The Architect Magazine Issue 12: Resilience

ISSUE NO. 12

www.thearchitectmagazine.com

2016

T H E O F F IC IA L M AG A Z IN E O F T H E A RCH I T E CTS CH A P T E R, A RCH I T E CT U RA L A S S O CI AT I O N O F K E NY A

RESILIENCE PLUS: AAK ANNUAL CONVENTION 2016 RAPPORTEUR REPORT • RESILIENCE: ANOTHER BUZZWORD? • LIST OF MEMBERS

CONTENTS EDITORIAL TEAM EDITOR George Arabbu SUB EDITORS Florence Nyole Nisha Shah-Alphonso CONTRIBUTORS Brenda Nyawara Bruce Mugola Eric Kigada Etta Madete Gad Opiyo Harrison Maroa Maryann Kariuki Musau Kimeu Mwai Simon Yasir Brek PHOTOGRAPHY Kenneth Kinoti

P.6 Rapporteur Report on AAK Convention 2016

P.14 Environmental Design Consultants Perspective on Resilience

DESIGN & LAYOUT Hazary Nic Email: hazarynic@gmail.com

P.16 Resilience: Just another buzzword?

PUBLISHED BY The Architects Chapter, Architectural Association of Kenya P. O. Box 44258 - 00100, Nairobi Tel. +254 20 2224806 Mobile: 0721 691 337 Fax. +254 20 2220582 Email: aak@aak.or.ke www.aak.or.ke Production: Centrepress Media Ltd www.centrepressmedia.com

P.18 How to Erect The Boundaries of Architecture

DISCLAIMER All correspondence to the editor are assumed to be intended for been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this journal, the authors, publishers and editors accept no responsibility for any loss, financial or otherwise, sustained by any other person using this information.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or any means without prior written permission from AAK. All rights reserved.

P.22 Vivacity

Architectural Association of Kenya AAK Architects Chapter @aak_arch aakmagazine.kenya@gmail.com

www.thearchitectmagazine.com

P.30 Firm Profile: Sycum Architects THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

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EDITOR’S NOTE

ARCH. GEORGE ARABBU

arabbu@gmail.com

DESIGNING SECURE Rattled by international terrorism the architects have been thrown into an unfamiliar territory – designing to exclude a ghostly demographic. Matters of resilience in the built environment have now strongly incorporated terror threats over and above forces of nature.

In the 2016 AAK Convention (titled Build. Resilience) Ambassador Martin Kimani gave a perspective of the government counter terrorism board on social-security Issues in the region. he posed salient questions to the design team “What are you building? Who are you building for?”

The client title has enlarged to include the users of the building, not just the developer. In many projects the users and security experts are called in very early in the design stage to input critical comments and ideas on how to best secure the space. However, Arch. Yasir Brek’s paper during the same event looked at the negative transformation of Nairobi as far as user experience is concerned owing to heightened security measures. He has coined the phrase “Terrorific City”.

As designers, we are caught up in the middle of a vicious security battle to keep the insider secure while maintaining a certain level of openness and inclusion to the outsider. According to Jane Jacobs (1961) a bustling street life is the essence of a great city; a diversity of users influence vitality. While architects might be inclined to agree with ideas of openness, security experts prefer strong walls, barriers and intimidating security personnel. It would appear that a design for security as we know it today is a design that excludes.

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Yet “as professionals, we must be forthcoming to give our clients the whole picture and advice on all aspects.

As professionals, we should re-invent ourselves. If there is a profession that should promote resilience this is it.”

Said Prof Jacob Kaimenyi, giving the key note speech at the Build Resilience Convention. Hence, we cannot afford to be on the opposite side of the security experts!

Engineer Grace Kagondu put it aptly “do you bend of break?” when faced with vagaries of social, economic and political change. The viability and sustainability of our practices continues to be tested in a constantly changing world with new threats and challenges. Arch. James Gitoho explained in his presentation “What principles can be employed to ensure a resilient career that survives economic and political changes?”

As we look to weather the passing storm of international terrorism we must bear in mind the slowly building up storm of climate change. Goodman Kazoora (UN-Habitat) discussed that the secret is to demystify sustainable design principles, building codes and policy.

Climate responsive design appears straightforward and noble and yet many

designers, let alone developers, either don’t understand how to implement it or are unwilling to tackle the challenge.

Arch. Musau Kimeu opines that environmental design in architecture, global warming, climate change and rapid urbanisation in the global south are likely to dominate the 21st Century.

Much needed solutions and best practice in construction must be forthcoming sooner rather than later.

Romantic visions of tomorrow’s cities could crumble into a pile of rubble instantly if new-age vulnerabilities are not factored in at the design level. Resilient cities ought to be able to maintain natural habitable conditions in the face adverse natural conditions, man-made disasters or the interruption of services.

“In the end, being resilient is about people and the hope they carry.” Eric Kigada concludes his piece this issue. The hope of humanity, majority projected to be based in cities in the years to come, may well rest in the hands of good architects.

ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS

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ARCH. GAD OPIYO

opiyo@diasporadesignbuild.com

INAUGURAL SPEECH BY ARCH. GAD OPIYO, PRESIDENT OF EAST AFRICA INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (EAIA)

The full EAIA council in attendance, january, 2017 at Mt. Meru Hotel, Arusha. Represantatives from Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. Uganda was no in attendance My victory is your victory. May I paraphrase Abraham Lincoln ‘A house divided against itself cannot stand’ so in the same light I say, a divided East Africa shall not stand. Every generation is called upon to rise and fight a vice that threatens the endurance of free society at that particular time. The generation of Abraham Lincoln was called upon to abolish slavery, the generation of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta & Mwalimu Julius Nyerere were called upon to abolish colonialism. Our generation has been called upon to abolish corruption.

This we must do: for us to remain free and for us to usher in the new dawn of prosperity for all people of our nations. This is a duty our generation cannot avoid. We owe this duty to ourselves, to our founding fathers and to generations yet to come. Because when we slay this dragon, our nations will rise to new heights of prosperity and the ascendancy of East Africa will be unstoppable. I will not get there individually but as a people we shall get there for the arc of history is long but bends towards justice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am delighted in the faith that you have in me to lead EAIA since I was not the most likely candidate for this office. Just a few years back I was little known in these circles. Because of your support I have come this 4

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far. My victory is your victory so let’s rejoice together. Special thanks to Arch. Robert Kiggundu who is the outgoing president of EAIA. Like in every family the younger brother looks up to the bigger brother to hold his hand as he takes the first steps. On this score, I would like to profusely thank the former AAK Chairman Arch. Steve Oundo for showing me the way. I cannot forget Arch. Waweru Gathecha, the president of AAK, for the hard work alongside Arch. Flora Runumi to revive EAIA. A special mention goes to my classmate Arch. Musembi Mumo, former EAIA president, for standing with me all the way.

To the members of Architects chapter council, I salute you, you are the silent but solid pillar of my leadership, the power behind the throne.

Not to forget the secretariat headed by the CEO Jacob. And of course, a king without subjects is like a speaker without an audience, so a big thank you to all the EAIA and AAK delegates.

EAIA History East African community was established with a vision to set up a prosperous, secure, stable and politically united East Africa through widening and deepening cooperation among the partner states in political, economic and social spheres.

There is a young man in our midst whom I respect so much not just because for what he has achieved but for what he stands for. The young

EAIA COUNCIL MEMBERS Kenya Council Members

Gad Opiyo - President

Alex Gachanja - Treasurer

man is non other than our senior Trustee, Architect David Mutiso; whose history is intertwined with the history of the institute. We all know him as an Architect but now I know him as a visionary as well.

When the first EAC crumbled like a house of cards, he clung on to the dream of a united profession in East Africa. As we celebrate this over a century old institute, we must remember that he has served for about half that period; like a benevolent spirit he was present at every turn: • • • • • • •

1950s Arch. David Mutiso was there Pre-Independence when all architects were foreigners.

1960s Arch. David Mutiso witnessed the struggle for independence and attainment of freedom by our patriots.

1970s Arch. David Mutiso saw EAC collapse out of bloated egos and recklessness.

1980s Fall of Uganda and attempted coup in Kenya.

1990s The rebirth of EAC. 2000s Formation of the Common Market & Customs Union.

2010s Monetary union and Political federation. The question should be asked, are we off target? Why are we losing steam? Your guess is as good as mine.

MY VISION

Marylyn Musyimi - Secretary General

must plunge in and cross over to reach the lush green grass on the other side. They are truly borderless and this is our dream.

I tell you my brothers and sisters, our fate is not different, to bring change there’s danger, but it is a risk worth taking for a better future of lush green grass. I am counting on your support as we embark on this treacherous journey filled with hope that on the other side we will find a new dawn. A dawn pregnant with the promise of a greater and stronger EAIA and I truly hope to see this dream come true one day.

There will be setbacks and false starts and there will be many who won’t agree with every decision I make. We all know that the institute can’t solve all problems and that this victory alone is not the change we seek but that it’s only the chance for us to make that change.

We are called upon to seize the future together and let the bright light of EAIA shine on the East African Community and hence show that we are not as divided as the pundits believe. We are stronger than the sum of our individual countries and it is true that an EAIA Divided will not stand. The hope that we must go back with to Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi is that with our new spirit of community we shall sustain the institute.

Umoja ni Nguvu, Utengano ni Udhaifu. -Long Live EAIA.

I come into office to transform, to run and to grow EAIA. Transformation is our highest goal but this can neither be easy nor quick. I have walked this journey at AAK and sometimes the tensions can reach breaking point. It’s not an easy journey but if we are to move EAIA forward and leave behind a better EAIA than the one we Inherited from Architect David Mutiso, then it’s a journey we must walk.

Envisage wildebeests crossing the Mara river from the great Savannah of Serengeti to the lush green grass of Masai Mara. These wildebeests are the true East Africans and who gives them a visa? Who gives them an eating permit? There is always danger lurking under the water because the Mara river is also home to deadly crocodiles, but the wildebeests THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

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RAPPORTEUR’S REPORT

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BUILD RESILIENT

POST CONVENTION MESSAGE The Annual Architectural Association of Kenya’s Premier Convention held in August, 2016, in Diani, South Coast, was aptly titled ‘Build.

Resilient’ The word ‘Resilience’ has become the new buzz word in the Built Environment space, replacing ‘Sustainability.’ Resilience refers to the capability to survive and perhaps even to thrive, under difficult circumstances and situations. The Conventions topic, ‘Build. Resilient’, in its simplicity refers to the intentional design of buildings, landscapes, urban environments and communities in response or anticipation of these vulnerabilities. There is no better comparison to our topic, then the old boy scout motto of ‘Be Prepared.’

The 2016 Convention featured Panelists from the East African Region and topics that covered issues of Resilience from Policy making, building technology, Urban Design and Professional resilience. Some of our Key Speakers included Arch. Micheal Pierce and Ambassador Martin Kimani. The Convention gathered approximately 300 professionals and stakeholders in the Built Environment from the East African Region.

As AAK’s premier event, the Convention remains the main driver behind AAK Earnings. The earnings from the 2015 and 2016 Convention, have enabled final payment of AAK’s new office space in Blue Violet Plaza, which the Association is very proud of. As the Convenor for the last two years, I must thank the invaluable members of the Convention organizing team and the AAK General Council who dedicated their time and energy to making this a success. My further, very sincere gratitude, to the AAK Fraternity who continue to attend, and engage at the Annual Conventions and the Sponsors, without whom the convention/s would not be possible.

I wish to reiterate to our esteemed fraternity that Resilience is about surviving and thriving, regardless of the challenge. I end with a parting phrase from Alain de Botton, ‘A good half of the art of living, is resilience.’

Arch. Mugure Njendu AAK Convention Convenor: 2015 & 2016 AAK Assistant Hon. Secretary

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RESILIENCE

Key Note Speech: Prof Jacob.T.Kaimenyi, Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Land Housing and Urban Development.

What is the professional ratio of attendance at this convention? Are we there yet? If not we are not offering proper services to our clients. These conventions are important because when one shares their experiences with others one realises we all have similar challenges and can share on how to overcome them. Continuous professionalism is important so that what you practise is in tandem with global trends. This profession is great because what you build outlives you.

As we in this industry serve people, how sensitive are we to customer satisfaction? As professionals, we must be forthcoming to give our clients the whole picture and advice on all aspects.

As professionals we should re-invent ourselves. If there is a profession that should promote resilience this is it. We should also take activities and technology out of the cities to the rural areas. Sensitization should be nationwide not just in cities.

We should keep reading to keep our grey matter healthy. As well as participate in discussions on these policies. Work together with government on design issues such as mobility and climate change (we should see far like giraffes and former president Moi).

You must ask yourselves: Can your buildings withstand? A building

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is a land slide prone area such as Murang’a should not be the same as one in Meru.

We need to pursue integrity and respect other people’s property.

We want to be the preferred investment destination. We should be challenged to maintain professional integrity and maintain the sanctity in legal documents.

Some Progress Kenyan has made: • Surpassed South Africa as Africa’s Preferred investment destination • 3rd Fastest growing economy in the world.

• 2nd African country – ease of doing business Government progress • A government and planning land valuation index is due course.

These are to encourage mega- projects and sustainable use of land. AS compensations is make development projects that will benefit all people very difficult. The index will cap that.

• The government is planning a national land use and national spatial policy.

National Counter terrorism Centre: Social/Security Issues in the region

Ambassador Martin Kimani

The National counter terrorism centre thinks about critical infrastructure protection using no military means. There have been almost 1000 lost Kenyan lives since 1998. To defeat terrorism requires more than force.

Terrorism picks on everyone; the haves and the have nots. Architects should be aware they are designing in high attack areas. It is much cheaper to build with security than adjust a building later on. These security features should be in built aesthetically.

The AAK is encouraged to engage with the counter terrorism, board in crafting security measures and designed policies.

Important questions: • What are you building?

• Who are you building for?

• How long are the buildings meant to stand?

• Are we up to building to protect Kenyans?

The Terrorific city

Arch. Yasir Brek

Terrorific has been coined by the author from the two words: ‘Terror’ and ‘Terrific’, being a representation of how a beautiful city is being turned to instead intimidate its users.

This paper/ presentation succinctly looks at the transformation of Nairobi’s urbanscape in relation to user experiences with emphasis on the effect that the heightened security has had. Through analysis of various ‘modern’ developments that have now turned in terrorizing the urban dweller. Towards the end, it gives direction as to how to achieve harmony between security and the delightful experiences usually enjoyed by the city dweller.

Is Nairobi still a city in the sun?

In the name of security buildings in Nairobi are robbing people of public space and access with the built environment filled with fortified neighbourhoods and fortified commercial buildings.

Historically Nairobi was built on the basis of segregation and exclusion. Even with its 1948 new plan segregation persisted. Even the 2014 NUPLAN fails in implementation an inclusion.

People who truly experience the city are not those who drive but those who walk, and we are pushing them off onto the roads.

Are security checks outside premises sincere or designed to intimidate people.

Subsequently public space has been turned against people. The pedestrian has been

pushed onto the road.

It is not all bad some good examples still exist.

These include our Maasai Markets and Aga Khan Walk.

Ultimately we have a responsibility to the user of the city. The heavy physical fortification approach usually causes the perpetuation of fear and in turn has an effect on the socioeconomic well-being and liveliness of a city.

Some more positive approaches: Low visibility and less intrusive measures such as closed circuit cameras (Manchester 1996 reaction to IRA Bombing) Conclusions: Urban terrorism in the late 20th Century has created public spaces that are no longer centres of interaction and joy but places of intimidation, segregation and exclusion.

Urban design and planning as well as architects and designers have a role in turning round these negative aspect of space use in the city by employing various techniques easily available within its theory and practice. Such as some more positive approaches include low visibility and less intrusive measures such as closed circuit cameras (Manchester 1996 reaction to IRA Bombing) Ultimately, the city is and should be a place of delight where everyone partakes in making it vibrant and liveable.

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Resilience Thinking Changes Architecture

Arch. Michael Pearce

Bio-mimicry is a resilient method as it studies natures design processes.

Build resilient projects by Mick Pierce: Eastgate , Harare- Sustainable passive energy principles. Modelled on the way termites construct their mounds to naturally ventilate, cool and heat it through natural means.

Another important lesson from nature is that smooth bodies are better at absorbing heat and poor emitters of heat to space at night whereas prickly bodies are poor heat absorbers by day and good heat emitter by night.

Other sustainable features: • Green Façade • Atriums • Local resources and labour • Prickly surfaces CH2, little Collins , Australia - Similar

concepts as Eastgate (Harare) but adapted to the local climate, social cultural and economic environment. The same way an ecosystem is embedded in its context.

Other sustainable features: • Cooling towers • Timber Fins as Sun shading devices • Wind turbines and solar energy • Chilled sand blasted pre cast concrete ceilings • Plant materials • Black water treatment plant Vortex Centre, Melbourne – Inspired by a see shell form placed on an artificial lake. It explored the concept that water can be used as an energy store for a lightweight structure and a way of cooling the building.

Urban Resilience in East Africa: A comparative study of resilient cities.

Ms. Linda Odhiambo

Definition of urban resilience is the capacity of systems within a city to survive, adopt and grow despite chronic stresses and acute shocks that they experience. Research Gap is a detailed focus on East Africa and looking at specific issues the countries are experiencing.

This is an emerging issue in Africa because of: • • • •

Climate Change Urbanisation-Over population Insecurity Current measures to enhance security include: • Ropes on barriers • Security cameras • Inclusive residential design • Crash Barriers Other urbanisation factors to consider in urban resilience: • Unemployment

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•

Pollution

•

Cultural aspects

Conclusions •

Rockefeller foundation: 100 resilient cities program- Cities should show commitment to such programs.

•

African continent can learn from participating in forums with developed countries

•

Take into account severe terrorism and urbanisation that they experience.

•

The local government should have a monitoring database that allows local government at all levels to promotion of resilience.

RESILIENCE

What principles can be employed to ensure a resilient career that survives economic and political changes?

Arch. James Gitoho

The viability and sustainability of organisations continues to be tested in a world that is constantly changing and with such changes come a range of new threats and challenges.

The concept of organisational resilience for critical infrastructure is therefore both timely and important and this convention gives us an opportunity to discuss issues that affect and may affect our profession. Organisational resilience is not part of formal risk management processes or business continuity exercises. It is a culture of an organisation and its employees through generations.

It is an organisational approach that embraces asset and resource protection, performance and strategic leadership, organisational development, and a responsive and adaptive culture.

In practical terms, the focus of resilience is generally on protection, performance and adaptation.

Organisational Resilient principles: Leadership: Succession planning policies, leadership development, environment that supports agility, flexibility and initiative in decision making through trust, clear purpose and empowerment of employees. As well as promoting ethical behaviour and zero tolerance on corruption.

Proactive Communication: Open communication and collaboration with clients, consultants and contractors.

Networks: Maintains good, ethical relationships with regulatory authorities and government.

Mentoring Continuous Professional Development: and critical reflective learning, lesson retention, knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. As well as promoting individual self-efficacy-” if it is to be it is up to me”.

Individual Resilient professional principles:

Confidence: comfortable in their work, take appropriate risks and speaks and acts with certainty and confidence.

Flexibility: Able to deal with the ever changing client brief, budgets and timelines.

Condor: Develop the art of negotiations, communication and conviction without becoming overwhelmed and are responsive not reactive.

Social: Extroverted social beings to overcome stress extroverted. Talking to clients, colleagues, friends and family regularly diminishes the impact of difficulties and increases feelings of self-worth and selfconfidence.

Opportunity: Always see the bigger picture and opportunities and they employ experiences to overcome new challenges.

Enjoy: Enjoys what he does. They are inquisitive, they experiment with new ways of working, new technology and are not afraid of making mistakes.

Intuitive: trust their gut feeling.

Patience Team Worker Continuous improvement In conclusion: Does your practice have?

• Strong leadership with clear, firm decision making?

• A management team that works well together, is flexible and adaptive?

• Clear channels of communication?

• Good problem solving ability?

• A culture of cooperation and mutual respect among all staff?

• Clear and strong core values?

• Adequate insurance integrated in a broader business/contingency management program including professional indemnity insurance?

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RESILIENCE

Educating Architecture practitioners Resilient to Vagaries of economic and political changes.

Philosophy of resilience involves good work ethics, moral uprightness and integrity.

Every profession has its perfect storms and resilience is also how to “weather the storm”.

Challenges: • Awarding architectural jobs through corruption and bribery • Industry run by “Know–Who” not “Know–How” • Violation of ordinary procurement rules i.e. giving jobs to family, friends, the church etc.

Dr. Allan Kenneth Birabi

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Negative impact: • Poor service ethic • Unfair competition • DE-professionalization of practitioners • Contracts go to most successful bribers (these have an amazing range) • Saturation of industry leads to part-time employment.

• Presentism: Youth physically at the office but mentally elsewhere. Mostly due to psycho–economic anxiety.

Consequences: • Graduates flooding the market causing older generation to feel pressurised and hence become dirty in order to keep up.

• Quack architects under charging for jobs.

• Architects work as sub-contractors.

• Cold wars in the built environment.

• • Male domination in the industry causing gender barriers • Sexual Harassment • Women left in the background workforce not social aspects.

• Women placed in decorative roles.

• The industry adverse to motherhood roles.

Conclusion: Towards resilient architecture practitioners.

• In – school context: • Stretch assignments to teach perseverance.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

• • • •

•

•

Have mentors and exemplars.

Have students be exposed to site challenges.

After School Continuous professional development.

Resilience in learnt though practise and perseverance.

Correct tone and un-ambiguous policies.

Co-operate good-will should be vetted.

Strategic coping strategies i.e. relaxing, socialising and optimism.

Develop stamina and robustness Gender equity Zero tolerance measures against gender discrimination; Goals for equal opportunities need to be established in the firm There should be shrewd board member to be responsible for the policy Women should be well represented at all levels and in all areas of the firm’s activity Barriers to women should be identified and be removed Women’s non-linear career paths within the profession should be accommodated Mentoring systems for women should be incorporated in the profession Leadership Governments should form procurement systems that are politically committed to the cause of resilience, fair, nondiscriminative, with all-inclusive competitiveness, transparent, costefficient, impartial, just, and ethical.

Resilience must start with an explicit commitment by the prime leadership of the country. Ending the pettier forms of corruption in the bureaucracy is difficult if the grand political corruption persists.

Government should start a culture of awards for incorruptibility.

RESILIENCE

Claims to sustainability: quantifying the data gap for alternative walling materials in Kenya.

Mr. Robert Sangori

People spend 90 % of their time indoors.

The Sustainable development goals (SDG) 11(C1)- Construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource efficient buildings.

Below are the 10 indicators for sustainable material selection (Well Baum, 2012): 1. Cost 2. Skills required 3. Time of construction 4. Prefabrication potential

5.

6.

Mass production potential Modularisation and flexibility ‘Durability 7. Maintenance 8. Recycling and re-use 9. Local value/ community 10. Infrastructure and construction techniques,

The secret to resilience is to demystify sustainable design principles.

In Africa energy access is lowest in areas of high population. Demand is not high but soon it will be. Are we prepared for it? At the moment Africa’s electricity is the highest.

This gives us the late-comer advantage for innovation in the energy sector.

It is also demystify building codes and policy.

The UN Habitat has books, pamphlets and guides to guide designers in sustainable developments. Available free on the website.

Goodman Kazoora (UN-Habitat)

Engineering & resilience.

Eng. Grace kagondu

Engineering and resilience goes hand in hand.

The three main perspectives are through: • Policy and legal issues • Design level • Implementation Scope of the presentation: • Definitions: Resilience answers the question do you bend of break?

• Resilience and energy: Energy variety and energy Balance, non-destructive energy and energy dissipation.

• Resilience and community: We

must put the community above our own interests.

• Resilience and economy: ethical and integrity. We must do what is right.

• Resilience and safety: Through stiffness, robustness and flexibility.

Some solution include resilience of design through business continuity, man-made disasters and natural disasters. As well as continued interest in legislative frameworks.

In conclusion act right and professionally.

Resilience is affected by your decisions.

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RESILIENCE

ARCH. MUSAU KIMEU

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CONSULTANTS CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE As we gather to mark this year’s Annual Convention, the Chapter of Environmental Design Consultants would like everyone to reflect on the importance of having good quality environment.

I have said before that the two architectural frontiers likely to dominate the 21st Century are Environmental design in Architecture and the related Global warming and Climate Change and secondly dealing with the rapid urbanisation in the Global South.

That the 21st Century architecture is about environmental design and that this is the Urban Moment of the Global South is true. Whereas it should be obvious that this Century requires all to rise up and confront head-on the challenges posed by Global warming and Climate Change and at the same time offer realistic and environmenrtally friendly solutions to the challenges posed by the unprecededed rapid urbanisation currently being witnessed in the developing Global South, this does not seem to be the case.

When you examine the built environment in the Global South today, the much needed solutions and best practice are not forthcoming if the first 15 years of this Century is anything to go by. When you examine the major cities in Kenya today, there is very little evidence that our architects are designing environmentally conscious buildings. In fact, the opposite is true. Our towns and their skylines are crowded with glass protrusions, many with sinister reputations such as fryscrapers, hot furnaces etc. The same is true in the Global South,

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which is majorly the developing world, with buildings being built in haste to meet the demands created by the explosion of urbanization and in the process today’s cities are turning out extremely ugly.

Originally developed for the temperate climates of the Northern hemisphere, in particular Europe and North America, glass buildings continue to be exported indiscriminately around the world. Most Central Business Districts (CBDs) in the Global South are characterised by these homogeneous symbols of corporatism and extravagance, even with the extremely high temperature and in some places high humidity levels as well.

In Africa and the Middle East with their extremes of climate and Africa’s scarcity of resources, the model is unthinkably replicated. Today’s architects seem to be competing amongst themselves on who has designed one of these hot glass furnaces.

The more you design them, the more you earn but look at their architectural depth and the built environment we are creating.

Is it pleasant? Is it comfortable to live in these environments or we simply don’t care? Has the architect ceased to be the custodian of the built environment?

Glass buildings are very popular today, not just because of the views they boast, or the increased light they let in, but for their striking modern looking appearance. Many companies like to give the impression of a democratic working environment: open-plan and with floor-to-ceiling windows, so that all employees, not just the boss, benefit from the view. However,

RESILIENCE with global warming concerns becoming more real and widespread, the glass structure must come under scrutiny. Glass is a relatively cheap material and quick to put up. However, too many developers are still stuck in the mindset of the 1950-70s that saw glass as futuristic.

But, global warming has reignited the debate on whether glass is as ideal as it may seem. In some cases, glass facades are causing concerns from energy inefficiency to creating intense glare.

developer has taken charge of urbanisation and in the process quality is disappearing. Fellow professionals is it possible to bring sanity to our built environment with speed?

I humbly request the Government and all members of AAK to offer leadership in these areas.

Enjoy this year’s Annual Convention and seriously reflect on these issues.

The glass building heats up quickly and in the process greenhouse effect is manifested, thus making its interiors a hot glass furnace, which without air-conditioning is practically not habitable in tropical climates. Yet we know air-conditioning is not a viable option in the 21st Century considering that it is a well established fact that buildings account for over 50% of all CO2 emission globally majorly from airconditioning and that CO2 is the main cause of global warming and Climate Change.

You may have read or heard of the 37-storey Walkie Talkie skyscraper designed by Architect Rafael Viñoly in London on 20 Fenchurch Street, which was found to be reflecting intensified heat onto nearby buildings and streets. The building was completed in 2014. During summer in 2013, it was nicknamed the “Walkie Scorchie” after its concave structure and glass facade was accused of melting cars, after it melted the wing mirrors and panels of a Jaguar parked underneath it for an hour and a van owned by a Heating and Air Conditioning Engineer received similar treatment. The Engineer’s comment on the interior of his van were as follows “… every bit of plastic on the left hand side and everything on the dashboard has melted, including a bottle… that looks like it has been baked.”

The building was scorching pedestrians and radiating extreme heat on the sidewalk. It caused serious problems for the row of shops caught in its glare. Re-Style barbers, opposite the tower, reported a burnt carpet and melted plastic bottles of shampoo and hair gel placed near the window. An assistant manager at the next-door Viet Cafe reported of slate tiles cladded on the outside of the cafe falling off the building and furniture being damaged. The assistant manager had this to say “The chairs started to smell, very bad, like they were burning. We thought something terrible was happening.” On one of the days, a solar physicist who accidentally left his measuring equipment in a black bag on the pavement for 10 minutes, reported that his thermometer read 92.60C, which is ridiculously high.

Following months of research, the developers of the Walkie Talkie skyscraper were given planning permission to install a permanent “brise soleil” or sun shading consisting of horizontal aluminium fins over the glass structure.

When the German architect Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe designed what is said to be the world’s first glass skyscraper in 1921, he associated the glass facade with purity and renewal and the building was recognised for exploring glass in a modernist way in what MOMA called “the dawning of a new culture.” However, the Walkie Talkie skyscraper in London demonstrates some of the problems associated with glass buildings. What if the building was in Kenya or any other location in the tropics where the effects of these glass buildings are much more severe and are never reported by the media? For how long must our people silently suffer?

In the Global South, urban centres are built rapidly, with no professionals in charge. Dare I remind all that the beautiful cities we visit in the Global North, e.g. Rome, Istanbul, London and Paris amongst many others were not built in a span of 100 years, but in centuries. In Kenya today, there is no evidence that our county governments are in control of urbanisation. The private

ARCH MUSAU KIMEU is the chairman of the department of architectureand building science. JHe also heads the environmental design consultants chapter in AAK.

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FEATURE

RESILIENCE: ANOTHER BUZZWORD?

ARCH. ERIC KIGADA Lisbon, in the Kingdom of Portugal, was hit by an earthquake on the morning between 4 and 5 o’clock of 26 January 1531. The earthquake and subsequent tsunami resulted in approximately 30,000 deaths. Damage to the city, especially the downtown area, was severe: approximately one third of structures in the city were destroyed and 1000 lives were lost in the initial shock.

The Ribeira Palace and São João Church were both completely destroyed. There were reports of flooding near the Tagus River, with some ships being thrown onto rocks, and others grounded on the river’s floor as the water retreated due to the Tsunami.

The Kingdom of Portugal had all this time enjoyed a monopoly of the India sea trade route that Vasco da Gama had opened in 1497-1499. The monopoly had been managed by the royal trading house, Casa da India which was founded in 1500. The earthquake caused the Casa’s finances to be in dire straits and by 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal issued a decree opening up trade to India to any private Portuguese national. Portugal had been facing slow encroachment on the sea trade by Dutch and English private companies. Portugal’s solution was to form the short lived Portuguese East India Company. The company conflicted with the older lines of authority and it was eventually abandoned and the royal monopoly resumed. Obviously not a sustainable choice but old habits die hard especially when you are making huge profits.

The monopoly was dealt a final blow by another earthquake in 1755. The earthquake also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on 1st November 1755, the holy day of All Saints Day, at around 0940hrs local time. The earthquake is estimated to have had a magnitude in the range of 8.5-9.0 on the Richter scale. The epicentre was off shore in the Atlantic Ocean about 200km Southwest of Lisbon. The earthquake, in combination with subsequent tsunami and fires almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. This earthquake profoundly disrupted the

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country’s colonial ambitions.

The earthquake had a wide ranging effect on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. As the earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and destroyed every important church in the city, there was anxiety and confusion in the staunch Roman Catholic city and country. The earthquake was speculated to be a manifestation of divine judgement and eventually led to the formation of Theodicy (attempts to answer the question why a good God permits the manifestation of evil) in Christianity. The earthquake strongly influenced the European intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment.

It affected European philosophers like Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Descartes and others. These ideas went on to play a big role in the French Revolution that begun in 1789. The earthquake also led to the birth of a new discipline, Seismology and earthquake engineering.

Lisbon was eventually rebuilt. The government and individuals moved in to rebuild it. The city still sits on a fault. The threat of another great earthquake still looms. But the Portuguese decided to rebuild Lisbon anyway. Another European city, London experienced some great disasters too. The Great Plague of London and the subsequent Great Fire of London led to a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England. Architects like Christopher Wren, scientists like Isaac Newton & Robert Boyle were involved in the rebuilding of London. These cities learnt from disasters. re·sil·ience

/re`zilyens/

noun 1. the ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape; elasticity.

2. the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.

FEATURE

Of late, resilience has become the new buzz word, whether in business, cities or buildings. The Lisbon earthquake was the source of an influential worldview whereby the world is viewed to be headed for disaster man made or natural. As per the philosophy, one cannot trust in a deity that lets evil happen to good people. Man has to rely on his own ingenuity to save himself from disaster. Man has to become resilient and prepare for the worst. Problem is, that there is no shortage of possible disasters, real or imagined. The philosophy got a resurgence in the 70’s, after the youth revolt in the 60’s had largely failed, as is clear in the films produced at that time. (Mad Max 1979, Soylent Green 1973, No Blade of Grass 1970 etc.) All alien invasion movie are based on this philosophy. This bleak outlook of life led to the rise of terrorism, armed revolutions, drug use and trafficking, religious cults and other excesses.

As Lord Jonathan Sacks says, when bad things happen to a group of people, its members ask one of two questions: 1.

What did we do wrong?

2.

Who did this to us?

Number one is self-criticism that is reflective and is central to a free society that is resilient. Number two is a form of cognitive failure, whereby the society has defined itself as a victim and will seek a scapegoat to blame for all its problems. This could be former colonial masters, a religion, a lifestyle or even aliens (foreigners and extra-terrestrials included)!

Resilience is neither ethically good nor bad. It is merely the skill and the capacity to be robust under conditions of enormous stress and change.

How Resilience Works By Diane Coutu. May 2002 issue of Harvard Business Review In the end, being resilient is about people and the hope they carry. Generally, we tend to think resilience is the infrastructure we have, the education we have or the training we have. They will certainly help when one is faced with a crisis but if there is no hope then you will be completely destroyed. As long as

there is hope, you will make do with what you have at hand.

The Germans and Japanese during the Second World War and in the Russia Gulag prisons, the guards strove to make sure that the prisoners lost all form of hope of rescue or relief from misery so that there would be no resistance. “A hopeless man is a very desperate and dangerous man, almost a dead man.”

Robert F. Kennedy. To counter terrorists, who spread fear with their arbitrary attacks, you need hope. In a nation being plundered by corruption, it is again the hopeful who can stem the vice. As buildings collapse due to poor workmanship & illegal land grabbing, do not worry, because architects are also in the business of gentrification and renovation. Resilience is an audacious optimism. You are as resilient as you are hopeful. The Chinese word for “crisis” also means “opportunity”, while the Hebrew word for “crisis” also means a “birthing-stool.” Learn in bad times. “Never let a good crisis go to waste.” Winston Churchill.

Cite: How Resilience Works By Diane Coutu. May 2002 issue of Harvard Business Review https://hbr.org/2002/05/how-resilience-works

ERIC KIGADA Eric holds a Masters degree in Architecture from The RWTH University of Aachen, Germany and is registered as an architect in Kenya with the Board of Registration of Architects and Quantity Surveyors (BORAQS) and the Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK). He is the principal of B&A Studios and architectural practice based in Nairobi, Kenya.

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FEATURE

Gad Opiyo

HOW TO ERECT THE BOUNDARIES OF ARCHITECTURE “The builders of the great wall can not ring fence their own profession”.

It was easy to define boundaries for existing professions by statutes alone till the advent of ICT revolution. The laws which were designed to protect the profession can no longer hold.

The market is characterised by ambiguity of who we are, What our services are, who are our customers, who are the suppliers, competitors or strategic resources. Many educated people can not pronounce the word Architect let alone the uneducated. They find it a tongue twister. So we will be called Architecturer, Engineer or even fundi! This ambiguity is being exploited by the entrepreneurial firms to chip away at the roles of an Architect and the practice of Architecture. They are demarcating and controlling the market while we are watching.

An Architect is no longer the great builder but a producer of plans. Retrogressively we are being reduced to mere draftsmen or signers of plans to meet approval requirements.

The boundary between the profession and the market determine which services are performed by the Architects. It defines the division between the profession and external environment.

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Survival, growth and legitimacy are the key concerns for the profession in the fast paced world.

So what can we do about it? We must fight fire with fire.

We must market our services to reclaim our territory. We must use modern narratives to reach the generation X & Y & Zs. We must let them know that an Architect is a builder, a project manager, a real estate expert, interior designer, land scape Architect, planner, Urban designer, housing expert, cost planner, developer, name it etc. We must break the silence.

All progressive Architects will stand up for the laws that will make this possible. I have nothing against the specialists. The specialists have a role to play, but just like in medicine the specialists must have higher qualifications. The cardiologist is not a substitute for the Doctor. All Cardiologists are Doctors but not all Doctors are Cardiologists.

CLAIMING THE MARKET: By using identity mechanisms to gain acceptance and legitimacy in the populace. The first mechanism is adopting templates in related business or market. This includes cognitive models,

FEATURE vocabulary, values and practices which gives sense to internal and external actors to understand the profession. Secondly by signalling leadership in the profession by concrete actions that convey superior expertise and market dominance. This will help to create legitimacy in the eyes of internal and external players.

Thirdly disseminate stories to spread symbolic narrative about the profession and market. This will raise awareness of the profession, reinforce its identity and convey its relationship to concrete user needs. There is no other way of achieving this other than Advertisement, segmentation, innovation and competition. All these are marketing terms.

DEMARCATING THE MARKET: Cooption, alliance or collaborative mechanism can be used by the profession to demarcate the new markets. This is done through horizontal and vertical integration. One way is by sale of equity to established firms in the nearby market to deter competition by giving indirect participation in the success of the profession to potential entrants. Another mechanism is revenue sharing agreements. These are agreements that give payments to players in the nearby market for supplying, advertising or construction. Gives direct participation in the profession thereby deterring entry. Finally taking anti fragmentation position to galvanise the support of all players around the profession. This will deter entry of quacks and proliferation of new professions.

CONTROLLING THE MARKET: This is done through acquisition and eliminating competing models. These are non professional firms which have threatening models due to superior resources or business model. They are either closed or combined with the professional firms. Entry blocking is another acquisition strategy. By acquiring smaller firms you remove the entry stepping stone for potential powerful entrants. The small firm is closed and the useful resources are adopted by the professional firm. Acquisitions also increase coverage by gaining presence in new geographical areas or market segments. The acquired firm is carefully integrated to preserve resources and momentum.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES Horizontal Boundaries: Identifies the number of Architects/ firms, business models and the services offered. The expansion of the profession by adopting new business models and offering similar services and products of those chipping away at the profession.

Vertical Boundaries: Vertical boundaries is the production of a different product or service as an in put for the next stage of production. In manufacturing Vertical integration is when a manufacturer expands upstream or downstream in the value chain by acquiring a supplier or a distribution channel. In our case Architects can go into land agency up stream and into construction or selling of property down stream.

ADVANTAGES OF MARKETING • Economies of Scale • Economies of Scope • Increased Market Power • Brand Name Recognition • Diversification • Indivisibilities and the spreading of fixed cost • Increased productivity of variable inputs • Innovation RECOMMENDATIONS & PROPOSITIONS 1. Professionals that proactively use identity claiming mechanisms (i.e., templates, stories, and leadership signals) are more likely to become the cognitive referents in distinct markets.

2. Professionals that proactively use demarcating alliances with established firms (i.e., revenue sharing, equity investment, anti leader positioning) are more likely to face lower levels of competition.

3. Professionals that proactively use controlling acquisitions of entrepreneurial rivals (i.e., elimination, market coverage, entry blocking) are more likely to have higher market share 4. Professionals that intertwine boundary processes are more likely to (a) become the cognitive referents in distinct markets, (b) face lower levels of competition, and (c) have higher market share.

5. Professionals that use soft-power tactics to shape boundaries (i.e., illusion, exploiting others’ natural tendencies, timing) are more likely to achieve (a) cognitive dominance (become the cognitive referent in a distinct market) and (b) competitive dominance (face a lower level of competition, have greater market share).

6. Professionals that, over time, proactively combine claiming, demarcating, and controlling boundary processes are more likely to sustain near-monopoly positions in constructed markets share through acquisitions that eliminate entrepreneurial rivals.

GAD OPIYO is the chairman of the architects chapter

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RESILIENCE

QS ALFRED ALUVALA

RESILIENT BUILDINGS – THE QUANTITY SURVEYOR’S VIEW POINT The construction scene in Kenya has evolved immensely over the past two decades. The adoption of advanced methods and technology has eased the design and construction of structures that were not so long ago considered complex. While this by all means is something to be celebrated, there are growing concerns about the sustainability of this modern form of architecture.

Have our designers embraced high-tech construction so much that we have forgotten the basic principles of design? Take for instance the flooding of some building premises that occurred in most dwellings in Nairobi after the heavy rains back in April.

This was something that could have easily been avoided had proper features been factored in the design, yet this seemingly small oversight caused the destruction of properties and the displacement of people.

A closer example: think about a random commercial block or residential unit in Nairobi. Suppose there was a week-long power outage and there were no back-up generators. Would the building remain operational? Would the occupants continue with their business as usual? The obvious answer is No! Our modern-day buildings are overly reliant on energy for almost all of its functions: from lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation to water supply.

The issue of carbon-footprint aside, the effect of this is that we have energy guzzling buildings that are expensive to maintain.

High energy consumption of buildings is just but one of the issues plaguing modern day architecture. As construction professionals, we must re-think the current manner in which we undertake building design. Will the buildings we are designing now be standing, and more so, relevant 50 or more years down the line? How well can the materials we incorporate be able to adapt to the changing environmental and climatic conditions?

Are the operational costs likely to be incurred by the end-user at the core of our considerations during design? How best are we exploiting naturally available resources for the betterment

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of our designs? Those are some of the questions that we need to ask ourselves before churning out any design.

Resilience is the ability to adapt to changing conditions and retain functionality amidst stress or disturbance. Resilient designs are therefore those that are able to maintain habitable conditions even in the face of natural, man-made disasters or the interruption of services. The process requires designers to come up with practical solutions to these vulnerabilities through a combination of both reactive and proactive measures.

It is about combining aspects of green design such as reduced water and energy consumption; optimizing daylighting and natural ventilation; use of locally available materials together with aspects of durability and safety; and disaster preparedness.

While it may be impossible to incorporate all these factors, incorporation of just a few vital elements goes a long way in not only improving the final design but also in saving on construction and running costs.

Simple, easy to build designs ensure that considerable costs are saved on materials, labour and machinery during construction. The choice of durable, maintenance free materials saves on replacement and running costs during the lifetime of the building. Use of locally available materials saves on transportation costs in addition to lowering the carbon footprint.

Energy and water efficient buildings consume less. This is fundamental in conserving the earth’s dwindling resources.

Designing with disaster preparedness in mind is cheaper compared to the cost of remedying the effects of disaster. After all, prevention is cheaper than cure! We must move away from the mind-set of designing for today and think about the impacts they will have in the generations to come.

SICK BUILDINGS

FEATURE

MARYANN KARIUKI The only other thing that is more annoying than hearing someone chew their food is being in a room that suffocates your whole existence from the time you set foot in it…all through your working hours in that space. Scientists call it the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).Who knew such a thing even existed? Well, I didn’t.

SBS in a more advanced definition, according to the National Health Service (UK), describes a rage of symptoms (i.e. headaches, eye, skin, throat irritation, dizziness, dry coughs, flu ) thought to be linked to spending time in a certain building, most often a workplace, or places with large mass gatherings like schools, libraries and museums, but no specific cause can be found. The telling factor is if the symptoms of the occupants of the shared space ease when they are at home or anywhere away from the particular space or building.

Causes of SBS include but are not limited to factors like; • Poor standards of cleanliness in the work environment.

• Poor and inappropriate lighting with absence of sunlight, bad acoustics, poor ergonomics and humidity.

• Inadequate/poor ventilation - When a building is made to be airtight, with less outdoor air ventilation, the health and comfort of building occupants deteriorates since more shared air without proper circulation can result to poor indoor air quality.

• Biological contaminants -i.e. pollen, fungi, moulds. They breed in stagnant water accumulated in places like drainpipes and ducts or where water has collected on ceiling tiles or any other surface for that matter.

• Chemical contaminants- especially from possible outdoor and indoor sources i.e. motor vehicle exhausts, combustion byproducts say from a nearby garage, volatile organic compounds (VOC) main sources of VOC being upholstery, carpeting, manufactured wood products etc.

According to the book; Sick building syndrome edited by Sabah A. Abdul, an unhealthy building is designed when the designers of a building (Architects, Engineers, Product designers etc.); • Do not determine the construction and utilization requirements properly and completely, in regard with the environmental factors.

• Do not reflect these factor and requirements to the design.

• Take inaccurate design decisions.

by ensuring proper design against SBS and thus making the building more reliable and resilient.

A couple of weeks ago, I attended a conference or rather a talk on the paradigm shift to Green structures in Africa, that particularly revolved around sustainable development goals and green buildings.

Over the years, natural systems have evolved to achieve resilience and strategies that protect the natural environment for all living systems.

Building green therefore is one of the socio-cultural responses to SBS and building related illness (BRI) since green building uses processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient through a buildings life cycle; from design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition.

A 1984 World Health Organization report indicated that up to 30% of new and renovated buildings worldwide may be linked to the symptoms of sick building syndrome. The negative effects of a building therefore, causes its features to fail consequently developing an unhealthy environment.

When we talk about build resilience in engineering and construction, it generally means a building that has the ability to absorb or avoid damage without suffering complete failure and/or affecting its occupants. Research goes to show that, many of the factors that birth the SBS relate to building and building services.

Resilience therefore, basically involves balancing proactivity and reactivity to inform solutions foreseeable to disruptions and as such mitigating SBS is made a vital part of this in respect to the former, proactivity. It is rather unfortunate that poor design and construction of buildings with more number of offices and occupancy cramped in a building to increase the salable area without considering the health safety of those interacting with the building has become more common than not in the construction industry especially in Africa, making SBS a building concern in African cities. Future disruptions to productivity, (the end goal of a work space) can be well mitigated

MARYANN KARIUKI is a graduate interior design student from University of Nairobi. maryann.ngendo@gmail .com

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FEATURE

VIVACITY ARCH. YASIR BREK

Nairobi. The “Green City Under the Sun”, envisioned with lush gardens, open spaces and places to work while at the same time enjoying the repose of rural life was to be a model metropolis in the region. Following the principles of Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City, Nairobi was to be, the epitome of country living in the city. These utopian ideals set on the drawing table by White, Silberman and Anderson in 1948 was to break-away from the constraints of the gridiron plan, introduce a utopian vision of a better tomorrow by incorporating both the socialistic and capitalistic ideals in planning.

Yet, under all these romantic visions for the Nairobi of tomorrow, therein a dark seed of prejudice was planted that pitted people against each other and the built environment in a strict horizontal regimentation. The zonal arrangement of the city ensured different areas are segregated against each other; a system of organization that has still remained the same for more than a hundred years since the birth of the City. Master plans developed over the years reinforced the zonal organization of Nairobi into different user categories concentrating more on ‘what is to be built’ rather than on the quality of spaces created by these developments. In the end, the ‘Garden-Plan’ remained just that: a utopian ideal implemented only in a few areas of the affluent.

With its 100 years of development, the city underwent tremendous growth putting pressure to its infrastructure. New commercial areas developed, land that used to be agricultural

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tuned into residential complexes and with increased densities, the Central Business District (CBD) was under tremendous pressure to expand. The historical physical zonal restriction of the CBD sandwiched between Haile Selassie Road on one side and University Way on the other, curtailed this expansion and people had to look elsewhere for office space necessitating that peri-CBD’s be created. Nairobi almost in an organic growth moved towards a polycentric city.

Westlands, earlier allocated for the Indians by the Colonialists seem to be the natural heir and an extension to the CBD. Was it the stereotypical Indian acumen of doing business that created this pull or perhaps the natural physical planning of Indians mixing dukawallas and residences that made it easy for Westlands to be converted into a secondary financial hub? It is my proposition that the latter had a major influence and the construction of Sarit Centre as one of the first malls, broadened the dukawalla experience. The future of Westlands was now set; that it is to develop into a mixed use zone. The vivacity of the area is characterized by its variety of developments within its zone complimenting each other: residences, office blocks, retail, hotels and even curio bandas all seemingly coexisting and delighting the user experience as one walks along these property lines. Apart from the not too wide pedestrian walkways and security walls around some developments, Westlands has a huge potential to develop into a more thriving and lively segment of the city.

FEATURE

And again, like the original CBD, Westlands was getting overcrowded and congested and the city needed to look for a new extension.

Check-in Upper Hill. Previously allocated as a residential area for government officials, the ‘hill’ was ideal for a commercial centre overlooking the original CBD that was old, congested and choking.

This time round, the dukawallas were not there and therefore no precedence to follow. Here was an opportunity to start from a clean slate. Come in Rahimtullah Towers as the trendsetter with its towering torso puncturing the skies, celebrated as a ‘modern’ development making the city proud.

Unlike the Sarit Centre though, Rahimtullah Towers did not want any relationship with the street and with anyone. Like the temples of the Maya, boastfully standing tall, surrounded by high walls, clad in dark rugged stones and small (and many) meandering steps to reach up to its entrance several meters above the natural ground, this giant forcefully stamped its presence for all to glorify. Perhaps, this ‘temple’ has been the one building that misdirected every other development in this new CBD or maybe perhaps, it could be our inner selfish nature that led us to put up ensuing developments in the area without having any regard to the street. And like blind followers, preceding architects were outwitting each other in the footsteps of this great giant.

Next to the Tower and almost simultaneously built, is the British High Commission. This time round, ‘security concerns’ created blank faces laden with security apparatus guarding it from unnecessary intruders. As if the stars had aligned for this area, the ‘temple’ and the ‘fortress’ were on their way to forge a direction for Upper Hill: that of lifeless towering structures. Lacking in vivacity, it is slowly turning into a graveyard puncture by the neatly ordered tombstones (read: buildings).

Can we therefore all learn from Westlands and improve on it further?

City vivacity is ultimately about people and how the buildings we put up encourage interaction as we walk alongside them. And like in Westlands, should we perhaps adopt the dukawalla principle as our urban strategy?

YASIR BREK He is the principal of Morphosis Architects based in Nairobi, Kenya.

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23

RESILIENCE

COUNTER-TERRORISM RESILIENCE IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT SIMON MWAI Resilience to man-made disasters has been described as the ability of individuals, communities, organizations and states to adapt to and recover from hazards, shocks or stresses without compromising long-term prospects for development. Within counter terrorism circles, its described as the ability to deter, delay, prevent or contain damage to property, minimize loss of lives and ensure continuity of normal operations of targeted assets.

In light of recent debates on counter terrorism in forums by architectural industry practitioners , it is my observation that the concept of resilience and its adoption in the security of the built environment is fairly new, at least to most architects in the Kenyan industry. However, this debate is now overdue. To paint the grim picture of the situation from the trends, only three major attacks occurred within a span of two decades between 1980 and 2002 i.e.. Norfolk Hotel attack in 1980, American embassy attack in 1998 and the Kikambala hotel bombing as well as the Arkia airlines missile attack in Mombasa, followed by a decade of tranquility. However, since 2012, the frequency has surged with attacks both major and minor occurring consecutively every year till date. The aftermath of these attacks has been devastating with casualties, property damaged, businesses closed, and an atmosphere of tension created countrywide.

The question therefore is not so much whether or not there is a probability of another terrorist attack occurring within our built environment, but whether or not architects and clients can afford not to be prepared. This question has been attempted by multi agencies directly or indirectly linked to security. These range from the Government via the military fighting the terrorists in Somalia and rescue operations in the event of an attack, to police in arrests and prosecution of the suspects, judiciary in adjudicating terrorism offenses, insurance companies in providing terrorism insurance covers, and private security companies in provision of consultancy, technology and manpower to provide physical security and surveillance.

However, the role of the architect seems to have taken a backdrop, despite its criticality as the first ‘security provider’.

It is only exercised by those directly linked to projects whose clients , e.g. The United Nations, demand the incorporation of counter-terrorism planning and design strategies and have a set code of design guidelines for their diplomacy facilities.

As designers, we can all relate to the abysmal security interventions engineered in the architecture of buildings especially in Nairobi to improve their resilience as more private security companies continue mushrooming and commercializing security. From buildings buttressed by jersey walls, palisade fences with metal spikes, barbed wire, and bars to ‘unarmed’ guards forming a phalanx at building accesses to screen users, the absence of architectural intervention is starkly felt. Ironically, most of those designed for security resilience by architects have ended up being massive, fortress-like buildings surrounded by high walls and/or fences, with forbidding entrance pavilions as seen in embassies and other diplomatic 24

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facilities built immediately after the 9/11 American twin towers bombing in 2001. These questions therefore crop up; are architects in Kenya informed sufficiently on the subject? Can architects deter, deny or delay a terrorist from achieving their goal of maximizing casualties, property damage and political disturbance and how?

These are questions that have guided and informed my ongoing B. Arch degree research thesis for the last six months.

Security design is a paradoxical issue. The designer needs to prevent intrusion by aggressive persons while ensuring ease of evacuation of building users is achieved. How do you balance security vis-a-vis openness?

The point at which security design comes in the design process determines the effectiveness and nature of resilience of the building. However before delving into the solutions , the conversation needs to start at understanding the terrorist, their goals and methodology or threat type they pose. The main terrorist threat within Kenya in the recent past has been the Alshabaab group from Somalia. Trends from the attacks carried out by the group depict a preference to armed assault of their targets using the long barrel riffle, and explosive attack through use of improvised explosive devises (IEDs) e.g.. the person borne IEDs (PBIEDs), Hand held IEDs, Vehicular borne IEDs (VBIEDs) Secondly, the designer should be aware of the built environment-terrorism and built environment-counter terrorism relationship. This information is available within the public domain and is clearly observable in the aftermath of successful attacks and the existing reactive measures taken up in a gray approach to improve security of buildings especially within Nairobi.

Thirdly , the architect needs to conduct a security risk assessment of the building, whether existing for retrofit or a new design proposal. This assessment facilitates manage ment and reduction of risk through understanding the risk anticipated, actual or perceived. The assessment can be broken down into three main stages: 1. Threat analysis 2. Consequence/ Impact (anticipated} analysis 3. Vulnerability analysis I must mention that determining the probability of a terrorist attack on a particular target is very difficult thus the threat analysis is based on the target attractiveness of the project/ building. To do this successfully, the architect looks at the building from a terrorist’s perspective. The assessment is a function of building characteristics e.g. , Number of occupants, occupancy use, target potential of the building (past or present credible threats), density of potential targets within the building’s context that could cause collateral damage on it, population within the building’s site, overall accessibility of the site and the symbolic significance of the building, e.g.. the parliament building.

To conduct the consequence/impact analysis, the architect takes the client’s perspective through consultation with the

RESILIENCE

The diagram above shows a summary of the risk assessment process that precedents decision-making with regard to mitigation options. Source: : FEMA BIPS 04 (FEMA, 2011

client to envision anticipated human and economic consequences in the event of a successful attack. The analysis is a function of the following building characteristics some of which are identical to those at the threat analysis: Number of occupants/ potential casualties, replacement value of the assets and building if attacked, building significance, Impact of physical loss, type of density withing the locality (urban/suburb/rural e.t.c) and the ease with which operations within the building can be replaced, returned to normalcy or relocated after an attack.

After this, the vulnerability of the building/design to the threat type identified is evaluated starting at the feasibility stage in case of a new design proposal during site selection, conceptualization and client brief consolidation, site planning level, architectural design, building enclosure design, structural design, materials failure, fire protection and security systems specifications. The architect is now able to understand the risk for which to design. This analysis focuses on aspects which an architect has total or partial control over. However, by now its clearly evident that the process involves consultation with other construction industry experts but introduces the need to engage security experts from the military, police, blast analysis experts and security firms. This is the proper time to consult them and not as an after-thought when the building is done.

It is after this in-depth analysis that the architect can comfortably and knowledgeably make decisions on the security strategies to achieve counter terrorism resilience within the project.

The strategies vary and can be grouped within the following stages of project design evolution; which the nature of this article does not allow to exhaust in detail: • Project feasibility stage during site selection, conceptualization, client brief consolidation.

• Site planning and design stage • Architectural design • Building enclosure design • Structural design • Functional and technological systems specifications • Fire safety design These strategies could be active or passive and thus have varying cost implications. Counter terrorism security design is not a one-size-fitsall kind of approach. The reality of the practice ultimately dictates the limitations and type of strategies adopted. Issues of anticipated threat, consequence or impact in the event of an attack, vulnerability of the project, site context, client budget and preference, and aesthetics may overrule the architect’s freedom to create an ideal situation and thus

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RESILIENCE influence the overall result. The challenge therefore lies in the architect’s ability to balance these variables to realize a resilient building.

These strategies are derived from generations of security design research and application.

This includes literature published by authorities in security design,the most recent being the writings of the likes of Jane Jacobs in her book, ‘ The Life and Death of American Cities,1961, Oscar Newman in his books ‘Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design ,1972 and Creating Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design, 1996. Governments in developed countries like the United States of America, United Kingdom and Canada have also made much progress in addressing counter terrorism since the 9/11 attack and have published manuals and handbooks with benchmarks on the subject in collaboration with the military, architects, planners and structural engineers. RIBA in the UK is at the forefront in championing integrated security design for counter terrorism among its architects via publications with guidelines on architectural interventions. Is Kenya on the same path?

Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design, 1996. Governments in developed countries like the United States of America, United Kingdom and Canada have also made much progress in addressing counter terrorism since the 9/11 attack and have published manuals and handbooks with benchmarks on the subject in collaboration with the military, architects, planners and structural engineers. RIBA in the UK is at the forefront in championing integrated security design for counter terrorism among its architects via publications with guidelines on architectural interventions. Is Kenya on the same path?

Terrorism has been described as a moving target, i.e. as we continue developing counter terrorism strategies, the terrorists are busy studying our efforts and evolving their tactics to hit their next target. Security resilience therefore, should be an ongoing conversation in order to keep the users of our buildings safe in non inhibitive environments.

Terrorism has been described as a moving target, i.e. as we continue developing counter terrorism strategies, the terrorists are busy studying our efforts and evolving their tactics to hit their next target. Security resilience therefore, should be an ongoing conversation in order to keep the users of our buildings safe in non inhibitive environments.

After this, the vulnerability of the building/design to the threat type identified is evaluated starting at the feasibility stage in case of a new design proposal during site selection, conceptualization and client brief consolidation, site planning level, architectural design, building enclosure design, structural design, materials failure, fire protection and security systems specifications. The architect is now able to understand the risk for which to design.

This analysis focuses on aspects which an architect has total or partial control over. However, by now its clearly evident that the process involves consultation with other construction industry experts but introduces the need to engage security experts from the military, police, blast analysis experts and security firms.

This is the proper time to consult them and not as an afterthought when the building is done.

It is after this in-depth analysis that the architect can comfortably and knowledgeably make decisions on the security strategies to achieve counter terrorism resilience within the project.

Counter terrorism security design is not a one-size-fits-all kind of approach. The reality of the practice ultimately dictates the limitations and type of strategies adopted. Issues of anticipated threat, consequence or impact in the event of an attack, vulnerability of the project, site context, client budget and preference, and aesthetics may overrule the architect’s freedom to create an ideal situation and thus influence the overall result.

The challenge therefore lies in the architect’s ability to balance these variables to realize a resilient building.

These strategies are derived from generations of security design research and application.

This includes literature published by authorities in security design,the most recent being the writings of the likes of Jane Jacobs in her book, ‘ The Life and Death of American Cities,1961, Oscar Newman in his books ‘Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design ,1972 and Creating

26

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SIMON MWAI Mwai Simon is a 6th year student of architecture at the University of Nairobi undertaking his research thesis on counter terrorism resilience in educational buildings: A Case of Institutions of Higher Education. He is also a visual artist.

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27

PICTORIAL

PANEL panelist session in a conference room, Leopard beach resort

From left to right, George Arrabu, Michael pearce (keynote speaker), Waweru Gathecha

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THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

PICTORIAL

CONVENTION MOMENTS

AAK President, Waweru Gathecha introducing panelists

Chief guest Prof. Jacob Kaimenyi going through the exhibitions

Gad Opiyo introducing Dr. Allan Birabi

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ARCHITECTS & PROJECT MANAGERS

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COMPANY PROFILE

SYCUM SOLUTIONS COMPANY LIMITED Who are you?

Sycum Solutions is a leading Architectural and Project Construction Management consultancy firm which provides a holistic, practical and creative approach to Architectural challenges and questions. Our services range from advisory and research, to design and production, construction management and post defects liability period support.

What are your thoughts on the emerging African construction industry?

African Architecture is faced with influence from multicultural exchange, global economic flow, environmental sustainability agenda and evolving technology. At Sycum, we embrace all these factors to enable us have a unique approach towards producing culturally robust, place sensitive and environmentally friendly designs. All this while managing the demands that arise from tighter budgets and ever increasing construction challenges.

The company is led by Directors Arch Sylvia M Kasanga, Arch Tony Kimanzi and Mr. David M. Simiyu who have a wealth of experience in the construction industry.

ARCHITECTS & PROJECT MANAGERS

•Established in 2004 •Based in Nairobi Kenya at Fortis Tower, 6th Floor South Wing, Woodvale Grove in Westlands.

•Email: info@sycumsolutions.net

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Interview with Director Arch Sylvia Kasanga Sycum Director Sylvia Kasanga is an Architect and an Arbitrator. She shares some insight and wisdom in her 14 years of architectural practise.

Which is your favourite project?

Each project is very unique with different challenges and experiences. It is difficult to say which is a favourite.

How do you foster good relationships in this industry?

Listening and delivery of expectation to clients, contractors and consulting team fosters good relationships in a project. Above all is conducting oneself with utmost integrity-something Sycum Solutions prides itself for.

What are some of the opportunities and challenges you see in the Kenyan/ global architectural profession for an emerging firm?

With influence from multicultural exchange, global economic flow, environmental sustainability agenda and evolving technology, the opportunities for an Architect are limitless.

From research methods, to construction systems and materials, design and technology, communication in the industry. There is so much. This is a topic on itself for discussion. There is no reason why architects should continue with conventional approach to the profession.

As I mentioned before Integrity is a huge challenge in this this country and is no stranger in the building industry. In addition, players in this industry are no longer upholding professional ethos as high as they should. Another major challenge is the lack of good artisans hence a high prevalence of poor workmanship in the built environment.

COMPANY PROFILE

Diani Eco-Hotel, Diani Kwale County.

What does your company hope to achieve in the next 10-30 years?

For us here at Sycum Solutions, Architecture, Building and Construction is our way of Life. In the next phase of our life, we want to give our clients very unique, practical solutions to their needs of a built space. We want to be known for our integrity, quality, researched application and leadership in these solutions.

What advice would you give to young architects starting out in the profession?

It’s very simple; nothing comes easy. It’s all hard work. There are no short cuts and if you do take them you end up ruining projects, relationships and your reputation.

Arch Sylvia M Kasanga - Director

Mr. David M. Simiyu

Architecture is known not to be an easy Profession/ business. Final question; is it worth it? If so why?

Yes it is absolutely worth it because after a while architecture becomes part of you. For me architecture is what I think about when I wake up and before I sleep and it is very fulfilling. I believe for those who have it in them it is a calling. If you get into it thinking it’s a money making venture you are already on the wrong track. Architecture is hard work and long hours but in the end it is absolutely worth it.

Arch Tony Kimanzi

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NEWS

WIRE LAUNCH Women in Real Estate in Kenya came together to officially launch their association, dubbed as the acronym WIRE. This was during an exclusive evening cocktail on the 18th of November at the Dusit D2 Hotel in Nairobi Kenya.

The venue was a spacious ballroom fitted with dimmed lights, lounge chairs, cocktail tables and over 100 guests to fill it. There’s always an air of elegance whenever women of such status meet.

The array of perfumes, evening dresses and lipstick colours indicated a great evening ahead right from 6pm when guests started arriving.

Ushers dressed in black welcomed guests with stickers with the harsh tag #IamWIREd. With a welcoming cocktail in hand, each guest took their place, networking with the other fellow women in the industry. The emcee, Nancy Wamaitha kicked off the launch with her finesse in public address, introducing each speaker, encouraging interaction and keeping it lively all through.

The first speaker, Mugure Njendu, one of the founder members of WIRE began a discussion on Why WIRE Works, including input from Charity Wanjiku of Strauss Energy Ltd and Nancy Mwaura from GROOTS Kenya. This was followed by an emphasis on Why WIRE deserves Kenya’s Support by Irungu 34

THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

Houghton, a civil society activist and director at Society for International Development, Kenya. Afterwards, the president of WIRE Kenya, Robyn Emerson explained Why WIRE Exists with such conviction that moved quite a number of guests to register as members that evening.

In between the speeches were slots of music, dance, biting and networking. The countdown to the actual launch took place at the end of the session, presided over by the vice-president of WIRE Kenya, Emma Miloyo alongside other founding members of WIRE. There were imaginary fireworks afterwards, a great cap to an evening with the Women in Real Estate, Kenya.

BRENDA NYAWARA is a 6th year student of architecture at the University of Nairobi. She is also the president of the Architecture Students Association, UoN and editor for Archute, an online architectural magazine. She loves to read, write, sew and practices a naturalist lifestyle.

FEATURE ARCH. NISHA SHAH-ALPHONSO

shanishaa@gmail.com

BACK TO THE FUTURE

A monolith of glimmering glass edifice tore its way out of the ground and punched out to the sky. Flashing camera lights punctuated the night, with the spectators’ oohs and aahs providing a perfect symphony to the ears of the design team. James was as pleased as a pie, his ruddy cheeks puffing out over his even puffier gut. Aye, his building was the most talked about in town, the latest coup in his magnificent architectural career, a gleaming skyscraper that had surpassed all others. He had the best evening of his life…

He was having the worst night of his life. James woke up to find a strange thin individual standing over him. “Whaaat…?” he asked blearily. The figure dressed in an old suit with a top hat rapped him on his knees with a knobbly walking stick saying, “Get up, you fool! Time is awasting!” And saying that, they both disappeared in a flash of green light.

They reappeared in an old run-down building, where even the lights had abandoned it.

The old man clicked his fingers, and James could suddenly see more clearly his grimy surroundings. His artistic nature recoiled at what met his sight. Swathes of dust covered the empty surroundings, with cobwebs clinging protectively to the ceilings. Clumps of dried out paint clung pitifully to the walls, and chipped floor tiles lay strewn about.

He sneezed loudly in the musty air, making something scurry in the corners. Rats, he thought with a shiver. From what he could see, they were in what had once been a grand atrium. A large staircase coiled upwards, and peering upwards in the distance he could make out a glass ceiling dome, now splotched with thick grime.

A dim suspicion unfurled at the back of his mind, which was confirmed when his companion turned towards him jeeringly, “How do you like your building now, eh? It’s been 40 years since you stood here toasting to it!”

“Who are you?” asked James, a cold lump settling in his stomach.

“I am the Ghost of Buildings Past,” announced the wizened old man, touching his fingers to his hat mockingly.

“What happened here?” James blinked in disbelief.

“It’s pretty simple. The oh-so fancy building that you had designed? Well, the airconditioning caused the electricity bills to rack up so high that it reached a point they couldn’t afford to pay them. With the heat build-up, tenants started moving out.”

James ran his hand around the edge of the dried-up Grecian fountain. Yellow moss peeled off the sides. Oh, how the water had sparked off in rainbow hues on the opening night.

A sharp noise split the air. It took a moment for James to realise that it was the Ghost laughing. “The building ran out of water. The borehole ran dry. Municipal water just wasn’t enough.”

James toe scuffed on the broken tiles. He frowned. He remembered hand-picking the imported gold and midnight black Italian marble in the shape of the corporate logo.

Now even through the thick layer of dust and stains, he could see that there were some grey and brown tiles thrown in.

“Some tiles broke, and they couldn’t find the exact match,” said the Ghost, noticing his gaze.

James jumped back when some granito tiles fell off the side wall with a huge thud, raising a cloud of dust and making him cough.

“What, is the whole building falling down?” scowled James.

“No, but close enough. The building has been scheduled for demolition tomorrow,” grinned the Ghost. “They tried re-using your building, but your spaces were so specifically designed, that they couldn’t fit in other functions. So? Pffft...the building must go!”

A movement on the street below caught James’ eye. “Hey, isn’t that the low cost building that was an eye sore? How come there are people there?”

“That cheap building? Turns out that the natural building materials used in making it keeps the environment thermally friendly.

And plenty of water due to that funky contraption on the roof which harvests water.”

Before James could comment, the Ghost slowly lifted his hand and snapped his fingers.

James woke up in his bed clutching his head and moaning Nooooooooo.

Much later, another word slowly formed in his consciousness: Resilience.

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STUDENT PROFILE

NYAKIONGORA GEOFFREY MOSOTI Year 5, Department of Architecture, UoN What interesting projects, previous or present, can you tell us about?

I have worked on a number of commercial projects during my internships, mostly Mixed Use Developments and office complexes, such as the Kenya National Assembly Headquarters in the Nairobi CBD, Azure Towers in Westlands, and Sycamore Heights. For my personal projects I have worked on a few residential and town houses in Kenya and Burundi, and one Mixed Use Development in Nairobi How is architecture school training?

It has been an incredibly challenging yet highly rewarding experience and just as in life, it has many ups and downs (mostly ups though).

I have found joy and fulfilment in postulating how humans interact and use spaces and how they behave in particular spaces.

I have also really come to appreciate the long hours that the course demands; it has taught me a lot about myself and others and how to manage time, and at the end of the day has made me not only a better designer but a better human being.

Sustainability: A dream?

I am glad it has become a pertinent issue in the industry as a whole and not just in the built sector as we are depleting our resources and environment faster than we are replenishing them. If we put aside manufacturing and processing industries, the construction industry is one of the main contributors to this depletion. Hopefully the government can create more legislative measures in the future.

What do you do outside of class?

Aside from Architecture, I am an investor in land and property, which is something I actively do with my friends. As for my hobbies, I enjoy reading literature, studying classic films and music and playing videogames ever so often Is architecture rewarding?

PROJECT 7 t is definitely worth it. The long arduous hours of engagement with

work and the high threshold of contact hours demands a lot of patience, commitment, hard work and proper time management.

These are all virtues that are required in life. So it has made me not only a better designer but a better person. I have also learnt a lot about myself and other people in life.

Where do you see yourself, academically, socially, and professionally in 5 years’ time?

By God’s grace I’ll be done with my post graduate studies so that I can focus on some of my businesses What is a resilience city?

I feel that a resilient city is one that is able to assess future changes in its environment and accommodate them as they come along while still providing a conducive environment for its users.

What do you think about resilience in architecture?

In my opinion, a resilient architecture student is one that is able to properly assess what is required and sets up a plan on how to achieve it; he would do everything in his power to ensure that he delivers the best possible work on time. I’ve learned that hard work, determination, proper time management, respect to others and punctuality are very important ingredients to a successful life in Architecture.

Residential Development Mambrui.

The East African Coast Region presents a challenge to mosy designers whenever called upon to design for its unique bio-climatic diversity. This is partly due to lack of understanding on how to design mature buildings as the Olgay brothers would say, to respond to the sociological, technological and environmental challenges in this region and thus most new deveopments end up with issues related to over-heating due to little priority being given to thermal control and provision of cooling. This design seeks to challenge the commonly taken path.

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THE FLY-IN-URINALS AT SCHIPHOL AIRPORT Source: (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121310977#)

BRUCE MUGOLA Every architect knows better to pay attention to details. It may range from the use of materials to what fixtures to use. This is becoming extremely evident with the everyday demands as new methodologies are being adapted. The level of material detail has never been of utmost emphasis as today.

‘A building is never finished; there is life that goes on beyond our work on it’ Alvaro Siza It is with this quote that I begin my tale of an encounter i experienced at a urinal in Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam.

My fellow colleague and I had just docked in at the airport to exchange flights en route to our study programme course in Sweden.

By architectural standards the airport stood out in comparison to the ones I had previously been in. After further enquiries at the desk concerning our connecting flight we realize we had some time to spare. Seeing to this, we spent most of our hours posing as customers in the (at least from the perspective of our pockets) very expensive duty free shops. But what captured my attention was far much unrelated to this. It was a black housefly. A black house fly, at the bottom of the urinal.

I almost always walk mindlessly into urinals (just like most men I suppose) and relieve myself without paying any attention as a stare blankly at the wall. Except his time. Something was different.

Something at the bottom of the urinal. It was a fly at the bottom of the pee-spot. It looked like a easy target so I aimed at it with precision.

Afterwards I realized it was an image of black house fly etched on the urinal. I thought to myself what a funny sight! I left the urinal with much curiosity. Little did I know I just participated in a very brilliant piece of design experiment.

The fly-in-urinal is an intentional design done by a team of architects and psychologists. The whole point of the design is that men usually do not pay much attention to where they aim in urinals. This creates a bit of a mess. But if they see a target, their attention and accuracy is enhanced. The fly-in-urinals trials have found to reduce spillage by 80%!

Proper architects realize that although they cannot build the perfect building, they can make some design choices that will have beneficial effects. This boils down to the level of details.

BRUCE MUGOLA A landscape architect who writes anaytical and innovative pieces on African architectural context and blogs as archlandblog.wordpress.com

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MEMBERSHIP

LIST OF INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING MEMBER NO.

NAMES

FELLOWS

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

2372

BISHER F.A.

848

KANYUE P.E.

1043

MARUTI E.K.

1856

BOWMAN T.S.

1183

KANYANGWESO J.O

2423

MATHENGE J.W

1445

NGUMMO R.M.K.

750

BUSOLO W.S.W.

1341

KARAGO J

2116

MATIVO J.K

1518

MEHTA H.S.

2406

CHANDABHAI A.T.I.

2647

KARAMA Y.B

2599

MATOLE D.K.

804

CAVANAGH J.A.

1464

CHANGILWA S.A.

944

KARANJA W.M.

954

MATASYO J.

889

GITOHO J.N

2415

CHARFARE A.A.

2891

KARANJA D.K

1139

MATHAROO S.S.

363

KAPILA S.

1996

CHEBII K.

2338

KARIITHI J.K

548

MBINDA J.J.M

1563

KARURI L.G.

2719

CHIIRA M.J.M.

1821

KARIUKI D.M.

1882

MBICHA S.

839

KEBATHI S.

54

CHUDHA J.S.

2807

KARIUKI S.M.

2660

MBITI I.M

595

KIMATHI J.

1811

DECHE A.

3676

KARIUKI W.

2982

MBOGO S.M

950

KUNGU P.

1386

DESAI S.A.

2737

KARUGA V.

891

MBUGUA N.

1014

MAGUTU G.J. (PROF)

1177

EBRAHIM Y.H.

1376

KARUGO P.M.

2581

MBURATHI K.

1759

MULYUNGI G.M.

3629

EBOYI J.I.

2468

KASANGA S.M

1217

MBURU G.I.

1040

MUNGAI F.G.

1472

ESHANI M.

1873

KASSIM M.O.

1192

MBURU J.M.

1758

MUNYANYA M.K.

879

FARRANT G.

1557

KATUA C.M.

2438

MECCA J.P

5

MUTISO D.M.

1189

FERNANDES S. (MRS)

1311

KHAN A.L.

941

MEHTA H.

729

NJENDU K.J.G.

3287

FRANCIS P.K

701

KHANDWALLA A.A.

1230

M'GITHAE B.N.

741

NDONG J.E.O.

2429

GACHANJA J.K.

2321

KIAI S.K.

2645

MCHARO L.B

1322

NGUNJIRI P.G. (PROF)

3382

GACHANJA P.K.

2615

KIBOWEN K.C

2528

MICHIRE D.M.

640

MUTISO R.G.M. (DR)

2386

GATAI H.M.

2318

KIEMA M.M.

3289

MILGO N.C

1515

SIKA P.O.

2084

GATHECHA W.

2819

KIBE G.M

2010

MILIKAU E.S

636

SIMU A.C.M.

3060

GATHECHA N.N

1186

KIBUE S.N. (MS)

2512

MILOYO E.K

288

WAWERU J.G.

1925

GATHAGA P.W.

1176

KIBWAGE J.

2097

WAITITU L.M

824

GITHUNGURI G.N.

1269

GATIMU D.N.

2595

KIGADA E.E.

960

MISIANI C.A.O

699

HIRANI R.M.

1312

GICHOHI J.N.

2587

KIGAI E.K.

2994

MISEDA E.E

443

KITOLOLO A.S.

2515

GICHUGU E.G.

1326

KIGONDU S.

1388

MONG'ARE S.G

113

MANGAT H.S.

1559

GICHUHI F.M.

3138

KILONZI A.K

2517

MUCHOGU J.W

2601

ODINGA R.A

2380

GICHUHI S.M.

888

KIMANI J.W.

1809

MONARI A.O.

22

PATEL I.B.

1795

GICHURI O.W.M

1938

KIMEU M.

2156

MOTANYA D.O.

1069

KIBINDA P.M.

2681

GIKERA I.M

2467

KINGOO C.W

542

MRUTTU I.R.

311

NJAU G.J.

457

GITAU G.G.M

2535

KINUTHIA S.N.

2738

MRUTTU .O.S

422

WANG'ONDU M.H.C.

2536

GITAU H.N.

2736

KINYUA E.G

1668

MUANGE V.N.

278

OHAS J.M

1207

GITHAIGA A.G.

1995

KINYUA S.M

2416

MUCHERU S.K

740

ALUVAALA A.I.

2548

GITHATU F.G.

1614

KIPKETER J

1765

MUGO E.D.G

418

GICHUIRI O.M.

2344

GITHENDU J.G.

1629

KIPSANG' TITUS

635

MUHWEZI J.K.

1090

KIMORO D.N.

2917

GOKO G.M

1939

KIRATHE E.M.

3282

MUIRURI I.N

575

LITIKU F.M.

2305

GONO E.J.O.

2975

KITHISYA D.K

2665

MUKABWA E.M

489

MARJAN A.S.

2182

GREMLEY A.J.

2308

KITHAKA J.M.

2134

MUKEKU.J

382

MATHU K.

1465

GRONLKKE T.

749

KITHAKYE D.I.

2077

MULI P

577

NJUGUNA D.M.

2155

GUCHU J.K.

1519

KUNDU P.W.

1798

MUMO M.

488

MBAYA J.S.

748

HAMEED SALMANN M.M

529

LALL C.J.S.

3430

MUNALA G.K (DR.)

578

MURAGE S.K.

1762

HAMZALI T.

2445

LATI FELIX

3097

MUNDIA T.G

3336

HOFF J.H

1167

LEE-SMITH D. (MS)

1562

MUNGAI C.M.

1690

ABONYO DOROTHY

1746

IKINU O.W.

948

LIKU E.K.

2593

MUNGAU K.J.S.A.

1505

ABUNGE O.O

2778

IMRAN S.W

1560

LORD M.A.

3270

MUNYOKI J.M

1931

ACHARYA T.S.

2820

ISMAIL ABDI

702

LUKWAGO J.M.

1362

MURAYA K.P.

1701

ADEDE G.O.

2409

JASPAL SINGH

1733

LUTTA J.C.

2843

MURIITHI J.M

2533

ADAMJEE M.F.

777

JOHNSON S.H.

2669

MABONGA W.D

3439

MUSYIMI M.M

2530

ADEGA B.O.

3122

JUMA J.

1669

MACHARIA J.N

931

MUSYOKI N.

2851

AGUTU M.I.A

1221

KABIRU M.N.

2333

MACHARIA W.M

2421

MUSUVA M.W.

2381

AGWARO K.O.

3433

KABIRU M.K

1012

MACKENZIE N.P.

2501

MUTAI E.K.

1830

AIZPUN F.

2749

KABUTU J.W

3213

MAKAGUTU N.O

2306

MUTAKAA J.

1279

AKATSA A.

959

KAFUNA J.K

2174

MAINA D.

1743

MUTHUSI P.M.

847

ANDREWS T.J.

2078

KAGIRI G.K.

1401

MAINA J

2106

MUTISO E.K.

320

ANGORE P.D

2080

MAGAMBO J.K.

878

MAINA K.

1703

MUTUA J.A.

2520

ANJARWALLA S.

1634

KAHURA C.M.

1695

MAINGI P.M.

3398

MUTUA U.M

919

DR. ANYAMBA T.J.C

1065

KAISI K.

1141

DR. MAKACHIA P.A.

2102

MUTUKU M.

475

ARCHER J.H.

3296

KALYA W.C

826

MAMDANI M.A.

1745

MUTUKU J.N.

2013

ASIENGA E.

1923

KAMARU E.K.

2015

MANDUKU D.

1628

MWACHARO M.S.

1790

ATKINS W.G.

2157

KAMAU F.G.

1920

MANKU G.S.

892

MWALUKWARE W.M

1753

BAMRAH.K.

3188

KAMAU T

2508

MANJI A.A

2337

MWANGI B.G.

500

BEGLIN D.W.

2750

KAMWERU G.K

2727

MARIERA F.M.

1927

MWANGI G.W

670

BHULLER M.S.

3301

KAMAU K.M

1847

MARSHALL J

2591

MWANGI E.I.W.

MEMBERS

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MEMBERSHIP MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

2123

MWANGI S.G.

3671

OMBISA J.B

2301

WAWERU R.K. (MISS)

1071

MPUNGU P.J

1265

MWANGI S.W.

2597

OMENYA A.O.(DR)

2824

WETUNGU C.M

3265

MALECHE D.S

2779

MWANGI M.K

1524

OMORO A.B.O.

563

WILL P.A.

3609

MASIBILI F.N

3210

MWANGI M.N

2781

ONDIEKI C.O

1078

WOODS S.R

2903

MUHANDI G.M

442

MWATHI J.M.

2863

ONYANGO D.A

1390

JETHWA J

2717

MEDIRATTA KAVIT

2806

MWATU O.K.

2114

ONYANGO D.P.O

3679

AJEGA S.K

3415

MUDOME T.V

1788

MWAURA A.M.

2751

OPIYO G.O

2107

AMBROSE S.K

3226

MATHU J.M

2411

MWAURA N.K.

1815

OPON P.N.

2900

ARAKA S.K

2845

MATHU W.

913

MWENDWA M.I.

3315

OSIDIANA D.N.

3224

ASEMBO K.A

3440

MIINGI G.M

1926

MWEU J.M.

2437

OTIENO E.K.

2747

BHOYYO B.M

3670

BOB NJOROGE MUHIA

1922

MWITI G.

1890

OUNDO S.W.

3820

BHOYYO P.K

2514

MULANG'A M.M.

2320

NAMULANDA D.M.

1986

OWENDE M.O.

3819

CANONIZADO G.A

3326

MULANGO S.S

648

NANDHRA H.S

2780

OUYA D.O

2649

CAROLEI M.

1937

MUNENE G.M.

2507

NAICCA C.M.

2319

OYUGI A.O.

2549

CHELIMO T.K.

3307

MUNENE L.M

2583

NDANU R.M.M.

2463

PATEL K.M

3821

CHEMEI M.

2773

MUNGA M.G

2376

NDAMBUKI D.M

1280

MUKESH P.

3624

DEOGUN I.S.

3180

MUNYAO V.M

2099

NDETA B.S.

758

PATEL R.P

3369

VAN DER EERDEN J.F.M.

3776

MURAGURI T.M

3102

NDEGE L.K

657

PATEL V.K.L.

3732

ESMAIL F.I

3139

MUSANGI H.W

2686

NDICHU N.S

1734

RAI J.N.

2893

ETAMUKU K.O

3268

MUSYOKA P.M

2827

NDOLI J.O.

2146

RAI J.N.

3727

FRENDIN M.E.

3853

MUTIGA A.M

1851

NDUNGU C.N.

2329

RAJNOVIC P

2846

GACHUHI E.K

3462

MUTINDA P.W

1209

NDUNGU D.K.

3747

RAFROUF A.A

3312

GATHECERE D.M

2901

MWANGI C.M.

2998

NDUNG'U K.K

1813

REHAL S.S.

1706

GICHUKI D.K.

3838

MWANGI S.N

3108

NGATIA E.M

1313

RUKWARO W.R. (PROF)

3680

GITHAIGA D.M

3335

MWENJE B.N

2503

NGUMUTA M.N.

3228

SAMOKA K.O

3365

GITHINJI F.N

2666

NAMBATI I.K

3127

NGUTI W.W

2654

SANCHEZ U.

2373

GOME S.O.

2511

NDEGE G.A.

1404

NGUNJIRI F.K.

242

SARDELLI G.A.

3343

HUSSEIN A

3399

NDUNGU G.W

1275

NIXON R.A.

2083

SARDELLI M.E.

2579

EBRAHIMJEE M.Y.

2822

NDUNGU K.M

2153

NJENDU G.M.

429

SARDUL S.

3303

JACKSON M.M

2855

NDUNG'U J.W

2534

NJENGA D.K.

1041

SARNA Y

3850

JUMAAN S.S

3166

NDUNG'U J.B.K

1884

NJENGA E.W

746

SHAH S.Z.

2393

KAGIINA J.K

3835

NG'ANG'A P.M

2502

NJERU P.M.

952

SHIHEMBETSA L.U.

2657

KAGIRI P.K

3786

NG'ENO F.C

2811

NJERU J.M.

2876

SIKHILA H.W

3201

KAGO J.M

3822

NGUGI K.M

2181

NJUGUNA A.M

2715

SINGH MAYANK

3445

KAIRU J.N

3371

NGWAI F.M.

1038

NJUGUNA F.K

1861

SINHA A.

3250

KAMUNYU

2589

NJOROGE S.M.

2454

NJUGUNA B.M

1564

SITUMA D.W.

3165

KIMANI G.N

3685

NJOROGE J.K

1435

NJUE M.G.

1030

SOIN R.K. (MRS)

3422

KAMAU G.K

3621

NJAGI J.M.

885

NJURU M.

3530

SSEMWOGERERE K.

3533

KANTARIA R.

3121

NJUGUNA W.

1631

NUNGARI F.N.

2164

SUERO I.M.

3135

KIAMBA L.N

3836

NYAKOIRO C.M

2312

NYAGAH A.G

1383

TARMOHAMED N.E

1817

KIARAHO D.N.

2774

NYACHWA W.N

2546

NYAGA D.K.

997

THARA M.N.

3696

KIBOR E.J

3663

OBWAR E.O

2342

NYAMATO S.O.

975

THATTHI P.S.

3066

KIPYAB C.J.M

3448

OLUGA P.S

732

NYANJA G.B.

3315

TIMITIM B.R

2125

KILILO T.L

3684

PANESAR G.S

1343

NYARIKI W.M.

834

MUCHIRI D.T

3824

KILUNGYA T.N

2782

OMEDO R.G

3444

NYOLE F.C

808

THOMAS P.D.

3748

KIMANI M.G

2861

ONWONG'A T.O

2451

NYONGESA A.W

2307

TOROITICH C.K.

3630

KIMANZI J.

2682

OPIATA C.O

933

NZIOKA S.N.

3851

TURYAHABWE R

3833

KIMUYU A.N

3692

OPWONDI P.M

1850

OBANYI D

912

VAGADIA G.M.

3476

KIOKO S.M

3839

OTIENDE J.M

2748

OBALA P.O

275

VAULKHARD T.G.

3510

KING'E V.N

3261

OYUGI C.O

1689

OBIRI J.W.

1653

VIRDEE A.S.

3266

KITHEKA J.K

3834

PATEL G.G

1228

OCHIENG C.C.

2137

WACHIRA P.N.

3832

KOILEGE L.K

3823

PONDA S.M

1218

OCHIENG R.O.

1328

WACHIRA S.K. MAJOR

3162

KOINANGE K.

2430

SALIM F.A.

2173

OCHIENG V.M.

806

WAGAIYU E.K.

3100

KOTENG P.O

1389

SEHMI K.S.

1200

OCHONG' D.O.W.

712

WAHEED A.

3446

KUBAI M.M

3098

SEHMI J.S

2823

ODINYO A.E

3283

WAHOME C.N

3669

KURIA D.E.K

2663

SHAH N.P

1760

OGAI I.L.O.

2537

WAIHINYA C.N.

1913

KURIAH P.J.

2865

THETHY J.S

3110

OGONJE A.O

683

WALIA T.S.

3818

KWON H.C

1749

THIMANGU A.

1810

OGUNDE O.O.

2405

WAMBUA J.M.

2158

KYALLO A.M

1227

THUO K.

2446

ONGUTO O.O.

2897

WAMBUA P.K

2786

KYALO S.M

3225

TIROP A.K

2379

OHAWA E.K

1096

WAMBUGU F.W.

3153

LATESTE M.O.W

3140

TOO K.K

1950

OINO E.J

893

WAMBUGU M.M.

3787

LATABO F

2122

VIRDEE S.

2518

OJWANG' P.O.

1118

WAMWANGI J.M

3681

LIMO S.K

3251

WACKER R.

3831

OKANGA C.O

832

WANYONYI J.S.

3401

LUVAI W.M

3837

WAKHUNGU J

1846

OKELLO J.F

2995

WARFA A.R

3689

MAGHANGA C.M

3286

WALIJEE W.S

1406

OKOTH T.O.

1029

WASIKE P.S.

3318

MAVIA E.K

1970

WARIITHI P.M.

1885

OLAWO G

2154

WASILWA P.O

3491

MENZA A.K

3693

WARUHIU N.K

40

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MEMBERSHIP MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

2435

WEKESA D.S.

1539

KANGARA D.K.

1532

ODONGO V.B.O.

2041

MWAURA P.M.

3149

WERE E.O

2948

KANYI P.K

676

ODUNDO W.A.

1735

MWANZIA A.M.

3749

WEYN V.A.L

789

KARIGUH R.M

3173

OGUTU B.W

2065

NDEGWA E.N.

3672

AWITI C.O

1396

KIMANI F.N.(Ms)

668

OGODA J.A.M.

2254

NDUNGU K.K.

2311

BOLO D.O.

2331

KIMANI R.K

2051

OKAKA J.O.

3518

NDUNG'U G.N

3729

GITOGO D.W.

738

KINYANJUI W.

854

OKEROSI J.O.

569

NGARI J.J.

3788

JOEL K.S

1100

KITHINJI N.B.

684

OKETCH T.O.

3429

NGIGI S.W (Mrs)

3253

KABETHI J.N

1902

KIRUI D.K.

604

OLUOCH J.M.O.

2630

NTABO J.M

2309

KINYANJUI MUNGAI

1206

KISIA P.S

1725

OMUFIRA A.N. (MS)

1131

NTHIGA N.M.

3750

MISAO C.O

2704

KOBIA M.M

2707

OMONYO L.O

1947

NYABUTI J.A.

2740

MUNYORI S.N

771

KOIGI G.K.

485

OORO M.A.

3219

NYAMWENO I.M

3751

MWASI S.N

1655

KUNG'U J.N.

2444

OTIENO O.S.

2219

NYIKA D.

3214

NJOROGE A.M

1497

KUSIENYA C.M

550

OTUKE J.O.

2171

OMONDI F.O.

2729

OGUTU C.Y.N.

426

LEVITAN A.

1641

RUKWARO S.M.

2229

OMOLLO W.O.

3372

OMUNJALU S.O.

859

MANDHRY A.A.

628

SANYA A.

3238

OMOTI K.M

2340

RACHUONYO V.O

791

MANGURU F.K.

1865

SAVALA D.M.

2450

ONYANGO M.O

3854

SAID F.S

1872

MANYUIRA T.G.

1755

SIKUKU C.W

2886

PATEL M.

3417

TONUI W,C

408

MARI C.P.

1671

TOROITICH B.K.

2625

PAUL J.M

3005

ADOTE J.A

1874

MASESE G.M.

3734

WAFUBWA M.W

2248

RITA J.N

1770

ATER M.O.

726

MASU S.M.

708

WAITE S.G.K.

2280

WANJIRU N.W

2228

BARASA I.B.

1245

MATHENGE J.M.

781

WANDA A.G.

3239

ARWA G.A

2166

DEYA E.O

770

MAUNGU N.

1494

WOSE L

2351

LIYAI A.C

1767

GATUNDU J.W.

1699

MBAYA F.R.N.

48

DABASIA D.D.

2685

MIHESO H.M

2184

KAMAU J.N.

835

MBINGA G.S.M.

2016

HALAI D.P.

3780

MUCHIRI C.N

2814

KIBUCHI D.L.

1525

MBUGUA L.G.

449

HARUNANI M.A.

2617

MUKETHA S.M.

2343

MABIA G.K.

1419

MIRITI P.K.

1786

HERD S.N.C.

3564

MURIGI G.N

2392

MBURU G.K.

2643

MOHAMUD M.A

3503

KIMEMIA S.M

3425

MWANGI E.M

2129

MUCHEMI S.N.

1164

MOMANYI I.J.O

3231

KOIGI S.N.K

3406

NABWILE M.M

2813

MUCHUNU A.M.

677

MUAMBI H.K.

2422

MANGWA D.

2255

NJUGUNA B.M

3363

MURIANTHI N.N

3198

MUCHEMI W.

1462

MATHARU N.S.

2281

OCHIENG B.O

2652

MWENJE M.A

1551

MUCHINA J.N.

1533

MUSUYA J.S.

3628

OKOTH C.A.A.

2688

KUOGOH G.N

1656

MUCHUNGU P

3117

ODUOL A.O

3613

OTIENO W.J.O.

3817

OGOLA S.V.L

1732

MUCHUNGU A.

1799

ARIWI D.J.O.

2835

SAKWA W.

2110

OKEYO J.P.

768

MUGAKI P.N.

2706

KIOK T.M

3352

SIMIYU J.R

2637

OKICH P.O

3350

MULONDO R.P

2121

LAGAT S.K.

564

BHUNDIA B.B.

3852

OMOM T.O

2330

KASILI L.M.

2725

MASSAM B.

361

BOGA R.K.

3095

OTIENO P.G.J

1301

MUNALA B.

1052

AKATCH S.O.

1274

GORO E.C.

2187

SIAMA P.V.

1102

MUNENE P.M.

3857

BUDZUMA A.A

2047

GUMBE L.

2375

SHISIA W.Y.A.

3142

MUNYAKHO G.O

2063

CHERUIYOT W.K.

2602

GUMBO N.

2322

TSENGA D.S.S.M

3062

MURAGE M

3719

EWOI M.E

2055

HIRANI N.R

745

VIRDEE G.S.

866

MUSYIMI J.M.

2622

GICHUKI D.K

2731

KAGONDU G.M.

709

ADAM A.M.

2050

MUTAI A.K.

3407

GITHINJI E.M

2205

KHABURE O.C.W.

3784

AKOKO D.O.C

1834

MUTAI N. (MS)

3428

KAMAU C.N

2313

KHAN M.A.

2026

AMBATSA J.P.

836

MUTISYA P.T.

1153

KAMENYI A

1726

KHAN A.K.M

698

ASSAVA A.M.

1250

MUTUNG'A K

2209

KAROKI E.

2732

KIMANI F.M

2230

ASURA E.

1125

MWANGI C.M.

993

KEBATHI S.

2150

LOVEDAY J.I.W.

876

BACHIA F.K.

2573

MWANGI J.

1602

KEINO I.C

2151

MACO'DAWA G.O.

802

BUNEI R.K.C.

721

MWAURA C.J.

2830

KEMONI J.O

3101

MAINA E.M

3278

CHEK DENIS

687

NAYAR K.

2207

KIMANI M.W.

2053

MBUI J.M.

20

FENWICK H.R.

1017

NDERITU C.K.

1354

MAIRURA E.O.

2100

MSAFIRI A.S.

619

GACHAGUA F.A.

2888

NDULI M.N

513

MANASSEH J.M. (MRS)

2890

MUMENYA S.W

490

GAKUYA H.N.

1099

NDUNGU P.M.

2944

MANG'IRA P.C.K. (MRS)

2162

MUTEA E.K.

1741

GICHUIRI J.W.

1479

NGARUIYA W..G

2623

MARANGA H.N

2733

MWANIKI A.W

572

GITHUO G.N.

2889

NGAYWA B.L

2712

MASAKI S.T

3237

NDERITU M.N

2195

GITONGA A.M.

3843

NGORU E.M

2043

MASINDE A.

2227

NJENGA G.N.

734

GRANTHAM D.J.

481

NGUGI B.N.

2487

MUCHERU N.N

2054

NJOROGE G.M.

626

HAJEE B.H.

2170

NGUGI G.K.

3861

MUYEYIA S.O

2859

NYAWADE B.O

1891

HIRANI N.H.

763

NGUGI P.K.

2239

OGUTU C.M

731

ODONGO M.W.O.

766

HONGO J.V.

1024

NGUYO D.M.

1988

MBUI P.M.

3562

OJENDO D.

1367

HUSSEIN W.H.

2425

NJUGUNA A.N.

2035

MICHOMA J.G.M.

3612

OTWANI J.A.

730

JABBAL S.S.

1437

NJUGUNA P.K

3103

MUGENDI G.M

2023

MATALANGA N.W. O

2147

KIBUNJA H.M.

869

NYAKIONGORA M.A.

1983

MULONGO L.S.

1305

SHANKLA A.

2724

KAHURIA T.K.

1249

NYAKUNDI H..G

1957

MUSYOKA R.M. (MRS)

1455

VARSANI R.M.

772

KAHORO D.K.

1672

NYAMAI R.K.

423

MUTISO DAVID M

2815

WAIRAGU J.M.

700

KAMAU M.D.

782

OBAE S.G.

1628

MWACHARO M.S.

2734

WANDAY P.O

1203

KAMICHA A.K.

1157

ODHIAMBO E.O.

2165

MWAURA A.M.,

3427

MWANGI F.K

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NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

MEMBER NO.

NAMES

2383

NJIRAINI M.M.

3112

SEBORU M.A

2805

KIMEU M.

3842

KAMWERU G.N

2937

ABUNGE O.O

3615

SIBOE I.

2800

MATOLE D.K.

3856

KIMANI S.N

2925

AGWARO K.O

3179

KOIGI G.K

2799

MWEU J. M.

2898

KORIR P.M

2922

AKATCH S.O

3193

MUTAKAA J.

3111

OLAWO G.G

3785

MARIECH M.A

3813

GITURA C.

3241

AKATSA ANZAYA

2796

SAIVA D.M

2498

M'IKIUGU M.M.

2928

EBOLE A.

3242

OSIDIANA D.N

2793

MWANGI W.N

2772

OCHANDO S.O

2921

HONGO J.V

3616

WAIHARO M.K.

2792

NYIKA DAVID

2770

ODHIAMBO L.P

3240

KIBOWEN K.C.

3515

MACHARIA J.M

2791

PROF. AKATCH S.O

2756

OFAFA A.O

2940

KINYUA E.G

3636

WEKESA M.S.

2790

NJUE P.N

3205

OWUOR M.O

3394

M'ITHAI C.K

3611

KANALO J.A.

2789

EBRAHIM Y.H

2294

MARWA S.M

3862

MAYAVI P.M

3424

AYUYA A.A

3208

NZIOKI N.M

3191

MOCHAMA E.M

2926

MBINDA J.J.M

3566

BIWOTT J.K

3356

MAINA S.K

2745

NAMUSONGE M.M

3757

MBUGUA L.M

3783

KAIRU P.K

3178

KIAMBA L.N

2757

WANZA N.C

2930

MOHAMMED K.M

3758

KAMOTHO J.M

2839

ABUJE J.S

2927

MUMO MUSEMBI

3828

KARICHU J.Z.M

3174

AHURA B.O

3355

MWAURA A.N

3560

KENYATTA M.O

1449

AKATCH S.O. (DR)

2941

NDETA B.S

3501

KIMANI J.N

2120

ARCHER A.S.

3389

NDULI M.K.

3815

MASUDI W.M

1448

GITOHO J.N.

3390

NGAYWA B.L.

3816

MUIGAI J.M

1447

MUTISO R.G.M.

3245

NYAIGOTI M.O.

3637

NGIGI P.N.

2817

MURAGE D.G.

3814

NZIOKI D.K

3722

NJOKA B.K

2816

NJIRAINI R.M.

2938

OCHONG' D.O

3773

NYAIRO J.M

1454

NGUNJIRI P.G.

2939

OGAI I.L.O

3760

OGADA A.O

2690

OBATSA P.A

3058

OGUNDE O.O

3638

ONGUNDO D.I.O.

2689

OMOLE H.

2924

OHAWA E.K

3500

OIRIGA D.M.A

3826

BAARIU P.K

2923

ORIKO D.O

3565

OMONDI G.O

2916

CHONGA O.C

2919

OUNDO S.W

3759

OSORO D.O

3740

GITAU D.K

2942

WAITITU L.M

3177

DAVID E.L

3762

GITHINJI B.W

LIST OF FIRM MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING Tectonics International Liberty Plaza 4Th Fl. P. O. Box 38552-00623 Nairobi Tel: 825133 825134 info@tectonics.co.ke Oje Associates Office Park P. O. Box 74060-00200 Nairobi Tel: 4454384 ejumaoino@hotmail.com DMJ Architects East Church Road Off Rhapta Road Westlands P. O. Box 42878-00100 Nairobi Tel. No. 254 20 4454396/7 Telkom Wireless 254 20 3599980/81 Fax No. 254 20 4454398 dmj@daginternational.com Symbion Kenya Limited P. O. Box 24002-00502 Nairobi Tel: 8833412/3/5 symbionkenya@symbion.int.com Kenmt Bill Engineers & Planners Whitecourt Block No.S Kilimani P. O. Box 15692-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2717533/3873366 mairurao@yahoo.com Armstrong & Duncan Adak House, Milimani Rd P. O. Box 40426-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2717497/2722766 info@adak.co.ke Mathu & Gichuiri Associates Ltd Mga House P. O. Box 14372-00800 Nairobi Tel: 3748934/6/8/ info@mathuandgichuiri.com Harold R. Fenwick & Associates Sri Sathya Sai Centre Waiyaki Way P. O. Box 14994-00800 Nairobi Tel: 4443131/2 fenwick@fenwick.co.ke Ooro & Sanya Associates Ltd. Marcus Garvey Rd. P. O. Box 55123 – 00200 Nairobi Tel: 0710207064/0736900420 Batiment Group Limited Visions Plaza, 4Th Floor 3A P. O. Box 23717 -00100 Nairobi Tel: 828303/828304 info@batiment.co.ke.

42

Africost Kenya Consulting Quantity Surveyors Utumishi Co-Op House 4Th Fl. P.o. Box 2132-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2730882 info@africostkenya.co.ke

Arprim Consultants Karen Professional Centre 2Nd Floor, F10 Karen, Karen Road P. O. Box 12969-00400 Nairobi Tel: 884312/8 info@arprimconsultants.com

Triad Architects (017) Triad House, 83 Muthaiga Rd. P. O. Box 30725-00100 Nairobi Tel: +254 (020) 4049651/4 +254 (020) 4049644 Wireless: +254 (020)2320146 +254 (020)8091114/5 Mob: +254 (0)722 708632 +254 (0)733 220539 Fax: +254 (0)20 2603699 +254 (0) 4040721 E-Mail: info@triad.co.ke Website: www.triad.co.ke

Tectura International Ltd. Tectura Studio 2727 The Cresent P.o. Box 54634-00200 Nairobi Tel; 3751680/3751443 info@tetura-Int.co.ke

Getso Consultants Ltd. Mucai Drive Off Mucai Road P. O. Box 52979-00200 Nairobi 2711400/2710823 info@getso.co.ke SK Archplans Menelik Lane Off Ngong Rd P.o. Box 50725-00200 Nairobi Tel: 3874171 sk@skarchplans.co.ke APT Design Solutions Visions Plaza.ground Floor.suite G3.

P.o. Box 32190-00600 Nairobi Tel: 828246 info@aptdesignsolutions.com Morphosis Limited Katani Road, Syokimau P. O. Box 2682-00202 Nairobi.

0707-675661 / 020- 2023511 info@morphosis.co.ke

Synthesis Limited Karen Hardy, Off Ushirika Rd P. O. Box 15266-00509 Nairobi Tel: 890031/3 info@synthesis.co.ke Abbey Architects (K) Ltd Kaunda Street Town House P. O. Box 20917-00100 Nairobi Tel: 310853 abbeyarch_inc@yahoo.com

Laurez & Associates Venice Court – Kilimani Along Menelik Road, P. O. Box 2439-00200 Nairobi Tel: 0735-675374/0713-896280 Muambi Associates Yaya Centre 3Rd Centre P. O. Box 44142-00100 Nairobi Tel: 3869638 muambi@swiftkenya.com North Wind Consulting Ltd. 03 Mogotio Road, Off Parklands Road P. O. Box 13050-00200 Nairobi Tel: 020 251 8312, 0729 407 094 info@northwindkenya.com

Adventis Inhouse Africa Ltd. Kaputei Gardens Off Othaya Rd P. O. Box 13310-00100 Nairobi Tel: 3870953 info@adventis-africa.com

Otto Mruttu & Partners No. 7 On 2Nd Floor, Kedong House Corner Of Lenana & Ralph Bunche Roads P. O.box 76382-00508 Nairobi Tel: 020 2722410 / 020 2134392 info@ottomruttu.com otto.mruttu@Ottomruttu.com

Align Architects Woodley Annex No. 12 P. O. Box 64348-00620 Nairobi Tel: 2113626 kigondus@ymail.com

Scope Design Systems Hurlingham Plaza P. O. Box 10591-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2612299 info@scope-designs.com

Architronic Palli House Nyerere Avenue P. O. Box 99350-80107 Mombasa Tel: 041 2315036 mail@architronic-ke.com

Skair Associates Ltd, Matumbato Road, House No. 32, Upperhill Nairobi Tel: 2738106, 0721241331 info@skairassociates.com

TEJ Architects P.C.E.A Jitegemea Flats F1 P.o. Box 27644-00506 Nairobi Tel: 2719086 tej@capstoneonline.co.ke

Consting Consult Ltd 51 Lenana Road/Wood Avenue Junction, Block B, First Floor Office Suite #B3, P. O. Box 51509 – 00200.

Tel: 3860640, 0728-891 924 Wireless: 2650954 consult@costingconsult.co.ke

Axis Architects Wood Avenue, Kilimani P. O. Box 76635-00508 Nairobi Tel: 3870290/3870963/0208019181 info@axis.co.ke

Construction Cost Consultancy Ltd. The Office Park Riverside Drive P. O. Box 76532-00508 Nairobi Tel: 4448831/2 ccc@tpo.co.ke

Davson and Ward Davard House, Cedar Rd P. O. Box 46611-00100 Nairobi Tel: 4440318 davard@africaonline.co.ke

Frame Consultants Ltd. Civil Structural & Geotechnical Engineers Pension Towers, 3Rd Floor P. O. Box 58624-00200 Nairobi Tel: 2213744/2251505 info@frameconsultants.com

THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

Gakuya & Associates Kaputei Gardens P. O.box 74250-00200 Nairobi Tel: 3875293

U-Design Architects & Interior Designs Lavington Shopping Centre P. O. Box 74801-00200 Nairobi Tel: 4348697 info@udesign.co.ke Uniconsult Engineering Consultants Ltd. Chester House 2Nd Fl. P. O. Box 1955-00100 Nairobi 310790/310648 Uniconsult@Swiftkenya.com Gitutho Associates Consulting Architect S Mei Place 1St Avenue New Nyali P. O. Box 82853-80100 Mombasa 020-2327662 info@gitutho.co.ke

MEMBERSHIP Jawkim Architects 1/634 George Padmore Ridge P. O. Box 60300-00200 Nairobi Tel: 020 275104/5, 020 2010348 jawkim@africaonline.co.ke

Aaki Consultants Dale House, Rhapta Rd P. O. Box 66091-00800 Nairobi 4443997/4448126 info@aaki.co.ke

Octa Architects Limited Design Centre Tausi Rd P. O. Box 16270-00100 Nairobi Tel: 3753306 octaarchitects@gmail.com

Cadplan Architects Limited Theta Lane, Off Lenana Rd P. O. Box 4475-00506 Nairobi 2710130/113 cadplanarch@gmail.com

Waweru & Associates, Architects Futuretech House No. 10 Chiromo Lane P. O. Box 43642 00100 Nairobi Tel: +254-20-3740535/6/7 waweru@waweru.com www.waweru.com

Tecta Consultants Whitecourt Galana Rd P. O. Box 3347-00100 Nairobi 3873366/3546265 tectacon@yahoo.co.uk

Gitau Associates Nairobi South B South Gate Centre Building P. O. Box 75493-00200 Nairobi Tel: 0722 812563 Email: gibgid@yahoo.com Arplad Architects Ltd. No. 1 Pitaway Flats P. O. Box 54777-00200 Nairobi Tel: 020 2324368/9; 0737 811 502 Email: arplad@arplad.com Lexicon Plus Ion Limited Hurlingham Park Apartment 4 P. O. Box 2772-00200 Nairobi Tel: 020-2730762 info@lexicondesigns.co.ke Miradi Consultants Fatima Flats, Suite 37 (N) P. O. Box 29700-00202 KNH Nairobi Tel: 0722 307 741 aluvaala@miradoconsultants.com Aegis Development Solutions Ltd Kedong House 2Nd Fl. Suite 16 P. O. Box 2861-00100 Nairobi Tel: 020-2730961 aegis@aegisdevelopment.co.ke Shaque Associates Ltd New Waumini House 3Rd Floor P. O. Box 14856-00800 Nairobi Tel: 4444026/020 2042955 info@shaqueassociates.com Ultimate Design Limited Norfolk Towers, Block G. 2Nd Fl P. O. Box 27090-00100 Nairobi Tel: 020-3572724 ultimate@tms-Cgroup.com Kanjumba Consultants Westlands Arcade Building 2nd Floor.

Suite 210 P. O. Box 14781-00800 Nairobi Tel: 4443591 info@kanjumba.com M & M Construction Consultants Brunei House 2Nd Floor P. O. Box 4677-00506 Nairobi Tel: 550188/550208 info@m-mconsultants.com Interbill Consultants Embassy House 2Nd Floor P. O. Box 17054-00100 Nairobi Tel: 020-2251103/223889 info@interbillkenya.com Mak Consultants Maendeleo House 3Rd Floor P. O. Box 41355-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2229529 info@makconsultants.co.ke Integrated YMR Partnership Dale House Rhapta Rd. P. O. Box 69641-00400 Nairobi Tel: +254 20 2610742/+254 20 4445380/1 nairobi@ymr.co.ke Point Consultants Matumbato Rd. P. O. Box 27600-00506 Nairobi Tel: 020-2510212 info@point-consult.org Bunei, Maungu And Associates Ltd. NHC Langata Court Phase 1 Block B1 - Flat No.2 Southern By Pass Off Langata Road P.o. Box 58978-00200, Nairobi - Kenya.

Tel +254 -020-2010797 +254-020261315 Cell + 254 722 613 796 + 254 722 216 829 - Director buneimaungu@yahoo.com

Paul K. Ngugi Associates Aacc Building Waiyaki Way P. O. Box 62351-00200 Nairobi 8044806/0722 505501 qspkna@gmail.com Studio Infinity Architects Sarit Centre 2Nd Floor P. O. Box 421-00606 Sarit Centre Nairobi 4442310/4442330 info@studioinfinity.net Radius Architects 3Rd Floor Ojijo Plaza Plums Lane P. O.box 61039-00200 Nairobi 3751830 3751831 Nairobi ddmaina@yahoo.com Sketch Studio The Attic, Oak Suite, Riverside Green Suites, Riverside Drive P. O. Box 1297-00606 Nairobi 3520715 sketchstudio.ke@gmail.com Peter Thomas Associates Ltd. No. 258 Dagoretti Rd P. O. Box 24421-00502 Nairobi 020-3884900 0727 933 454 / 0733 419 446 pdt@pta.co.ke Domus Architects H7 Showbe Plaza Muranga Road P. O. Box 16459-00100 Nairobi 3577167 domusarchitects@yahoo.com Miguna Consultants Ngong Rd Opp. Rugby Foot Ball Union P. O. Box 47850-00100 Nairobi 3875096/3867754 miguna@miguna.com Masterbill Integrated Projects Trv Plaza 7Th Floor P. O. Box 22905-00400 Nairobi 3743344,3743346, 3749409, 3744719 info@miprojects.co.ke Edon Consultants Int. Ltd. Timau Plaza Argwings Kodhek P. O. Box 19684-00202 Nairobi 3878345 info@edoninternational.com Archgrid Systems Old Waumini House P. O. Box 13725-00800 Nairobi 0727 508812 lnfo@archgridsystems.co.ke Ngasi Consulting Engineers Ole Odume/Muringa Rd, Kilimani P. O. Box 2680-00202, Nairobi Tel: +254-20-3860246, 2719364, 2016972/3 Fax: +254-20-2730884 Mobile: +254-722-520722 Email: Info@Ngasi.org Feradon Associates Ltd. P. O. Box 7375-00300 Nairobi 0722 723304,2716143 Gumbo@Feradon.com consult@feradon.com K & M Archplans Lenana Road/Wood Avenue P. O. Box 76240-00508 Nairobi 2723298/2720964 consult@kmarchplans.com Archten Architects Tectura Studio The Cresent Rd P. O. Box 66358-00800 Nairobi 3742841 info@archten.co.ke Space and Systems Dik Dik Gardens Lr. No 209/8699 Mandera Lane Off Gatundu Road P.o. Box 54560-00200 Nairobi 0722775430 spaceandsystems@jambo.co.ke Intershelter Sullivan Architects Mucai Drive Off Ngong Rd, Lr Plt No 7735 P. O. Box 51884-00200 Nairobi 2712090 info@intershelterarchitects.com

Arcs Africa Utumishi Co-Op House Mamlaka Rd Off Nyerere Rd. P. O. Box 28542-00100 Nairobi 2727517 info@arcsafrica.com Log Associates Nichalson Drive P.O. Box 10677-00100 Nairobi 2712156 info@logassociates.com Professional Consultants Limited Dennis Pritt Rd Kilimani Professsional House P. O. Box 45792-00100 Nairobi 020-2016322 020 4764565 info@professionalconsultants.co.ke Nderitu Consultants Waumini House P. O. Box 62405-00200 Nairobi 4450061/0722 334175 nderituconsultants@yahoo.com Mutiso Menezes International Mmid Studio, Westlands Road, 5Th Floor P. O. Box 44934-00100 Nairobi 3742710/1/2 Mmi@Mmiarch.com Planning Systems Services Ltd. Lower Kabete Road P. O. Box 188-00606 Nairobi 4180650/1/2/ 0733 555001/0724 255088 info@planning-kenya.com Mruttu Salmann and Associates Kindaruma Line Off Ngong Road P. O. Box 12986-00400 Nairobi 020-3588294/020-2673331/0725-543061 msa@mruttusalmann.co.ke

Mandhry Associates Manda House Twiga Villas Twiga Rd Off Links Rd P. O. Box 34154-80118 Mombasa Tel: 0711 711377/0738 842880 ali@mandhryassociates.com Icon Concepts Ltd. Enterprise Rd Kcb Building 8Th Floor P. O. Box 17948-00500 Nairobi 020-2333111/0722 723231 info@iconconsortium.com Tarakibu Architects Limited Lower Ground Floor, Consummate Court Apartments, Block B,Ole Odume Rd Off Ngong Rd P. O. Box 15462-00100 Nairobi 020 3862213 info@tarakibu.co.ke Gibb Architects Office Of The Prime Ministers Bld. P. O. Box 30020-00100 Nairobi 3245000 mgitahi@gibbinternational.com Sycum Solutions Co. Ltd. P. O. Box 11954-00100 Nairobi 2715146/0722 798098 Info@Sycum-Solutions.com Quantech Consultancy, Mmid Studio,1St Floor, No 1D, Westlands Road, Westlands, P. O. Box 44660-00100, Nairobi 020-3746947/8 & 0721-52 69 31 info@quantech.co.ke Quanti Bill Consults Company Limited KP Flats Suite No. 9.

P. O. Box 34360-00100 Nairobi quantibillconsult@gmail.com

Songa Ogoda & Associates 45 Amboseli Road, Lavington P. O. Box 54584-00200 Nairobi 020 8045668/3870563/0722 520631 info@songaogoda.co.ke

Geodev (K) Ltd. Hurlingham Plaza 2Nd Floor Room C3 P. O. Box 14066-00100 Nairobi 020-2721696 /0721 232708 goedevkenya@yahoo.com

Gem Archplans Waumini House West Wing 3Rd Floor Suite 10 P. O. Box 12182-00200Nairobi 020 3577634/0722 798382 gataim@yahoo.com

Heritage Associates Ltd. 16 Mucai Road, Off Mucai Drive,Off Ngong Rd. P O Box 56293-00200 Nairobi 2628077/ 0722413333 Studio@Heritageassociates.co.ke, heritageast@gmail.com

Designworth Architects Ltd Plot No 209/5566/2 Westlands P. O. Box 56940-00200 Nairobi +254202103648 info@designworth.net designworth@gmail.com

Whintto Architects (K) Ltd. Whintto House Opp. Mombasa Beach P.o. Box 89253 80100 Mombasa 0720 815944/0733 283274 Info@Whinttogroup.co.ke

Kenchuan Architects Limited Jameson Court Block A Off Ngong Rd. P. O. Box 19895-00202 Nairobi 3872137/020 2060805 info@kenchuanarchitects.com Inter Architects Bomas Of Kenya New Hall Suite No. 8 P. O. Box 5015-00506 Nairobi 0707970910,0722515475 info@interarchitectskenya.com interarchitects@Gmail.com Gachagua, Kahoro & Associates Hurlingam, Rose Avenue Nairobi P. O. Box 53094-00200 Nairobi 0722 306921/0721 617048 gka@zmail.co.ke Dimensions Architects & Interior Designers Ltd Mucai Drive Off Ngong Road P. O. Box 55459-00200 Nairobi 2728494 info@dimensionsarchitects.com Achera & Partners Architects & Urban Designers Riara Paddocks 1St Floor C2 Riara Rd. P. O. Box 10114-00400 Nairobi 8057743/0722 414645/0734 414645 acheraarch@hotmail.com acheraarch@gmail.com Blink Studio Limited Methodist Synod Hq Building 3Rd Flr Muthangari Rd Lavington P. O. Box 25269-00100 Nairobi Tel: 2070489/0722 262863/0733 241054 info@llinkstudio.co.ke Archetype Architects All Africa Conference Churches P. O. Box 58412-00200 Nairobi Tel: 4451008/0722 645200 admin@archetypearchitects.com Baseline Architects Ltd 47 Mucai Drive Off Ngong Road P. O. Box 39928-00623 Nairobi Tel: 2718353/2711873/2711876

Archscan Associates Limited Rose Avenue Off Ngong Rd P. O. Box 10958-00100 Nairobi 020-2574153,020 2618010 Archscan@Archscanassociates.com E.d.g. & Atelier Plot 21388 Kirichwa Gardens Road Off Elgeyo Marakwet North Road Kilimani P. O. Box 51676-00200 Nairobi 0722 522651/2034042/35 Office@Edgatelier.com Miwa Designs Limited Kenya Re Garden Estate Block 1 Door 6 Kenya Red Cross Road South C Nairobi P. O. Box 58634-00200 Nairobi 0733 748094 miwadesignskenya@gmail.co.ke Outsource Designs Milimani Apartments Milimani Rd P.o. Box 911-00502 Nairobi 020 2317299 info@outsource-designs.co.ke Tandem And Stark The Green House Off Ngong Rd 3Rd Floor East Wing Suite 15 P.o. Box 53328-00200 Nairobi 2055945/0724 655836 info@tandemandstark.com Arcscene Architects (K) Ltd. Vision Plaza Mombasa Road 5Th Floor Suite 11 P.o. Box 21845-00505 Nairobi 0722 962845 Arc@Arcscene.com Gitutho Architects And Planners Ltd P.o. Box 1634-00100 Nairobi Sukamba Court Unit No. 7 Ngong Rd 0771 275749/0702 940814 Info@Gitutho.co.ke Beglin Woods Architects Ltd. Chase Bank Wing Riversde Mews Riverside Drive P.o. Box 22759-00400 Nairobi Info@Beglinwoods.com 0722 201185

THE ARCHITECT • ISSUE 12 • 2016

43

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