[2019] Korean Arts and Design by adcf_dsu

한국의 예술과 디자인 Korean Arts and Design

Dongseo University | College of Design

Asia Design Center for Future

Preface As Korean culture spreads globally via the phenomenon known as the “Korean Wave,” the number of interna�onal students coming to Korea increases. Students study in Korea not only to pursue their special�es but also to experience the culture. The purpose of this course is to provide interna�onal students with a deeper understanding of Korea and Korean culture. It is intended to help students learn about Korea’s tradi�onal humani�es through hands-on educa�onal experiences in the tradi�onal arts and through these experiences, to begin to understand the humani�es background of the country's modern cultural phenomena, such as the Korean Wave. In this course, we will study the spirit of Gunja (person of virtue) by experiencing tradi�onal Korean art including the Four Gentlemen and the Three Perfec�ons(calligraphy, poetry, and pain�ng), and will learn about the intrinsic spirit of Korean humor and cohesion through the Talchum(Korean tradi�onal mask dance). This hands-on educa�onal method is eﬀec�ve in promo�ng an understanding of Korea’s tradi�onal culture and humanis�c spirit, which may be unfamiliar to foreign students at the beginning. Students will not only acquire knowledge about Korea, but also be able to iden�fy with Korea emo�onally through the hands-on experiences in this course. Prof. Kim, Haeyoon, Chair of ADCF Course Development Commi�ee

Table of Contents 01. Introduc�on

02. The Aesthe�cs in Korean Art

03. The Spirit of Litera� Pain�ngs

04. Korean Litera� Pain�ng : The Four Gentlemen

05. An Introduc�on to Brush Pain�ng Techniques

06. An Introduc�on to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

07. Seal and Seal Carving Prac�ce

103

08. Tal and Talchum : Humanis�c Spirit of Talchum

113

09. Types of Talchum

124

10. Learning Talchum Performance

150

11. Crea�ng a Story with Character Design for Talchum

160

12. How to Make Tal

180

13. Student Talchum Performance

185

Korean Arts and Design

Introduction

Introduction | lecture 1

Willow-Branch Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara Seated in a Paradise Garden, Harvard Art Museums

Korean Arts & Design

Course Goal and Purposes

01. To learn the essence of traditional Korean arts and design 02. To understand the Korean humanistic spirits in the literati painting 03. To understand the aesthetics of Korean traditional arts

04. To experience 'The four gentlemenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; painting and seal design 05. To experience Tal making & Talchum performance

Korean Arts & Design

Course Contents

01. Lecture : Aesthetics of Korean arts and design 02. Practice 1 : The four gentlemen painting : individual work

03. Practice 2 : self-seal design : individual work 04. Research and Presentation : Survey one of the Talchum performance : team work 05. Practice 3 : Tal making : individual work 06. Practice 4 : Talchum performance : team work

Korean Arts & Design

Evaluation

01. Mid-term evaluation: Art works of 'The four gentlemen' painting with seal

02. Final evaluation: Tal-making and Talchum performance

Korean Arts & Design

Criteria for Evaluation

01. Attendance 20% 02. Mid-term presentation 30% 03. Final presentation 40%

04. Participation and Attitude 10%

Korean Arts and Design

The Aesthetics in Korean Art

The Aesthetics in Korean Art | lecture 2

Korean Arts & Design

The Aesthetics in Korean Art

01. Classic Beauty and Simplicity 02. Aesthetics of ‘Sorrow’ & ‘Folk Art’ 03. Artless Art and Planless Planning

04. Naturalness / Naturalism 05. Shamanism 06. Haehak(Korean Humor) 07. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity : defined by Andre Eckardt

• symmetrical structure • balance • Impartiality

• a sense of serenity • a distinct artless naiveté • moderation without excessive decoration

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Gyeongbokgung Palace http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Gyeongbokgung Palace http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/

Korean art and design

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Gyeongbokgung Palace http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

National Museum of Korea

Golden Deer Horn Shaped Head Ornaments, Cheonmachong, Silla Dynasty

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Buncheong ware •

Joseon Dynasty

•

Prunus Vase

•

Inlaid technique with fish pattern

•

Composition, method of expression shows the

changes from celadon to Bunchung celadon •

National treasure #347

National Museum of Korea , http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Black Ink Painting

Decisive vigor with simple lines

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Dalma-Do • Kim, Myung-guk, • Joseon dynasty, 17 C. • Decisive vigor with simple lines focused on the essence of things

National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

National Museum of Korea

Wandang Sehando •

Kim, Jeong-hui(1786-1856)

•

Joseon Dynasty

•

The best Three Perfections(calligraphy, painting, poetry) of Joseon with Chusache

Reference: http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=201610102113025

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Goryeo Celadon • Prunus Vase • Grayish green color(Korean celadon color)

National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Celadon Prunus Vase • Goryeo Dynasty

• Painted with Underglaze Iron Brown and Paste-on-paste Insam Leaf Design National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

Beautiful Woman • Shin, Yoon-bok Gansong Gallery http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=201610102113025

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

1. Classic Beauty and Simplicity

•

Kim, Jeong-hui(1786-1856)

•

Joseon Dynasty

•

Simple , harmonious & creative

National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

Comparison : West vs East

Self-portrait • Vincent van Gogh

Vincent van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

Dalma-Do

National Museum of Korea

• Kim, Myung-guk

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

Comparison : West vs East

https://www.museum.go.kr/

Kumkang Mountain landscape Painting • Jeong, Sun • Joseon Dynasty

Korean art and design

Monte Sainte Victoire • Cezanne, Paul

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

2. Aesthetics of ‘Sorrow’ & ‘Folk Art’ : Yanagi Muneyoshi’s concept

•

'aesthetic of sorrow’, Monono Aware (pathos)

•

Yanagi Muneyoshi enticed by the white and blue patterned porcelain, Joseon Dynasty

•

The beauty of inartificiality and folk art

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Artl

2. Aesthetics of ‘Sorrow’ & ‘Folk Art’

http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/

Buddhist dance, Song, Jae-seop

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

2. Aesthetics of ‘Sorrow’ & ‘Folk Art’

https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3562271&cid=58721&categoryId=58723

Buddhist dance

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

2. Aesthetics of ‘Sorrow’ & ‘Folk Art’

White Porcelain Bottle with String Design

• Joseon, 16th century • In under glazed Iron Brown • National Treasure 1060 National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning : Ko, Yu-seop

•

‘artless art’

•

‘planless planning’

•

the source of naiveté

•

‘disinterestedness’

•

the deformative element in Korean architecture

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Joseon Bowl,

Became Japanese National treasure !!!

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Tokyo National Museum https://www.tnm.jp/modules/r_collection/index.php?controller=dtl&colid=TG 2204&amp;amp;lang=en&lang=ja

OIdo chawan â&#x20AC;˘ Joseon Dynasty, 16th century â&#x20AC;˘ Japanese National Treasure

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

National Museum of Korea

Black Glazed Bowl • Joseon Dynasty

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Moon Jar

• Joseon Dynasty • White porcelain National Museum of Korea https://www.museum.go.kr/

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

White porcelain Peony Vine Pattern, •Joseon Dynasty •Peony Vine Pattern • emphasis on nature • objects that capture the liveliness and spirit found in the natural world. • an asymmetrical profile and an uneven glaze National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Buncheong ware • Joseon Dynasty •

Lotus and Fish Pattern

National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Buncheong ware • Joseon Dynasty

• Simple fish pattern

National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

White Porcelain • Joseon Dynasty • Simple phoenix pattern National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Ong-gi earthenware

Gyeongbokgung Palace

• Korean traditional fermented food such as soy sauce, soy bean paste, red pepper paste, Kimchi are stored. The most popular earthenware in Korean traditional palace and house http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/content/preview/preview03.asp

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

3. Artless Art and Planless Planning

Characteristics of Korean celadon and porcelain •

Natural and impromptu

•

Minimal decoration

•

Not perfect, but less artificial

•

Use of natural pattern or no pattern

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn : Kim, Won-yong of ‘Naturalism’

•

A natural approach to creating beauty

•

Harmony with nature

•

The ‘attitude of conforming to nature’

•

Modesty & naturalness of the material

•

Nature is a channel to reach the essence of things

•

A form of ‘naturalness’ without artificiality

•

Ko, Yu-seop noted disinterestedness

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

Sansudo • Jeong, Sun • Joseon Dynasty

• Landscape painting www.emuseum.go.kr

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

Gosagwansudo (Schcolar gazing at the running river) • Kang, Hee-an

• Joseon Dynasty www.emuseum.go.kr

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn Baekje Smile

•

Baekje Dynasty

•

Rock Carved triad Buddha in Seosan

•

Granite relief

•

Natural & soft curve

•

Korean modest image

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn Korean traditional Buddhist temple •

A form of ‘naturalness’ without artificiality

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

A wall made of stone and clay, a natural approach to create beauty

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

A low wall, a natural approach to create beauty

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

Korean traditional house, Naturalness of the material without artificial decoration

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness (自然美 )

A road to Dosan Seowon(a private Confucian academy), a natural approach to create beauty - harmony with nature -

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

4. Naturalness / Naturalisn

Flora & insects

•

Shin, Saimdang

•

Nature as a channel to reach the essence of things

• Her love and observation for nature including the small creatures https://m.post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo=12164319&memberNo=35098035&vType=VERTICAL

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism : Cho, Yo-han

•

the shamanic features of traditional Korean art

•

Chusa Kim, Jeong-hui’s calligraphy

•

Gut(ritual dance) : shaman

•

Aesthetic characteristics of freely expressed vibratos

•

A fresh force of life : another characteristic of shamanism

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

Dream • Yoo, Mal-soon • Dance by shaman https://blog.naver.com/cnnfree/150121 835665, Busan National Gugak Center

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

https://cafe.naver.com/smkphoto/544

Dance by Shaman

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

Untitled â&#x20AC;˘ Oh, Syng-yoon

https://www.daart.co.kr

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

shaman • Park, Sang-kwang • Korean theme • Goguryeo Mural painting

• Vivid Korean color http://www.jinju.go.kr/rheesjmuseum

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

Ha-dong, Ssanggae temple • Jang-seung(Totem pole) National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

Jang-seung to protect the village from evil

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

5. Shamanism

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4902558/Korea-Kim-Photos-nation-divided.html

Jang-seung to protect the village from evil

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor) : Ko, Yu-seop and Choen Sun-u

•

humor : a very essential element of Korean art

•

Not perfect but intimate

•

Korean Mask ‘Tal’ with humor & satire

•

A tiger and the stone lion : an playful smile on its face

•

folk paintings - ‘The Smoking Tiger at Play with a Rabbit ‘ at the Yongjusa temple - ‘Breaking Silence ‘ at the National Museum of Korea by Kim, Deuk-sin

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6 Haekak(Korean Humor)

Smiling wooden sculpture Songkwang-sa temple

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

HaHoi-Tal

• Korean Mask shows Korean smile with sorrowful aesthetic National folk museum of Korea http://www.nfm.go.kr/

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

Hahoi-Tal • Express the character of the person • in simple & comic way • The left and right of the face is asymmetry National folk museum of Korea http://www.nfm.go.kr/

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

Joseon Minhwa Museum

Korean Folk painting ‘Smoking Tiger and Rabbit’

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

‘Tiger and Magpie’

•

Nam, Jeong-ye

•

Folk painting

•

Even a tiger is funny just like a cat

•

Playing with birds-magpie

Baekdudaegan National Arboretum

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

Breaking the silence • Joseon Dynasty

• Kim, Deuk-sin Gansong Gallery

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

‘Korean Wrestling’ • Kim, Hong-do, 18C • No background, mild color • no strong contrast • Gesture & expression of everyone are equally and precisely described

Gansong Gallery

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

6. Haekak(Korean Humor)

‘Dan-oh Festival Scene’ •

Shin, Yoon-bok, 18C

•

Humorous with two young monks

•

Erotic scene with half-naked women

•

mild color with red,

•

Yellow & blue accent color

•

Like cartoon, not realistic

•

but focused on the essence

Gansong Gallery

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art • Avoid too much artificial technique • Do not pursue geometrical perfection • Reflect the purity of nature • Focus and express the essence of nature and things • the Korean aesthetic serves as a guiding principle for modern artists and continues to inspire ideas.

• Classic beauty and simplicity • Naturalness & Naivete as another form of civilization • Color : half-tints such as jade, dark blue and pale pink in folk painting

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Where do we meet •

Kim, Whan-Ki

•

Establish Korean Emotion

•

Korean Pungnyu In abstract painting

•

Create Korean abstract naturalism

Leeum

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Moon Jar

• 1955~56 • Kim, Whan-ki • Oil on canvas, • 65x80cm Hyundai Gallery

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Jang, Uk-jin • Simplicity • Humor • Love for nature _ Mountain, tree, animal • Love for family _ wife, child, home • Korean aesthetics with simple form and bright colors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mENyi8H9ZKA

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Tiger

• Jang, Uk-jin Jang Uk-jin Art Culture Foundation

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

street tree

• Jang Uk-jin Jang Uk-jin Art Culture Foundation

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Tree

• Jang Uk-jin • Broke the border between abstract • and conception with simple-mindedness

Jang Uk-jin Art Culture Foundation

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Jungdo of Jeju life • Lee, Wal-jong http://walartmuseum.or.kr/portfolio

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Jungdo of Jeju Life •

Lee, Wal-jong

•

New interpretation of Joseon Three Perfection

•

Simple-mindedness

•

Main theme : nature, family, dog, bird

http://walartmuseum.or.kr/portfolio

Korean art and design

lecture 2 | The Aesthetics in Korean Art

7. The Korean Aesthetic in Modern Art

Fish and little boy •

Lee, Jung-seop

•

Simple, modest, humorous

•

Focused on the essence of the relationship

Busan Museum of art

Korean art and design

Reference • Kim Jaeyeol. White Porcelain and Punch'ông Ware. London: Laurence King, 2003. • Kim HeeYoung, Korean Abstract Painting, Hollym, 2013 • The Arts of Korea, A Resource for Educators, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001 • 김임수, 한국미술의 미적 특성 : 고유섭을 중심으로, 한국미학예술학회지, 1999 No.9 51-65 • 이기동, 한국인의 예술정신과 미의식, 2014, vol., no.75, pp. 221-245 한국사상문화학회 • Kwon Young-pil, The Aesthetic in Traditional Korean Art and Its Influence on Modern Life, KOREA JOURNAL, Vol.47. No.3 Autumn, 2007 pp.9~34

Korean Arts and Design

The Spirit of Literati Paintings

The Spirit of Literati Paintings| lecture 3 Bamboo 紫霞筆墨竹畫, Shin Wi(申緯) Joseon Dynasty Source: NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/view?relicId=8647#

Key Point 1 •

In painting, the subject of the Four Gentlemen was popular not only because it was highly symbolic to the literati, or amateur scholar-artists,

•

but also because artists could display their technical virtuosity.

Key Point 2 •

The Four Treasures are the most essential implements for any painter or calligrapher.

•

They are the brush, paper, the ink stick, and the ink stone

Korean Arts & Design

The Spirit of Literati Paintings The Four Gentlemen

01. The Spirit of Korean Literati Painting 02. The Four Gentlemen 03. The Four Treasures

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

1. The Spirit of Korean Literati Painting 1) Walking on a Mountain Path in Spring •

First developed in China during the Northern Sung period by members of the educated elite seeking relaxation from Confucian studies and government service .1)

Walking on a Mountain Path in Spring

• Ma Yuan(1160–1225), Chinese •

Southern Song Dynasty

• Ink on Silk(27.4cm×43.1cm) National Palace Museum, Taipei

1) Brushes With Perfection, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE, VOLUME 89, N0. 3 FEB. 1997

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

1. The Spirit of Korean Literati Painting 2) Gyehoedo •

Literati painting later became popular in Korea.

•

Literati painting took root in Korea’s Goryeo period, which saw a close cultural exchange with China.

•

It was during the early days of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea's last royal dynasty, that literati painting began to flourish. 1)

Gyehoedo(Gathering of government officials) • Unidentified Artist, Korean, • Joseon Dynasty • Hanging scroll; ink and color on silk(209.6 x 84.5 cm) https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/hb/hb_2008.55.jpg 1) Brushes With Perfection, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE, VOLUME 89, N0. 3 FEB. 1997

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

1. The Spirit of Korean Literati Painting 3) Wandang Sehando •

The paintings of the Korean literati combined literature and art to achieve a delicate harmony.

•

Korean literati paintings were created mainly by amateur scholar-painters who aspired to the ‘Three Perfections’: calligraphy, poetry, and painting.

Wandang Sehando

National Museum of Korea, Korea

• Kim, Jeong-hui(1786-1856), Korean • Joseon Dynasty, • Ink Painting (23cm×69.2cm)

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

1. The Spirit of Korean Literati Painting 4) The Four Gentlemen •

In painting, the subject of the Four Gentlemen was popular not only because it was highly symbolic to the literati, or amateur scholar-artists, but also because artists could display their technical virtuosity.

•

favored subjects : bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum

•

as symbols of scholarly character and aspiration.

•

Paintings Epitomize Literati Ideal Four gentlemen • Kang, Se-whang • Joseon Dynasty, 18c • Private Collection

Orchid

Chrysanthemum

Bamboo

Korean art and design

Plum

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen

•

Symbolize the principals of a virtuous literatus.

•

Each plant has distinctive characteristics that represent the qualities that scholarofficials wished to cultivate.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Plum blossoms

Representing courage

http://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/ html_dir/2018/04/12/2018041200435.html

Songam Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Orchid

representing refinement

http://www.jeju.go.kr/hallasan /public/report/plant/plant02.h tm?act=view&seq=1014258 Songam Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Chrysanthemum

Representing productive and fruitful life

http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0006563 #modal

Songam Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Bamboo

Representing integrity

http://www.kheritage.tv/brd/board/275/L/menu/2476?brdType=R&bbIdx=2556

Songam Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

Four subjects that most painting students learn first because they include all of the basic strokes.

•

They also represent the four seasons:

① Bamboo - Summer - symbol of endurance and flexibility ② Chrysanthemum - Fall - symbol of strength and perseverance

③ Plum the first flower to break winter’s hold- Winter - symbol of the joy of renewal and the promise of life. ④ Orchid - Spring - symbol of the bright promise of beauty.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

The plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum—botanical subjects said to embody Confucian virtues of loyalty, purity, modesty, and dignity

•

These plants could be rendered monochromatically with simple ink and a calligraphic brush made them especially favored subjects for literati artists,

•

whose lives revolved around the arts of the brush: poetry, calligraphy, and painting.

•

The brush strokes learned while studying the four gentlemen are the foundations of later work.

•

Ironically, although these are the first subjects learned, they are generally the last subjects to be mastered. 1)

1) Contemplating Nature: Chinese and Korean Botanical Paintings, GALLERY 2600 | EAST ASIAN ART, June 4, 2015 – November 29, 2015, Harvard University Art Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 2) The Four Gentlemen : Bamboo •

A symbol of the virtue of modesty.

•

Because it is evergreen it is also a symbol of longevity.

•

There is a famous saying that an artist must become a bamboo before he can paint one.

•

Bamboo symbolizes loyalty and uprightness because it is flexible – it bends easily but does not break – and it grows upward in straight shoots.

•

bamboo represented integrity

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Ink Bamboo • Yi Jeong (Korean, 1541–1622) • Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) • Hanging scroll; ink on silk; 115.6 x 53.3 cm

• Mary and Jackson Burke Foundation

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

[Kang Collection, New York (2000)] sold; to Harvard University Art Museums, 2000

Bamboo through the Four Seasons • Yu Tŏk-chang (also known as Su-un and Ka-san-ŭng), • Joseon Dynasty •

ink on paper

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Bamboo and Rock • So Pyong-o (1862-1935) https://magazine.uchicago.edu/9702/Images/Bamboo.gif

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 3) The Four Gentlemen : Plum •

The plum tree is the first to blossom, producing buds before its leaves emerge.

•

Since it can flower very early in the year, it is a symbol of winter;

•

because of its purity it also symbolizes virginity.

•

The plum endures the freezing weather to blossom first in the early spring, symbolizing a scholar’s unyielding strength during difficulty. 1)

•

Plum blossoms which represented courage

1) https://collections.lacma.org/node/215765 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) )

Korean art and design

Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum

Blossoming Plum • Cho Hŭi-ryong, Korean (1789 - 1866) • painting proper: H. 28.1 x W. 41.1 cm (11 1/16 x 16 3/16 in.)

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Korean art and design

https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/view?relicId=8678#

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA

Plum Blossoms •

Jo Hui-ryong(趙熙龍, 1789-1866)

• 24.1x36.8cm

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 4) The Four Gentlemen : Orchid •

Characterized by its sweet smell, generally stands for love and beauty.

•

The orchid is also associated with the season of spring.

•

The orchid has a mild fragrance that can travel a great distance, suggesting the virtue of a scholar will influence broadly.

•

The orchid stood for refinement.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University

Orchids and Poems • Jo Hui-ryong (1789–1866), Korean • Album pages mounted as hanging scrolls: ink on paper(28.2 x 41 cm)

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University

Orchids and Poems • Jo Hui-ryong(1789–1866), Korean • Album pages mounted as hanging scrolls: ink on paper(28.2 x 41 cm)

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Orchid and Rock • Seo Byeong-O(1862–1935 ), Korean • Hanging scroll: ink on paper • 54 x 26 in. Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University

Orchids and Poems • Jo Hui-ryong (1789–1866), Korean •

Album pages mounted as hanging scrolls: ink on paper(28.2 x 41 cm)

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

2. The Four Gentlemen 5) The Four Gentlemen : Chrysanthemum •

The chrysanthemum, with its burnished colors, is a symbol of autumn.

•

Since it flourishes at the end of the year, it denotes longevity and duration.

•

The chrysanthemum, which blooms in the cool weather of autumn when other flowers wither, also has a mild fragrance and long-lasting, single-color flowers, signifying that one who endures obstacles will find a good outcome.

•

The chrysanthemum was a sign of a productive, and fruitful life,

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Chrysanthemum and Rocks,安中植 , 1913 • Ahn, Choong-sik, • ink on paper, 143 x 45 cm

Hoam Art Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

3. The Four Treasures 2) The Four Treasures : Brush

•

The brush is very flexible and versatile.

•

It comes to a fine point so that it can produce very thin lines, but it is also fat enough to make wider lines and dots.

•

To make a brush tip, one or several kinds of animal hair may be used including rabbit, wolf, goat, badger, and even the whiskers of mice.

•

Brushes vary in size from tiny, fairly stiff wolf hair brushes for outlining to immense resilient brushes for large calligraphic scrolls.

•

Long tapering brushes are good for swirling movements; short stumpy ones produce a blunt line with the understated impression favored by some of the scholar painters.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

3. The Four Treasures 3) The Four Treasures : Paper/Silk

Tang Dynasty copy of 新婦地黃湯帖 by Wang Xianzhi, currently in the Taito Ward Calligraphy Museum (台東区立書道博物館) http://www.wenhuacn.com/shufa/mingtie/02weijinnan bei/wangxianzhi_xinfu1.jpg

•

The next important material, paper, was invented in China during the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE–CE 9).

•

Early calligraphers carved records in stone, cast them in bronze, or wrote them on bamboo strips or silk, but all of these materials were too expensive or too big and bulky.

•

It was not until the Tang dynasty (618–906) that painters began to use paper on occasion, and it was not used extensively for pictures until the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368).

•

In fact, most early painting had been done on silk.

•

At first, calligraphers and painters made paper from rags. Eventually they used various kinds of vegetable fiber, including tree bark, grass, hemp, and grain husk.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

3. The Four Treasures 4) The Four Treasures : Ink Stick

Brushstrokes Styles and techniques of chinese Painting, Asian Art Museum - Chong Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture, November 1995 educator’s workshop

•

Black ink was made from soot mixed with glue and formed into hard sticks.

•

The finely ground soot produces the color while the glue both holds the stick together and acts as an adhesive to bind the ink to the paper or silk. Pine soot, from the inner wood of the tree, produced the best all-around ink, but other kinds of soot and various animal glues have been used.

•

Ink compounders have experimented over the ages with different materials, sometimes adding such unlikely ingredients as powdered pearls and jade dust.

•

Most ink makers guarded their recipes carefully, never writing them down and passing them on only to their apprentices.

•

Therefore, the recipes for making some special ink have been lost such as that for a once-popular bluish ink.

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

3. The Four Treasures 4) The Four Treasures : Ink Stick •

To use the ink stick, painters must grind it with water on a fine-grained stone.

•

The ink stone became one of the Four Treasures of the scholar.

•

The quality of the stone’s grain was of the greatest importance, but stones were treasured also for their color and beauty.

•

They were cut and carved so that they had a flat surface for grinding.

Brushstrokes Styles and techniques of chinese Painting, Asian Art Museum Chong Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture, November 1995 educator’s workshop

Korean art and design

lecture 3 | The Spirit of Literati Paintings

Reference • • • • • • • • •

The Fragrance of Ink: Korean Literati Paintings of the Chosôn Dynasty (1392—1910). Exhibition catalogue. Seoul: Korea University Museum, 1996. Deuchler, Martina. The Confucian Transformation of Korea. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1992. Kim Jaeyeol. White Porcelain and Punch'ông Ware. London: Laurence King, 2003. Feature story, "Brushes with perfection" , THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE VOLUME 89, N0. 3 FEB. 1997 The Arts of Korea, A Resource for Educators, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001 Brushstrokes Styles and techniques of Chinese Painting, Asian Art Museum - Chong Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture, November 1995 educator’s workshop Symbolism in Korean Ink Brush Painting, by By Frank Mullany, BRILL/Global Oriental , July 13, 2006 Brushes With Perfection, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE, VOLUME 89, N0. 3 FEB. 1997 http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/introductionchinese-brushpainting-techniques

Korean Arts and Design

Korean literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen | lecture 4

Painting of Oddly-shaped Stone and Bamboo, Painting of Oddly-shaped Stone and Orchid

(丁學敎筆怪石竹圖ㆍ石蘭圖) Jeong Hak-gyo(丁學敎, 1832-1914) Joseon Dynasty Source: NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/view?relicId=8346#

Key Point 1

•

"Four Gentlemen“ or “Four Noble Ones”

•

 four plants : plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

Korean Arts & Design

The painting of the Korean literati The Four Gentlemen

01. Korean literati paintings 02. The Four Gentlemen 03. The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholar’s Desk

04. Brushstroke Examples

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

1. Korean literati paintings 1) Korean literati paintings •

First developed in China during the Northern Sung period by members of the educated elite seeking relaxation from Confucian studies and government service,

•

literati painting later became popular in Korea.

•

Literati painting took root in Korea's Goryeo period, which saw a close cultural exchange with China.

•

It was during the early days of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea's last royal dynasty, that literati painting began to flourish. 1)

1) Brushes With Perfection, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE, VOLUME 89, N0. 3 FEB. 1997

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

1. Korean literati paintings 1) Korean literati paintings •

The paintings of the Korean literati combined literature and art to achieve a delicate harmony.

•

Korean literati paintings were created mainly by amateur scholar-painters who aspired to the "Three Perfections": calligraphy, poetry, and painting.

•

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen

•

favored subjects : bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum

•

as symbols of scholarly character and aspiration.

•

Paintings Epitomize Literati Ideal

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

symbolize the principals of a virtuous literatus.

•

Each plant has distinctive characteristics that represent the qualities that scholarofficials wished to cultivate.

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

‘Four Gentlemen’ or ‘Four Noble Ones’,

 four plants : plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

http://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/html_d ir/2018/04/12/2018041200435.html http://www.kheritage.tv/brd/board/275/L/menu/2 476?brdType=R&bbIdx=2556 http://www.jeju.go.kr/hallasan/pu blic/report/plant/plant02.htm?act =view&seq=1014258 http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Co ntents/Item/E0006563#modal

Korean art and design Bamboo

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen Chrysanthemum

Orchid

Plum Blossom

Incheon Metropolitan City- Songam Museum

Four Gentlemen Painting http://icmuseum.incheon.go.kr/board/1618/1910134?curPage=5&bbsNo=1618&searchVal=&cntPerPage=10

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

four subjects that most painting students learn first because they include all of the basic strokes.

•

They also represent the four seasons:

① Bamboo - Summer - symbol of endurance and flexibility ② Chrysanthemum - Fall - symbol of strength and perseverance ③ Plum the first flower to break winter’s hold- Winter - symbol of the joy of renewal and the promise of life. ④ Orchid - Spring - symbol of the bright promise of beauty. •

the plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum—botanical subjects said to embody Confucian virtues of loyalty, purity, modesty, and dignity 1)

1) Contemplating Nature: Chinese and Korean Botanical Paintings, GALLERY 2600 | EAST ASIAN ART, June 4 - November 29, 2015, Harvard University Art Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

these plants could be rendered monochromatically with simple ink and a calligraphic brush made them especially favored subjects for literati artists,

•

whose lives revolved around the arts of the brush: poetry, calligraphy, and painting.

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

2. The Four Gentlemen 1) The Four Gentlemen •

The brush strokes learned while studying the four gentlemen are the foundations of later work.

•

Ironically, although these are the first subjects learned, they are generally the last subjects to be mastered.

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

3. The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholar’s Desk 1) The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholar’s Desk

Brushstrokes Styles and techniques of chinese Painting, Asian Art Museum - Chong Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture, November 1995 educator’s workshop

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

3. The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk 2) Holding the Brush

http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/introduction-chinese-brushpainting-techniques

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

3. The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk 3) Inking Techniques

http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/introduction-chinese-brushpainting-techniques

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

4. Brushstroke Examples 1) Brushstroke Examples

http://education.asianart.org/sites/asianart.org/files/resource-downloads/Brushstrokes.pdf

Fast speed, light pressure

Medium speed, medium pressure

Slow speed, heavy pressure

Combination of light and heavy pressure

dipopposite sides of the brush with dark ink.

"flying whiteâ&#x20AC;?: fast speed, little moisture

This is an example of a side-ink technique.

f) Load the tip of the brush with ink and create a brush

stroke by holding the brush in an oblique position. g) Load the brush with a light wash of ink and

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Korean art and design

lecture 4 | Korean Literati Painting : The Four Gentlemen

Reference • • • • • •

• • • • • •

A Brush With Perfection A dazzling exhibition of Korean art recalls a lost world of lyrical elegance BY ANN MORRISON | Paris, TIME Asia Magazine, June 6, 2005 Vol. 165, No. 22 https://eaa.fas.harvard.edu/galleries/contemplating-nature-chinese-and-korean-botanicalpaintings https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/the-arts-of-korea 사군자 그림 : http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=3112302 간송문화전 4부 매난국죽 - 선비의 향기 전시 영상 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioKz2SR1ny4 대나무 그리기 1,2,3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1dqeO_9fBw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4GO2ZhuUw8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywrCF_XZuh0 The Four Treasures and Other Utensils for a Scholar's Desk http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/four-treasures-andother-utensils-for-scholars-desk Lee, Soyoung. “Yangban: The Cultural Life of the Joseon Literati.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yang/hd_yang.htm (October 2004) An Introduction to Chinese Brushpainting Techniques http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/introduction-chinesebrushpainting-techniques

Korean Arts and Design

An Introduction to Brush Painting Techniques

An Introduction to Brush Painting Techniques | lecture 5

Red Plum Blossom 《홍매(紅梅)》,

조희룡(趙熙龍, 1789년 ~ 1866년) Joseon Dynasty Source: KANSONG ART MUSEUMAN INTRODUCTION TOBRUSH PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Korean Arts & Design

An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques The Four Gentlemen

01. Decoration 02. Bamboo 03. Plum Blossom

04. Orchid 05. Chrysanthemum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

1. Decoration •

‘Four Gentlemen/Four Noble Ones’ Paintings

White Porcelain Saucer with Four Gentlemen Design • Joseon Dynasty https://www.museum.go.kr/site/main/relic/search/ view?relicId=9065#

• H. 10.0cm, D. 15.8cm National Museum of Korea

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

1. Decoration •

‘Four Gentlemen/Four Noble Ones’ Paintings

Lacquered Case • Joseon Dynasty • with Inlaid Mother-of-pearl Chrysanthemum, Plum and Bamboo Design • H. 8.0cm, L. 31.3cm, W. 31.3cm National Museum of Korea (NMK)

https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/list?sc =RELIC_NAME&sv=Lacquered+Case+with+Inlaid+Mother -ofpearl+Chrysanthemum%2C+Peony%2C+Scroll%2C+Plum +and+Bamboo+Design&pageSize=12

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

1. Decoration •

‘Four Gentlemen/Four Noble Ones’ Paintings

Inkstone with Plum, Bamboo, Pine, Sun and Moon Design

• Joseon Dynasty • L. 24.0cm, W. 13.4cm https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/sear ch/view?relicId=7375

National Museum of Korea (NMK)

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

1. Decoration •

‘Four Gentlemen/Four Noble Ones’ Paintings

White Porcelain Jar with Plum and Bamboo Design in Underglaze Iron Brown • Joseon Dynasty • H. 41.3cm, D. 37.9cm • National Treasure 166

https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/ view?relicId=1484

National Museum of Korea (NMK)

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Practice : Students Works

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Bamboo 대나무(竹)

https://unsplash.com/search/photos/bamboo

Bamboo in the Wind • Yi, Jeong • Joseon dynasty

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp54-55

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p55

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p59

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp60-61

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp68-69

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

2. Bamboo 대나무 竹

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Plum Blossom 매화(梅)

http://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/ht ml_dir/2018/04/12/2018041200435.html

Yi, Yu-won Joseon dynasty The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Korean art and design

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/40445?searchFiel d=All&amp;sortBy=Relevance&amp;ft=korean+four+gentlemen&amp; offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=3

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅

: 송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp86-87

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp86-88

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp92-93

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp96-97

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp110-111

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

3. Plum Blossom 매화 梅 – Students Works

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Orchid 난초(蘭)

http://www.jeju.go.kr/hallasan/public/rep ort/plant/plant02.htm?act=view&seq=101 4258

Orchid • 1904 • Min, Young-ik Gansong Gallery

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

4. Orchid 난초 蘭

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp14-15

Korean art and design

4. Orchid 난초 蘭

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp20-21

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

4. Orchid 난초 蘭

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp33

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

4. Orchid 난초 蘭

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp34-35

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

4. Orchid 난초 蘭 – Students Works

Korean art and design

4. Orchid 난초 蘭 – Students Works

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Chrysanthemum 국화(菊)

http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0 006563#modal

Chrysanthemum and Rocks • Ahn, Choong - sik

Hoam Art Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p133

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p134

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp136-137

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p139

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p147

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p148

Korean art and design

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, p149

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊

송수남, 새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지, 재원미술신서54, 재원, pp150-151

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

5. Chrysanthemum 국화 菊 – Students Works

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Students Works • plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Students Works • plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Students Works • plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Students Works • plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

Korean art and design

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

The Four Gentlemen – Students Works • plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum

lecture 5 | An Introduction to Brush painting Techniques

Reference •

송수남, “새로운 사군자의 세계 : 그리는 법에서 감상까지”, 재원미술신서54, 재원

•

Kansong Art and Culture Foundation : http://kansong.org/museum/collection/

•

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA : https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/home

•

Asian Art Museum’s education programs & resources http://education.asianart.org/brushpainting/ http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/lesson-or-activity/interactivedigital-brushpainting http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/video/brushpainting-nature-artartbabble http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/backgroundinformation/introduction-chinese-brushpainting-techniques

Korean Arts and Design

An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul| lecture 6

Korean Arts & Design

An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul Hangeul Seoye

01. Korean Calligraphy : Seoye 02. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 03. Hangeul

04. How to write Korean Calligraphy 05. Practice

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

1. Korean Calligraphy : Seoye •

Korean calligraphy is seen as an art where brushstrokes reveal the artist's personality enhancing the subject matter that is painted. This art form represents the apogee of Korean Confucian art.

•

Calligraphy, which developed in Korea under the influence of China, is the art of handwriting in which the beauty of the lines and forms of characters and the energy contained in brush strokes and subtle shades of ink are appreciated.

Korean Calligraphy, Spirit of the East https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= otHAYBbUwxY&t=2s

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

1. Korean Calligraphy : Seoye •

While calligraphy is an independent genre of art, it has been closely related with ink and wash painting since these forms use similar techniques and the tools commonly called the “four treasures of the study” (i.e. paper, brush, ink stick and ink stone).

Korean Calligraphy, Spirit of the East https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=otHAYBbUwxY&t=2s

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 1) Kim, Jeong-hui •

Korea has produced an abundance of master calligraphers of whom Kim Jeong-hui (1786-1856) is particularly famous for developing his own style, which is known as Chusache or Chusa Style (Chusa was his pen name).

•

His calligraphic works fascinated even the Chinese masters of his time and are still widely admired for their remarkably modern artistic beauty.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim_Jeong-hui

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 1) Kim Jeong-hui

Kim Jeong-hui, ‘Chusache’ http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/music/788638.html

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 1) Kim Jeong-hui

This original calligraphic style is called “Chusache” which was named after the creator, Chusa Kim Jeonghee http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1147567&cid=40942&categoryId=33072

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

Movie : Kim Jeong-hui created such masterpieces of Oriental art under such difficult •

Arirang Prime - Ep230C05 (9:12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JnbU5TyHI&list=PLbf-dHbvCRqYrIdXu15B6jwoB_RfNTLsy&index=5

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 1) Jung Yak-Yong •

Jung Yak-Yong (5 August 1762 – 7 April 1836), often simply known as ‘Dasan’ (one of his ‘ho’ / pennames meaning ‘the mountain of tea’) is a great man who has accomplished accomplishments in such a vast and diverse range that it is hard to imagine such as a scholar, a political scientist, a scientist, a medical scientist, a linguist, a geographer, a poet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Yakyong

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 2) Jung Yak-Yong

https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1640954&cid=46706&categoryId=46706

It is a long scrolling work with a total length of 20m. This was on September 13, 1824 (Sun 24), so Dasan was dissolved in Gangjin and returned to Hansu At the age of 63, when six years old, 19 people including his friends and brothers, And he built it while playing at Sagawa temple. It reaches to 48 numbers centering on poetry (four words). The preface of the poetry axis is noted. "I was so moved because I thought that it was scattered and that the meeting was not constant and had no trace. Because of this, he wrote poetry, made a turn according to his age, It is the reason why we build the poetry (poetry of the four words) to build the poetry and not to obscure the spirit. "

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 2) Jung Yak-Yong

조용한 저 운림은 / 窈彼雲林 푸르고 깊숙하네. / 靑窅深沈 여기서 놀고 쉬며 / 於焉游息 나의 마음을 즐기노라. / 聊樂我心

• Jung, Yak-Yong • Landscape Painting • 27.0×33.8cm https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1640955&cid=46702&categoryId=46739 Seoul Arts Center, Korean Calligraphy Museum

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

2. Korean Calligraphy & poetry 2) Jung Yak-Yong •

‘Jookransisa Note’ : The meeting called 'Bamboo Columns' is made up of Dasan as a center, and there are 15 people including Chae Hongwon, Lee Joo Shin, Nam Tae Eung, and Jeong Yak Tae. They gathered in the prestigious room of Dasan's Seoul house, admired the flowers blooming in the garden, and made friendship with liquor and poetry.

Jookransisa Note http://news.donga.com/Culture/more20/3/all/20130729/56716637/1

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

3. Hangeul 1) Concept of Hangeul 1) •

Hangeul is the alphabet of vowels and consonants used to transcribe the Korean language. In the early 15th century, the primary written language in Korea was Chinese, which was generally taught only to scholars and the upper class.

•

Thus, in 1443, King Sejong created Hangeul to give all of his people a better means of communication.

https://namu.wiki/w/%EC%84%B8%EC%A2%8 5(%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0) 1) http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/hangeul/concept/

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

3. Hangeul 1) Concept Of Hangeul 1) •

Following its creation, Hangeul was gradually adopted for use in study materials, reference books, literature, personal letters, and countless other documents.

•

Today, Hangeul is widely recognized for its outstanding suitability for digital communication.

1) http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/hangeul/concept/

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

3. Hangeul 2) Hunminjeongeum 2) •

Hunminjeongeum (lit. The Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People) is a document describing an entirely new and native script for the Korean language.

•

It was created so that the common people illiterate in hanja(Chinese Character) could accurately and easily read and write the Korean language.

•

It was announced in Volume 102 of the Annals of King Sejong, and its formal supposed publication date, October 9, 1446, is now Hangul Day in South Korea.

•

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunminjeongeum

The Annals place its invention to the 25th year of Sejong's reign, corresponding to 1443–1444. 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunminjeongeum

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

3. Hangeul 3) Hangeul Lettters : Vowels •

Hangeul has 10 basic vowels that can be combined to form a total of 21 vowels. The remaining vowels were made of a combination of 10 basic vowels.

•

The shapes of the vowels were based on simple horizontal and vertical lines

•

The vowel (which is no longer used) represents the wide sky, the vowel represents the earth, and the vowel represents a person. This theory reflects Asian philosophy, which viewed the sky, earth, and humanity as the three fundamental elements for all things. These three basic letters were then combined to form the 10 basic vowels. http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/letters/vowel/theory/

1) http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/hangeul/

100

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

3. Hangeul 4) Hangeul Letters : Consonants •

Hangeul has 19 consonants.

•

The five basic consonants of Hangeul are ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, and ㅇ.

•

The form of each consonant reflects the shape of the vocal organs

•

when pronouncing that letter. Based on these letters, the remaining consonant letters were created. The remaining consonants—ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ are stressed versions of the consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ.

http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/le tters/consonant/theory/ 1) http://learning.hangeul.go.kr/hangeul/

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

Movie : Hangeul and Hunminjeongeum •

Window on Korean Culture 2 : Hangeul / Korea Foundation (7:10)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRG9pWw74cU

•

Hangeul, the Scientific Letters / ARIRANG CULTURE (17:59)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-Z_Z65ikXs

101

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

4. How to write Korean calligraphy •

Korean calligraphy, also known as Seoye ,is the Korean tradition of artistic writing. While early Korean calligraphy was written in Chinese characters, including Hanja, modern Korean calligraphy may be written using Hangul, the native Korean alphabet.

Korean calligraphy written in Hangul. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_art#Calligraphy_and_printing

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

4. How to write Korean Calligraphy 1) how to write Hangeul calligraphy

102

•

Learning how to draw calligraphy from Artist Kang KANG Byung-in (9:14)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d929VOXKuw •

0:41 Explanation of Four Treasures of the Study

•

1:00 How to use ink stone

•

1:25 How to use ink brush, Line drawing

•

4:30 Hangul writing

•

6:27 Adjust the thickness and shape with a brush

•

6:58 Write Name

•

7:52 Stamping Nak-kawn

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

Practice : Let's write your name in Korean.

http://blog.daum.net/_blog/BlogTypeView.do?blogid=0NE5D&articleno=531

Korean art and design

lecture 6 | An Introduction to Korean Calligraphy and Hangeul

Discuss : how was the experience?

https://www.imgrumweb.com/hashtag/%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80%EA%B0%A4%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC

103

Korean Arts and Design

Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Seal and Seal Carving Practice | lecture 7

Korean Arts & Design

Seal and Seal Carving Practice Nak-kawn and Jun-gak

01. Seal and Seal carving 02. How to Stamping Nak-kawn 03. Practice : Making your own Seal

04. Students Works

104

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

1. Seal and Seal carving 1) Seal(Nak-kawn) 3) •

Known as yinzhang in China, Nak-kawn in Korea, inshō in Japan, ấn giám (or ấn chương) in Vietnam, seals have been used in East Asia as a form of written identification since the Qin dynasty (221 BC–).

•

The seals of the Han dynasty were impressed in a soft clay, but from the Tang dynasty a red ink made from cinnabar was normally used.

•

Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten signatures to authenticate official documents or financial transactions.

http://blog.daum.net/_blog/BlogTypeView.do?blogid=0 eDYu&articleno=52&_bloghome_menu=recenttext 3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(emblem)#East_Asia

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

1. Seal and Seal carving 2) Seal carving(Jun-gak) 4) •

Seal carving, also seal cutting, or zhuanke in Chinese, is a traditional form of art that originated in China and later spread to East Asia.

•

It refers to cutting a design into the bottom face of the seal (the active surface used for stamping, rather than the sides or top). Also known as seal engraving.

http://m.blog.daum.net/chungchangkeun/367

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving

105

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

1. Seal and Seal carving 2) Seal carving(Jun-gak) 4) •

carving stone

•

red stamping ink, 印朱

•

carving knife

•

carving frame

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

2. How to Stamping Nak-kawn •

Learning how to draw calligraphy from Artist Kang KANG Byung-in (9:14)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d929VOXKuw •

7:52~ Stamping Nak-kawn

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving

106

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

2. How to Stamping Nak-kawn •

Learning how to draw calligraphy from Artist Kang KANG Byung-in (9:14)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d929VOXKuw •

7:52~ Stamping Nak-kawn

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

2. How to Stamping Nak-kawn •

Learning how to draw calligraphy from Artist Kang KANG Byung-in (9:14)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d929VOXKuw •

7:52~ Stamping Nak-kawn

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_carving

107

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

2. How to Stamping Nak-kawn

Kim Jeong-hui, ‘Chusache’ http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/music/788638.html

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

3. Practice : Making your own Seal •

AYCE Korean Buffet & Hand-carving My Name Stamp in Insadong, South Korea (1:50)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

108

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

3. Practice : Making your own Seal ■ step 1 : Design for your name

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean ■ step 2 : choose design and trace

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

109

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean ■ step 3 : transfer paper

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean ■ step 4 : wrap tracing paper

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

110

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean ■ step 5 : trace your design onto block

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean ■ step 6 : tap and stamp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

111

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Practice : Let's make Seal your own in Korean â&#x2013; step 7 : develop design as needed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVbLdBCe80

Korean art and design

Discuss : how was the experience?

112

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

Korean art and design

lecture 7 | Seal and Seal Carving Practice

4. Students Works

113

Korean Arts and Design

Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum | lecture 8

Malddugi from the Songpa sandae Nori â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tal and Talchumâ&#x20AC;?, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.35

Korean Arts & Design

Tal and Talchum Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

01. The Origin of Korean Mask Dance, Talchum 02. Tal 03. Talchum

04. Humanistic Spirit of Talchum 05. Types of Talchum Performance

114

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

1. The Origin of Korean Mask Dance, Talchum •

Tal and Talchum developed in Korea in prehistoric times.

•

Talchum began in Korea as part of shamanic rituals that had evolved to purify and to protect houses and villages, and good harvest.

•

Talchum was popular among people of the lower class in the nineteenth century, and most performers were composed of lower classes.

•

The basic themes are exorcism rites, ritual dances, biting satire, parody of human weaknesses, social evils and the privileged class.

•

People performed Talchum in order to comfort mental and physical exhaustion from hard agricultural labor, and Talchum was the useful exercise and the excited amusement.1)

•

Movements of Talchum are mostly based on agricultural working and everyday life motions.2)

1), 2) Sangwoo Ha, “Dance and Tradition: Korean Mask Dance T’alch’um”, Gluck Fellowship 2014-‐15, Dance Workshop. UC Rivrerside, Gluck Fellows Program of the Arts

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

2. Tal 1) Korean Mask

•

Korean masks fall into two categories : ritual and theatrical masks.1)

•

Ritual masks are used for exorcisms or religious ceremonies, while theatrical masks are important in dance and dramatic performance.2)

•

The expression of the mask depends on the Talchum of each province, and there are many kinds.

1), 2) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.16

115

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

Characteristics of Korean ritual masks : Bangsangssi mask •

• •

Bangsangssi is considered the oldest traditional mask in Korea, passed down since the Silla Dynasty, around the 6th century.1) It was used to protect the dead from evil spirits during funeral services. It was made of paper, rice straw or wood and then buried near the graves or burnt after use.2)

Fig.1 Rice straw

Characteristics of Korean Theatrical masks : Malddugi mask •

• •

Malddugi appears nearly every mask dance performance. He is a servant but makes no bones about criticizing and ridiculing the ruling class yangban. The Malddugi mask has larger eyes, nose and ears than other masks, suggesting that he must carefully watch and listen to yangban's corrupt and devious schemes.

Fig.3 Dongrae Yaryu

Fig.2 Wood

Fig.4 Suyeong Yaryu

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Fig.1 & Fig.2 p.17, Fig.3 & Fig.4 p.35 1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.16, 2) p.19

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

2. Tal 2) Comic elements of mask design •

Not gentle, not decent: Laugh, fun, excitement

•

comic : exaggeration, monstrosity, unbalanced

(tilted nose and lips, torn eye, protruding cheekbones) •

unrealistic overstatement : humane spirit to sincere expression of four emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, joy)

116

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3. Talchum

•

Talchum is one of Korean traditional dances, and 12 Talchums are currently designated as an intangible cultural asset under the Korean Cultural Heritage Protection System.

•

Talchum is Korean mask dance drama that Comedy, tragedy, and social commentary

combine with energetic dance, distinctive masks, and lively music.1) •

Talchum has been commonly performed in many parts of the country sharply satirizing the contemporary society and humorously depicting the falsehood and hypocrisy of the upper classes.2)

•

There is little distinction between the actors and the audience toward the end of a performance, as they join a dance together in festive mood and enjoy a finale.3)

1) Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review E-Journal No. 4 (September 2012) p.146 2) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.7 3) IBID, p.85

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3. Talchum 1) Space of Talchum “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.89

•

The space where the mask dance is performed is called ‘madang’ : the place where the performance is going becomes the stage.

•

Communication of acceptance by interaction between performer and audience.

•

There is no boundary between the performer and the audience : the audience becomes part of the performance, and the participation of the audience is the source of excitement.

•

After the play is over, performers and audiences come together to dance.

•

The resolution of conflict, the moment of reconciliation  artistic principle of mask dance

117

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3. Talchum 2) Contents of Talchum •

Talchum are not just dances performed by masked dancers but also include significant dramatic content with masked characters portraying people, animals and sometimes supernatural beings.

•

They appeal to the audiences by ridiculing apostate Buddhist monks, decadent upper classmen, and shamans. Another popular theme is the conflict between an

old wife and a seductive concubine. •

Through satire, talchum criticizes decadent noblemen, ridicules apostate monks and shames patriarchal husbands.1)

Pagyeseung scene : Bongsan atalchum

Mask rite at Samsindang shrine

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.71 IBID, Fig.1 p.74, Fig.2 p.94

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3. Talchum 3) Chumsawi (Dance Movement) •

Heottonchum : entertaining dance that is free to give off individuality or emotion without being tied to formality.  the highest reach of art in ‘Heung’ (Korean Excitement)

•

Informal, non-standard, spontaneous, liberty : elements that approach the essence of ‘Heung’  public art that contradicts the dominant art.

•

Hotchum(Single dance) < Daedongchum(Groupe dancing)  Achieve harmonious convergence with ‘Heung’

•

Expresse emotion freely without restraint of emotion.  Candid expression of four emotions(happiness, anger, sadness, joy)

•

118

masculine / Dynamic : big gesture, energy, gallantness

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3. Talchum Musician from the Dongrae Yaryu

4) Season of Talchum •

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.82

With regional variations, Talchum was generally performed on the First Full Moon, Buddha's Birthday on the Eighth of the Fourth Moon, Dano Festival and Chuseok, also at festive occasions of the state or at rituals to supplicate for rain.1)

5) Instruments •

Talchum’s are performed to the accompaniment of two piris(cylindrical bamboo oboe), a daegeum(large bamboo flute shape), a haegeum(two-stringed fiddle), janggo(hourglass-shaped drum), buk(double-headed drum) and sometimes play with ggwaenggwari(small gong) and jing(large gong).

1) Korean Tradition-Masks and Mask Dance International Cooperation Training Center Newsletter, Issue 8, August 2004,Issn 1229~4926

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

4. Humanistic Spirit of Talchum 1) Fundamental Characteristics of Talchum •

By converting and expressing the sorrow, heartburning, and fear caused by the suppression of the reality into humor, it dissolves the pain of the reality tolerantly.

•

There is room for compromise in mockery and satire of the ruling class.  Positive on the social status of the ruling class

•

Not only are they critical of the ruling class, but they are also the subjects of criticism themselves.  include self-reflection of the people

•

‘Heung’ (Korean excitement) and Exhilarated

•

Comic discordance(inappropriate words for social position a discordance between facial expression and movement)

•

Rebellion consciousness

119

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

5. Types of Talchum Performance

Talchum is referred to by different names depending on where it originated.1) •

Hwanghae province : Talchum

•

Seoul and Gyeonggi Province area : Sandae Nori

•

Buckcheong, North Hamgeong Province : Saja Noreum

•

With the Nakdong River as a divider, the western part of Gyeongsang Province : Ogwangdea

•

The eastern half : Yaryu or Deullreum

•

The region around Andong, North Gyeongsang Province : Byeolsingut Talnori

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.68

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

5. Types of Talchum Performance

•

Talchum : Hwanghae province

•

Sandae Nori : Seoul and Gyeonggi Province area

•

Saja Noreum : Buckcheong, North Hamgeong Province

•

Ogwangdea : With the Nakdong River as a divider, the western part of Gyeongsang Province

•

Yaryu or Deullreum : The eastern half

•

Byeolsingut Talnori : The region around Andong, North Gyeongsang Province “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.68

120

Types of Korean Mask Dance Performance

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

5. Types of Talchum Performance 1) Haeseo Talchum : Bongsan Talchum | Gangnyeong Talchum | Eunyul Talchum •

Mask dances from Hwanghae Province

•

Haeseo talchum boasts a powerful dance known as sawichum, which is performed by leaping in the air while swirling hamsam, that creates particularly dynamic and spectacular movements.1)

Lion dance from the Eunyul Talchum

Yangban scene from the Bongsan Talchum

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Fig.1 p.170, Fig.2 p.169 1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.77

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

2) Sandae Nori : Songpa Sandae Nori | Yangju Sandae Nori •

Mask dances from the Seoul and Gyeonggi Province area

•

The word sandae literally means a makeshift elevated stage where mask dances were performed as part of the welcoming reception for foreign envoys or whenever royal events were held.1)

•

The sandae nori masks are characterized by realistic detailed expressions.2)

Sinjubu episode from the Songpa Sandae Nori

Yangju Byeolsandae Nori : Doggi lamenting the death of Miyalhalmi

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Fig.1 p.147, Fig.2 p.151

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.146 2) IBID, p.153

121

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

3) Saja Noreum : Bukcheong Saja Noreum •

Lion dance performance

•

Originally, this lion dance performed as part of rituals to expel evil spirit and pray for good fortune on the night fof the first full moon of the year.1)

•

It involves only four or five masked performers and does not address the basic themes of other masked performance.2) Bukcheong Saja Noreum : a lion goes to a soy-jar terrace to expel evil spirit “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.193

1), 2) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.190

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

4) Ogwangdae : Tongyeong Ogwangdae | Gasan Ogwangdae | Goseong Ogwangdae •

On the west side of the Nakdong River

•

Ogwangdae refers to a mask dance which is either performed by five clowns or consists of five chapters.1)

•

The ogwangdae masks are characterized as lough, rustic and simple. They are also known for the distinctively odd features. It is clear how public grievances and resistance against the ruling class are depicted in the masks.2)

Goseong Ogwangdae : Monk dance

Tongyeong Ogwangdae

Fig.3 Gasan Ogwangdae : Yangban scene

Ogwangdae : mask dance of five clowns

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Fig.1 p.119, Fig.2 p.112, Fig.3 p.108, Fig.4 p.111 1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.109 2) IBID, p.120

122

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

5) Yaryu or Deullreum : Suyeong Yaryu | Dongrae Yaryu

•

From the regions of Suyeong and Dongrae in Busan, located on the eastern side of the Nakdong River1)

•

The mask dance of Suyeong, like that of Dongrae, consists of four scenes, but it bigins with nobleman chapter and ends with on lion dance performance.2)

Dongrea Yaryu : Jongga Doryreong ridicules Mo Yangban

Suyeong Yaryu : Entering of lion

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, Fig.1 p.137, Fig.2 p.132

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.130 2) IBID, p.132

Korean art and design

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

6) Seonanggut Talchum : Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori

• •

performed as part of shamanic rituals Byeolsingut refers to a special sha manic ritual held once every five or ten years rather than annually.1) Pagyeseung scene from the Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.73

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.90

123

lecture 8 | Tal and Talchum : Humanistic Spirit of Talchum

Reference

• • • • •

124

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review E‐Journal No. 4 (September 2012) Korean Tradition‐Masks and Mask Dance International Cooperation Training Center Newsletter, Issue 8, August 2004 Sangwoo Ha, “Dance and Tradition: Korean Mask Dance T’alch’um”, Gluck Fellowship 2014‐‐15, Dance Workshop. UC Rivrerside, Gluck Fellows Program of the Arts Window on Korean Culture 2 : Mask Dance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aewRiJu7YsI

Korean Arts and Design

Types of Talchum

Types of Talchum | lecture 9

Malddugi mask from the Suyeong Yaryu â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tal and Talchumâ&#x20AC;?, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 p.219

Korean Arts & Design

Types of Talchum

01. National Intangible Cultural Heritage, Talchum 02. Types of Talchum

125

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

1. National Intangible Cultural Heritage : Talchum National Intangible Cultural Heritage No.

Designated Date

Name of Cultural Properties

Yangju Byeolsandae Nori (양주 별산대 놀이)

1964.12.07

Tongyeong Ogwangdae (통영 오광대)

1964.12.24

Goseong Ogwangdae (고성 오광대)

1964.12.24

Bukcheong Saja Noreum (북청 사자 놀음)

1967.03.31

Bongsan Talchum (봉산 탈춤)

1967.06.16

Dongnae Yaryu (동래 야류)

1967.12.21

Gangnyeong Talchum (강령 탈춤)

1970.07.22

Suyeong Yaryu (수영 야류)

1971.02.24

Songpa Sandae Nori (송파 산대 놀이)

1973.11.11

Eunyul Talchum (은율 탈춤)

1978.02.23

Hahoe Byeolsingut Tallori (하회 별산굿 탈놀이)

1980.11.17

Gasan Ogwangdae (가산 오광대)

1980.11.17

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.1 Yangju Byeolsandae Nori 1) Performance of the Byeolsandae mask dance-drama of Yangju •

Yangju Byeolsandae Nori is known to have originated from the mask dances performed in the Sajikgol in Seoul.

•

Consisting of dance, pantomime, well‐wishing remarks, and acrobatics, it originated

about 200 years ago came to be performed during holidays and seasonal festivals. : the Buddha’s Birthday, Dano Festival, Chuseok and during ritual prayers for rainfall.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00020000&sCcebCtcd=31

126

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.1 Yangju Byeolsandae Nori 1) Performance of the Byeolsandae mask dance-drama of Yangju â&#x20AC;˘

Each performance consists of eight episodes, and the main event was a satire of Korean society with 32 characters representing different social groups and stereotypes : depraved monks, impoverished aristocrats, shamans, buffoons, servants, and commoners.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00020000&sCcebCtcd=31

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.1 Yangju Byeolsandae Nori 1) Performance of the Byeolsandae mask dance-drama of Yangju â&#x20AC;˘

The episodes were often preceded by a parade in which performers with masks would dance around a town playing music, and hold a rite consisting of prayers for the safety of

its residents.

Playing along the road before starting a main play http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00020000&sCcebCtcd=31

127

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.1 Yangju Byeolsandae Nori

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.162~163

2) Masks of the Yangju Byeolsandae Nori

Meokseung

Mokjung

Somu

Wanbo

Malddugi

Sinjubu

Omjung

Miyalhalmi

Saennim

Yeonip

Nojang

Wonsung

Waejangnyeo

Sangwa

Korean art and design

Podobujang

Chwibari

Nunggeumjegi

Sinharibi

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.2 Tongyeong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Tongyeong Ogwangdae •

Initially, it was performed on the eve of the Daeboreum (full moon of the 15th day of the first lunar month), but it gradually came to be performed on other festive days in spring and autumn.

Five mask performers' dance drama of Tongyeong http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00060000&sCcebCtcd=38

128

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.2 Tongyeong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Tongyeong Ogwangdae •

Each performance is composed of five episodes in which 31 diverse characters with masks play, and it is focused on typically barbed with sharp satire, effectively mocking the absurdity and hypocrisy of Confucian aristocrats and Buddhist monks.

31 characters : Leper, Malttugi, First Yangban, Second Yangban, Hongbaek Yangban, Faltering Yangban, Pockmarked Yangban, Black Yangban, Jorijung, Eight Heavenly Maids, Yeongno, Yeongnong Yangban, Halmi, Jeja Gaksi, Sangjwa, Blind Man, Sangju, Hunter, Mongdori, Lion, and Dambi etc. http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00060000&sCcebCtcd=38

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.2 Tongyeong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Tongyeong Ogwangdae •

Tongyeong Ogwangdae is famous most particularly the Leper’s Dance, which convincingly expresses the bitter life of a leper, and is also the only Ogwangdae to present the Lion Dance during its performance.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00060000&sCcebCtcd=38

129

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.2 Tongyeong Ogwangdae 2) Mask of the Tongyeong Ogwangdae

Mundungi

Malddugi

Hongbaek Yangban Bitteul Yangban

Geomjeong Yangban

Won Yangban

Halmi Yangban

Gombo Yangban

Second Yangban

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.128~129

Yeongno

Bibi Yangban

Jangeuneomi

Bongsa

Posu

Dambo

Korean art and design

Halmi

Jeongdori

Saja

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.3 Goseong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Goseong Ogwangdae •

Initially, it was performed on the eve of the Daeboreum(full moon of the 15th day of the first lunar month), but it gradually came to be performed on other festive days in spring and autumn as well.

•

Unlike other Owangdae, its dance lack elements of the shaman’s dance, which was performed to expel evil, and instead include more entertaining elements.

Play with burial http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00070000&sCcebCtcd=38

130

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.3 Goseong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Goseong Ogwangdae •

It began in 1910s when a group of Talchum in the Namchon Sect watched a performance of the Tongyeong Ogwangdae which inspired them to develop their own version.

•

It was later influenced by the Changwon Ogwangdae too, when it developed five dances to form each episode : the Leper’s Dance, Ogwangdae Dance, Monk’s Dance, Bibi Dance, and Jemilju Dance.

Five mask performers' dance drama

Monk's dance

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00070000&sCcebCtcd=38

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.3 Goseong Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Goseong Ogwangdae •

In early days performers wore paper masks, but recently they have begun to use paulownia wood masks or gourd masks.

Play of concubine's giving birth

Five mask performers' dance

19 characters : Leper, Malttugi, Won Yangban, Cheongje Yangban, Jeokje Yangban, Baekje Yangban, Heukje Yangban, Hongbaek Yangban, Jongga Doryeong, Bibi, Bibi Yangban, Monk, Bride, Old Man, Old Woman, Jemilju, and Servant http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00070000&sCcebCtcd=38

131

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.3 Goseong Ogwangdae 2) Mask of the Goseong Ogwangdae

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.126~125

Sangju

Yangban

Madangsoe

Blind Hwang

Monk

Seonnyeo

Bibi

Malddugi

Jongga Doryeong

Jageuneomi

Bibi Yangban

Korean art and design

Mundungi

Keuneomi

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.4 Bukcheong Saja Noreum 1) Performance of the Bukcheong Saja Noreum •

People in Bukcheong, Hamgyeongnam-do engaged in a folk play, wearing lion masks on the night of the full moon of January 15 on the lunar calendar thinking that a lion, a powerful animal, could drive away evil spirits for them.

A nobleman and a servant playing

Monk playing

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00150000&sCcebCtcd=11

132

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.4 Bukcheong Saja Noreum 1) Performance of the Bukcheong Saja Noreum •

It was started with young people carrying torches on the night of January 14 and was continued until the daybreak of the following morning.

•

Lion-masked people from neighboring villages gathered together and competed with one another.

Two lions dance http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00150000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.4 Bukcheong Saja Noreum 1) Performance of the Bukcheong Saja Noreum •

On January 16, they would pay visits to the houses of well-to-do people as prearranged. Upon entering the property, they would go around the courtyard in a line and start dancing. Then, a lion-masked person would join them.

•

The owners of the house would have their children ride on the back of the lion based on the belief that it would make them live longer.

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.26 http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00150000&sCcebCtcd=11

133

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.4 Bukcheong Saja Noreum 1) Performance of the Bukcheong Saja Noreum •

Money or grains donated by the houses visited by the troupe were used as scholarship fund for children from needy families and to subsidize expenses for senior citizen

associations and cover the expenses for the lion play. •

Bukcheong Saja Noreum is focused on merrymaking, featuring movements more powerful than other lion dances.

•

The musical instruments used were tungso (six-holed vertical bamboo flute), buk (drum),

jing (large gongs), and janggo (hourglass-shaped drum).

Six-holed bamboo flute playing http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00150000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.4 Bukcheong Saja Noreum

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.200~203

2) Masks of the Bukcheong Saja Noreum

Saja(lion)

Ggoksoe

134

Yangban

Saryeong

Ggobchu

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.5 Bongsan Talchum 1) Performance of the Bongsan Talchum •

Bongsan Talchum was started in Bongsan-gun, Hwanghae-do about 200 years ago.

•

Performed on the night of Dano (fifth day of the fifth lunar month) and Haji (Summer Solstice), it is composed of dances associated with four monks, eight monks in black robe, a female trouper, an old monk, a nobleman, and an old wife.

•

Prior to the start of the play, the 36 members of the play (27 of them wearing masks)

march to the site of the play while playing music. They also hold a sacrificial rite.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00170000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.5 Bongsan Talchum 1) Performance of the Bongsan Talchum •

The themes are satire about nobles harassing commoners, depraved monks, male chauvinism in a custom of allowing a man to take many wives, etc.

•

Compared to other mask dances, this one features the frequent citation of Chinese poems.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00170000&sCcebCtcd=11

135

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.5 Bongsan Talchum 1) Performance of the Bongsan Talchum

•

Members dance to the tune of praying to Buddha, taryeong (Korean folk song), and

gutgeori rhythm songs accompanied by the playing of samhyeon yukgak (three strings and six wind instruments) such as piri (flute), jeotdae (bamboo flute), haegeum (twostringed fiddle), buk (drum), and janggo (hourglass-shaped drum).

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00170000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.5 Bongsan Talchum 2) Mask of the Bongsan Talchum

136

Mokjung

Nojang

Malddugi

Yeonggam

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.180~181

Somu

Miyalhalmi

Chwibari

Namgang Noin

Yangban

Mudang

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.6 Gangyeong Talchum 1) Performance of the Gangyeong Talchum •

Gangnyeong Talchum is performed on Dano (May 5 on the lunar calendar) in Gangnyeong-eup, Hwanghaenam-do, and dates perhaps from the late Joseon Period.

•

The event is composed of seven acts, Lion Dance, Malttugi Dance, Mokjung Dance, Sangjwa Dance, Dance of the Nobleman and Malttugi, Dance of Chwibari and the Old Monk, and Dance of the Old Couple. and the main dance is Jangsamchum.

Mask dance drama of Gangnyeong http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00340000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.6 Gangyeong Talchum 1) Performance of the Gangyeong Talchum •

Prior to the performance, the 20 members of the troupe march, playing music to

entertain spectators along the road. •

The play includes satire as nobles harassing commoners, depraved monks, and male chauvinism as shown in the custom of allowing a man to take plural wives.

Dance of a grandmother

Dance of Chwibari character

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00340000&sCcebCtcd=11

137

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.6 Gangyeong Talchum 1) Performance of the Gangyeong Talchum

•

Dance movements are slow. The main dance is Jangsamchum (Long Sleeve Dance).

•

Thirty-plus types of narration are used, each of them using its unique rhythm.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00340000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.6 Gangyeong Talchum 2) Masks of the Gangyeong Talchum

Saja(lion)

Malddugi

Sangwa

Somu

138

First Yangban

Yeonggam

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.186~187

Wonsung i

Second Yangban

Myalhalmeom

Noseung

Mokjung

Doryeong

Namgang Noin

Third Yangban

Chwibari

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu

1) Performance of the Suyeong Yaryu •

Yaryu is a custom of Ogwangdae that was performed in Suyeong, Dongnae, and Busanjin.

•

Yaryu literally means playing in an open field.

•

Origin of Suyeong Yaryu : two hundred years ago, a naval commander had a troupe of clowns in Bamma-ri, Chogye play a round of merrymaking for his troops in a naval compound.

Playing along the road before starting a main play http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00430000&sCcebCtcd=21

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu 1) Performance of the Suyeong Yaryu •

This was performed by non-professionals such as villagers, when the full moon rises on the night of January 15 on the lunar calendar after holding a sacrificial rite for mountain

guardian deities, village spring water, and the spirit of General Choe Yeong. •

At the end of the performance, they collect the masks used and burn them as a rite of praying for the peace of the village.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00430000&sCcebCtcd=21

139

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu 1) Performance of the Suyeong Yaryu •

The performance is composed of four acts : Nobleman’s Dance, Yeongno Dance, Dance of an Old Couple, and Lion Dance.

•

It includes a satire about nobles and deals with the problem of concubines.

11 characters : four from the noble family, a son of the head of a clan, Malttugi(a servant), Yeongno(a therianthropic character), an old woman, a concubine of an old man, a lion, a tiger http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00430000&sCcebCtcd=21

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.140~141

2) Masks of the Suyeong Yaryu

Su Yangban

Sejje Yangban

Yeonggam(old man)

Nejje Yangban

Cha Yangban

140

Jongga Yangban

Malddugi

Halmi(old woman)

Yeongno

Jedaegaksi

Saja(lion)

Bum(tiger)

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu 1) Performance of the Dongnae Yaryu •

Dongnae Yaryu was performed by non-professionals like villagers on the evening of the full moon of January 15 on the lunar calendar, supposedly to pray for a good year for crops.

•

It was said to have been started about 100 years ago after its cousin performed in nearby Suyeong.

Playing along the road before starting a main play http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00180000&sCcebCtcd=21

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu 1) Performance of the Dongnae Yaryu •

Now performed as an entertainment, it is composed of four acts : leper dance,

gag exchanged between a yangban (nobleman) and Malttugi (servant), Yeongno (therianthropic character)’s dance, and old couple’s dance. •

The main subject of the performance is a satire about nobles, and accompaniment of percussion instruments, which play exorcist music.

Dance of Malttugi character

A nobleman and concubine playing

Play nobleman

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00180000&sCcebCtcd=21

141

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.7 Suyeong Yaryu 1) Performance of the Dongnae Yaryu •

Obangsin (Deities of the Five Directions)’s dance, satire about deprave monks, and lion dance, which are usually included in Ogwangdae mask dance drama, are not performed in Dongnae Yaryu.

Noblemen dance http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00180000&sCcebCtcd=21

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.8 Dongnae Yaryu 2) Masks of the Dongnae Yaryu

Big Mundungi

Little Mundungi Won Yangban

Cha Yangban

Jeongga Doryeong

Yeonggam Bibi Yangban

142

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.142~143

Mo Yangban

Halmi Malddugi

Nejje Yangban

Jedaegaksi

Yeongno

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum

2.9 Songpa Sandae Nori 1) Performance of the Songpa Sandae Nori •

It is composed of dances, pantomime, and gags, and is performed on the lunar calendar dates of Daeboreum (January 15), Dano (May 5), Baekjung (July 15), and Chuseok (August 15).

•

It is said that the play was frequently performed at the time Songpa Market, reached its prime about 200 years ago and has continued to develop to the

present day.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00490000&sCcebCtcd=11

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum

2.9 Songpa Sandae Nori 1) Performance of the Songpa Sandae Nori •

The play is composed of seven acts.

•

The overall composition, dances, and masks used are similar to those of Yangju

Byeonsandae Nori (Mask Dance Drama of Yangju), but certain masks, dances, and characters distinguish it from the other.

Giving birth of Somu character in Chwibari dance http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00490000&sCcebCtcd=11

143

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum

2.9 Songpa Sandae Nori 2) Masks of the Songpa Sandae Nori

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.159~160

In Songpa Sandae Nori, 33 masks made of gourd, pine skin, and paper are used.

First Sangjjwa Second Sangjjwa

Yeonnip

Meokjung-eul

Nunggeumjeogi

Omjung

Meokjung-gab

Meokjung-byeong Meokjung-jung

Korean art and design

Chwibari

Waejangnyeo

Aesadang

Sinjangsu (shoe peddler)

Wonsungi(Monkey)

Nojang

Sinjubu

Chwibari

Malddugi

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.10 Eunyul Talchum 1) Performance of the Eunyul Talchum •

Eunyul Talchum is composed of six acts, Lion Dance, Sangjwa Dance, Mokjung Dance, Old Monk Dance, and Dance of the Old Couple : total of 28 characters appearing on the performance.

•

The play included satires about nobles harassing commoners, depraved monks, and male chauvinism in the custom of allowing a man to take plural wives.

Noblemen dance http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00610000&sCcebCtcd=23

144

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.10 Eunyul Talchum 1) Performance of the Eunyul Talchum •

Prior to the performance, the troupe held a sacrificial rite in a forest and marched to the site of the performance, entertaining people along the road.

Monk dance

Lion dance

Noblemen dance

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00610000&sCcebCtcd=23

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.10 Eunyul Talchum 2) Masks of the Eunyul Talchum “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.182~184

Sangwa

Mokjung

First Yangban

Second Yangban

Third Yangban

Yeonggam

Malddugi

Mudang

Cheogwari

Saemaeksi

Halmi

Noseung

Wonsungi

Ddungddanjijip

145

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.11 Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori 1) Performance of the Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori •

Byeolsingut refers to a ritual held to pray to the village guardian for the peace of the village and good crop every three or five or ten years.

•

In Hahoe Village in Andong, the villagers have performed this ritual for about 500 years, once (December 15) every 10 years or on special occasions.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00690000&sCcebCtcd=37

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.11 Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori 1) Performance of the Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori •

The rite is composed of eight acts : Gaksiui Mudong Madang (Boy Dancer Act), Juji Madang (Head Monk Act), Baekjeong Madang (Butcher Act), Halmi Madang (Old Woman Act), Pagyeseung Madang (Depraved Monk Act), Yangban Seonbi Madang (Act of Nobleman and Scholar), Hollye Madang (Wedding) Act, Sinbang Madang (The First Night Act).

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00690000&sCcebCtcd=37

146

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.11 Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori 1) Performance of the Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori •

The themes are ridicule of depraved monks, satires about nobles, and other humorous content.

•

This play performed in Hahoe ends without the post-event rite of burning the masks used as in mask play events that are held elsewhere.

Butcher play

Shaman service

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00690000&sCcebCtcd=37

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.11 Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.102~103

2) Masks of the Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori •

It is believed that the mask for a newly-wed woman symbolizes the village guardian.

•

A total of eleven masks in ten types made of alder wood are used for the play.

Jung(Buddhist monk)

Baekjeong(Butcher)

Imae(foolish, servant of the scholar)

Yangban(noblemen)

Seobi(scholar)

Juji(lion) Masks

Halmi(Old Woman)

Choraegi(servant of the nobleman)

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.102~103

Gaksi(bride)

Bunei(flirty young woman)

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00690000&sCcebCtcd=37

147

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.12 Gasan Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Gasan Ogwangdae •

•

“O” in the name Ogwangdae is said to have stemmed from Ohaengseol (Five Element Theories). On the night of the year’s first full moon (January 15 on the lunar calendar), they performed jisin bapgi (“earth spirit treading”) followed by the Ogwangdae Dance.

Five mask performers' dance drama of Gasan http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00730000&sCcebCtcd=38

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.12 Gasan Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Gasan Ogwangdae •

It is composed of six acts : Obangsin (Deities of the Five Directions)’s Dance, Yeongno Dance, Leper’s Dance, Nobleman’s Dance, Monk’s Dance, and Dance of the Old Couple.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00730000&sCcebCtcd=38

148

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.12 Gasan Ogwangdae 1) Performance of the Gasan Ogwangdae •

The play includes satire about nobles harassing commoners, depraved monks, and male chauvinism as it appears in the custom of allowing a man to take multiple wives.

http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?sCcebKdcd=17&ccebAsno=00730000&sCcebCtcd=38

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.12 Gasan Ogwangdae 2) Masks of the Gasan Ogwangdae

Yangban(noblemen)

Malddugi

Mudang(shamans)

Pojol(police condtable)

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.122~125

Jageun yangban(little noblemen)

Mundungi(lepers)

149

Korean art and design

lecture 9 | Types of Talchum

2. Types of Talchum 2.12 Gasan Ogwangdae 2) Masks of the Gasan Ogwangdae “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.123

Seobang Baekje Janggun

Bukbang Heukje Janggun

Hwangje Janggun

Nambang Jeokje Janggun

Dongbang Cheongje Janggun

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

Reference • • • •

• • •

• • • • •

150

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 Cultural Heritage Administration http://english.cha.go.kr/cha/idx/SubIndex.do?mn=EN Introduction to Korean Traditional Dances #13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQLGCVfAKCA Sejong Cultural Society Introduction to Bongsan Mask Dance - Drama (in English) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw Bongsan Mask Dance, Movement toward the World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQzTi7y89yo 은율탈춤(Eunnyul Talchum|Traditional Korean Eunnyul Masked Dance) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cHUHNvzksM kculturechannel 중요무형문화재 제 61호 은율탈춤 Eunyul talchum Korea mask dance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBjwO004SFQ Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori, Old Satires from Andong_안동하회별신굿 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyDeV3ahhNc kcultureportal Arirang Special(Ep.327) Hahoe Village Ritual Mask Dance #2 _ Full Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Icdp3-BFyis 「수영야류」 Suyeong yaryu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rgrW6VaTTY kculturechannel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyDeV3ahhNc SOUL OF AN ARTISAN(Ep.3) Gasan Ogwangdae(가산오광대) _ Part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDBOlvuxWhc

Korean Arts and Design

Learning Talchum performance

Learning Talchum Performance | lecture 10

Korean Arts & Design

Learning Talchum Perfomance

01. Talchum performances 02. Motions, Music and Costumes 03. Musical Instruments

04. *Chuimsae 05. Learning Talchum movement

*Chuimsae is exclamation made by audience during Korean traditional performance 151

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

1. Talchum performances •

Introduction to Bongsan Mask Dance - Drama (4:15)

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

•

Music, Drama, Dance, instrument, Colorful Costume, amazing Character

•

"Talchum could be characterized as a Korean dance performed while wearing a mask, miming, speaking and even sometimes singing. ... Korean mask dance dramas are not just dances performed by masked dancers but also include significant dramatic content with masked characters portraying people, animals and sometimes supernatural beings. These folk dramas reflect the frustrations felt by the lower classes towards the Confucian literati Yangban, due to the latter's treatment of the commoners, show the life of the common man and process social problems”

http://asiatraveldestinations.blogspot.com/2012/06/mask-dance-talchum-in-korea.html

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes

152

•

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

•

This video contains footage from half of Korea's nationally protected mask dance dramas.

•

It was created as a teaching tool, to focus on dance motions, differences in costumes and music between the different dramas.

•

It constructed it moving from North to South- Bukcheong Saja Noleum is followed by Bongsan and Gangnyeong Talchum, then Songpa Sandae Noli , the Gangneung Gwanno Gamyeon'geuk , Hahoi Byeolshin'gut, Suyeong Yayu and Goseong Ogwangdae.

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

1) Bukcheong Saja Noleum (북청사자놀음)

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

2) Bongsan Talchum(봉산탈춤) 1:18~

153

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

3) Gangnyeong Talchum(강릉탈춤) 1:50~

Korean art and design

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

4) Songpa Sandae Noli (송파산대놀이) 2:29~

154

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

5) Gangneung Gwanno Gamyeon'geuk (강릉 관노 가면극) 3:40~

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

6) Hahoi Byeolshin'gut (하회별신굿탈놀이) 4:17~

155

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

7) Suyeong Yayu (수영야류) 4:51~

Korean art and design

2. Motions, Music and Costumes •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

8) Goseong Ogwangdae (고성오광대) 8:03~

156

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

3. Musical Instruments •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hafKhb2shPw

•

From the left side, 해금, 꽹과리, 피리 또는 젓대(대금), 장고, 북

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

4. Chuimsae 1) •

Chuimsae is exclamation during Korean traditional music. The audience makes exclamations like Eolsigu! or Jalhanda!, which mean Yippee! and Good! in Korean.

•

The word chuimsae originates in the word dance in Korean. The chuimsae connects musician and audience and creates a cheerful atmosphere.

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuimsae

157

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

4. Chuimsae 1) •

Chuimsae makes performance more enjoyable. With chuimsae, the music can be more active and vivid. In pansori, a good audience should make chuimsae.

•

While in many styles of western music the audience's sound is considered noise, the participation of audience is important in Korean music.

•

The musician and audience can interact with chuimsae. The chuimsae is intuitive, and audience members express their feeling, impression, and agreement while listening to music.

•

In addition, audiences make chuimsae when they feel completely enchanted by the music. In order to use chuimsae appropriately, people should have a knowledge of Pansori and ability in making impressions.

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuimsae

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

5. Learning Talchum movement •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv_Ak5_MTRE&t=23s

1) Boolim 불림

158

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

5. Learning Talchum movement •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv_Ak5_MTRE&t=23s

2) Goge-jabi 고개잡이

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

5. Learning Talchum movement •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv_Ak5_MTRE&t=23s

3) Dari-dulgi 다리들기

159

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

5. Learning Talchum movement •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv_Ak5_MTRE&t=23s

4) Yeodagi 여다지

Korean art and design

lecture 10 | Learning Talchum performance

5. Learning Talchum movement •

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv_Ak5_MTRE&t=23s

5) Gob-sa-yui 곱사위

160

Korean Arts and Design

Creating a Story with Character Design for Talchum

Creating a Story with Character Design for Talchum | lecture 11

Talchum Mask Dance, Baltimore City College

Korean Arts & Design

Creating a Story with Character Design for Talchum

01. Creating a Story for Talchum 02. Characteristics of Talchum Story 03. Character in Talchum : Focused on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hahoe Talchumâ&#x20AC;?

04. Guideline to make a Talchum Story 05. Activity : Making a Talchum Story

161

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

1. Creating a Story for Talchum •

Characteristics of Talchum Story

- What is Characteristics of Talchum story? - Watching a video to understand Talchum Story

•

Characters in Talchum - Talchum Characters related to a story with samples of “Hahoe Talchum”

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

1. Creating a Story for Talchum

•

Guideline to make a Talchum Story - Story is supposed be expressed by performing art “Talchum” - Theme of a story should be regarding “Haehak” - Story should have a conflict structure and show solution(Haehak) at the end

- Characters should be more than three to create a conflict structure

162

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

1. Creating a Story for Talchum •

Activity : making a talchum story

- Making a group : each group should have more than five - Finding a subject matter for writing a story - Creating and Building characters to develop story

- Characters profile worksheet – Idea Sketch of each characters - Writing a story - Sharing and critique a story : Check point : how well a concept of Haehak is reflected in a story - Completing story - Presentation of a completed story : Recommending to show a draft of Talchum in presentation of a final version of story

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

2. Characteristics of Talchum Story •

A talchum is a type of drama divided into several acts, but they are not closely connected to form a unified story as in some Western plays.

•

It is comprised of several scenes or chapters, which deal with distinct episodes in a separate way.

The source by Korea.net

163

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

2. Characteristics of Talchum Story •

No scene is directly connected to the others and each presents a different conflict and

theme.

•

The structure of chapters and the performance style differ, as do the names used in each region. However, scenes featuring noblemen (yangban), apostate monks (pagyeseung) and old women (miyalhalmi) are included across nearly all mask dance performances.

•

Through satire, mask dances criticize decadent noblemen, ridicule apostate monks and shame patriarchal husbands.

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

2. Characteristics of Talchum Story

164

•

These are the basic themes running through all traditional mask dance performances

•

Korean mask dance and drama revolve around four dominant themes or plots.

•

The first is mockery of the avarice, stupidity and general unwholesomeness of the aristocracy.

•

The second is the love-triangle of a husband, a wife and a concubine.

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

2. Characteristics of Talchum Story

•

The third is the depraved and corrupt monk

•

The fourth is a general good versus evil story, with virtue triumph in the end.

The source by Korea.net

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

The source by Korea.net

•

The features of the mask symbolically represent the social status or condition of the characters.

165

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum” •

For example, the servant mask has larger eyes, nose and ears than other masks and these features suggest that the servant must watch and listen carefully the corrupt and devious schemes of the nobleman, the ruling class

•

The nobleman mask usually features an ugly and deformed face which is used to depict the

vanity and corruption of the ruling class and express the hostility of the commoners towards the ruling class. The source by “Tal and Talchum”, National Rearch Institute of Cultural Heritage

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum” •

Talchum is divided into several scenes which are not closely connected and each represents a different conflict and theme:

•

(a) In the “nobleman” scene, the nobleman brags about himself by showing off his knowledge but the servant ridicules his master’s knowledge.

•

(b) In the “apostate monk” scene, the old monk is tempted by a young woman, forgets his duties and attempts to seduce her. However, the young woman’s lover appears and

criticizes the old monk and attacks him to win back his lover. The old monk finally loses the young woman and is chased away by the young woman’s lover.

166

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

•

(c) The “old woman” scene depicts the conflict between husband and wife. The wife wanders all over the country searching for her husand but when she finally finds him,

the husand breaks her heart by keeping a beautiful young concubine. •

The wife leaves home and dies of a broken heart. To lament the death of his wife, the husand invites a shaman to comfort his wife’s soul or hosts a funeral service for his wife.

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Yangban(aristocrat) Mask The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

The Yangban mask has very smooth lines for the eyebrows, eyes, nose, cheeks, and mouth. The facial type also seems smooth, generous and comfortable. This look can be regarded as quite close to Yangban characteristics shown in old sayings like " A yangban would not run

hastily even in a heavy rain," or when looking at the protruding lines and engraved sides of mask, we can see some exaggeration of the features. Exaggeration and ease give contradiction feelings, but the Yangban mask may look either exaggerated or at ease due to the subtle intonation caused by a different point of view.1) 1) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

167

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Pune Mask The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

The Pune mask acquired another name, the Widow mask, during its history. The Pune's

position in society has been said to be a widow, or a kisaeng ( a woman who sang, danced, or played an instrument to provide entertainment for company at a drinking party), or a mistree of the Yangban or the Sunbi.2)

2) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Characters in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Kakshi(youngwoman) Mask The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

In the olden times, the newly married woman led a difficult married life in her parents-inlaw's home. This is shown well in the following statement. "The newly-married woman must act as if she is blind, dumb and deaf during tree years in each." Among the Hahoe masks, only the Kakshi mask has firm-set lips. This feature displays well not only a hardship in her new life but also her endurance.3) 3) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

168

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Chung (the Buddhist monk) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

The Chung appears on the scene as an apostate monk. He is not a Buddhist monk who practices the truth but a monk who wanders or transgresses. There is a representative episode of the apostate monk in this play. In this episode, the Chung is on his way somewhere when he sees a woman (Pune or Kakshi) urinating. Upon wtinessing this sight

he finds he cannot restrain his sexual desire and rakes up in his hands the soil on which the woman has urinated and smells it. Finally, he rapes her.4) 4) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Characters in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Choraengi (Ya”, Nngban's clownish servant)) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

The Ch'oraengi plays the role of a servant to the Yangban and enterally act rashly. Ch'oraengi behaves haughtily to the Yangban, his lord. When the Yangban and the Sonbi exchange greetings with each other, the Ch'oraegi straddles the Yangban's neck as he bows on his knees, and the Ch'oraegi greets the Sunbi instead of the Yangban.5)

5) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

169

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Sunbi (the scholar) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

The Sonbi is said to be ofthe scholar class who, on the basis of his profound learning, hada firm purpose like a bamboo and a lofty nature that does not compromisewith the word. The Sonbi mask on the whole looks dignified,being of purpose, stern or angry. Its face, a reverse triangle inshape, is in terms of physiognomy the countenance of a person witha fine brain and complicated thoughts.6) 6) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Imae (the foolish and jawless servant of Sonpi) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

Imae could possibly be freed from the hain class. In the play, the Imae appears as a foolish, deformed person and the very fact that the Sonbi chose him as his servant seems to be connected with the Sonbi's violent temper he seems to have a foolish character on the one hand but to be of a good and gentle nature on the other. A tottering walk can be called the "Imae-walking.“7) 7) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

170

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Baekjung (the murderous butcher) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

Paekchong was originallycalled huigwangi. The huigwangi was the Head Cutters classwhich engaged in execution during the Koryo dynasty in Korea.In a play, the Paekchong (the actor wearing the Paekchongmask) plays the role of one who destroys life, lives alwayswith a sense of guilt due to his actions, and finally becomesinsane during a thunder and lightning storm.8) 8) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Halmi(old woman)Mask The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

the Halmi shows up on the scence as an oldwoman who has lived a long life of poverty and bitterness.In one episode, the Halmi bewails her hardship (she singsPet'ulga 'Song of the Loom') While she weaves, sitting ather loom. She laments "even though I have weavedmy whole life, I have never hung new clothes on the standfor a tutelary deity.9)

9) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

171

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

3. Character in Talchum : Focused on “Hahoe Talchum”

Chuji (totembeast) The source by ‘Tal and Talchum’, National Resarch Institute of Cultural Heritage

It is an animal mask which has a fin-like wing anda bill-like mouth. It is said to be the mask of a lion.This act sanctifies the place where the play is performed by driving away demons and evil spirits..10)

10) Hahpoe Mask Museum, http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

4. Guideline to make a Talchum Story

172

•

Story is supposed to be expressed by performing art, ‘Talchum’

•

Theme of a story should be regarding Haehak

•

Story should have a conflict structure and show solution(Haehak) at the end

•

Characters should be more than three to create a conflict structure

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story

•

Making a group : each group should have more than five

•

Finding a material for writing a story

•

Creating and Building characters to develop story

•

Characters profile worksheet – Idea sketch of each characters

•

Writing a story

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Basic Statistics : •

Name:

•

Age:

•

Gender:

•

Socioeconomic Level as an adult:

•

Occupation:

173

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Basic Statistics : •

Talents/Skills:

•

Birth order:

•

Siblings (describe relationship):

•

Spouse (describe relationship):

•

Significant Others (describe relationship):

•

Relationship skills:

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Physical Characteristics :

174

•

Height:

•

Weight:

•

Shape of Face:

•

Distinguishing features:

•

How does he/she dress?

•

Mannerisms:

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Physical Characteristics : •

Habits: (smoking, drinking etc.)

•

Health:

•

Hobbies:

•

Favorite Sayings:

•

Speech patterns:

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Physical Characteristics : •

Disabilities:

•

Style (Elegant, shabby etc.):

•

Greatest flaw:

•

Best quality:

175

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Intellectual/Mental/Personality Attributes and Attitudes :

•

Educational Background:

•

Intelligence Level:

•

Any Mental Illnesses?

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Intellectual/Mental/Personality Attributes and Attitudes :

176

•

Learning Experiences:

•

Character's short-term goals in life:

•

Character's long-term goals in life:

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Intellectual/Mental/Personality Attributes and Attitudes :

•

How does Character see himself/herself?

•

How does Character believe he/she is perceived by others?

•

How self-confident is the character?

•

Does the character seem ruled by emotion or logic or some combination thereof?

•

What would most embarrass this character?

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Emotional Characteristics :

•

Strengths/Weaknesses:

•

Introvert or Extrovert?

•

How does the character deal with anger?

•

With sadness?

177

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Emotional Characteristics :

•

With conflict?

•

With change?

•

With loss?

•

What does the character want out of life?

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Emotional Characteristics :

178

•

What would the character like to change in his/her life?

•

What motivates this character?

•

What frightens this character?

•

What makes this character happy?

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Emotional Characteristics :

•

Is the character judgmental of others?

•

Is the character generous or stingy?

•

Is the character generally polite or rude?

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

5. Activity : Making a Talchum Story : Characters profile worksheet Spiritual Characteristics : •

Does the character believe in God?

•

What are the character's spiritual beliefs?

•

Is religion or spirituality a part of this character's life?

•

If so, what role does it play?

179

Korean art and design

lecture 11 | Creating a story with Character Design for Talchum

References

180

•

Kang Nan-Sook, Tal and Talchum, National Research Institute of Cultural, 2011.

•

Jeon Kyung-wook, Korean Mask Dance Dramas: Their History and Structural Principles, Youlhwadang Publishers, 2005.

•

Shin, R. Korean Mask Dance Drama as Interdisciplinary Multicultural Performance Art, Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education, Vol.26 No., 2008.

•

Cho, Dong-il,Lee, kyong-hee, (The)Spirit of Korean Cultural Roots. 10, Korean Mask dance, Ewha Womans University Press, c2005

•

Jeon, Kyung-wook,Eur, Do-seon, Korean mask dance dramas : their history and structural principles, Youlhwadang Publisher, c2005

•

http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=121717

•

http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub02.asp#

Korean Arts and Design Mundungi mask from the Tongyeong Ogwangdae “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 p.120

How to Make Tal Yeongno mask from the Goseong Ogwangdae “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 p.42

How to Make Tal | lecture 12 Nunggeumjeogi from the Yangju Byeolsandae Nori “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 p.32

Korean Arts & Design

How to make Tal

01. Materials of Tal 02. How to make Tal

181

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make Tal

1. Materials of Tal 1) Korean Mask •

A mask that is crafted by shaping wood or sheets of paper into a representation

of a human or animal face a meaning of misfortune, illness or difficulty1) •

Tal is mainly worn to ward off ghosts and evil spirits or to play or to perform.

•

The expression of the mask depends on the Talchum of each province, and there are many kinds.

•

It can be divided into wood, paper, gourd, bamboo, and fur depending on the material.

•

The shape of the Korean mask is monstrous, the color is primitive and intense.

•

Mainly used colors are red, black, blue, yellow, brown, and white.

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.11

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

1 . Materials of Tal •

Depending of the type of materials used

•

Korean masks can be divided into four categories

 Wooden masks : Hahoe Byeolsingut Tallori  Paper masks : Haeseo Talchum  Gourd masks : Owangdae, yaryu  Bamboo masks the lion masks of Bongsan Talchum

the lion and tiger masks of Suyeong Yaryu the leper, servant and lion masks of Tongyeong Owangdae1)

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.215

182

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

2. How to make Tal 1) Wooden masks Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori

Some masks were made originally of wood but were made constructed from paper or gourd.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Cut the wood along the outline. Chisel the back of the wood. Chisel the front of the wood. Carve the face. Glue pieces of hanji over the mask. Paint the mask.

Mask of Yangban Hahoe Byeolsingut Talnori

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.224~229

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.224~228

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

2. How to make Tal

2) Paper masks Haeseo Talchum

Mask of Yeounggam : Eunyul Talchum

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.220~223

1. 4

2. 5

3. 4. 5.

Mold clay into the shape of a face and pure plaster over it. When the plaster hardens, dig out the clay and apply soapy water to the inside of the plaster mold and glue in pieces of hanji. When the glued hanji dries, remove it from the plaster mold. Paint the mask. Attach a strip and a piece of cloth to the end of the finished mask.

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.220~222

183

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

2. How to make Tal 3) Gourd masks Ogwangdae & Yaryu mainly 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Draw the facial pattern and use knife to cut it out. Separately make a nose and attach it to the face. Glue pieces of hanji over the gourd. Drill holes for the eyes and mouth. Paint the mask.

Mask of Maddugi : Suyeong Yaryu “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.216~219 1)

1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.216~218

Korean art and design

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

2. How to make Tal 4) Bamboo masks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Prepare a big bamboo basket. Twist paper ropes. Glue the paper ropes on the basket to make eyes, wrinkles and lips. Attach white paper clay all over the surface. Dry the mask in the sun. Paint the mask orange. 1)

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.230~233

Mask of Lion : Gangnyeong Talchum 1) “Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011, p.230~232

184

lecture 12 | How to make the Tal

Reference

• • •

• • • •

“Tal and Talchum”, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2011 전통탈 만들기 - 종이 탈 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nR6-Ts5MRro 봉산 탈춤 기본 동작 (Korean Traditional Dance) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqlmftZfjks 한중일문화올림픽 탈만들기/탈춤배우기 workshop https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWdrvo2p8u0 How to make a papier-mache mask https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKDMaGoUMEw How to Make a Korean Mask https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYDmBSzbeR8 Traditional Korean Masks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZIluK___SM

185

Korean Arts and Design

Student Talchum Performance

Student Talchum Performance | lecture 13

Korean Arts & Design

Student Talchum Performance

01. Design your own Tal 02. Learning by Dongrae Talchum Instructor 03. Talchum Performance

186

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

1. Design your own Tal 1. Take one of the given five basic masks. 2. Design the own mask to suit the character. 3. Various materials can be used for making and decoration of the masks.

Traditional Korean Masks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZIluK___SM

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

1. Design your own Tal The students performed the self directing Talchum with self made masks.

187

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

1. Design your own Tal

367

Korean art and design

1. Design your own Tal

188

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

2. Learning by Dongrae Talchum Instructor

Instructor : Lee, Sun-Gu

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

2. Learning by Dongrae Talchum Instructor

Instructor : Lee, Sun-Gu

189

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

3. Talchum Performance

Instructor : Lee, Sun-Gu

Korean art and design

3. Talchum Performance

190

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

Korean art and design

lecture 13 | Student Talchum Performance

3. Talchum Performance

Korean art and design

191