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2015 Energy Code (as Opportunity)
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Discipline
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Learning
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Choosing a Path: Chaplain Israel Yost
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When someone makes your skin crawl they are either full of it or you are about to learn something You have a choice:
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Write them off (easy path)
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Listen closely (much harder)
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Choosing a Path: Chaplain Israel Yost
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Building science was like that for me‌
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I decided to listen more closely‌
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Code compliance (pretty easy path, all three of them‌)
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You have a choice of paths
High performance as a business opportunity (maybe harder initially but...)
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Green: CZ5
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Blue:
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CZ6
Purple: CZ7
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Michigan State and County Level Map
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Code Resource Center
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Mandatory Requirements must be met in every building design regardless of compliance path.
Prescriptive (components) Follow a menu of requirements.
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Performance (systems)
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Flexible; allows tradeoffs.
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Understanding Energy Codes: Compliance Paths
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Energy Rating Index (new for 2015) Simpler; still flexible. Incl. ERI method or RESNET, Energy Star 3.1, Passivehaus,
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Mandatory: Key Elements
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Mandatory: Key Elements AIR SEALING REQUIREMENTS (Mandatory) N1102.4 (R402.4) Air Leakage (Mandatory). The building thermal envelope shall be constructed to limit air leakage in accordance with the requirements of Sections N1102.4.1 through N1102.4.5.
• • • • •
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All joints, seams and penetrations. Site‐built windows, doors and skylights. Openings between window and door assemblies and their respective jambs and framing. Utility penetrations. Dropped ceilings or chases adjacent to the thermal envelope.
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Knee walls. Walls and ceilings separating a garage from conditioned spaces. Behind tubs and showers on exterior walls. Common walls between dwelling units.
AIR SEALING REQUIREMENTS (Mandatory) N1102.4 (R402.4) Air Leakage (Mandatory)
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Testing required: No more than 3 ACH50
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Mass does not require a third‐party inspector, but does specify who can do it: • HERS Rater • HERS Rating Field Inspector • BPI Certified Professional • BBRS approved third party
Mandatory: Key Elements
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N1103.3.2 (R403.3.2) Sealing (Mandatory) Ducts, air handlers and filter boxes shall be sealed.
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Exception: Ducts located completely inside the building thermal envelope.
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N1103.3.5 (R403.3.5) Building Cavities (Mandatory). Framing cavities shall not be used as ducts or plenums.
Mandatory: Key Elements Window Air Leakage (AL)
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0.3 cfm/sf (cubic feet per minute per square foot of window area)
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Mandatory: Key Elements HVAC: ACCA Manual J
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HVAC load calculation standard vs…
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Mandatory: Key Elements
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N1103.3.3 (R403.3.3) Duct Testing (Mandatory)
DUCT LEAKAGE
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1. Rough‐in test: Total leakage less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area. 2. Post‐construction test: Total leakage less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area.
Mandatory: Key Elements MECHANICAL VENTILATION
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Mandatory: Key Elements MECHANICAL VENTILATION
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Understanding Energy Codes INSULATION REQUIREMENTS: Above Grade
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Understanding Energy Codes INSULATION REQUIREMENTS: Above Grade
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Understanding Energy Codes INSULATION REQUIREMENTS: Above Grade
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Key Take-Aways
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Understanding Energy Codes
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The evolving energy code is becoming more challenging
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Code now reflects more complex building science
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Prescriptive path (component based): Must follow the entire code to avoid risk
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Performance or ERI (both system based). Affords more flexibility and more opportunity.
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Up Next: My buddy Steve – Defining High Performance
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Code Questions?
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WELCOME HOMEBUILDING CROSSROADS SPRING 2018 HIGH PERFORMANCE DEFINED
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
Where Are YOU? Does it REALLY matter?
High Performance Labels “While Labels present a relative comparison of position – for me, HP is the balance of budget / performance and the Opportunity to set oneself apart from the rest”
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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4/9/2018
CASE for
HIGH PERFORMANCE Energy Efficiency
R E B U H
Indoor Air Quality
Resource Efficiency
Durability
Water Efficiency
Value / Quality
Health
Comfort
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Final Choices Modest Advances Low Hanging Fruit
As the level of Advancement and Opportunity in Performance increases – inversely proportional – the Cost increases The Goal isn’t to deliver the most exceptional performance everytime – but rather be prepared to answer the question
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WHAT’s the NEXT STEP?
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
CURRENT CHALLENGES - Code - Materials - Assemblies - Workmanship - CLIENT DESIRE - Performance - CLIENT SATISFACTION
Past Thinking…………..………… Current Thinking HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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The Education
Imperative
One of the PROBLEMS with our industry is that we tend to believe and receive our education “Old School”……. NEW
OLD
while our actual necessity to keep up requires “New School”…..
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
And of course, there is always the CHALLENGE of Theory vs Practice
Historically for Some – Change Heightens Risk
Sometimes our history CHALLENGES our desire to make change HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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FOUR Components of High Performance
25% / 15% 25% / 55%
25% / 15% 25% / 15%
Considered EQUAL at Conception, As IMPROVEMENT to any Component increases, the Contribution of the Other Components – REGRESSES……..High Performance Decision making requires PROPORTIONATE Advancement
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
The Four Barriers of Control in Order of Priority // Control provides increased Durability, Comfort, Health, and Energy Efficiency
High Performance = Control
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
INNOVATION is a PROCESS not a PRODUCT
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Pre Construction Meeting
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
“INTEGRATION” not “Application” Many of the SERVICES required need to be PLANNED FOR (especially SOG Foundations)
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Details were Drawn as Twins – Airsealing / Framing and Finish Details
Finish Detail
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Air Sealing Detail
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
Details were Drawn as Twins – Airsealing / Framing and Finish Details
Finish Detail Air Sealing Detail HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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DOWN DOWN
OUT
OUT
Ensure the rule Is applied to All Details
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WM Rule #1 – Down and OUT
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
RED LINE TEST
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Highest Exfiltration Pressure
Airtightness Neutral Pressure Plane
Highest Infiltration Pressure
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Air Tightness Pressures VARY Along the Building Envelope
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
ENERGY STAR THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
DisCONTINUITY = FAILURE
Good Selection Of Material BUT POOR EXECUTION HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Common Materials Planned Execution
CONTINUITY Is the KEY
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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My SECRET Is OUT!!
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
4 Formal Blower Door Tests and 1 Fog Test
1. 32 cfm at 50Pa (.16 Ach50Pa) 2. 25 cfm at 50Pa (.12 Ach50Pa) 3. 104 cfm at 50Pa (.51 Ach50Pa) 4. 116 cfm at 50Pa (.56 Ach50Pa) FINAL 110 cfm at 50Pa (.54 Ach50Pa) HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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4/9/2018
.56
.45 .37 PASSIVE HOUSE BLOWER DOOR FINAL TEST (AVG ‐POS/NEG) ach50 Pa
.16
R E B U H
.32
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
VAPOR – It challenges everything……Durability, Health, Comfort, Energy Efficiency……Success balances in a degree or two…
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION - CONTROL
Supply Return
Exhaust
Supply
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Point Source
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Distributed
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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40 (38)
Thermal Control
(49) 3 (.32)
Proportional and Continuous
21/6 (13/5)
15 (15)
D E R
10 (10)
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
WHOLE WALL R‐VALUE “Proportionate AND Continuous – the MATH”
WALL SPECIFICATIONS
WHOLE WALL
ADD R‐6.5 CONTINUOUS
2x4 16”oc (22%) // R‐3 window (15%) // R‐15 Cavity (63%)
R‐7.0
R‐11.3 (61%)
2x6 16”oc (22%) // R‐3 window (15%) // R‐19 Cavity (63%)
R‐8.7
R‐12.6 (44%)
2x6 24”oc (14%) // R‐3 window (15%) // R‐21 Cavity (71%)
R‐9.6
R‐13.5 (41%)
WALL SPECIFICATIONS (INCREASE TO R‐5 WINDOW)
WHOLE WALL
2x6 16”oc (20%) // R‐5 win (15%) // R‐21 + 6.5 CONT (65%)
R‐14.6
2x6 16”oc (20%) // R‐5 win (15%) // R‐21 + 13 CONT (65%)
R‐16.9
2x8 24”oc (15%) // R‐5 win (15%) // R‐28 + 13 CONT (70%)
R‐18.6
INCREASE TO R‐7.5 WINDOW R‐17.1 (17%) R‐20.3 (20%) R‐22.8 (23%)
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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60 PROPORTIONATE and CONTINUOUS
5 40
20
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
ZIP R‐WALL
HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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4/9/2018
3” ROCKWOOL
2” POLYISO
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
It’s not that High Performance Houses cost too much; it’s that our idea of a fairly priced new home is based on a history of building houses to meet embarrassingly Low Performance benchmarks.” “Baczek”
THANK YOU HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2017
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Homebuilding Crossroads: 2015 Energy Code and High Performance Building Science Foundation – Keeping Our Homes Safe and Sound
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Full disclosure…
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• Study of how heat, air, and moisture move in, around, and through buildings • How stuff gets wet and dries (or not…) • Moisture and heat flows are linked; this is not an option, it’s the LAW • High performance builders: manage heat & moisture with equal intensity
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Proof Positive
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How many ways can a building get wet?
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How many ways can a building assembly get wet?
• leak, inside or out
• Bulk water
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N Solution? E
Weather�lapped Flashing
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Photo: Berger Building Products
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How many ways can a building get wet?
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How many ways can a building assembly get wet?
• capillarity of porous materials
• Wicking
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N Solution? E
Cap Break
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How many ways can a building get wet?
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How many ways can a building assembly get wet?
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• Air leak
• Convection
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Air Seal
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How many ways can a building get wet?
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Summer basement conditions, bare dirt floor: Air Temperature = 66 F Relative Humidity = 91% Dewpoint temperature = 63.5
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How many ways can a building assembly get wet?
• Diffusion
• interior‐exterior gradients, created by space conditioning & climate
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N Solution? E
Decouple soil moisture from space
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How many ways can a building assembly get wet? • Bulk water • Wicking • Air‐transported moisture • Diffusion
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• leak, inside or out • capillarity of porous materials • air leak • interior‐exterior gradients, created by space conditioning & climate
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Prioritizing moisture movement • #1 – bulk water • #2 – capillary water • #3 – air-transported moisture • #4 – diffusive moisture movement
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How many ways can a building assembly dry? • Free drainage • Convection • Diffusion
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• Space • Air Pathway and driving force • Evaporation
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Once wet, how does the inside of a wall like this dry?
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Drying Potential of Building Assemblies or
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How many layers in this wall? • Block • Lathing • Plaster
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How many layers in today’s “typical” wall?
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• Exterior finish
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Two…
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• Exterior finish • Cladding
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Three…
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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB
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Four and five…
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Six, seven and eight…
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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB • Sheathing • Framing • Insulation • Vapor retarder • Gypsum board
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Nine and ten.
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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB • Sheathing • Framing • Insulation • Vapor retarder • Gypsum board • Primer • Interior finish
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Vapor Profile
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1. Determine vapor permeability of each component of assembly 2. Identify least vapor permeable component(s) 3. Assess direction and extent of vapor drive: interior/exterior temperature difference, interior/exterior relative humidities (remember always high to low) 4. Identify/assess drying direction & potential
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Moisture profile rather than vapor profile?
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Energy Code 2015: Vapor retarders
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Representative Vapor Permeability Info Material
Dry Cup
Wet Cup
Comments
Plywood
.75
3.5
Semi-permeable
OSB
.75
2
Semi-
Fiberboard (AI)
14.5
15
Thermo Ply
0.5
0.6
XPS
1
EPS
5
6-mil poly
.06
Kraft paper MemBrain™
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TyvekÂŽ
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Latex paint (primer + 1 coat)
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Permeable
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impermeable
E N .06
Impermeable
5 - 10
Semi- (variable)
10+
Variable, by design
14
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permeable
3.6
6
Semi-
1
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1
1
5
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Semi (but with skin, im-)
Semi-
Data from BSC Building Materials Property Table
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Vapor Profile: Example 1 1. Latex paint - 17 perms 2. Wall board - 40 3. Cellulose - 75 4. XPS 1 5. Air space - “300” 6. Wood siding - “35” 7. Oil-based paint - 0.6 Least permeable (other than 7): 4. XPS
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4
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3 2 1
Vapor Profile: Example 2 1. Vinyl wallpaper - <0.1 perms 2. Wall board - 40 3. Cellulose - 75 4. Foil-faced polyiso - <0.1 5. Vinyl siding - â&#x20AC;&#x153;60â&#x20AC;? Least permeable (in fact, impermeable): 1 & 4
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4
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Connecting High Performance, the new Code, and Building Science
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• Keeping homes safe and sound means protecting the structure (durability) and occupants (IAQ) while you improve energy efficiency • To do that, you need to manage energy and moisture with equal intensity—it’s the Law • You achieve this with continuous control layers for water, air, and heat flows • And your backup plan is to design in drying potential “just in case” stuff gets wet
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Hygrothermal Balance WETTING:
DRYING:
‐ Bulk water ‐ Capillary water ‐ Air‐transported ‐ Diffusion
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‐ Free drainage ‐ Cap break ‐ Convection ‐ Diffusion
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YOUR BUILDING
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D Hygrothermal Balancing: 2015 Model Energy E Code:ER E N I Connecting vapor retarder requirements to G N exterior insulation and/or venting of claddings E R E B U H
S Hygrothermal Balancing: 2015 Model Energy Code D O O W D E R E E N I G N E R E B U H N1102.1.1 (R402.1.1) Vapor Retarder.
Wall assemblies in the building thermal envelope shall comply with the vapor retarder requirements of Section R702.7.
S Hygrothermal Balancing: 2015 Model Energy Code D O O W D E R E E N I G N E R E B U H R702.7 Vapor Retarders.
Base‐case for Prescriptive code: Class I or II
Can use Class III, but must meet specific criteria
Class I: Sheet polyethylene, unperforated aluminum foil. Class II: Kraft‐faced fiberglass batts.
Class III: Latex paint.
S D Hygrothermal Balancing: 2015 Model Energy Code O O W D E R E E N I G N E R E B U H TABLE R702.7.1 CLASS III VAPOR RETARDERS
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How do vapor retarders, vented claddings, and exterior rigid insulation fit together?
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• Classes of vapor retarder try to balance wintertime wetting with drying potential to the interior (the rest of the year…). • Vented claddings (or ventilated?) increase drying potential to the exterior (not to mention free drainage of bulk water). • Warming building assemblies reduces the potential for wintertime interstitial condensation. • The code is including more and more building science‐based elements over time, recognizing that both heat and moisture flows must be managed.
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Summary Continuous: -
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Bulk water management
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Air leakage management (convective heat flow) Thermal management (conductive heat flow) Vapor profile (dedicated directional drying potential)
4/9/2018
WELCOME
HOMEBUILDING CROSSROADS SPRING 2018 High Performance in PRACTICE CASE STUDIES
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Airtightness 1.1 Ach 50 Pa R‐29 R‐50
R‐19
R‐10 R‐10
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Wetting
Clean
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“SLIDER”
2x8 24”oc WOOD FRAME
RAISED HEEL HDR POCKET HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2018
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AIR LEAKAGE .45 ach 50 Pa R-91.7 R-49.2 U .13 / R-7.6
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R-48.3
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R = 91.7
R = 52.2
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HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2018
Wall Construction Air Barrier Walls – Zip Wall & Tremco Acoustic Sealant Ceilings ‐ Double Drywall, Slab ‐ Poly Sheet & Concrete Insulation Walls – 4” Closed Cell, 10”Dense Pack Cellulose Ceilings – 24” Cellulose Slab – 1.5” EPS, 10” EPS Window .12 / R=7.6 Air Leakage .45 Ach 50 Pa
R = 48.3
From Fine Homebuilding Magazine
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• 33 US Made Suniva 265 W Panels = 8,745 watts
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• Oriented True South – on 32 Degree (7.5 Pitch)
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New Chevy Bolt – Now Net Zero For Housing And Transportation
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Should Be Able To Travel 14,000 Miles/Yr With PV At 3.5 Miles/KWH HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2018
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R-27 ccsf R-31.9 blown Rockwool R-58.9 total
R-13 cont insul shtng R-32 Rockwool R-45 total
R-26
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R-7.7 /8.3 WINDOWS
AIR LEAKAGE 1.1 ach 50 Pa R-10
BSC RULE 10 / 20 / 40 / 60 / 5 HomeBuilding Crossroads SPRING 2018
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‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
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CONTEMPORARY 1840 sq ft Two Story Slab on Grade 3 Bedroom / 2 Bath
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1840 SQ FT GROSS TOTAL
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R‐92 Attic
Air Leakage .16 ach50 Pa
R‐60 AGW R‐7.6 Windows
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R‐26 Slab
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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor
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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor
ROOF / EAVE / HEAD
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ASSEMBLY
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THANK YOU STEVEN BACZEK Architect @stevenbaczekarchitect www.stevenbaczekarchitect.com
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781-354-5839
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Homebuilding Crossroads: 2015 Energy Code and High Performance
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Building Science Puzzles
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Premises
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Things get wet, heat dries them out.
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Energy efficiency measures reduce heat loss.
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Energy & moisture must be managed with equal intensity.
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Follow the water.
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Mold/Rot Basics
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• Temperature/Food/Water • Molds (spores) are everywhere, all the time… • They like the same temperatures we do… • They like many of the materials out of which we like to build… • Mold generally shows up at 19% MC or higher • Rot requires 25‐ 28% MC • The easiest/most effective approach to control mold/rot is, almost always, managing moisture.
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What about interior sources of moisture?
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Sources ‐ Household Moisture Source Showering Clothes drying Cooking (dinner) 5 house plants 1 cord “green” wood 4 people Building materials Ground moisture
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Quantity (pints) ??? 4 - 6/load 1.2 (+1.5 gas) 1/day 600 - 800/season .5/hour ??? 0 - 100/day
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Source: Minnesota Extension Service (also, see GBA blog…)
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Sources ‐ Household Moisture Source Showering Clothes drying Cooking (dinner) 5 house plants 1 cord “green” wood 4 people Building materials Ground moisture
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Quantity (pints) .5 (5 - min shower) 4 - 6/load 1.2 (+1.5 gas) 1/day 600 - 800/season .5/hour 6 - 17/day 0 - 100/day
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Source: Minnesota Extension Service (also, see GBA blog…)
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Puzzle 1 (Zone 6) – Mold in kitchen • Mold insurance claim • Mold mitigated once • Building scientists called in • Structure at bottom of steep hill with lake on opposite side • Insurance inspector “baffled” by mold returning…
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View as you drive up…
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9
Pieces – addition with full basement
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Crawlspace inspection…
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“Incorrectly‐installed” floor insulation…
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Key Takeaways/Lessons Learned • Ignore the client; do the “edges” first… • Existing info • “Walk” the exterior (bulk water) • Foundation (bulk & capillary) • Follow the water…
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Puzzle 1 ‐ New Construction Takeaway
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• “Confused” areas of buildings are a REAL problem
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• Make sure that attics & crawlspaces are either completely in or completely outside your control layers: water, air, & thermal
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Puzzle 2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard • Pre‐primed trim & clapboard • Appears to bleed through the latex topcoat
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Puzzle 2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard • South side but not north side • Clapboard with rainscreen • Same acrylic latex topcoat • Different source of clapboard
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Puzzle 2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard • Species of wood does not seem to matter • Moisture content of wood is not above 15% and often quite a bit drier
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Forest Products Lab Experts:
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• If you cover an oil‐based primer with a “modern” latex paint… • The oil in the primer becomes a food source… • The latex paint is vapor permeable and allows moisture to make it through to the oil… • Modern latex topcoats don’t have the chemical content to inhibit mold like they used to… • Solution: Don’t use oil‐based pre‐primed wood with latex top coats • Solution: Or if you do, look for a latex top coat with mildicide
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Puzzle 2 ‐ New Construction Takeaway
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• Compatibility of components or adjacent, layered building materials is key.
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• Go with building product manufacturers that are taking the lead on material compatibility/creating systems rather than lone materials (like ZIP system….)
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Puzzle 3: liquid water leaks…
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Puzzle 3: recurring water leaks • Brick veneer • Indianapolis, IN • Tyvek‐OSB‐FG‐PE‐GWB • $200,000 reclad • Moisture problems persist
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Given these 2 faces, can you guess where the moisture expressed?
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Fireplace chimney
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What happens to water getting past the brick veneer above the bumpout brick ledge?
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Problem? Solutions?
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• Chimney is a “confused” space, not completely in or out of the house • Water getting behind veneer running down to bump‐out shed roof and going … where? • Solution(s)? Follow the water • WRB continuous around chimney chase • Thru‐flashing to carry moisture load from brick veneer above • What about painting the brick to reduce/eliminate bulk water wetting?
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Puzzle 3 ‐ New Construction Takeaway
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• The “pen test” would have avoided this construction defect.
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• Make sure that all 3 of your control layers work; are continuous.
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Puzzle 4: mold in closets in “certain” locations • Hudson Valley NY • About 10 years old • Full walk‐out basement • Vented attic
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Bulk water management
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Interior sources of moisture
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Interior sources of moisture
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Assessment conducted 4‐21‐15
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• Outdoors: 59F (dry bulb); RH 64%; dewpoint: 46F. • Basement: 56F (dry bulb); RH: 60%; dewpoint: 42F • Kitchen: 65.5 F (dry bulb); RH: 56%; dewpoint: 47F • Upstairs (MBR): 68F (dry bulb); RH: 46%; dewpoint: 47
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One more crucial clue:
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mold on back walls of closet gypsum board only in closets along central partition…
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Puzzle #4: last clue – proportions?
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Attic looking down…
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Basement looking up…
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Solutions?
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• Air seal marriage wall in basement/attic • Improve bulk water management • Connect downspouts properly to drainage • Waterproof exposed above‐grade foundation • Improve interior moisture management • Vent kitchen range hood to outdoors • Replace existing bath exhausts with Energy Star h‐controlled or timer units • Store less cordwood in basement
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Puzzle 4 ‐ New Construction Takeaway
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O O Performance testing (in this case, blower door test) is W really key to getting the details right on each home. D E R A high performance homeowner’s manual can help E E with occupant management of moisture loads they N I create and can be a great marketing tool distinguishing G your company’s attention to detail. N E R E B U H
Puzzle 5: “Fanciful Fuel”
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Fireplace/woodstove insert above…
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CMU fireplace base below…
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Basement slab has moisture barrier
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CMU fireplace base supporting…
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Order of operations?
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Problem? Solution?
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• CMU chimney base put in before basement slab so likely no moisture barrier under fireplace CMU column • Staining pre‐dates insert wood stove • But what about the blue‐green efflorescence?
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Puzzle 5 ‐ New Construction Takeaway
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• Working out job site sequencing is key to successful continuity of control layers
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• Maybe the pen test is not just footing to ridge but goes across the basement slab as well!
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Puzzle fatigue…
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