CONTENTS 01
I N TRO D U C TI O N
21
S O U TI O N
31
H I S TO RY
45
F U N C TI O N
59
RE-DESIGN
81
C O LO PH O N
INTRODUCTION
AS WE KNOW, COMPUTERS CREATE HEAT WHEN USED
76% OF AMERICANS OWN A COMPUTER NOW PERSONAL COMPUTER IS BECOMING A NECESSITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
43% OF COMPUTERS BREAK DOWN BECAUSE DUE TO OVERHEATING
JASON ALBERT, ANIMATION STUDENT
I USE MY COMPUTER 10 HOURS A DAY. SOMETIMES, IT CAN OVERHEAT FOR USE .
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
I N T R OD UCTIO N
11 | 12
A COMPUTER NEEDS TO COOL DOWN Like every other machine, a computer heats up a little while
Overheating may be due to bad cooling design—this rarely
you use it. The heat produced is blown away through the air
occur nowadays. Gaming also triggers overheating. Severely
vents by natural convention, or forced convention, depending
multi-tasking the computer makes the CPU operate at high
if the electric powered fan is off or not. Electric components
capacity and this generates a huge amount of heat in the
are mounted on innovative fin designs that help with dissipat-
process. Using your computer in a high temperature environ-
ing heat energy. Transistors in computer and video chips also
ment adds up to the heat energy an average computer
add to the heat your computer emits. If you have been using a
produces already and can lead to overheating as well.
computer for a long time you should be able to tell when your computer is overheating.
76% OF BUSINESSES ARE SUPPORTED BY COMPUTER NETWORKS
NOW IMAGINE THE ENERGY AND POWER IT TAKES TO SUPPORT THAT
I N T R OD UCTIO N
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
Always, there will be more than 10 computers in one office. Through the network, they create a large amount of heat.
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A NETWORK OF COMPUTERS CAN GENERATE AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF HEAT.
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
I N T R OD UCTIO N
OVERHEAT
19 | 20
HOW DO WE AVOID THIS?
SOLUTION
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
S OL UTIO N
23 | 24
AIR COOLING SYSTEM
WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Is a method of dissipating heat. It works by making the
Is a method of heat removal from components. As opposed
object to be cooled have a larger surface area or have an
to air cooling, water is used as the heat transmitter. Water
increased flow of air over its surface, or both. An example of
cooling is commonly used for cooling internal combustion
the former is to add fins to the surface of the object, either
engines in automobiles and large electrical generators.
by making them integral or by attaching them tightly to the
Other uses include cooling the barrels of machine guns,
object’s surface (to ensure efficient heat transfer).
cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in
In the case of the latter it is done by using a fan blowing air
heat exchangers; cooling products from tanks or columns,
into or onto the object one wants to cool. In many cases the
and recently, cooling of various major components inside
addition of fins adds to the total surface area making a
high-end personal computers.
heatsink that makes for greater efficiency in cooling.
The main mechanism for water cooling is convective
Its use is widespread in computers and CPU cooling, where
heat transfer. The advantages of using water cooling over
the computer processors produce large quantities of heat
air cooling include water’s higher specific heat capacity,
that, if not dissipated, could damage the CPU and other
density, and thermal conductivity. This allows water to
electronic components. In this case air has the advantage of
transmit heat over greater distances with much less volumet-
being a good insulator too. However, in the future, new
ric flow and reduced temperature difference.
processors might generate too much heat to be dissipated through direct air cooling and it would follow that such direct cooling for computers and their components will become obsolete. Water cooling is somewhat popular in ver y highpower situations, such as large ser vers or heavily over clocked amateur systems.
For cooling CPU cores its primar y advantage is that its tremendously increased ability to transpor t heat away from source to a secondar y cooling surface allows for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, inefficient fins mounted directly on the heat source. The “water jacket” around an engine is also ver y effective at deadening mechanical noises.
IT ’S NOT THAT C O O L
S OLU T I ON
25 | 26
WHY DO WE USE WATER COOLING? YOU’VE REACHED THE LIMIT OF YOUR OVER CLOCK ON AIR, AND YOU WANT EVEN MORE SPEED. Water cooling has many advantages over air cooling. Let’s
is pumped through an array of tubes and fins, and air is
star t with the basics. First of all, water has a thermal conduc-
blown across this array to remove heat. Because the radiator
tivity of 0.6062 W/ (m*K) whereas the thermal conductivity of
is mounted remotely, it can be larger than a chip-mounted
air is only 0.0262. This means heat can be drawn away from
heat sink, and therefore will be able to cool more effectively.
components more efficiently with water. Water also has a
Because all major components in the computer will be
much higher specific heat capacity than air (1.0 J/ (kg*K)
cooled by the same system, there will be fewer fans, and
versus 0.24), which allows the water cooling system to absorb
therefore less noise.
a lot more energy before heating up. Using liquid to cool components allows the heat to be carried to a remote location, usually a radiator where the heat can be dissipated more effectively than with a heat sink. A water cooling radiator works identically to the radiator in your car: coolant
It is im p or tant to know all of the com p onents in a wa te r cooling system and their functions. In the follow i n g p aragrap hs, I w ill d iscuss water blocks, tubing, ra di a to rs, reser voir s, p um p s, fluid typ e, and p ackaging.
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
S OL UTIO N
AIR COOLING SYSTEM
Regular air fans aren’t powerful enough to remove all the heats.
WATER COOLING SYSTEM
With Water Cooling system, large amount of heat could be removed.
27 | 28
WATER COOLING HAS HIGHER CAPACITY, DENSITY, CONDUCTIVITY THAN AIR COOLING.
IT ’S NOT THAT C O O L
S OLU T I ON
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PERHAPS YOUR COMPUTER AND ITS 15 FANS ARE TOO NOISY FOR YOU TO BEAR ANY LONGER. Water cooling has many advantages over air cooling. Let’s
blown across this array to remove heat. Because the radiator
star t with the basics. First of all, water has a thermal conduc-
is mounted remotely, it can be larger than a chip-mounted
tivity of 0.6062 W/ (m*K) whereas the thermal conductivity of
heat sink, and therefore will be able to cool more effectively.
air is only 0.0262. This means heat can be drawn away from
Because all major components in the computer will be
components more efficiently with water. Water also has a
cooled by the same system, there will be fewer fans, and
much higher specific heat capacity than air (1.0 J/ (kg*K)
therefore less noise.
versus 0.24), which allows the water cooling system to absorb a lot more energy before heating up. Using liquid to cool components allows the heat to be carried to a remote location, usually a radiator where the heat can be dissipated more effectively than with a heat sink. A water cooling radiator works identically to the radiator in your car: coolant is pumped through an array of tubes and fins, and air is
It is impor tant to know all of the components in a water cooling system and their functions. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss water blocks, tubing, radiators, reservoirs, pumps, fluid type, and packaging.
HISTORY
I T’ S NOT T HAT COO L
H ISTO RY
ORIGINALLY, WATER COOLING SYSTEM WAS USED ONLY FOR LARGE VEHICLES.
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1980S /
1990S /
CURRENT
During the 1970th, water
First use of water cooling
During the 1980th, water
Currently, water cooling
cooling system began to
system was around 1960th.
cooling system began to
systems are widely used for
use for more field. For
Before, all cars were using
use for the airplane.
personal computers.
example, train system.
the air cooling system to
Apple’s Power Mac G5 was
cool down the vehicles.
the first mainstream
1970S /
desktop computer to have water cooling as standard.
1970 / CARS
IT ’S NOT THAT C O O L
H I S T OR Y
35 | 36
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H ISTO RY
37 | 38
1980 / TRAINS
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
HIST OR Y
1990 / AIRPLANES
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H ISTO RY
COMPUTERS
41 | 42
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INDUSTRIAL USAGE
H ISTO RY
43 | 44
FUNCTION
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WHAT IS A WATER COOLING SYSTEM?
F U NCTIO N
47 | 48
WATER COOLING IS A METHOD OF HEAT REMOVAL FROM COMPONENTS. As opposed to air cooling, water is used as the heat
transmit heat over greater distances with much less volumet-
transmitter. Water cooling is commonly used for cooling
ric flow and reduced temperature difference.
internal combustion engines in automobiles and large electrical generators. Other uses include cooling the barrels of machine guns, cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; cooling products from tanks or columns, and recently, cooling of various major components inside high-end personal computers.
For cooling CPU cores its primar y advantage is that its tremendously increased ability to transpor t heat away from source to a secondar y cooling surface allows for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, inefficient fins mounted directly on the heat source. The “water jacket� around an engine is also ver y effective at deadening
The main mechanism for water cooling is convective heat
mechanical noises, which makes the engine quieter.
transfer. The advantages of using water cooling over air
However, the primar y disadvantage is that it costs signifi-
cooling include water’s higher specific heat capacity,
cantly more than an air cooled engine system.
density, and thermal conductivity. This allows water to
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
F U NCTIO N
RADIATOR
For our water-cooled PC, we used SOCOOL Reserator, which combines a reser voir, pup and radiator in one unit.
CASE
For fur ther cooling, we chose the super case construed of heatdissipating anodized aluminum.
FLOW INDICATOR
You can confirm that the juices and flowing of the Reserator from here.
COOLANT TUBES
Flexible tubes cycle the distilled water/glycol coolant from the chip to the radiator.
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I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
F U NCTIO N
COMPUTER
COOL TUBE
HEAT TUBE
51 | 52
WATER COOLING SYSTEM
COOLANT
HOW A WATER COOLING SYSTEM WORKS.
Water is a much more efficient conductor of heat than the metals making up CPU fans and heatsinks. It is also capable of absorbing more heat before its own temperature changes.
ABSORB THE HEAT FROM COOLANT
For these reasons, water cooling systems are becoming popular alternatives to fan cooling systems. The elements that make up a water cooling system includes a water pump that circulates the coolant through the system, a radiator which dispels the heat to the surrounding air, a fan which moves the heat away from the radiator, a coolant reser voir that ser ves as the storage tank for the coolant and the hoses that connect the different par ts of the cooling system.
IT’S NOT T HAT C O O L
F U N CT I ON
53 | 54
WATER COOLING LIQUID A final yet impor tant consideration to make is liquid coolant
it is relatively cheap yet pure enough to use in a water
type. Theoretically, you could fill your water cooling system
cooling system. Distilled water will not deposit harmful
with anything, but some fluids work much better than others.
minerals in your system, nor will it cause algal blooms
First of all, do not use tap water. Tap water has minerals,
because there are no living organisms present. It will not,
bacteria, and algae in it which will corrode and cloud your
however, corrode your water blocks because it is not
water cooling system, possibly causing a catastrophic failure.
de-ionized. There are various additives which may be added
Another alternative is de-ionized water. De-ionized or
to the coolant in your system. Water wetter is great for
non-conductive water may seem desirable initially, because
increasing the cooling capacity of your system by altering
it is a poor electrical conductor, and therefore will not cause
the proper ties of water and making it even more thermally
much damage if a leak occurs. However, water is an
capacitive. Water wetter will also help reduce corrosion in
excellent solvent, and so if de-ionized water is put into a
your water cooling system. Other additives, such as UV-reac-
water cooling system, it will corrode the water blocks to get
tive dyes, may be added for aesthetic reasons.
its ions back. Therefore, de-ionized water is not something we recommend, either. A good choice is distilled water, because
THAT’S HOW TUBES CONNECT TO THE CPU
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F U NCTIO N
HEAT
TRANSFER HEAT
COLD WATER FROM RIVER
57 | 58
INDUSTRIAL USAGE Most industrial cooling towers use river water or well water as their source of fresh cooling water. The large mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft cooling
replaced by make-up water containing carbonates and
towers in industrial plants such as power stations, petroleum
other dissolved salts, a por tion of the circulating water is also
oil refineries, petrochemical plants and natural gas process-
continuously discarded as “blow down” water to prevent the
ing plants continuously circulate cooling water through heat
excessive build-up of salts in the circulating water.
exchangers and other equipment where the water absorbs heat. That heat is then rejected to the atmosphere by the par tial evaporation of the water in cooling towers where up flowing air is contacted with the circulating down flow of water. The loss of evaporated water into the air exhausted to the atmosphere is replaced by “make-up” fresh river water or fresh cooling water. Since the evaporation of pure water is
High grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis) and potable water is sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water.
REDESIGN
I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
R E DE SIGN
COOLANT IS REALLY HARMFUL TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND EXPANSIVE. IT’S NOT THE BEST CHOICE.
61 | 62
CURRENTLY, WATER COOLING SYSTEMS ARE EXPENSIVE AND USE COOLANT.
IT ’S NOT THAT C O O L
REDESIGN
63 | 64
WHY DON’T WE USE WATER AS COOLING LIQUID? WATER IS MUCH LESS EXPENSIVE AND FRIENDLY TO THE ENVIRONMENT COMPARE TO THE COOLANT. A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device to prevent
gaseous,or can undergo a phase change, with the latent
its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device
hea t a d d i n g to t h e c o o l i n g e ffi c i e n c y. Th e l a t te r, w h e n
to other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has
u s e d to a c h i eve l ow te m p e ra t u re s, i s m o re c o m m o n l y
high thermal c a p a c i t y, l ow v i s c o s i t y, i s l ow - c o s t , n o n - tox i c ,
k n ow n a s re f r i g e ra n t .
a n d c h e m i c a l l y i n e r t , n e i t h e r c a u s i n g n o r p ro m o t i n g c o r ro s i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g s y s te m . S o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s a l s o re q u i re t h e c o o l a n t to b e a n e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a to r.
The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and lowcost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and
W h i le t he te rm co o la n t is co mmo n ly u sed in a utom otive,
antifreeze. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic
re s i de n t i a l a n d co mmercia l tempera tu re- co n trol ap p lica-
chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or
t i o n s, i n i n d u s tria l pro cessin g, h ea t tra n sfer flu id is one
propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based
te c hn i c a l te r m mo re o ften u sed, in h ig h temperature as
coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0 °C, or when
we ll a s low te mpera tu re ma nu fa ctu rin g a pplications.
its boiling point has to be raised. Betaine is a similar coolant,
The coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or
with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically.
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R E DE SIGN
FILTER
A FILTER COULD EASILY KEEP THE DIRTY WATER CLEAN
HOT/DIRTY WATER
FILTER
COOL/PURE WATER
65 | 66
ADDING A WATER FILTER COULD EASILY SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. WATER COULD BE SAVED. A water filter removes impurities from water by means of a
The process of passing a mixture through a filter is called
fine physical barrier, a chemical process or a biological
filtration. The liquid produced after filtering a suspension of a
process. Filters cleanse water to various extents for irrigation,
solid in a liquid is called filtrate, while the solid remaining in
drinking water, aquariums, and swimming pools. Filters use
the filter is called retentate, residue, or filtrand.
sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges and other processes. Unlike a sieve or screen, a filter can remove par ticles much smaller than the holes through which the water passes. In chemistr y and common usage, a filter is a device (usually a membrane or layer) that is designed to physically block cer tain objects or substances while letting others through. Filters are often used to remove solid substances suspended i n fl u i d s, fo r e xa m p l e to re m ove a i r p o l l u t i o n , to m a ke wa te r d r i n ka b l e , a n d to p re p a re c o ffe e . S o m e d ev i c e s t h a t a re c a l l e d fi l te r s m a y a l s o c a r r y o u t o t h e r p ro c e s s e s, s u c h a s wa s te t re a t m e n t .
Some buildings, as well as aircraft and other man-made environments use foam, pleated paper, or spun fiberglass filter elements. Another method, air ionisers, use fibers or elements with a static electric charge, which attract dust par ticles. The air intakes of internal combustion engines and compressors tend to use either paper, foam, or cotton filters. Oil bath filters have fallen out of favor. The technology of air intake filters of gas turbines has improved significantly in recent years.
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R E DE SIGN
WATER COOLING TOWER
Each tower can only connect to one computer, it’s expansive.
67 | 68
RIGHT NOW, EACH TOWER CAN ONLY SERVE ONE COMPUTER.
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WHY NOT CREATE A COOLING SYSTEM NETWORK?
R E DE SIGN
69 | 70
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R E DE SIGN
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WITH SOCOOL, MORE COMPUTERS CAN WORK MORE EFFICIENTLY AND LAST LONGER. Our new computer cooling system could solve the problems
as the cooilng liquid because regular water is easy to get
ver y easily and quickly. The functions are much more useful
dir ty. But with our product, we add a water filter in the middle
than old systems. Firstly, we can save much more money from
of the product to keep the water clean and pure. And it’s
it. We can put one system in the computer ser ver room, then
ver y friendly to the envirenment.
it will works as the ser ver., Which connect computers with many tubes. Also, it includes a water filter inside, which can keep water clean. So people do not need to use coolant as the cooling liquid, which could save lots of money and water. Our product will create a ver y useful computer cooling network by connect it to the computer ser ver. We are going to use pure water as the cooling liquid so it will decrease the price of the machine. Oringinal cooling system use coolant
Overall, our new p rod uct has a ver y beautiful an d mo de rn looking. The outsid e p rotector could help the towe r ke e p away from over heating. The silver sur face is also a ve r y great looking.
I T’ S NOT THAT COOL
R EDE SIGN
RADIATOR
For our water-cooled PC, we used SOCOOL Reserator, which combines a reservoir, pup and radiator in one unit.
HOT/DIRTY WATER
WATER FILTER
Hot and dir ty water come back from computer hard wares.
A water filter could easily clean the dir ty water, and keep water pure.
PURE WATER
Pure water will star t another trip to cool down the computer.
MATERIAL
The material for the product is alumina and silver which could absorb the heat quickly.
73 | 74
40 INCH
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R E DE SIGN
77 | 78
THAT’S HOW OUR SYSTERM WORKS. USUALLY WE SET UP THE SYSTEM IN THE COMPUTER SERVER ROOM TO START A COOLING NETWORK. A server computer is a computer, or series of computers,
Ser vers provide essential ser vices across a network, either to
that link o t h e r c o m p u te r s o r e l e c t ro n i c d e v i c e s to g e t h e r.
private users inside a large organization or to public users
T h e y o f te n p rov i d e e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s a c ro s s a n e t wo r k ,
via the Internet. For example, when you enter a quer y in a
e i t h e r to p r i va te u s e r s i n s i d e a l a rg e o rg a n i z a t i o n o r to
search engine, the quer y is sent from your computer over the
p u b l i c u s e r s v i a t h e i n te r n e t . Fo r e xa m p l e , w h e n yo u e n te r
internet to the ser vers that store all the relevant web pages.
a q u e r y i n a s e a rc h e n g i n e , t h e q u e r y i s s e n t f ro m yo u r
The results are sent back by the ser ver to your computer.
c o m p u te r ove r t h e i n te r n e t to t h e s e r ve r s t h a t s to re a l l t h e re l e va n t we b p a g e s. T h e re s u l t s a re s e n t b a c k by t h e s e r ve r to yo u r c o m p u te r. Many servers have dedicated functionality such as web servers, print ser vers, and database ser vers. Enterprise ser vers are servers that are used in a business context.
Usually, we set up the cooling system in the com pu te r ser ver room to star t a cooling networ k. All the tub e s wi l l connect to the ser ver then go through to all the c o mpu ter s in the office or build ing.
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R E DE SIGN
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I T’ S NOT T HAT COOL
C OLOPH ON
DESIGNER
Lehu Zhang
81
INSTRUCTOR
ACADEMY OF ART UNIVERSITY, Graphic Design Department
CLASS
Print 2, Fall 2010
PROJECT
R3 Sustainable Product Design
PAPER
Epson Presentation Paper Matte, 47lb
FONTS
Avant Garde BT, Newage
PRINTER
Epson stylus PHOTO 1400
BINDING
The Key Printing&Binding, Side Sewing
3D
Tianyang Liu
Tom Sieu