Home Building Crossroads Indianapolis

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BE R E2015 Energy Code NG I N EE (as Opportunity) RE DW O

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a Path: Chaplain Israel Yost HChoosing UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• Discipline • Learning

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a Path: Chaplain Israel Yost HChoosing UB ER EN GIN EE RE D When someone makes your skin crawl they are either full of it or you are about to learn something You have a choice: • Write them off (easy path) • Listen closely (much harder)

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science was like that for me… HBuilding UB ER EN GINI decided to listen more closely… EE RE DW OO DS Building Science Corp.

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have a choice of paths HYou UB ER EN GIN E

• Code compliance (pretty easy path, all three of them…)

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• High performance as a business opportunity (maybe harder initially but...)

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Climate Map HIECC UB ER EN G

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Indiana State and County Level Map

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Climate Zones:

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4A: Mixed-Humid – >20 in precipitation

< 5400 HDD < 45 F winter months

5A: Cold –

>20 in precipitation < 5400 - 7200 HDD

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HUCode Resource Center BE RE NG INE

“Equivalent to 2009 IECC” Significant performance elements: - Building envelope caulked & sealed - Slab R-10 to 2 foot depth - Ducts in attics: supply=R-8; return=R-6 - Duct tightness pressure-test verified OR all in conditioned space

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HU Building envelope performance requirements BE RE NG INE ER ED WO O CZ4: -

Ceilings: R-38

Windows: U 0.35 or less

Walls: R-13

Floors: R-19

Fndtns: R-10

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CZ5: - Ceilings: R-38 - Windows: U 0.35 or less - Walls: R-20 - Floors: R-30 - Fndtns: R-10

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Energy Codes: Compliance Paths HUnderstanding UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO Mandatory Requirements must be met in every building design regardless of compliance path.

Prescriptive (components) Follow a menu of requirements.

Performance (systems) Flexible; allows tradeoffs.

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Energy Rating Index (new for 2015) Simpler; still flexible. Incl. ERI method or RESNET, Energy Star 3.1, Passivehaus,

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NG Key Elements Mandatory: INE

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E

AIR SEALING REQUIREMENTS (Mandatory) N1102.4 (R402.4) Air Leakage (Mandatory).

The building thermal envelope shall be constructed to limit air leakage in accordance with the requirements of Sections N1102.4.1 through N1102.4.5. • • • • •

All joints, seams and penetrations. Site-built windows, doors and skylights. Openings between window and door assemblies and their respective jambs and framing. Utility penetrations. Dropped ceilings or chases adjacent to the thermal envelope.

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ER • • • •

Knee walls. Walls and ceilings separating a garage from conditioned spaces. Behind tubs and showers on exterior walls. Common walls between dwelling units.

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Energy Codes HUnderstanding UB ER EN GIN E

AIR SEALING REQUIREMENTS (Mandatory) N1102.4 (R402.4) Air Leakage (Mandatory)

Testing required: No greater than 5 (not 3) ACH50

ACH50: air changes per hour @ 50 Pascals pressure difference inside/outside home

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E DUCTS

N1103.3.2 (R403.3.2) Sealing (Mandatory) Ducts, air handlers and filter boxes shall be sealed.

Exception: Ducts located completely inside the building thermal envelope.

N1103.3.5 (R403.3.5) Building Cavities (Mandatory). Framing cavities shall not be used as ducts or plenums. PRESENTED BY

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E

WINDOW AIR LEAKAGE (AL) R402.4.3 Fenestration Air Leakage

- 0.3 cfm/sf (cubic feet per minute per square foot of window area)

- 0.5 cfm/sf max for swinging doors

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Window Labels HNFRC UB ER EN GIN

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E HVAC: ACCA Manual J (R403.7)

HVAC load calculation standard vs…

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E

DUCT LEAKAGE N1103.3.3 (R403.3.3) Duct Testing (Mandatory)

1. Rough-in test: Total leakage less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area.

2. Post-construction test: Total leakage less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area. Austin Green Team

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E MECHANICAL VENTILIATON

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Key Elements HMandatory: UB ER EN GIN E MECHANICAL VENTILIATON

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Energy Codes // HUnderstanding UB ER EN GIN EE R

INSULATION REQUIREMENTS: Above Grade

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Energy Codes HUnderstanding UB ER EN GIN E

INSULATION REQUIREMENTS: R4020102R402.1.2 (by Climate Zone – CZ) CZ

Window UFactor

Window SHGCb, e

Ceiling R-value

Wood Wall Rvalue

0.35

0.4

20 or 13+5h

0.32

20 or 13+5h

0.32

23, 20+5, 18+6.5, or 13+10

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Floor Rvalue

ER 19

30f

Bsmnt Rvalue

Slab RValue & Depth

Crawl wall Rvalue

10/13

10, 2 ft

10/13

10, 2 ft

10/13

10, 4 ft

15/19

10/13

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Help HFootnotes UB ER E

d. (Basements) The first R-value applies to continuous insulation on the interior or exterior of the home, the second to framing cavity insulation at the interior of the basement wall; either insulation meets the requirement.

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e. (Slabs) R-5 shall be added to the required slab edge R-values for heated slabs.

g. “13 + 5” means R-13 cavity insulation plus R-5 insulated sheathing. If structural sheathing covers 40% or less of the exterior, continuous insulation R-value shall be permitted to be reduced by no more than R-3 in the locations where structural sheathing is used – to maintain a consistent total sheathing thickness.

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Model Energy Code: Vapor Retarders H2015 UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

N1102.1.1 (R402.1.1) Vapor Retarder. Wall assemblies in the building thermal envelope shall comply with the vapor retarder requirements of Section R702.7.

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Model Energy Code: Vapor Retarders H2015 UB ER EN GIN EE RE D R702.7 Vapor Retarders

Base-case for Prescriptive code: Class I or II

Class I: Sheet polyethylene, unperforated aluminum foil.

Can use Class III, but must meet specific criteria

Class II: Kraft-faced fiberglass batts.

Class III: Latex paint.

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Model Energy Code: Insulation, venting, VRs? H2015 UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO D TABLE R702.7.1 CLASS III VAPOR RETARDERS

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HUpUNext: My buddy, Steve – Defining High Performance BE RE NG INE ER ED WO OD PRESENTED BY

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Questions? HCode UB ER EN G

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WELCOME

N HOMEBUILDING GIN CROSSROADS EE2019 SPRING RE HIGH PERFORMANCE DW O

DEFINED

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are YOU? Does it REALLY matter? HWhere UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

High Performance Labels “While Labels present a relative

comparison of position – for me,

HP is

the balance of budget / performance and

the

Opportunity to set oneself

apart from the rest”

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for HIGH PERFORMANCE HCase UB ER EN GIN EE R • Energy Efficiency

• Indoor Air Quality

• Resource Efficiency

• Durability

• Water Efficiency

• Value / Quality

• Health

• Comfort

W “WE SELL VALUE = SUCCESS” O PRESENTED BY

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Final Choices Modest Advances

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Low Hanging Fruit

As the level of Advancement and Opportunity in Performance increases – inversely proportional – the Cost increases

The Goal isn’t to deliver the most exceptional performance every time – but rather be prepared to answer the question

WHAT’s the NEXT STEP? PRESENTED BY

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INNOVATION is a PROCESS and DISCIPLINE

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NOT a PRODUCT PRESENTED BY

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CHALLENGES to What We Do HCURRENT UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Code

Materials Assemblies

Workmanship CLIENT DESIRE

Performance CLIENT SATISFACTION

Past Thinking………………………………………… Current Thinking PRESENTED BY

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EDUCATION IMPERATIVE HThe UB ER EN GIN E

One of the PROBLEMS with our industry is that we tend to believe and receive our education “Old School”…….

OLD

while our actual necessity to keep up requires “New School”…..

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NEW

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And of course, there is always the CHALLENGE of Theory vs Practice

Historically for Some – Change Heightens Risk

Sometimes our history CHALLENGES our desire to make change PRESENTED BY

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Components of High Performance HFOUR UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

Considered EQUAL at Conception, as IMPROVEMENT to any Component increases, the Contribution of the Other Components – REGRESSES

25% / 15%

25% / 55%

25% / 15%

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High Performance Decision making requires PROPORTIONATE Advancement

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Barriers of Control in Order of Priority HFour UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW CONTROL OO DS Control provides increased: • Durability, • Comfort, • Health, and • Energy Efficiency

High Performance =

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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor

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“Pretty Lines” – but do you understand what they mean?

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Can you PROFILE a detail?

Can the detail be successfully profiled??

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Construction Meeting HPre UB ER EN GIN E From

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not Application H“INTEGRATION”… UB ER EN GIN EE RE

Many of the SERVICES required need to be PLANNED FOR (especially SOG Foundations)

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Drawn as Twins: Air Sealing / Framing and Finish HDetails UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO DS Air Sealing/Framing Detail

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Finish Detail

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Design and Performance HINTEGRATING UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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WATER IN

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– The Right and Wrong Decisions in Design HDurability UB ER EN GIN ? EE RE ? ? D ? WO OD PRESENTED BY

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Management Rule #1 – DOWN AND OUT HWater UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW O DOWN

DOWN

OUT

Ensure the rule is applied to ALL Details PRESENTED BY

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Penetrations HManage UB ER EN GIN

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INAIR EE R

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RED LINE test… HThe UB ER EN GIN

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HAirtightness… UB ER E

Highest Exfiltration Pressure

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Neutral Pressure Plane

Highest Infiltration Pressure PRESENTED BY

Airtightness Pressures VARY Along the Building Envelope

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ENERGY STAR THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST

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= Failure HdisCONTINUITY UB ER EN GIN E

Good selection of material but POOR EXECUTION PRESENTED BY

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is the key! HCONTINUITY UB ER EN GIN E

Common Materials. Planned Execution. PRESENTED BY

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Testing HContinuity UB ER EN G

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4 Formal Blower Door Tests and 1 Fog Test

1. 32 cfm at 50Pa (.16 Ach50Pa) 2. 25 cfm at 50Pa (.12 Ach50Pa)

3. 104 cfm at 50Pa (.51 Ach50Pa)

4. 116 cfm at 50Pa (.56 Ach50Pa)

FINAL 110 cfm at 50Pa (.54 Ach50Pa)

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BE RE

.45

.56

INE

.37

PASSIVE HOUSE BLOWER DOOR FINAL TEST (AVG -POS/NEG) ach50 Pa

.16

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E .32 R

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VAPOR IN

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VAPOR – It challenges everything…

Durability, Health, Comfort, Energy Efficiency  Success balances in a degree or two!

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Ventilation: Control HMechanical UB ER EN GIN EE R Point Source

Return

Distributed

Supply

Exhaust

Supply

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THERMAL IN

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Control… HThermal UB ER EN G

Thermal Control Proportional and Continuous

40 (38) (49)

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3 (.32)

15 (15)

21/6 (13/5)

10 (10)

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Control… HThermal UB ER EN G

Thermal Control Proportional and Continuous

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ER 20

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W 10 O

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Wall R-Value HWhole UB ER EN G

“Proportionate AND Continuous – the MATH” WHOLE WALL

ADD R-6.5 CONTINUOUS

R-7.0

R-11.3 (61%)

2x6 16”oc (22%) // R-3 window (15%) // R-19 Cavity (63%)

R-8.7

R-12.6 (44%)

2x6 24”oc (14%) // R-3 window (15%) // R-21 Cavity (71%)

R-9.6

R-13.5 (41%)

WHOLE WALL

INCREASE TO R-7.5 WINDOW

R-14.6

R-17.1 (17%)

2x6 16”oc (20%) // R-5 win (15%) // R-21 + 13 CONT (65%)

R-16.9

R-20.3 (20%)

2x8 24”oc (15%) // R-5 win (15%) // R-28 + 13 CONT (70%)

R-18.6

R-22.8 (23%)

WALL SPECIFICATIONS

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2x4 16”oc (22%) // R-3 window (15%) // R-15 Cavity (63%)

WALL SPECIFICATIONS (INCREASE TO R-5 WINDOW)

2x6 16”oc (20%) // R-5 win (15%) // R-21 + 6.5 CONT (65%)

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BE ZIP SYSTEM R-SHEATHING RE NG INE ER ED WO

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Dream Utility Bill = $0.00 HEveryone’s UB ER EN GIN EE RE D This home will NEVER pay for energy PRESENTED BY

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BE It’s not that High Performance Houses R cost too much; it’s that our idea of a fairly Enew priced home is based on a history of N GINto meet embarrassingly building houses Low Performance EEbenchmarks. RE DW THANK YOU OO “Baczek”

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BE R Home E Building Crossroads: NCode 2015 Energy GINand High Performance E ER Building Science Foundation ED Keeping Our Homes Safe and Sound WO OD PRESENTED BY

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Disclosure HFull UB ER E

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is Building Science, anyway? HWhat UB ER EN GIN EE RE

• Study of how heat, air, and moisture move in, around, and through buildings • How stuff gets wet and dries (or not…) • Moisture and heat flows are linked; this is not an option, it’s the LAW • High performance builders: manage heat & moisture with equal intensity

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Positive HProof UB ER E

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NE ways HowImany E can a buildingR get wet? E DW

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many ways… HHow UB ER EN G

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many ways… HHow UB ER EN G

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many ways… HHow UB ER EN G

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many ways can a building assembly get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Solution? WO O • Leak, inside or out

• Bulk water

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Flashing HWeather-lapped UB ER EN GIN E

Photo: Berger Building Products

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many ways can a building get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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23.4

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many ways can a building assembly get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Solution? WO O

• Capillarity of porous materials

• Wicking

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Break HCap UB ER E

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13.9

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many ways can a building get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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many ways can a building get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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many ways can a building get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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many ways can a building assembly get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Solution? WO O • Air leak

• Convection

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HAirUSeal BE RE

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HAnUinnovative approach to air sealing: AeroBarrier BE RE NG INE ER ED WO O PRESENTED BY

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HAnUinnovative approach to air sealing: AeroBarrier BE RE NG INE ER ED WO O PRESENTED BY

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many ways can a building get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Summer basement conditions, bare dirt floor: Air Temperature = 66 F Relative Humidity = 91%

Dewpoint temperature = 63.5 PRESENTED BY

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many ways can a building assembly get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Solution? WO O

• Interior-exterior gradients, created by space conditioning & climate

• Diffusion

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soil moisture from space HDecouple UB ER EN GIN EE RE

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many ways can a building assembly get wet? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO • Bulk water • Wicking • Air-transported moisture • Diffusion

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• Leak, inside or out • Capillarity of porous materials • Air leak • Interior-exterior gradients, created by space conditioning and climate

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Moisture Movement HPrioritizing UB E Rwater #1 – bulk EN #2 – capillary waterG INE #3 – air-transported moisture E R #4 – diffusive moisture movement

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many ways can a building assembly dry? HHow UB ER • Free drainage • Space E NG • Convection • Air Pathway and driving INE force • Diffusion • Evaporation E RE DW OO D PRESENTED BY

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wet, how does the inside of a wall like this dry? HOnce UB ER EN GIN EE 27.5 RE DW OO DS PRESENTED BY

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BE R Drying Potential EN of Building Assemblies GIN EorE RE Why We Care About the DVapor WO Permeability of Building Materials OD PRESENTED BY

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many layers in this wall? HHow UB ER •Block E NG •Lathing INE •Plaster

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many layers in today’s “typical” wall? HHow UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• Exterior finish

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HTwo… UB ER E • Exterior finish • Cladding

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• Exterior finish • Cladding

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HThree… UB ER E

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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB

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and five… HFour UB ER E

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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB • Sheathing • Framing

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seven and eight… HSix, UB ER EN GIN

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• Exterior finish • Cladding • WRB • Sheathing • Framing • Insulation • Vapor retarder • Gypsum board

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and ten! HNine UB ER E

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PRESENTED BY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Exterior finish Cladding WRB Sheathing Framing Insulation Vapor retarder Gypsum board Primer Interior finish

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Profile HVapor UB ER E 1.

Determine vapor permeability of each component of assembly

Categorize each component (Class I, II, III, vapor open)

Class I:

< 0.1 perms

Class II:

Class III:

“Vapor open:” > 10 perms

INE

0.1 – 1 perms

1 – 10 perms

Assess direction and extent of vapor drive: interior/exterior temperature difference, interior/exterior relative humidities (remember always high to low)

Identify/assess drying direction & potential PRESENTED BY

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Vaper Permeability Info HRepresentative UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Material

Dry Cup

Wet Cup

Comments

Plywood

.75

3.5

Semi-permeable

OSB

.75

Semi-

Fiberboard (AI)

14.5

Permeable

Thermo Ply

0.5

0.6

impermeable

XPS

Semi (but with skin, im-)

EPS

Semi-

6-mil poly

.06

Impermeable

Kraft paper

5 - 10

Semi- (variable)

MemBrain™

10+

Variable, by design

Tyvek®

permeable

Latex paint (primer + 1 coat)

3.6

Semi-

Data from BSC Building Materials Property Table PRESENTED BY

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Vaper Permeability Info HRepresentative UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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Vaper Permeability Info HRepresentative UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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Profile: EXAMPLE 1 HVapor UB ER EN GIN E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Latex paint - 17 perms Wall board - 40 Cellulose - 75 XPS - 1 Air space - “300” Wood siding - “35” Oil-based paint - 0.6

Least permeable (other than 7): 4. XPS No moisture-sensitive components “trapped” by Class I or II components PRESENTED BY

7 6 3 2

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Profile: EXAMPLE 2 HVapor UB ER EN GIN E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Vinyl wallpaper - <0.1 perms Wall board - 40 Cellulose - 75 Foil-faced polyiso - <0.1 Vinyl siding - “60”

Least vapor-permeable: 1. Wall paper & 4. XPS Moisture-sensitive components “trapped” by Class I or II components

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3 2 1

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it all together… HFitting UB How E do you vapor retarders, vented claddings and RE exterior rigid insulation fit together? NG INE ER ED WO O

• Classes of vapor retarder try to balance wintertime wetting with drying potential to the interior (the rest of the year…). • Vented claddings (or ventilated?) increase drying potential to the exterior (not to mention free drainage of bulk water). • Warming building assemblies reduces the potential for wintertime interstitial condensation. • The code is including more and more building science-based elements over time, recognizing that both heat and moisture flows must be managed.

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not the heat, it’s the humidity…” H“It’s UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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“…mechanical ventilation, operated at the ASHRAE 62.2-2010 addendum r rate, in a 3 ach50 house, raises the annual median indoor RH by almost 10% compared to a 7 ach50 house without mechanical ventilation in Orlando.”

U.S Department of Energy: Recommended Approaches to Humidity Control in High Performance Homes by Armin Rudd

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Image credit ‐ Allison Bailes

of Latent Loads HDrivers UB ERVentilation Mechanical EN GIN E

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not the heat, it’s the humidity…” H“It’s UB ER EN GIN EE RE D Source: ASHRAE Journal, Lewis G. Harriman III, Dean Plager, Douglas Kosar; Dehumidification and Cooling Loads From Ventilation Air, 1997

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Source: ASHRAE Journal, Lewis G. Harriman III, Dean Plager, Douglas Kosar; Dehumidification and Cooling Loads From Ventilation Air, 1997

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Loads… HLatent UB ERIncrease as a Percentage Latent Loads of Total Loads at Conditions. EPart-Load NG INE ER E

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HVACD HConclusion… UB ER EN GIN

HVAC system was sized according to Manual J

Home was build tight

Bringing in outside air to meet ASHRAE or other standard

ACCA Manual LLH will look at:

•

We have reduced the sensible loads on the home but the latent loads have not changed and possibly increased. High efficiency HVAC equipment can not always be counted on to keep LLH in humid climates dry, healthy and comfortable. PRESENTED BY

•

Resolving ventilation requirements (for occupant health and safety) while maintaining moisture control.

•

Addressing ancillary dehumidification equipment for humid locations (e.g., DOE Type A climate zones require ancillary dehumidification).

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Balance HHypothermal UB ER EN GIN WETTING Bulk water Capillary water Air-transported Diffusion

YOUR BUILDING PRESENTED BY

DRYING Free Drainage Cap Break Convection Diffusion

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BE RE

High Performance in NG INE PRACTICE

Homebuilding Crossroads: 2015 Energy Code and High Performance

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BE RE

INE

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BE RE R‐29

Airtightness 1.1 Ach 50 Pa

R‐50

INE R‐19

R‐10 R‐10

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R‐29

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INITIAL PRESSURE

UNDERSTANDING the means to a successful application

NG CLEAN

INE

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WETTING

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NG “WETTED” INE ER “NOT WETTED” PRESENTED BY

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10th

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DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME, But I DID…….

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FULL EXPOSURE

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Roof Overhang

Drainage Plane

Developing a Path for SUCCESS PRESENTED BY

Rainscreen

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Identifying the DRAINAGE PLANE Continuity is KEY..... PRESENTED BY

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CLOSED JOINT

OPEN JOINT

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The many FACES of RAINSCREENS PRESENTED BY

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2 WAY SYSTEMS

DIAGONAL

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Higher Durability offers Less Expensive Options PRESENTED BY

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“SLIDER”

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RAISED HEEL

HDR POCKET 2x8 24”oc WOOD FRAME

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AIR LEAKAGE .45 ach 50 Pa

R-49.2

R-91.7

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U .13 / R-7.6

R-48.3 PRESENTED BY

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• 33 US Made Suniva 265 W Panels = 8,745 watts • Oriented True South – on 32 Degree (7.5 Pitch) PRESENTED BY

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HPVUSystem Economics BE RE NG IN Tax Credits

$ 34,605

INITIAL COST @ $3.95 / Watt LESS 30% FED TAX CREDIT 2014 LESS MASS CEC REBATE NET COST AFTER TAX CREDITS

$ ‐10,382 $ ‐2,000

$ 22,224

SREC’s

SRECS ‐ 31 Sold thru Oct 2017 @ Average $260 each NET COST AFTER SRECS

• In Service Over 3 Years

$ ‐ 8,047

$ 14,176

Avoided Electric Bills LESS AVOIDED ELEC BILLS TBL 10 NET COST AFTER SRECs & AVOIDED BILLS

• Placed in Service 10/6/2014 – Waited To Get Accurate House Demand

$ ‐ 4,976

$ 9,200

• Generated Over 35,100 KWH So Far

• Paid in Full in 5 years • Annual Avoided Bills $1500

• Annual SREC’s $3000 / 7 More Years of SREC’s • Falmouth Rate = 20 cents / KWHr

Transfers LESS PAYMENT TRANSFER TO IN LAWS

$ ‐ 2,057

FINAL COST AFTER SRECs & AVOID & TRANSFERS

$ 7,143

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YEAR 10

+$22,770

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Chevy Bolt – Now Net Zero For Housing And Transportation HNew UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO DS Should Be Able To Travel 14,000 PRESENTED BY

Miles/Yr With PV At 3.5 Miles/KWH IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 48

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Point Source

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Supply Return

Exhaust

Distributed

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Supply

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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor

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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal

Vapor

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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor

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Water Management Air Barrier Thermal Vapor

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ROOF / EAVE / HEAD ASSEMBLY

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? INE ? ER ED ? W

Measured in CFM @Ach 50 Pa

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THANK YOU

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STEVEN BACZEK Architect @stevenbaczekarchitect www.stevenbaczekarchitect.com 781.354.5839

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Building Science NG INE Puzzles

Homebuilding Crossroads: 2015 Energy Code and High Performance

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HPremises UB ER E

• Things get wet, heat dries them out. • Energy efficiency measures reduce heat loss. • Energy & moisture must be managed with equal intensity. • Follow the water.

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Basics HMold/Rot UB ER E

• Temperature/Food/Water • Molds (spores) are everywhere, all the time… • They like the same temperatures we do… • They like many of the materials out of which we like to build… • Mold generally shows up at 19% MC or higher • Rot requires 25- 28% MC • The easiest/most effective approach to control mold/rot is, almost always, managing moisture.

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N GIabout What interior sourcesNof Emoisture? ER ED WO

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- Household Moisture HSources UB ER EN GIN EE R Source

Quantity (pints)

Showering

???

Clothes drying

4 - 6/load

Cooking (dinner)

1.2 (+1.5 gas)

5 house plants

1/day

1 cord “green” wood 4 people

600 - 800/season

.5/hour

Building materials

???

Ground moisture

0 - 100/day

Source: Minnesota Extension Service (also, see GBA blog…)

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- Household Moisture HSources UB ER EN GIN EE R Source Showering Clothes drying Cooking (dinner) 5 house plants 1 cord “green” wood 4 people Building materials Ground moisture

Source: Minnesota Extension Service (also, see GBA blog…)

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Quantity (pints) .5 (5 - min shower) 4 - 6/load 1.2 (+1.5 gas) 1/day 600 - 800/season .5/hour 6 - 17/day 0 - 100/day

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1 – Mold in kitchen HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN E • Mold insurance claim • Mold mitigated once • Building scientists called in • Structure at bottom of steep hill with lake on opposite side • Insurance inspector “baffled” by mold returning…

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as you drive up… HView UB ER EN GIN

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DS 9

– addition with full basement HPieces UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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inspection… HCrawlspace UB ER EN GIN E

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floor insulation… H“Incorrectly-installed” UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

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Takeaways/Lessons Learned HKey UB ER EN GIN EE RE • Ignore the client; do the “edges” first… • Existing info • “Walk” the exterior (bulk water) • Foundation (bulk & capillary) • Follow the water…

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1 - New Construction Takeaway HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• “Confused” areas of buildings are a REAL problem • Make sure that attics & crawlspaces are either completely in or completely outside your control layers: water, air, & thermal

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2 – Mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO D PRESENTED BY

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2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO D • Pre-primed trim & clapboard • Appears to bleed through the latex topcoat

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2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO D • South side but not north side • Clapboard with rainscreen • Same acrylic latex topcoat • Different source of clapboard

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2 – mold on painted exterior trim & clapboard HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW OO D • Species of wood does not seem to matter • Moisture content of wood is not above 15% and often quite a bit drier

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Products Lab Experts: HForest UB ER EN GIN E

• If you cover an oil-based primer with a “modern” latex paint… • The oil in the primer becomes a food source… • The latex paint is vapor permeable and allows moisture to make it through to the oil… • Modern latex topcoats don’t have the chemical content to inhibit mold like they used to…

• Solution: Don’t use oil-based pre-primed wood with latex top coats • Solution: Or if you do, look for a latex top coat with mildewcide PRESENTED BY

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2 - New Construction Takeaway HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• Compatibility of components or adjacent, layered building materials is key.

• Go with building product manufacturers that are taking the lead on material compatibility/creating systems rather than lone materials (like ZIP System….)

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3: liquid water leaks… HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN E

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3: recurring water leaks HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE R • Brick veneer • Indianapolis, IN • Tyvek-OSB-FG-PE-GWB • $200,000 reclad • Moisture problems persist

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Given these 2 faces, can you guess where the moisture expressed?

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Bay bump-out

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Fireplace chimney

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What happens to water getting past the brick veneer above the bumpout brick ledge?

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Solutions? HProblem? UB ER EN GIN

• Chimney is a “confused” space, not completely in or out of the house • Water getting behind veneer running down to bump-out shed roof and going where? • Solution(s)? Follow the water • WRB continuous around chimney chase • Thru-flashing to carry moisture load from brick veneer above • What about painting the brick to reduce/eliminate bulk water wetting?

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3 - New Construction Takeaway HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• The “pen test” would have avoided this construction defect. • Make sure that all 3 of your control layers work; are continuous.

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4: mold in closets in “certain” locations HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE DW O • Hudson Valley NY • About 10 years old • Full walk-out basement • Vented attic

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water management HBulk UB ER EN GIN E

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sources of moisture HInterior UB ER EN GIN E

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sources of moisture HInterior UB ER EN GIN E

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conducted 4-21-15 HAssessment UB ER EN GIN EE R

• Outdoors: 59F (dry bulb); RH 64%; dewpoint: 46F. • Basement: 56F (dry bulb); RH: 60%; dewpoint: 42F • Kitchen: 65.5 F (dry bulb); RH: 56%; dewpoint: 47F • Upstairs (MBR): 68F (dry bulb); RH: 46%; dewpoint: 47

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BE R One more crucial clue: EN G INEwalls of closet Mold on back ERin closets gypsum board only ED along central partition. WO O PRESENTED BY

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#4: last clue – proportions? HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE

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Basement looking up… PRESENTED BY

Attic looking down…

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HSolutions? UB ER E

• Air seal marriage wall in basement/attic • Improve bulk water management

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• Connect downspouts properly to drainage • Waterproof exposed above-grade foundation

• Improve interior moisture management

• Vent kitchen range hood to outdoors • Replace existing bath exhausts with Energy Star h-controlled or timer units • Store less cordwood in basement

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4 - New Construction Takeaway HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN EE RE D

• Performance testing (in this case, blower door test) is really key to getting the details right on each home. • A high performance homeowner’s manual can help with occupant management of moisture loads they create and can be a great marketing tool distinguishing your company’s attention to detail.

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5: “Fanciful Fuel” HPuzzle UB ER EN GIN E

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insert above… HFireplace/woodstove UB ER EN GIN EE RE

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fireplace base below… HCMU UB ER EN GIN E

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slab has moisture barrier HBasement UB ER EN GIN EE RE

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fireplace base supporting… HCMU UB ER EN GIN EE RE

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of operations? HOrder UB ER EN GIN

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Solution? HProblem? UB ER EN GIN

• CMU chimney base put in before basement slab so likely no moisture barrier under fireplace CMU column • Staining pre-dates insert wood stove • But what about the blue-green efflorescence?

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Puzzle 5 - New Construction Takeaway

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• Working out job site sequencing is key to successful continuity of control layers

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• Maybe the pen test is not just footing to ridge but goes across the basement slab as well!

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fatigue… HPuzzle UB ER E

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HW HBC Portsmouth and Bethesda: May 22 and 24 2018 References/Resources: 1. Vapor Profile – GBA: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/buildingscience/vapor-profiles-help-predict-whether-wall-can-dry 2. Dewpoint calculations – GBA: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/calculating-minimumthickness-rigid-foam-sheathing 3. Spray foam 7 tips – BuildingGreen: https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/foamplace-insulation-7-tips-getting-injection-and-spray-foam-right

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4. Sticky Business – BuildingGreen: https://www.buildinggreen.com/search/site/sticky%20business

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5. Designs That Work – BuildingScience Corp: https://buildingscience.com/document-search 6. Enclosures That Work – BuildingScience Corp: https://buildingscience.com/document-search

7. Architecture/Building Science/Enclosures: “Designing the Exterior Wall” – Linda Brock: https://www.wiley.com/enus/Designing+the+Exterior+Wall%3A+An+Architectural+Guide+to+the+Vertical+ Envelope-p-9780471451914

8. Commercial high performance buildings - Whole Building Design Guide: https://www.wbdg.org

9. Building Science for Building Enclosures – John Straube: https://buildingscience.com/bookstore/books/high-performance-enclosures or https://www.amazon.com/Building-Science-for-Enclosures/dp/0975512749 10. Yost blogs on building science puzzles et al – GBA: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/building-science 11. Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency http://www.dsireusa.org 12. Building America Solution Center: https://basc.pnnl.gov