enable people to have a variety of activities. With respect to the system of transportations such as buses and trams, the fare should be reduced and their networks should be convenient to discourage people to ride their own cars frequently. Cohen (2021) also suggests that a 20-minute neighborhood that enables people to access all residential, commercial, and industrial uses in a small community is required for being less dependent on cars while utilizing alternative ways. These attempts, which have already been taken place in some developed countries, which might be a solution to create more eco-friendly and attractive places like paradise in the future. There is an example called pedestrian paradise in Ginza, Tokyo. The main street in this area is basically used by car users, however, there is become a wide street for walkers especially on weekends and when some activities are held. At that time, the use of this street is completely different from the usual one, which enables this place more diverse. Therefore, architects and urban designers do not have to fully change the place but consider the potential use of designs by introducing new measures. Regarding a large scale of urban design, it requires a wide range of perspectives including typologies at that place. In recent years, rapid and aggressive developments have been conducted in not a few places in the world. In order to design the cities more attractive, urban typologies such as the traditional characteristics and activities should also be considered. These cultural things could help to fulfill the diversity that would lead to sustainable societies, which enables residents as well as visitors to recognize where there are. Before designing buildings and cities, therefore, architects and urban designers should think carefully about what were or are there at each place. Also, they should attempt to integrate new buildings with existing ones by using the vernacular materials and the way which has been conducted in the area.

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Figure 2 : Pedestrian paradise in Ginza, Tokyo (Source: Liu, 2017)

In terms of green and blue space in cities, there have been more and more artificial ones such as bridges and waterfronts than in the past. Superficially, they seem quite visually attractive and help to alleviate environmental problems, however, they should be doubted if it seriously realizes sustainability. They cannot be real ones because of the fact that these areas which used to be rich in nature had possibly been cultivated for the reasons of people. It can ironically be said that the construction whose strength is environmentally friendly more or less contributes to carbon emissions. Besides, these kinds of buildings cannot be applicable everywhere concerning existing masterplans or historical aspects. According to Fraser (2019), there are many advantages of incorporating a green building such as improvement of environmental problems as well as human health, however, it also has drawbacks. It often requires appropriate maintenance and takes time and initial expense to complete because the structure of green buildings tends to be more complicated than the traditional one and it is hard to acquire an adequate amount of materials. In addition, Day (2020) reports that residents in a green building in Chengdu located in the humid and semi-tropical area have had to live with mosquitoes or other bugs due to less maintenance, also, neglected plants have covered the windows, which has made internal space worse. In Sydney, on the other hand, Day (2020) explains One Central Park apartments designed by Jean Nouvel as a successful

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example that the building has been well maintained because he adopted plants that are originally from the same area and able to withstand the hot and dry climate. Therefore, it is essential to consider the climate and vegetation at the place because these are different depending on where there are located in order to sustain the building and its spatial quality.

Cooperation between architects or urbanists and residents would also be required as the construction costs expensive and might change how the city looks like. In order to design this kind of buildings and fulfill sustainability, they need to consider not only the effects on people and the environment but also the balance between artificial green space and natural one.

Regarding the design of buildings and cities, it is essential to use space efficiently because the available places are likely to get tinier and tinier. As Harper described in the symposium, the hidden places, in other words, existing unused space should be utilized in this society. The roles of architects and urbanists are not only designing constructions or sharing space that are easily visible but also putting triggers which enables the place more impressive and people to have more fun regardless of whether there is inside or outside. It is because of such an era, therefore, they need to communicate with residents for improving their quality of life while revaluating the city. There are some inconvenient or culturally negative buildings in current cities due to the rapid developments, however, the important thing is not looking back at the past but is accepting them and considering how to positively reshape and maintain the space.

Figure 3 : One Central Park apartments in Sydney (Source: Day, 2020)

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In conclusion, architects and urban designer should consider the problems and their solutions from a variety of perspectives such as an environmental aspect, human health, and conservation in order to realize sustainable societies. As previously stated in this essay, each of them is important and we should have the responsibility to tackle them in an appropriate way. The pandemic has had negative effects on people and many of them have struggled in this situation, however, it could also be an opportunity to review human life as well as architectural design in the past and create new measures to overcome the current situation.

Through the pandemic, what we need to do is not narrowing the possibility down but optimistically investigating better ways and reorganizing existing strategies. In order to achieve this, much cooperation with many kinds of people would be essential to incorporate diversified aspects although how the pandemic goes cannot be expected. As a result, this experience would hopefully rearrange the network of each city better and strengthen the bond of people in the world.

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Cities and Urbanism: Ideologies and Futures The first section of this essay will focus on a book review of Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014) previously presented in seminar discussion. After that, the latter part of this essay will investigate the differences and similarities among Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014), The image of the city (Lynch, 1960), and The death and life of the great American cities (Jacobs, 1961). Through these analyses, it will then describe the applicable features from the three books to the Studio B project including its methodologies, which could develop the prospective design.

Urban acupuncture is a book written by Jaime Lerner published in the year 2014. He is not only a renowned architect and city planner, but also a politician as mayor of Curitiba, Brazil, and governor of the State of Parana. He has delivered positive results and affected the lifestyle of many in Curitiba and other cities. In his book, Lerner describes urban acupuncture as a way of stimulating urban resurrection at a local level. In which, public interventions do not necessarily have to be ample and costly to be transformational. In fact, unlike the conventional development processes, urban acupuncture demonstrates an adaptable framework for urban renewal to regenerate neglected spaces and consolidate the social infrastructure of a city.

Although satisfying urban voids can be good acupuncture, as seen in the Centre Pompidou in Paris (Figure 1), it might be that a city needs to construct houses or create provisional recreation centers. Lerner suggests that the final goal is to establish a healthy mixture of urban activities.

Figure 1: Centre Pompidou in Paris, France (Source: dezeen, 2016)

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Moreover, cultural and traditional sceneries and activities have disappeared due to the rapid development of cities, regardless of whether this produces a positive outcome. According to Lerner, these aspects could tell the history of the city and offer a place where people can gather.

In addition to that, he states that traditional spaces and activities such as music and other gestures enable people to engage with the memory and character of a city. Nevertheless, when performing urban acupuncture, the process should be as quick as possible to maintain the continuity of urban life. He mentions the time they implanted the first pedestrian zone in Curitiba, where, much like in actual acupuncture they needed to use speed and precision. My businessmen in the area opposed the idea when it was proposed, but when it was proven a success, the same businessmen commended it. However, in some cases, it might be necessary to do nothing. Lerner claims that this is to cherish the existing features of a city, as aggressive changes can turn cities to the worse. He also touches on achieving a safe and flourished city.

He suggests this by having 24-hour stores, where shops not only provide products but also light up neighborhoods, making them livelier when it is dark. Thus, providing a place for people to meet and gather safely.

Lerner goes on to describe the relation of people and acupuncture by introducing the concept of solidarity. Hereby explaining that when people and cities work collectively, they can achieve a beneficial outcome. He gives an acupuncture example at Morros dos Prazeres in Rio de Janeiro (Figure 2.1), explaining that performing urban acupuncture on slum areas can better its society, therefore achieving solidarity. Furthermore, Lerner also writes about how important it is to feel a sense of belonging. This is because belonging to a city stimulates peopleʼs love for it, and this form of solidarity enhances the city. To produce this can be through tracing back the memories of a certain place. For instance, the plaque in front of the Barrachina Restaurant in Puerto Rico, resembling the first piña colada made (Figure 2.2).

The residents can perform good acupuncture themselves. In his book, Lerner encourages people to draw their cities. He gives an example of a Map of Taghazout in Morocco, drawn by illustrator Ella F. Sanders (Figure 2.3). He also encourages people to take care of the environment, saying that the more we spend, we equally we need to save. Although peopleʼs solidarity is significant acupuncture, the cityʼs role is also vital. Thus, Light, water, and vegetation influence how people perceive the city. He gives several examples including the lights on the Prinsengracht Canal reflecting the city of Amsterdam on its river (figure 2.4).

He also compares the river in Venice to the one in Annecy, explaining how Annecy has authentic water acupuncture (figure 2.5).

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Lerner is passionate about public transportation. He describes his perspective of what smart transposition is, by introducing the idea of a mobility card. This enables people to park their car at a dedicated spot, then use a prepaid card to get around using public transportation.

Lerner then moves on the write about the BRT system in Curitiba (figure 2.6). By designing this, he states that designers no longer challenge their creativity. However, if this sense was further stimulated, good urban acupuncture will occur. He describes urban cholesterol as the build-up of excessive automobile use in our veins and arteries, affecting our bodies and minds where we soon start to think that cars are a solution for everything. He says this can be limited by using them less, and when thereʼs good public transport we could avoid automobiles. He also points out that planning around automobiles causes health issues, as people donʼt walk enough meaning that they exercise less.

Figure 2: Examples from Jaime Lernerʼs book located on a map: (Source: Lerner, 2014)

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Lerner comes up with a one-page guide, a method he uses to navigate around the cities he was visiting. It includes a map of the city on one page and his agenda on the other page with a list of places of interest such as hotels, restaurants, concerts, places of exhibitions, and more.

Jaimeʼs friends would often borrow a copy of his guide and on their return from their trips; they would update it by adding extra places and activities they discover. This does not exclude their children who also have their similar guide and they also exchange it with their classmates, in this way the guide stays up to date. Lerner touches on different factors surrounding urban acupuncture, such as identifying buildings with dignity. Thus, finding the meaning behind the designs of the buildings in a particular city or town and their connections with the streets and the residents. He also includes few examples showing that each place has a specific sound daily or during special events (Figure 3). The writer concludes his book by speaking about the love for the city and how we can create good acupuncture by fully engaging within our local communities first.

Figure 3: Musician playing the guitar in Barcelona, creating an identity to the city (Source: Lerner, 2014)

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The following section will compare and analyze the points of Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014) with two significant books stated below related to urban design. The image of the city (Lynch, 1960) has been regarded as one of the practical researches by architects and urban designers for a long time, according to the reviewers illustrated on the first page. Lynch (1960) chose three American cities, Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles in the research in order to analyze the importance of the appearance of the cities through interviews which focused on the perception of American citizens regarding the urban places. On the other hand, The death and life of the great American cities (Jacobs, 1961) had a big impact on the world with its harsh criticism of modern city planning in New York and it was a new urban theory (Figure 4). Jacobs (1961) actually observed the vibrant city from the perspective of the people living there and developed original ideas for creating an attractive city.

As Lerner (2014) represents at the beginning of his book, the theory of urban acupuncture had based on precedents proposed by architects and city planners including Jacobs (1961).

Therefore, there are some similarities between the two books, especially regarding the perspective of conserving the traditions in each city against developments. As a result, to some extent, what Jacobs (1961) considered has been reflected in current urban planners and architects because Lerner (2014) could have argued some cities while utilizing the method.

For instance, Lerner (2014) criticizes the development in Beijing, China where the nostalgic scene such as the spaces for pedestrians and cyclists had been replaced by the wide roads for cars. This issue is similar to the development in New York, which Jacobs (1961) had prevented the city from the aggressive plan of an expressway proposed by Robert Moses (Figure 5).

Consequently, by the fact that New York is said to be a diverse city, thus, those new constructions could not necessarily have great benefits for people as well as the area.

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Figure 4: Campaign against the development in New York (Source: PUBLIC SQUARE, 2016)

Figure 5: Plan of expressway proposed by Robert Moses (Source: Bloomberg CityLab, 2014)

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From the perspectives of what Lynch (1960) presents, the city images are divided into five elements that are paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks (Figure 6), which can improve imageability by closely being connected to each other. In order to design the city, each particular feature should be considered and these five elements are of importance to be allocated appropriate positions respectively (Figure 7). In other words, even if one of the elements is remarkable in the area, it could not be an aggregate of clear images of the city.

This notion is similar to what Lerner (2014) states with respect to a suitable measure that often could be a small scale for each city. What Lerner (2014) has prescribed for the areas could be regarded as one of the five elements respectively because he tried to investigate what is missing and what is the best treatment for space and communities. In addition to that, Lerner (2014) also describes that tiny components such as products, ornaments, and human activity could be good acupuncture of the area, which have strengthened Lynchʼs theory.

Figure 6: Five elements (Source: Lynch, 1960)

Figure 7: The visual form of Los Angeles (Source: Lynch, 1960)

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In terms of the perspective of keeping cities safe, there is a similarity between Jacobs (1961) and Lerner (2014). In the part of Urban Acupuncture, Lerner (2014) describes safety while referencing the example of the shop keepers and the storefronts in New York (Figure 8), which can light up the city and make people gathered. This thought is similar to what found in Jacobs (1961), most of the blocks should be short, in other words, streets should often be used and there should be frequent opportunities to turn corners, which are essential for the generation of unintentional diversity in urban streets and districts as well as accommodate a wide variety of people. For example, the act of shopkeepers doing business and people shopping in a shopping district leads to unintentionally keeping the streets and children safe by watching the outside. Through these two notions, safer and more attractive cities could be realized by having an appropriate scale of the blocks filled with human activities even at the night.

Figure 8: Storefront in New York (Source: Urban Matter, 2017) According to the book of Lerner (2014), he introduces examples which have been successful to give acupuncture in many cities in the world. However, in the other two books, Lynch (1960) and Jacobs (1961) focus on America through their experiments and experiences.

Therefore, there are different approaches that Lerner (2014) researched the particular features in respective cities in order to mainly revive the neglected places, while Lynch (1960) and Jacobs (1961) investigated the cities in America, which can be said their theories and

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experiences are more elaborated. As previously mentioned, the notion of Lynch (1960) is more objective than the other two thoughts because he had gained data from the perceptions of others through interviews. Thanks to Lynch's research (1960), scientific analysis of the image of the city can be possible, although it is subjective and ambiguous. For this reason, his theory has widely been applicable to cities not only in America but also in other countries.

When it comes to the five senses, each book mostly focuses on eyesight by looking through the cities to analyze and grasp how these spaces are. In addition to that, Lerner (2014) also investigate the traditional sense of smell as well as hearing in each city such as cuisines along with a restaurant and street musical performances in South American countries (Figure 9), which could be the remedies for these places respectively. Furthermore, he had considered particular human activity and customs themselves could be the best way for the cities, thus, there sometimes would not be necessary to add something new. At this point, it can be said that Lerner is a person who has cherished the identities that come from human activities in each city from perspectives of rescuing and preserving. In many countries including Japan, many places have been replaced by modern buildings and infrastructures that are perceived through eyes, thus, these senses might be a key factor to conserve the culture.

Figure 9: Tango dancers in the San Telmo neighborhood of Buenos Aires (Source: Lerner, 2014)

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With respect to the ages of publication, The image of the city and The death and life of the great American cities were published at almost the same age, when the movement of modernism had been necessary for cities. Consequently, both Lynch (1960) and Jacobs (1961) discuss the importance of the components which can comprise the city and its elements. While Lynch (1960) proposes this theory by interviewing American citizens, Jacobs (1961) established the theory through her experiences against the rapid construction of expressways and raising issues with urban redevelopment. According to Lynch (1960), the quality of the environmental perception is called imageability, given by observers, which is defined by identity, meaning, and structure, however, he had not focused on the meaning because it is likely to depend on the individual interpretation of experiences of the city and the number of interviewees was few and they were likely to be professional or high-ranked people. With regards to this point, Jacobs (1961) could compensate for the element of meaning because her theory has arisen from her experiences in New York. Jacobs (1961) illustrates four conditions that are essential for the generation of overflowing diversity in urban streets and districts. According to one of them, she describes districts should be a mixture of buildings of different ages and conditions in terms of financial reason, which enables the place to accommodate a wide variety of people. This perspective is different from Lynchʼs one. Jacobs (1961) also illustrates the important components within the district where should include at least two or three major features to provide different places for different purposes. Even though her thoughts are not based on research, she depicts what the districts or streets should be, which are not mentioned by Lynch. Compared with the two books, the successful remedies of Lerner (2014) have more reflected current societies and their problems considering the age. However, by the fact that his thoughts had based on Jacobs (1961) and probably on Lynch (1960), the methods in the other two books have still probably been applicable to the modern urban issues.

So far this essay has focused on identifying the differences and similarities among the three books regarded as bibles of urban planning. The following section will discuss the Studio B project which is linking human activity and regional culture in the modern city in contrast to what previously stated. The location of the project is Shimokitazawa functioned as one of the cultural cities in Tokyo. There had been conventional arcades having many subcultural products and activities, in addition, the city was comprised of human-scale buildings and roads. However, they had been destroyed due to the construction of the main road in the area.

In the same way, there have been many cities demolished by the aggressive developments regardless of the opinions of residents in Japan as well as in the world. These aspects are similar to the situation in New York in the 1960s in terms of them although the traditions, the

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ages, and its environments are different. In both cities, there had been filled with human activities which are particular in each place.

Certainly, the developments of new technologies and new ways of construction have played important roles to make peopleʼs lives better and diverse, however, they have not always brought positive effects on the current societies. In order to conserve not only the buildings and cities but also human activities and their atmospheres, detailed or careful researches should be considered to identify whether the developments are suitable for the place or not.

As Lerner (2014) represents, it might be a tiny change into space, which is occasionally doing nothing. In other words, it is not necessarily required to a big or dramatic changes that may cause negative effects on them. Although most cities have been reconstructed by the governments with a large amount of money, more critical things are they should be created by the intervention arisen from residents and their communities in the future. In terms of the elements of the city proposed by Lynch (1960) and Jacobs (1961), they could be a clue to arrange every function appropriately when considering the zoning of the thesis location.

Moreover, so as to create the city better, the history or the origin of these activities and cultures should be analyzed because each of them has had a particular characteristic which used to make the place flourished. However, it is important to note that both Japan and the United States are facing a very different situation than Jacobs and Lynch did in the 1960s and 1970s. In this era and in the future, it is inevitable to consider not only urban developments but also other important features including quality of life, environmental problems, and identities of each city. Hence, what is also essential is to embrace the developments already introduced to current societies as well as pondering the morals since people in recent years have not been able to live without technologies. Therefore, a balanced and interactive design with both new and old aspects would be required to fulfill current tendencies and genuine needs for people in the project. That design would generate the way direction to existing buildings fluidly and enables people to remember a sense of the tradition.

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Research Methods

List of images:

Figure 1 : The Future of Home, Illustration by Leonie Bos (Source: Curkin, 2021) Figure 2 : Pedestrian paradise in Ginza, Tokyo (Source: Liu, 2017) Figure 3 : One Central Park apartments in Sydney (Source: Day, 2020)

References: 1. Cohen, A. (2021) Human-Centered City Design For A Post-Pandemic World, Forbes. [Online] Avairable at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesrealestatecouncil/2021/03/23/human-centered-city-design-for-a-post-pandemicworld/?sh=94941473f014 (Accessed: 22nd June 2021).

2. Curkin, C. (2021) L NOW WHAT? HOW HOME DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE SHOULD ADAPT TO A POST-

COVID WORLD, DECOR. [Online] Avairable at: https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/interior-designers/a34918038/architecture-home-design-after-covidpandemic/ (Accessed: 22nd June 2021).

3. Day, N. (2020) Green buildings can bring fresh air to design, but they can also bring pests, THE CONVERSATION. [Online] Avairable at: https://theconversation.com/green-buildings-can-bring-fresh-air-to-design-but-they-can-also-bring-pests-147838 (Accessed: 24th June 2021).

4. Fraser, C. (2019) Pros and Cons of Green Buildings: Do the Advantages Outweigh the Disadvantages, SOLAR FEEDS. [Online] Avairable at: https://www.solarfeeds.com/mag/pros-and-cons-of-green-buildings/ (Accessed: 24th June 2021).

5. Kennicott, P. (2020) “Designing to Survive”. The Washington Post Magazine. [Online] Avairable at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/07/13/pandemic-has-shown-us-what-future-architecture-could-be/ (Accessed: 20 May 2021).

6. Liu, S (2017) Ginza: Pedestrian Paradise, EASTBOUND. [Illustration] Avairable at: http://envchina.serenagrace.com/2017/07/30/ginza-pedestrian-paradise/ (Accessed: 24th June 2021).

7. Makhno, S. (2020) Life after coronavirus: how will the pandemic affect our homes?, dezeen. [Online] Avairable at: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/25/life-after-coronavirus-impact-homes-design-architecture/ (Accessed: 21st June 2021).

8. Ring, T. (2021) Working from home and mental health: the negative impact of remote work + what to do about it, DeskTime. [Online] Avairable at: https://desktime.com/blog/working-from-home-mental-health/ (Accessed: 21st June 2021).

9. Safian-Demers, E. (2020) Carless cities, WUNDERMAN THOMPSON. [Online] Avairable at: https://intelligence.wundermanthompson.com/2020/01/carless-cities/(Accessed: 22nd June 2021).

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Cities and Urbanism List of images: Figure 1 : Centre Pompidou in Paris, France (Source: dezeen, 2016) Figure 2 : Examples from Jaime Lernerʼs book located on a map: (Source: Lerner, 2014) 2.1: Morros dos Prazeres favela, Rio de Janeiro. Photo by Dany13 2.2: Barrachina Restaurant, Puerto Rico. Photo by Bogdan Migulski 2.3: Map of Taghazout, Morocco. Drawn by Ella F. Sanders 2.4: Prinsengracht Canal, Amsterdam. Photo by Jethro Morsink 2.5: The canals of Annecy, France. Photo by Edwin K. C. Lee 2.6: Curitiba BRT system. Illustration by Jaime Lerner

Figure 3 : Musician playing the guitar in Barcelona, creating an identity to the city (Source: Lerner, 2014) Figure 4 : Campaign against the development in New York (Source: PUBLIC SQUARE, 2016) Figure 5 : Plan of expressway proposed by Robert Moses (Source: Bloomberg CityLab, 2014) Figure 6 : Five elements (Source: Lynch, 1960) Figure 7 : The visual form of Los Angeles (Source: Lynch, 1960) Figure 8 : Storefront in New York (Source: Urban Matter, 2017) Figure 9: Tango dancers in the San Telmo neighborhood of Buenos Aires (Source: Lerner, 2014)

References: 1.

Jacobs, J. (1961) The death and life of the great American cities, Random House

2.

Lerner, J. (2014) Urban Acupuncture, Island Press

3.

Lynch, K. (1960) The image of the city, The MIT Press

1.

Crook, L. (2019) Centre Pompidou is high-tech architecture's inside-out landmark. dezeen. [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/11/05/centre-pompidou-piano-rogers-high-tech-architecture/ (Accessed: 10 February 2021).

2.

Erickson, A. (2014) Robert Moses Vs. Jane Jacobs : The Opera. Bloomberg CityLab [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-23/robert-moses-vs-jane-jacobs-the-opera (Accessed: 28 March 2021).

3.

Massengale, J. (2016) Jane Jacobs would be fighting to preserve affordable housing. PUBLIC SQUARE [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2016/12/27/if-jane-jacobs-were-alive-shed-befighting-preserve-affordable-housing (Accessed: 28 March 2021).

4.

Miller, K. (2019) Kevin Lynch in Retrospect. American Planning Association [Illustration]. Available at: https://www.planning.org/blog/blogpost/9173975/ (Accessed: 28 March 2021).

5.

Schreiber, N. (2017) 4 Best Streets for Bar Hopping in Manhattan, New York City. Urban Matter [Illustration].

Available at: https://urbanmatter.com/chicago/bar-hopping-manhattan/(Accessed: 28 March 2021).

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