Unit 6 key

I

A new tense

[LC + GRA]

Listen to the song We Are The Champions by Queen and try to fill in the missing verb forms. The infinitives on the right hand side may help you out.

I’ve paid my dues

(I have paid)

to pay

Time after time I’ve done my sentence

to do

to make

I’ve had my share of sand kicked in my face

to have

But I’ve come through

to come

But committed no crime And bad mistakes I’ve made a few

We are the champions my friends And we'll keep on fighting ‘till the end We are the champions, we are the champions No time for losers 'cause we are the champions of the world

Answer the following questions about the song orally: a) What do the following expressions mean?

- to pay your dues

- to do your sentence

- to have sand kicked in your face

b) On what occasion or event would you play this song?

Have a closer look at the verb forms you had to fill in and answer the following questions: 1

What is the name of the new tense? Present perfect simple

2

How is this new tense formed? to have + past participle: (= voltooid deelwoord)

3

How do you form negative sentences and questions with this new tense?

have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) + pa.pa.

4

When do we use this new tense?

We use a present perfect when we talk about a period “up to now” + we want to point

out the result of an action.

1

Ø Have a look at the grammar topic present perfect simple tense in your TB, p. 89-91 for more information and examples.

Write the past participle form of the verbs in the grid by following the examples: to admit – to answer – to believe – to carry – to come – to damage – to destroy – to do – to panic – to discover – to happen – to investigate – to marry – to open – to shiver – to slip – to travel – to picnic – to cry – to end – to prefer – to visit – to make – to have – to pay = irregular!

consonant + y: ied

infinitives ending in 1 stressed vowel + 1 consonant

Infinitives ending in -el

managed

tried

stopped

quarrelled

answered

believed

carried

admitted

travelled

destroyed

damaged

married

slipped

discovered

investigated

cried

preferred

infinitive + ed

infinitives ending in e + d

talked

final ic = cked

happened

opened

shivered

ended

visited

panicked

picnicked

Ø Have a look at the list of irregular verbs in your TB, p. 201-203 and memorize the past participles you find there.

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EXERCISES: Present perfect simple

1

Now you know how to form the present perfect simple tense, you can complete the lyrics of a song by U2.

I have climbed the highest mountain

to climb

I have run through the fields

to run

Only to be with you Only to be with you I have run

to run

I have crawled

to crawl

I have scaled these city walls

to scale

But I still haven’t found what I'm looking for

not to find

But I still haven’t found what I'm looking for

not to find

These city walls Only to be with you

2

What has happened? Write down sentences underneath each cartoon. Form negative sentences and questions as well.

The man has washed his car.

The woman has painted the fence.

He hasn’t washed his car.

The woman hasn’t painted the fence.

Has he washed his car?

Has the woman painted the fence?

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The man has shaved off/cut off his hair.

The boy has tidied up his room.

The man hasn’t shaved off his hair.

The boy hasn’t tidied up his room.

Has the man shaved off his hair?

Has the boy tidied up his room?

The criminal has escaped from prison.

The manager has left his office.

The criminal hasn’t escaped from prison.

The manager hasn’t left his office.

Has the criminal escaped from prison?

Has the manager left his office?

The woman has returned/come back from

The newsagent has sold all the newspapers.

her holiday to Spain.

He hasn’t sold all the newspapers.

The woman hasn’t returned …

Has he sold all the newspapers?

Has the woman returned?

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3

Find the connection. The sentences in the left column are written in the present perfect because we can see the result now. Match these sentences with the sentences in the present simple from the right column. Use the table below to answer.

1. I have studied history very well.

a. She’s wearing his ring now.

2. You have plucked all the flowers in your mother’s garden.

b. I don’t know if I have to take my umbrella or my sunglasses.

3. Jerome has asked Jenny to marry him.

c. Now I have to do it all over again!

4. We haven’t watered the plants in two months.

d. She looks like a ghost now.

5. Little Annie has just pulled a sheet over her head.

e. They are free at the moment.

6. The Dalton brothers have escaped from prison today.

f. The children are eating a delicious piece of it.

7. The dog has ripped my homework apart.

g. They’re all dead and withered.

8. I haven’t watched the weather report today.

h. There are no flowers left anymore.

9. Mother has baked an apple pie.

i. I know that Augustus was the first Roman Emperor.

1

i

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

h

a

g

d

e

c

b

f

We use the present perfect for actions in the past that have a clear connection with the present. Words like just, today, already, always, lately, recently, never, ever and yet are indicators of that connection.

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4

OA: Have you ever? Answer the following questions with a short answer.

1) Have you ever been to Paris? Yes, I have / No, I haven’t 2) Have you watched a live football match yet? ……………………………………………………………………...

3) Have you ever gone skiing or snowboarding? ……………………………………………………………………

Formulate two questions yourself using the present perfect tense.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Now ask one of your questions to a classmate and prepare a short talk about the question your classmate asked you. Don’t write down full sentences, only keywords.

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II

Another new tense

Study these sets of sentences.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The pupils have just finished the exercises.

[GRA]

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They have been working on the exercises for hours.

He has been searching for one since last month.

The landlord hasn’t managed to find a new bartender.

Answer the questions and do the assignments below.

How is the new tense formed? have + been + ing-form

Write down the name of the new tense in the grid above.

Study these sentences and complete the statements in the box with “for” or “since”.

I have been working for three days.

I have been working constantly since 7 o’clock.

I have been telephoning for hours.

We have been calling him since 8 o’clock.

We use since when we indicate the beginning of the period up to now.

We use for when we indicate the whole period up to now.

We use a present perfect tense when we situate the action in a period up to now.

We use a continuous tense when we want to stress the duration of the action.

Ø Have a look at the grammar overview present perfect tenses your teacher will show you. You can also find it on Schoolonline!

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EXERCISES: Present perfect continuous

1

Complete the following sentences with the present perfect continuous.

We have been climbing (to climb) for six hours now. It’s about time we reached the top.

We haven’t been climbing Have we been climbing?

I have been trying (to try) to catch some salmon since 7 o’clock this morning, but I haven’t been lucky so far.

I haven’t been trying Have I been trying?

It has been raining (to rain) for days on end. When is the weather going to change?

It hasn’t been raining Has it been raining?

We have been cycling (to cycle) for more than six hours now. When are we going to take a rest?

We haven’t been cycling Have we been cycling?

2 Complete the dialogue with the present perfect or 8

present perfect continuous tense. Indicate the signal words that tell you which tense you have to use.

You have left (to leave) the door open, again! And the cat has disappeared (to disappear) once more. You know what she is like! She has always been (always/to be) fond of running through the front door.

I’m so sorry. I have been working (to work) on the computer for the last two hours. I must have left the door open when I came in with the newspaper this morning.

I know. You always start reading that newspaper as soon as you have taken (to take) it from the letter box. I have told (to tell) you again and again that you should wait until you have entered (to enter) the house before you start reading. Haven’t you listened/Haven’t you been listening (You/not to listen) to me?

Two hours later …

I have been looking (to look) for the cat for hours now, but I haven’t been able to (cannot) find her. I have asked/have been asking (to ask) all the neighbours, but nobody has seen (to see) her.

What are we going to do about it?

Don’t worry. The cat has never stayed (never/to stay) away for more than a few hours. She will turn up soon enough.

Four hours later …

Well. What have you been doing (you/to do) since I told you about my search for the cat? You have never bothered (never / to bother) much about her, have you?

But I have. I have been looking/have looked (to look) for her too, and our next-door neighbour tells me just now that he has seen (to see) her jump over the wall between our gardens. She must be around somewhere.

As long as she hasn’t turned up (not to turn up) I will keep worrying. Can’t you understand that?

Of course I can understand that. But have we searched (we/to search) the whole house yet?

Have you looked (you/to look) in the garden shed?

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Not yet. I’ll go and have a look there.

Five minutes later …

Hurray! I have found her (to find) her. She has been sleeping (to sleep) in the shed for some time, obviously. What a relief!

You can say that again. You haven’t been (not/to be) very enjoyable today.

The present perfect of to be is have/has been.

The present perfect of can is have/has been able to.

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III

Present perfect versus past simple

Which periods do these words refer to? Tick off.

1 the present period present tense 2 a period in the past that is completely over past tense 3 a period that started in the past that continues up to now present perfect tense

1 2 3

1

in 1980

X

in the Middle Ages

yesterday

X

on January 21, 1997

so far

X last year

now X

a year ago

for six months now

X since last Tuesday

for the past ten years

X in his youth

at the moment X

a minute ago

last week

X

never before

at present X

when I was on holiday

all my life

X

at 8 o’clock this morning

Which tense do you use for each period? Write it next to the periods above.

è Past simple tense With a clear time indication in the past + the period is completely over.

e.g. I met Steven Spielberg last week. e.g. We were on holiday in Spain last summer.

è Present perfect tense Without a clear time indication in the past + the period started in the past and continues up to now.

e.g. I have lived in this house for 25 years. e.g. Have you ever visited the zoo?

[GRA]

2

3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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EXERCISES: Present perfect and past simple Complete the sentences with the present perfect or past simple. Indicate the signal words that help you decide which tense to use.

-Dr Paul Janssen founded (to found) his company, Janssen Pharmaceutica, near Turnhout in 1953. He has changed (to change) the history of the medicine in various ways. In total, the company has developed (to develop) more than eighty new drugs in the past fifty years.

-This is a picture of my group. My name is Lisa and I’m the singer. I started (to start) the group two years ago, and I have been (to be) the singer since last year. Michael is the drummer. He learned/learnt (to learn) to play the drums two years ago. Ann plays the bass guitar. She has been playing (to play) the guitar since she was (to be) eight. Graham plays both the piano and the guitar. He only started (to start) playing the guitar a year ago, but he’s already really good. We have already played (already/to play) six concerts and we love it! We also have a stylist, someone who designs the clothes we wear on stage. Her name is Nicky. She has already made (already/to make) five different outfits since she came (to come) to work for us a few months ago. My band is really important to me. I must say I have never had (never/to have) so much fun in my life!

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Tenses: mixed exercise Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs between brackets. Choose between present simple, present continuous, past simple and present perfect simple.

Dear Mina, How are you? I hope (to hope) you’re fine. I’m writing to you from Bistrita, a town in Romania.

We’re going to leave for Italy tomorrow, so my parents are packing (right now) (to pack). I packed (to pack) my bag this morning and it is raining (to rain) now so I have time to write to you. Our holiday here has been (to be) great up to now. We arrived (to arrive) in Romania nine days ago and we have visited (to visit) many castles and museums since then. And you know what? I have seen (to see) the Castle of Dracula here. People call (to call) it Bran Castle. I know how much you’re interested in Dracula and that you always read (to read) books about it, so I’ll tell you some more things I have learned (to learn). Three days ago we visited (to visit) a Dracula museum in Bistrita. It looked (to look) really great. The people of the museum set up (to set up) displays that tell the story of Dracula. Did you know (you/to know) that Dracula’s real name was (to be) Vlad Tepes? I have written/wrote (to write) everything down for you and I have bought/bought (to buy) some books about it. A month ago, I still thought (to think) that this Dracula stuff was all bogus, but since I have seen (to see) Romania for myself, I can understand why you like it so much. Oh, I have to go, my mother is calling (to call) for me. I guess they’re ready to go. Have a nice holiday too!

See you in school, Rob

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FOCUS VOCABULARY

WE ARE THE CHAMPIONS

If you haven’t … … …, you can’t paid your dues (to pay your je schulden betalen come to the school’s picnic. dues) The criminal … … … and has committed a crime (to commit a been in jail for 5 years. He has … crime) een misdaad plegen … … and is free now.

done his sentence (to do your je straf uitzitten sentence) I watched the bully … … … the kicking sand in … … face (to kick gemeen zijn tegen iemand boy’s … and ran to the teacher. sand in someone’s face)

EXERCISES PRESENT PERFECT

My neighbour has forgotten to … water (to water) the flowers and now some of withered (to wither) them are …

water geven, begieten

The boys had to … under the … crawl (to crawl) to enter the woods. fence (a fence)

kruipen

My sister … … her long hair and cut off (to cut off) donated it to a … … good cause (a good cause)

afknippen

verwelken, verdorren

hek, omheining, afscheiding een goed doel

Yesterday my father … … his shaved off (to shave off) beard. I hardly recognized him!

afscheren

I first had to … … my room before I could leave for the tidy up (to tidy up) party.

opruimen

A … sells newspapers and magazines, and often candy and newsagent (a newsagent) cigarettes.

krantenverkoper, tijdschriftenverkoper

In the summer holidays I never sunglasses (= always plural) leave the house without my …

zonnebril

Our climbing team managed to scale (to scale) … the world’s highest mountain.

(be)klimmen, (op)klauteren

My mother … … … cooking. Last is fond of (to be fond of + ingweekend she baked a … apple … form)

gek zijn op

delicious

(over)heerlijk, verrukkelijk

pie (a pie)

taart

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OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENTS Use this section to auto-evaluate whether you have acquired the knowledge and skills in Unit 6. Make a list of skills and knowledge you should have learned to help prepare you for the test/exam.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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