International Conference in Social Sciences, Health and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013) by IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research

2011-2013

OFFICERS President DR. GENARO V. JAPOS Liceo de Cagayan University Philippines

Vice-President for Asia PROF. DR. TATIK SURYANI STIE Perbanas Surabaya, Indonesia

Vice-President for Middle East North Africa DR. LIZA M. GERNAL United Arab Emirates

Secretary DR. TERFA KAHAGA ANJOV Benue State University Makordi, Nigeria

Treasurer RAMESAN MADAHVI AZADBONI University of Mazandaran Islamic Republic of Iran Auditor DR. VIPAN KUMAR National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India

PIO DR. TANZILA NABEEL Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan

vision & mission vision We are the world’s leading scientific, multidisciplinary and professional research organization.

mission We commit ourselves to: • Implement an ISO certified Quality Management System for higher customer satisfaction of global clients; • Establish an effective evaluation system for journal publications of the member institutions; • Organize international research conferences for global dissemination and utilization of new scientific knowledge; • Recognize researchers and institutions for their achievements in research and publications; and, • Publish discipline-specific and multidisciplinary research journals for the world.

2 11

Messages Conference Programme

13 contents

Keynote Speeches

ICOSSHE 2013 Awards

Board of Judges

27 31 38

Plenary Session Day 1

Plenary Session Day 2

IAMURE Personnel

PAIR Member Institutions

message WELCOMETOTHE International Conference in Social Sciences, Health and Environment 2013 at the Sydney Harbour Marriott Hotel, Sydney, Australia on September 24-26, 2013 with the theme â&#x20AC;&#x153;Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment:Trilogy for World Peace and Development.â&#x20AC;? For 2013, IAMURE went to Indonesia, South Korea, Australia and by November, India. We are able to complete our target of two Philippine conferences and four foreign conferences every year. We need your support to the Asian Conference in Multidisciplinary Research in Higher Education (ACMRHE 2013) at the Manila Marriott Hotel, Pasay City, Philippines. Marriott is our first five star venue in the Philippines. The global reach of IAMURE is getting wider and stronger.The number of countries served in conferences, publications, trainings and journal evaluation reached more than 50.We have issued 509 Digital Object Identifiers indicating this total number of articles contributed to CrossRef, ORCID.org, ejournals.ph and other indexing companies. In the Philippines alone, the global utilization of scientific articles distributed by the Philippine Electronic Journals revealed that 25 percent is accounted by IAMURE. Web Statistics pointed out IAMURE publications are read by researchers from more than 200 countries. We have raised the bar for publications. We have four levels of review process: deliberation by the Editorial office staff, internal review, external review, and decision by the editorial board. The global perspective is enforced in articles with literature from five continents. Plagiarism is reduced from 20 percent to 5 percent with originality score of 90 percent. Grammarly score is raised from 80 percent to 90 percent. IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research was recommended for continued certification indicating that it passed the first surveillance audit by AJA Registrars for ISO QMS 9001:2008. We got our institutional membership from the Philippine Society for Quality. We sent Jony V. Berjes, Dr. Ismael N. Talili and Edwin delos Santos for training on Lead Auditors conducted by Tim Dixon, of AJA Registrars. We are glad that the customer feedback we got in all our conferences and publications pointed out to ratings of Excellent.To date, IAMURE conferences are the only ISO certified conference as a core service of an organization in Asia. I thank the Philippine Embassy in Sydney for the support to this conference, the Presidents of the universities who gave messages, the universities which supported our delegates and the winners to the prestigious awards.

ICOSSHE 2013

Let us celebrate in the grandeur and beauty of Sydney, one of the iconic places we must see in our lifetime!

GENARO V. JAPOS President, IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message WITH THE GLOBAL socio-political and economic landscape changing at the pace that it is, issues that impact people are constantly arising; and it is to the academe that people run for data-driven answers and research-based solutions. Given that, it is important to have a venue for professional and student researchers across the world to be disseminated and for professional and student researchers to meet and network, so as to spark collaborations and further research. This conference provides that venue. More importantly, this conference manifests that the academe is where it needs to be in relation to our evolving global reality – at the forefront and ready to fact-find, evaluate and problem-solve. And if there is ever any doubt, one only needs to reflect on this conference’s theme – “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development.” I am, therefore, grateful and awed to extend, in behalf of the University of San Jose-Recoletos, my congratulations to the men and women behind IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research for hosting this International Conference on Social Sciences, Health and Environment. Thank you for taking the initiative of bringing Filipino Researchers into the global arena. God Bless and Adelante!

REV. FR. ENRICO PETER A. SILAB, OAR President, University of San Jose-Recoletos Cebu City, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message CONGRATULATIONS TO THE IAMURE for its daring move of bringing peoples together… in Australia! Truly, the challenging task of upholding the fully human dimension of development and peace is our shared responsibility. The theme of this year’s conference. “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development“ highlights this. It also echoes the appeal of Pope Francis at the start of his Petrine ministry: “I would like to ask all those who have positions of responsibility in economic, political and social life, and all men and women of goodwill to be protectors of creation, protectors of God’s plan inscribed in nature, protectors of one another and of the environment. Let us not allow omens of destruction and death to accompany the advance of our world!” (Homily, 19 March 2013). Responsible stewardship and the need to imbibe and advocate a consistent ethic of life is urgently called for. The responsibility is a global one for it is concerned with the whole of creation, which must not be bequeathed to future generations depleted of its resources. Human beings (ought to) legitimately exercise a responsible stewardship over nature, in order to protect it, to enjoy its fruits and to cultivate it in new ways, with the assistance of advanced technologies (Caritas in Veritate no. 50). Stewardship necessarily goes with the promotion of an ethic of life that is for life. A consistent ethic of life requires that we struggle to eliminate or at least diminish to the greatest extent dehumanizing poverty and the social structures (ways of behaving, systems of relationships, and laws) which prevent persons from living a decent human life. And because we now realize the interconnectedness of all creatures in our planet and in the universe, a consistent pro-life ethic will work for a healthy environment and sustainable development (HCDC. Catechesis on Stewardship. 2011). Keeping in mind the organizers, the researchers and all the participants of this International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013), I end this short message with a prayer. Almighty God, Creator of all life, may a planetary consciousness help us to realize our responsibility to meet you at the center of the world and to work to protect the environment through the adoption of a new set of values, a new healthy life-style, and a new ethic of life that moves us beyond self-interest. Amen!

ICOSSHE 2013

REV. MSGR. JULIUS C. RODULFA President, Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. Davao City, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message MY WARM GREETINGS to the members of this world scientific and professional association the International Association of Multidisciplinary Research (IAMURE), for holding this International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013) held at Sydney Harbour Marriott Hotel at Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia on September 24 - 26. Considered by the association as the boldest and challenging conference this year, the theme captures on the very significant human development issues, “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle and Sustainable Environment:Trilogy for World Peace and Development”. The subject is primarily in response to the growing expectations for a new breed of better equipped and well-prepared researchers around the world. In the Philippine setting, good governance and poverty alleviation are complementary to spur the country’s human development. Recent reports reveal that the World Bank lauds government’s conditional cash transfer program and this is one example on how good governance matters. His Excellency President Aquino, reaffirmed the World Bank’s support for his administration’s agenda of greater transparency, accountability and commitment to deliver better services to the poor at a far lower cost while improving human capital. Undeniably, healthy lifestyle and a peaceful world are tools for a progressive life. Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. However, the prospects for health cannot be ensured by health sector alone but health promotion demands coordinated action by the government, by non-governmental and other social and economic sectors. Professional and social groups have also a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the pursuit of health hence, it is just but proper that IAMURE encompasses healthy lifestyle, as one of the subject matter in this forum. The third topic considered as one of the life’s most precious scenario in a growing community is sustainable environment. Almost all parts of the globe need to overhaul the outdated and crumbling infrastructure with a new approach that will foster healthier and just communities in obtaining clean, affordable, efficient and land use development. Sustainable environment also provides ways to make it easier to get local, sustainably produced food from the farms to the markets closest to where it’s grown, and to better connect food producers and consumers. Indeed, the conference theme addressed the loads of the global scenario. I commend the IAMURE members and to all the men and women who visualized this conference theme. My sincere appreciation and Congratulations!

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

JUARLITO V. GARCINES, Ph.D. SUC President II Agusandel Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology, Philippines

message Dear Scholars, ANOTHER VERY IMPORTANT moment has come for scholars to come together and share their thoughts, experience, and expertise from different cities, countries, regions, and continents. Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” The precious opportunity presented to you by the International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013) is that of discussing, developing, and sharing “ideas” that will make a real difference in people and the world we live in today. There is no better theme than what IAMURE has put forward for this year’s conference, Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development. The timing of this theme could not have been better. Looking all around, this trilogy is shaping our world in a rate that we do not seem to handle well. Governance has been affected and in return it has been the root of innumerable vices. This conference will certainly be a source of inspiration to reshape governance that promotes better, improved, and productive life and healthy lifestyle that are needed to make the 21st Century what we have all been dreaming about over the past several decades. At the end of this conference, I hope that all of you, in your respective areas of influence, will use innovative and productive governance strategies that can make our world a better place to live and work. It is no longer a secret that our environment is threatened. The aspect of sustainable environment of this conference is an immediate need of the whole world.With so much development on the whole planet, we are called to be responsible stewards of environmental resources that we have been blessed with.Would you use this unique opportunity to develop, share, and take home both theoretical and practical ideas that can make our environment more sustainable. Since we have to save the world, let this conference be part of the world’s effort of saving the world. Do not simply make history – be the history that you want to read about a decade or two from now. Let people remember this event as one of the major contributors of what changed the world forever. If we successfully support and promote sustainable environment, it is certain that our efforts will result in healthy lifestyles and vice-versa. Not only should we care about the health of the environment, let us continue striving for better lifestyles of our scholars, our families, our communities, our nations, and our world. Let us not solely focus on prolonging our life; rather, let us promote a healthy lifestyle that aims at the best productivity possible. Instead of counting the years we will have in this world, let us focus on the quality of life that will make a big positive difference in the lives of everyone in the world. Congratulations to the organizers, the speakers, and all the partners who made this conference a reality today. Congratulations to all participants who decided to come to take their destiny and the destiny of this world in their own hands. May this conference be a memorable event that will change you forever! May it empower you to continue making a significant difference!

ICOSSHE 2013

Wishing you all the best in your individual and collaborative endeavor,

SAFARY WA-MBALEKA, EdD, PhD Associate Professor Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Manila, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message GREEN, GLOBAL, CONNECTED. This is the 2030 Vision of Australia’s famous harbour city. The sixth largest country and one of the most multicultural cities in the world, Sydney is the venue of this year’s International Conference in Social Sciences, Health and Environment (ICOSSHE). Once again, I congratulate the International Association for Multidisciplinary Research (IAMURE) for continuously working to promote quality researches that are deserving of the world’s attention. And how fitting that the theme: “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development” reflects the vision of the setting of our conference – a city that takes into account the impact of its implementation to its diverse communities, a city that promotes physical well-being by building structures that connect with each other by walking and cycling, and a city that became “the first local council in Australia to be certified carbon neutral.” It is indeed an opportune time for researchers and learners like us to experience this green and global connectivity in Sydney first hand. Human security is intimately connected to how we utilize and manage the resources from our environment. Access to resources and ourcapacity to recover from the changes in the environment brought about our activities have been fundamental in the establishment ofhuman security and sustainable development. I believe that this year’s theme for the ICOSSHE will capture what we need to emphasize in addressing the fundamental insights for sustainable development – that human societies are inextricable linked to the environment. This opportunity that the IAMURE has provided for sharing knowledge and best practices through researches highlights our efforts in protecting and sustainably managing our natural resources while simultaneously benefitting human progress. The Cagayan State University – Sanchez Mira campus is growing and we are poised to move beyond itspillars. It is certainly well-timed that the IAMURE is also primed to go beyond the borders of our region. Our membership to this prestigious organization has provided us the avenue to showcase our best practices while contributing to our knowledge generation as educators, researchers, learners, and professionals through the conduct of research conferences such as the ICOSSHE. This partnership has significantly contributed to our growth as an institution. The IAMURE truly embodies its vision and mission as a leading scientific multidisciplinary research organization. And so we offer our sincerest felicitations to you for the tireless efforts that have motivated institutions such as ours to develop as an organization of researchers. May you continue to be an inspiration of vibrant research and collective action. Congratulations!

ICOSSHE 2013

LINA M. GARAN, DPA Campus Executive Officer Cagayan State University-Sanchez Mira Campus Cagayan Valley, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message MY WARMEST REGARDS and congratulations to IAMURE, for organising the International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013) from 24 – 26 September 2013 at the Sydney Harbour Marriott Hotel at Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia. Built on the success of the previous conferences staged at Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, IAMURE takes participants beyond Asia this year by living up its mission to provide a world platform to professional researchers. The ICOSSHE 2013 has attracted participants from 8 countries, including Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Africa, Ghana and Pakistan. With such diversified participant backgrounds, the conference offers a great opportunity for the participants to get updated with the latest trends and discoveries in various academic disciplines, to transfer knowledge through dissemination, and to explore possibilities of research collaboration.

It is also exciting to acknowledge that the conference credits outstanding achievement of the professionals in recognition of their contribution to the research field. Awards such as Outstanding World Researcher, Outstanding World Journal Editor and Outstanding World Research Journal serve as incentives for dedicated researchers to strive for quality work and to promote high impact research.The theme of the ICOSSHE 2013—Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development—is a timely topic and highlights the major challenges that societies face in this dynamic world, calling for 2 intellectual contribution to innovative strategies aimed at promoting genuine concerns for the public good, humanity, as well as harmony with the nature. Multidisciplinary research presented in the conference would yield fresh insights and offer new perspectives on the issue concerned. The convergence of expertise can also expand the frontier of research through establishing network and fostering collaboration among academic institutions and organisations. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. Genaro V. Japos, the President of IAMURE, and his team, for their devoted efforts to enhance higher education through disseminating knowledge worldwide, as well as assuring quality research and publication. I look forward to more inspiring dialogues held by IAMURE in the future, which researchers can thrive on the arena where great minds meet. I wish the conference every success and all participants an enjoyable, fruitful and fulfilling experience.

ICOSSHE 2013

PROF. BARLEY S.Y. MAK Associate Head and Dean of Students, United College Director, Centre for Enhancing English Learning and Teaching (CEELT) Associate Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message MY WARMEST GREETINGS to the organizers and participants of the INternational Conference in Social Sciences, Health and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013) held at Sydney Harbor Marriot Hotel at Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia, on September 24-26, 2013.

We are aware that IAMURE as an international organization of researchers in various disciplines has been consistently doing its best not only to animate the discipline of research among academics but more so to bring to the fore various issues that shall be a point of convergence among scholars in their quest to produce knowledge and to make this world the best habitat of all living creatures despite the challenges. We understand that this Australia conference which banners the theme, “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development” is so far IAMURE’s boldest and most challenging conference. We support this conference for various reasons, the most important of which is because it addresses two of the most pressing needs of the world today: world peace and development and wellness. Today, people the world over are hungry for governance that respects life in all its forms. People the world over are in vigilant search for the elixir that promotes long life, productive living and healthy lifestyles. People the world over are in constant search for remedies that will heal the environment so it will continue to sustain life so that the coming generations will savor the original grandeur of Mother Earth. In all its conferences, IAMURE has faithfully adhered to its mission of animating research in the academe. It continues to give back to the world quality researches in various areas of interest and these are being used not only by academics but by the men and women in government, industry and culture. May IAMURE’s Australia experience usher in more avenues for research to expand its horizons and enjoy the best springtime.

GILBERT R. ARCE, Ed. D. SUC President IV University of Northern Philippines Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

message

AS AN EDUCATIONALIST, I express my warmest and wholehearted happiness for organizing International Conference in Social Sciences, Health and Environment by IAMURE. Thank you very much for organizing this amazing conference in Australia. Organizing this conference is really a Herculean Task. It is really impressive that you were able to get together such an illustrious group of internationally renowned scholars in so many different yet very closely connected fields. Personally I am always elated with the tasks conducted by IAMURE. I really extend my heartfelt thanks for giving the opportunity to all the Researchers to attend this wonderful conference, which helps the Researchers to think on the depth,maturity intellectual rigor and breadth of the area. I hope this conference will be a huge success in integrating the research ideas from leading scholars across the Globe. This is really a good chance to put research into practice, and hope that this will be a good platform to interact with all leading scholars. The conference is indeed an excellent occasion for researchers around the world to come together &share their knowledge in social sciences. Also I congratulate the IAMURE for their success not only in this conference also in near future. With best wishes

ICOSSHE 2013

DR. PANDURANGAN RAVI Principal, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology Proddatur,Y S R Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013)

•

Outstanding Filipino Research Leader

DR. LINA M. GARAN, Philippines •

World’s Best Abstract (Environment)

Sydney Harbour Marriott Hotel at Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia

MS. ARLENE V. PAMPLONA, Philippines

September 24-26, 2013

DR. JABULANI C. MAKHUBELE

Theme: “Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development”

DR. NORSHAHEEDA BT MOHD NOOR, Malaysia

DAY 1 (September24, 2013) 8:00 – 8:30 a.m. Registration 8:31 – 9:00 a.m.

Morning Break/ Video Presentation of IAMURE Conferences

9:01 – 9:10 a.m. National Anthem of Philippines National Anthem of Australia 9:11 – 9:15 a.m. PRAYER Christian Prayer DR. LINA M. GARAN Muslim Prayer DR. ZAIMAH DARAWI

• •

World’s Best Abstract (Health) World’s Best Abstract (Social Science)

10:01 – 10:20 a.m. Presentation of Delegates by Country and Pictorials with the Guest of Honor Australia Indonesia Kingdom of Thailand Malaysia Philippines South Africa Pakistan 10:21-10:25 a.m.

Oath Taking Ceremony of IAMURE Members, Association of Scholarly Editors, and Association of Scholarly Peer Reviewers

10:26 – 10:30 a.m. Introduction of the Keynote Speaker MR.VON ANTHONY G. TORIO Philippine Normal University, Philippines

9:16 – 9:20 a.m. Opening Remarks DR. GENARO V. JAPOS President, IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research

10:31 – 11:00 a.m. Keynote Speech 1 “Agri-Food Security in the Changing Climate of Mindanao, Philippines” DR. OLIVA P. CANENCIA Director, Research and Development, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Philippines

9:21 – 9:26 A.M. MESSAGE MR. MERVIN C. GASCON Flinders University of South Australia, Australia

11:01 – 11:30 a.m. Trends in International Journal Publication DR. GENARO V. JAPOS President, IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research

9:27 – 9:33 A.M. MESSAGE HON. (MS.) ANNE J. LOUIS Consul General, Philippine Consulate General, Sydney, Australia

11:31 – 11:40 a.m. Destination NSW DANIEL CARLIN Australia Tourism Office, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

9:34 – 9:40 A.M.

11:41 – 12:00 nn

Video Clips of IAMURE Conferences

12:01 – 1:00 pm

LUNCHBREAK

1:01 – 5:00 p.m.

International Paper Presentations

•

AWARDING CEREMONIES

Master of Ceremonies: DR. NARCITAS B. OUANO Dean of College Teacher Education, Cagayan State University – Sanchez Mira, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013

Outstanding World Research Leader MR. MERVIN G. GASCON, Australia • Outstanding World Research Leader MR. BERNARD C. LUNAR, Philippines • Outstanding World Research Leader DR. OLIVA P. CANENCIA, Philippines • Outstanding Researcher of Malaysia DR. SITI HAJAR MOHD IDRIS, Malaysia • Outstanding Researcher of the Philippines DR. NARCITAS B. OUANO, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

DAY 2 (September 25, 2013) 8:00 – 8:29 a.m.

Registration

8:30 – 9:00 a.m.

Morning Break/ Video Presentation of IAMURE Conferences

9:00 – 9:10 a.m. National Anthem of Indonesia National Anthem of South Africa National Anthem of Thailand 9:11 – 9:20 a.m. PRAYER Christian Prayer DR. MARIE PAZ ANGELES Muslim Prayer DR. SITI HAJAR MOHD IDRIS 9:21 – 9:25 a.m. Opening Remarks DR. JABULANI C. MAKHUBELE University of Limpopo – Turfloop Campus, South Africa 9:26 – 9:30 a.m. Message DR. CHANDRA SUGIHARTO Wijaya Kusuma University, Indonesia 9:31 – 9:35 a.m. Message DR. NORLIDA HANIM MOHD SALLEH Associate Professor, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia 9:36 – 9:40 a.m.

Awarding Ceremony

• Outstanding World Researcher DR. NORLIDA HANIM MOHD SALLEH, Malaysia • Outstanding Researcher of South Africa DR. JABULANI C. MAKHUBELE, South Africa 9:41 – 9:45 a.m. Introduction of the Keynote Speaker DR. FLORCELITA G. ZAMORA Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences, Philippines 9:46 – 10:10 a.m. Keynote Speech 2 MR. BERNARDO C. LUNAR Professor, De La Salle –Lipa, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013

10:11 – 11:00 a.m. Journal Publication Process and Strategic Directions for IAMURE JONY V. BERJES EVP/Publishing Manager, IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research

11:01 – 11:45 a.m. Country Forum on Best Practices in Research and Publication Australia Indonesia Kingdom of Thailand Malaysia Philippines South Africa Pakistan

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

11:46 – 12:00 NN Pictorials 12:01 – 1:-00 P.M.

LUNCHBREAK

1:01 – 6:00 P.M.

International Paper Presentations

Master of Ceremonies: DR. FLORCELITA G. ZAMORA Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences, Philippines DAY 3 (September 26, 2013) 8:00 – 8:30 a.m.

Registration

8:31 – 9:00 a.m.

Morning Break/ Video Presentation of IAMURE Conferences

9:01 – 9:10 a.m.

National Anthem of the Philippines National Anthem of Malaysia National Anthem of Pakistan

9:11 – 9:20 a.m. PRAYER Christian Prayer DR. NARCITAS B. OUANO Muslim Prayer ETIKA VIDYARINI S.Ds 9:21 – 9:25 a.m. Opening Remarks DR. THITIMA BOONCHAREAN Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Thailand 9:26 – 9:30 a.m.

Message DR. LINA M. GARAN Campus Executive Officer, Cagayan State University – Sanchez Mira, Philippines

9:31 – 10:00 a.m. Design Presentation ETIKA VIDYARINI S.Ds Faculty of Arts and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 10:01 – 10:05 a.m. Introduction of the Keynote Speaker MS. ARLENE V. PAMPLONA Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences, Philippines 10:06 – 10:35 a.m. Keynote Speech 3 DR. WESLEY KENDALL Director of Legal Studies Program, West Virginia University, United States of America 10:51 – 11:00 a.m. Pictorials 11:01 – 11:59 a.m. Farewells and Closing Prayer 12:00 – 1:00 p.m.

LUNCH

Master of Ceremonies: MS. MAE OLJAE P. CANENCIA Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Philippines

keynote

speech

A Statutory Comparative Analysis of Dividend Taxation Laws in Vietnam and Australia: Restructuring Regulatory Regimes to Attract Capital Investment

WESLEY KENDALL, JD Ph.D Assistant Professor West Virginia University at Parkersburg300 Campus Drive Parkersburg, WV, USA 304 420 8618 Wesley.kendall@wvup.edu ABSTRACT For many companies, shareholders are arguably the most important stakeholders. By providing firms with capital via the purchase of shares, investors expect a profitable distribution of earnings, most commonly in the form of dividends. Jurisdictions in different nations, such as Vietnam and Australia (the objects of this statutory comparative analysis), have adopted various approaches regarding the taxation of company earnings and dividends, which may have considerable economic and social implications. This paper will conduct a rigorous analysis which examines both the Australian and Vietnamese taxation rules on dividends, as well as evaluating whether the law in one country is preferable to the other. The qualitative methodology employed will be a statutory case oriented evaluation which scrutinizes the operation of specific statutory policies, how those policies function comparatively, and the concomitant outcomes each respective policy produces.The comparative case analysis will demonstrate that Vietnam, as a developing economic force in Southeast Asia, can increase the allure of capital investment by adopting dividend taxations laws more favorable to investors. INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

In Vietnam, tax is imposed on both companies’ profits and investors’ dividends.Article 10, clause 1 of the Law on Enterprise Income Tax (No. 14/2008/QH12) sets the enterprise tax rate at 25%.A company is allowed to pay dividends out of its net profit only after having “fulfilled its tax obligations” (article 93, clause 2 – Law on Enterprises, No. 60/2005/QH11). With regards to shareholders, article 23, clause 2, item a of the Law on Personal Income Tax (No. 04/2007/QH12) requires individuals to pay tax amounting to 5% of their income from capital investments. “Capital investments” is defined in article 3, clause 3 to include, among other items, dividends. In Australia, the taxation rules on dividends are known as “dividend computation”. Under this system, companies pay tax at the rate of 30% on their taxable income (Australian Taxation Office (ATO) 2012a). Each company maintains a “franking account” with the government, whose balance is increased whenever tax is paid (s205-5 – Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1997). This balance is also referred to as “franking credits”. Upon distributing companies’ earnings, directors can choose to attach these credits to the dividends paid out, the maximum amount being equal to 3/7 of the dividends.This is called “franking” a distribution, and will reduce the franking account balance (s205-30). Individual shareholders will count both the dividend and the credits as their personal taxable income (s207-20(1)),

which is multiplied by their personal tax rate to arrive at the amount of tax payable. Finally, the credits will act to offset that tax payable (s207-20(2)). The shareholder is liable to pay whatever is left, or receives a refund in the case of negative liability. Comparative Analysis of the Statutory Taxation Laws in Vietnam and Australia For the purpose of comparison, it is assumed that a company’s profits and taxable income are the same. In reality, except in the case of losses carried forward from previous years, the differences between profits and taxable income are exceedingly vast. Notwithstanding one singular similarity (dividends being taxed at shareholder level), there exist broad differences. To begin with, the system in Vietnam requires that tax is paid at both corporate and shareholder levels, which Merino (1981) deems taxing the same income twice. Also, the tax rates are fixed, regardless of the shareholder’s income. For instance, suppose a Vietnamese shareholder receives $750 in dividends (that is, $1,000 in profits that has been taxed at 25%). He will have to pay an additional $37.50 (5% of $750), giving a net income of $712.50. This represents an effective flat rate of 28.75% on the original company earnings. Under the Australian system, on the other hand, earnings are not taxed at the company level.While the government prima facie collects 30% from companies, it loses that 30% when the franking credits are offset against the shareholder’s tax liability. Only shareholders are actually taxed. Moreover, different shareholders with different levels of income will face different tax rates. This is illustrated in the table below: Shareholders Marginal Tax Rates = (1) Dividend Income = (2) Increase in Taxable Income = (3)

ICOSSHE 2013

Increase in Tax Payable = (1) x (3)

B 19%

32.5%

$700

$1,000

$190

$325

Tax Offset

$(300)

Net Change in Tax Payable = (4)

$(110)

$25

Net Increase in Income = (2) – (4) = (5)

$810

$675

Effective Tax Rate = 100% –(5) / $1,000

19%

32.5%

Suppose there are two Australian shareholders A and B who, before receiving any dividend, earn $25,000 and $37,000 respectively. The progressive tax system in Australia provides that A has to pay 19 cents for every extra dollar in taxable income, while B is in the 32.5% bracket (ATO 2013). Each investor then receives $700 in dividends ($1,000 in profits, precollected $300). Their taxable income will increase by $1,000, being the sum of the dividends and franking credits. The comparative table analysis table above plainly demonstrates that the original company earnings of $1,000 would be taxed at exactly each shareholder’s marginal tax rate, rather than a fixed one. From a legal perspective, double taxation may appear reasonable since the company and its stockholders are separate legal entities. However, economically speaking, Karve (2011) deems this operation system fallacious, arguing that earnings of a company are essentially its members’ earnings. Edwards (2003) further supports this view, identifying various problems stemming from high dividend taxes, which include (1) adding to the bias against saving and investment, (2) increasing reliance on debt in lieu of equity financing, and (3) creating incentives for executives to invest retained earnings in unprofitable projects rather than distributing them. The enhancement of the bias against saving and investment caused by high dividend taxes can be explained using the market for loanable funds, consisting of demand and supply of loanable funds. Demand is created by companies seeking funds for establishment or expansion, and is expressed through the issuance of shares. Supply comes from potential buyers of these shares, who have more funds then required for their immediate expenditures. The high tax on dividend income reduces the payoff from their investments. In times of high inflation, a persistent economic challenge in Vietnam, investors may find themselves incentivized to spend rather than invest. Supply, and consequently quantity of loanable funds, will precipitously decrease. This hinders companies from purchasing new fixed assets (such as plants and machinery) to enlarge the profityielding structure of their businesses, and ultimately slows down economic growth (Stonecash 2009).

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

Furthermore, tied to the point above, even if prospective investors decide to postpone consumption and loan out their excess funds, they may still be driven away from the stock market. This is because the interest rates on bank deposits in Vietnam are sometimes higher than dividend yields. The Market Analysis and Forecast department (2011, p. 10) reports fixed term deposit rates in Vietnam to be around 10% and sometimes reach 18.19%, per annum. Annual dividend yields of most companies, on the other hand, are usually under 15%. Given the riskier nature of stocks, the lengthy process of analyzing company profitability, and the fact that interest on deposits are not even taxed, it is not surprising people choose to have their money sit in a bank account. This is particularly costly to Vietnam, as the country is in the course of equitization, during which poorly managed state-owned enterprises are converted to public companies, in the hope that they will become more efficient under private sector management. The reluctance of investors to join the stock market means that such businesses will continue to operate inefficiently and growth will continue to be obstructed. High dividend taxes also make companies rely more on debts instead of equity to finance their assets and operations. Interest payments are deductible from taxable income, representing is a benefit for companies, while dividends are not deductible and even double taxed. As a consequence, companies, in order to gain such deductions, will borrow money in place of issuing shares, thus increasing their leverage, or gearing. Highly geared companies face higher material default risks. Should economic downturns occur, which is not at all uncommon given that Vietnam is a developing country affected by many unexpected internal and external factors, there are considerably greater chances these companies will go bankrupt. A further consequence of Vietnam’s system of double taxation is the opportunity costs of retained earnings. Directors, seeking to evade company profits from being taxed twice, might refrain from paying out dividends.These undistributed profits will stay idle or be invested into projects that are otherwise rejected because of low profitability. Either way, resources are not allocated to where they are needed the most. If the earnings are to be distributed to shareholders, who may be aware of better investments opportunities, perhaps in another company or industry, such funds might get effectively utilized, thus benefiting the economy as a whole. In the past, many countries, including the Unites States and Australia, used to impose double taxation. However, by now, virtually all major nations have abolished it. U.S. President George W. Bush, in 2003, in asking the Congress for removing the outdated system, declared that “double taxation is bad” for the economy and “double taxation is wrong”. Following this speech, the Taxpayer Relief Reconciliation Act 2003 was passed, resulting in the U.S. stock marking gaining about 6% in 2004, which to some extent, in Morck & Yeung’s view (2005), implied a 6% increase the US equity values. The legal revolution in Australia occurred much sooner, dating back to the 1987 when dividends started being frankly imputed. The Vietnamese government is gradually recognizing the burden double taxation imposes upon companies and investors. In 2011, the General Department of Taxation passed Resolution No. 08/2011/QH13 in August and Decree No. 101/2011/ ND-CP in November, both of which aimed to relieve taxpayers of difficulties in meeting tax obligations. Clause 3, article 1 of the former and clause 1, article 4 of the latter specifically “exempt personal income tax from August 01, 2011 till the end of December 31, 2012” imposed on dividends. Conclusion Based upon the foregoing statutory comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the laws regarding dividend taxation in Australia promote increased capital investment and more effectively spur economic growth than the laws in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that they are not without limitations, one of which is the potential for tax avoidance, particularly in the case of small proprietary, family companies. Directors of such entities are usually family members, who can decide upon the amount of dividends to be distributed to each shareholder, some of whom do not earn income (they may be students or unemployed). Furthermore, residents with taxable income of $20,542 pay no tax, which results from the combination of the tax-free threshold for Australian taxpayers and a low-income tax reduction (ATO 2012b). As such, the directors can choose to distribute to those non-income earning members dividends amounting to $14,379 (70% of $20,542). Before the franking credits take effect, their tax liability (on $20,542, comprising of $14,379 in dividends and $6,163 in credits) is already zero. They will then be refunded the full $6,163. Effectively, profits of those companies are paid out free of tax. This paper proposes that the Vietnamese government should introduce some regulatory regimes applicable only to proprietary companies to prevent this redistribution. On balance, the dividend imputation system implemented in Australia in 1987 effectively taxes company earnings in the hands of shareholders at their own marginal rate, while for Vietnamese firms, profits are taxed twice, at 25% at the corporate level and 5% when paid out as dividends. This is considered “double taxation”, and has been argued in literature to have negative impacts on the economy. This calls for action by the government in Vietnam to amend the law so that investments appear more attractive in the eyes of potential shareholders and economic growth can be boosted.

LITERATURE CITED

Australian Taxation Office (ATO) 2008, Imputation Reference Guides, viewed 10 April 2013, http://www.ato.gov.au/businesses/ PrintFriendly.aspx?ms=business&doc=/content/43227.htm. ATO 2012a, Company Tax Rates, ATO, viewed 8 April 2013, http://www.ato.gov.au/content/44266.htm. ATO 2012b, Individual Income Tax Rates, ATO, viewed 8 April 2013, http://www.ato.gov.au/content/12333.htm. ATO 2012c, Household Assistance Package – Tax Reforms, ATO, viewed 16 April 2013, http://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/ PrintFriendly.aspx?doc=/content/00309813.htm. Bush, G,The White House 2003, President Discusses Taking Actions to Strengthen America’s Economy, speech, Office of the Press Secretary, viewed 16 April 2013, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030107-5. html. Edwards, C 2003, ‘Dividend Taxation: Nearly All Major Nations Relieve Double Taxation’, speech, Testimony regarding US President’s New Tax Proposals, Senate Democratic Policy Committee. Government of Vietnam 2011, Decree Detailing the Implementation of the Resolution no. 08/2011/QH13 of the Nation Assembly on Additional Issuance of some Tax Solutions to Remove Difficulties for Enterprises and Individuals, Decree no. 101/2011/ND-CP, Government of Vietnam. Karve, N 2011, The Case Against Double Taxation, The Hindu Business Line, 4 December. Market Analysis and Forecast Department 2011, International Law on Taxation of Dividend and Suggestions for Vietnam, State Security Commission of Vietnam, viewed 12 April 2013, http://www.srtc.org.vn/images/uploaded/Danh%20thue%20 thu%20nhap%20doi%20voi%20co%20tuc.pdf. Merino, BD 1981, ‘Double Taxation: A Lawyer’s View’, Journal of Accountancy, March, vol. 151, No. 3, p. 85. Morck, R & Yeung B 2005, ‘Dividend Taxation and Corporate Governance’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 163-180. National Assembly of Vietnam 2011, Resolution Additionally Providing a number of Tax-related Solutions for Enterprises and Individuals to Overcome Their Difficulties, Resolution no. 08/2011/QH13, National Assembly of Vietnam. Stonecash, J, Principles of Macroeconomics, 4th ed., Cengage Learning Australia, Australia, 2009.

Legislation: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Law on Enterprise Income Tax, No. 14/2008/QH12.

ICOSSHE 2013

Law on Enterprises, No. 60/2005/QH11.

Law on Personal Income Tax, No. 04/2007/QH12.

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

keynote

speech

Environmental Recollection: A Vehicle for Sustainable Environment

BERNARDO C. LUNAR De La Salle Lipa, Batangas, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

The wide range of environmental problems humanity is facing nowadays points to our deliberate neglect on the call for stewardship. This flagging condition of our Mother Earth has compelled concerned citizens to get involved in the pursuit to address these environmental issues. Educational institutions had been very instrumental in disseminating information to people through the authentic learning encounters in particular subjects in the curriculum. Considering the cover and the magnitude of environmental problems, this concern has become very pressing issues on the international agenda since 1990s1. With its repercussions on the biosphere,2 these problems had brought the serious implication towards the earth such as pollutions of different forms, habitat destruction, forest denudation, rampant overfishing and destructive fishing practices, depletion of agricultural land, and biodiversity loss3. In response to the increasing demand for multi-sector approach in responding to the call to address these concerns, various programs and projects are being initiated and implemented. On our end, One Million Trees and Beyond (OMTB) Project of De La Salle Philippines was launched in 2006. This project provides a venue for more proactive responses to environmental issues via tree planting activities and reforestation programs and promotes a more practical “learning-bydoing approach in environmental education. As De La Salle Lipa, the institution where I belong, actively participates in this project, we are committed to provide a variety of opportunities for our stakeholders to participate in the environmental activities we spearhead. This gave rise to the conceptualization of the environmental recollection module that is linked to OMTB, focusing the beyond aspect of the project that is information and education campaign. As part of its IEC, the environmental recollection is given to provide participants with opportunities that would discover and develop their rootedness to and oneness with nature; lead the participants to learn in a variety of settings and conditions by themselves, in pairs with elders, peers, younger ones, with small and large groups; and expose the participants to a hands-on experience in caring for the environment through tree planting activity and the likes. Our experiences with this environmental recollection will be my bases for the thoughts I will be sharing with you. It all started in 2008 with the request we got from Christian Foundation for Children and Aging (CFCA), a nonprofit sponsorship organization headquartered in Kansas City, Kansas. They were requesting for us to facilitate a recollection for their selected beneficiaries in the Philippines. Because of the varied age range of the participants, I attempted to put a little twist to the usual spiritual recollection we offer. Cognizant of the role of environmental education in providing knowledge, skill, attitudes, motivation and commitment to work individually and collectively towards the solutions of current environmental problems and prevention of new ones, I made a fusion of environmental education and spiritual recollection and came up with a recollection module entitled “We are Stewards of God’s Creation”.

The researcher side of me dictated that the effectiveness of such innovation has to be put to test. It is for this reason that a research study was designed, aimed at determining the extent of influence of the knowledge gained in the environmental recollection on the participants. Titled as “Recollection as Tool for Environmental Education and Strategy for Raising Awareness and Sensitivity Among Selected Youths”4, the results showed that the respondents are knowledgeable of the environmental issues prior to the environmental recollection but a significant increase in the level of knowledge was found after the environmental recollection.The respondent expressed more longing to preserve the resources and observe proper waste management procedures. It concluded that environmental education can be very well imparted through environmental recollection. Capitalizing on the learning gains and the positive change that environmental recollection has brought to the respondents, I put forward for its integration in our syllabus in Environmental Science. It was an easy task since we are implementing the Transformative Learning Design5 in the course. The environmental recollection module initially used was revisited and modified to fit to the peculiarities of our students and setting. The module was then dubbed as GREENER (GREen ENcounter : an Environmental Recollection). All Environmental Science classes were made to attend the recollection. In the study “Outcomes- Based Evaluation of the Transformative Learning Design in Environmental Science Course of De La Salle Lipa”6 findings revealed that in general, the transformative learning design in Environmental Science was regarded effective in making the students attain all the three graduate attributes expected of them. On becoming excellent communicators, students were perceived to be highly capable of articulating coherently their insights ad stand regarding environmental issues; they listen critically and respectfully to the viewpoints of others; and they are able to formulate clear, relevant and humane solutions to identified ecological problems . Students agree that transformative design in the course was effective in making them effectively organize scientific knowledge, acquire relevant skills, and integrate Lasallian values in order to analyze environmental problems and apply appropriate actions and solutions. Moreover, students consider the design to be effective in making them translate the gained scientific knowledge, skills and Lasallian values into practice as they participate in the various environmental programs and projects of different communities in response to the call to stewardship. These positive outcomes can be attributed to the environmental recollection that was given as part of the course design. Currently, the Greener module is being used not only in De La Salle Lipa. It has become part of the community extension activities that the Biology Department and Science Area are spearheading. We have conducted a number of environmental recollection sessions with our partner communities and schools, and we intend to continue teaching more minds, touching more hearts and transforming more lives, with this environmental recollection. What started to be just a simple challenge has gone a long way. Its debut in the international arena happens today, in this conference. It will enter the international scene again soon as it will be one of the workshops in the upcoming 2nd Dubai Conference in Higher Education this January 2014. As long as roads are open for opportunities and avenues to impart environmental awareness and sensitivity, using the wheels of environmental recollection, the journey will be unrelenting, until the dream is realized- a sustainable environment for you and me, for our children and their future sons and daughters. ENDNOTES Madruga, K., Batalha da Silveira, C.F., 2003. “Can teenagers educate children concerning environmental issues?” Journal of Cleaner Production 11, pp. 519–525

O¨ zden, M., 2008. “Environmental Awareness and Attitudes of Student Teachers: An Empirical Research”, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education,17:1.

Harris, P.G., 2006. “Environmental Perspectives and Behavior in China: Synopsis and Bibliography”, Environment and Behavior, 38:1.

Lunar, B., Medallon, M. 2009. Recollection as Tool for Environmental Education and Strategy for Raising Awareness and Sensitivity Among Selected Youths Vol 2, No 1 (2012): IAMURE: International Journal of Ecology and Conservation

Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as Transformation: Jossey Bass, San Francisco

ICOSSHE 2013

Lunar, B. Laguardia, M., Precioso, C., Talens, J. Dimaculangan, I (2010). Outcomes- Based Evaluation of the Transformative Learning Design in Environmental Science Course of De La Salle Lipa.

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Outstanding World Research Leader 2013

On Becoming and Staying a Researcher WHEN I WAS asked as to where I draw my inspiration in accomplishing the Herculean jobs of being and staying as a researcher– the easiest way I can answer this is to draw on my own experience as a teacher. Being a researcher is something that has evolved from my innate passion to discover new knowledge.This responsibility is likewise unexpected since it has not occurred to me that my hunger for knowledge may be something that I can concretely contribute to the research development of the institution. I have been able to reflect on the experiences I have acquired throughout the years I have spent in school, and these are the basis for the thoughts that I have to offer. As a Physical Therapist, I used to run my own rehabilitation clinic. It was heeding to a vocation, I believe, that I went into teaching. I joined De La Salle Lipa in 2003 as a part-time science teacher in the Science and Technology Unit. After a few years, I had found my feet as a full time teacher. Consequently, I became interested in the way in which the quality of teaching and learning experience I offered the students entrusted to me and the design and conduct of classes affect their behavior and their engagement. I effectively sensed the climate and quality of my relationship with the class and gradually learned to detect early warning signs and to find for ways of managing the classroom climate and its influence as a context for learning. My interest in research started with those little experiments in my own classroom. Thus, when I wrote my thesis for the Master of Education Program (2008), I looked at the effect of the type of instruction on students’ achievement in a more theorized way. It did not stop there. Soon after completing that paper, I utilized the findings of that research and worked on its recommendations. It gave rise to two more papers as I exhausted all possible studies from that single subject matter. That eventually led to the publication of my first book ‘Human Anatomy and Physiology Study Partner (2009),’ which is very much rooted to the kind of exploration that I initially employed as a new teacher in my class. Did I let it end there? After a term that the book was used by my students, I designed a study to evaluate its effectiveness in attaining language and science skills. I believe these experiences collectively illustrate a simple answer to the question ‘How did I become a researcher?’It started with being curious and enquiring which certainly led me to become interested in the notion of reflective teaching. Doing research is indeed a challenging job. As a full-time instructor in college, we are constantly expected to fulfill the triad functions of full-fledged educators: instruction, community involvement and research. In 2007, I received awards from the College of Education, Arts and Sciences for exemplary performance on instruction and community involvement. It challenged me to excel in research as well, thinking that I should be performing well in those three functions. Despite the demands of being a teacher, a program coordinator, a husband to my wife and a father to my children, I started doing research. I had to deal with various issues.

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

How do I get time to think - quality time, more specifically? With a teeming timetable already, how do I actually fit the responsibility of conducting research into my teaching profession? Cognizant that doing research is a tough job, I know I have to maintain a satisfactory quality of life. People say that a good researcher needs to maintain a valid grasp of reality.This is not possible by becoming a recluse. But there were times when I had to hide away and communicate solely through my keyboard. I believe there is some responsibility to stay active and engaged in a normal way of life. Doing research necessitated me to negotiate, if not argue with the significant people in my life at home (my dear wife) and at work (my past and present superior) to try and find an approach to this drawback to research so that they understand that hiding away and being far from them at times to do a research, study and present, is part of what I need to do and what I want to do. Aside from the thought of getting that research productivity award (which I got the following year), I believe there is a kind of noble intention which is underpinned by a moral concern in making a worthwhile contribution to the institution where I belong. For me, there are

many personal costs involved in doing research; however, realizing that you are making dynamic contributions through your research endeavors seem to offset any disadvantage it brings. How do I stay as a researcher? There are really a lot of tensions between and among job functions: teaching, administration, community extension and research. I employ one strategy I consider very effective in overcoming them. This is ‘interfacing,’ in which I look for research opportunities around the activities which I am required to engage in. Deeply motivated, I see my every professional and personal engagement as opportunities for conducting research. I was lucky to be given the opportunity to hold different posts in my area/ department and college. Most of my papers are geared towards addressing issues in the environment. This is because of the following reasons: 1) I am tasked to look after the environmental organization of students- DLSL Kalikasan; 2) I was chosen as one of the OMTB champions of the school; 3) I am part of the PCN Committee, 4) I used to be the head of the Center for the Environment; 5) I am handling Environmental Science and Ecology Classes; and 6) I became part of the Steering Committee of the Tertiary Luzonian Ecocamp. I was able to write institutional researches because of being a program coordinator for the Certificate in Medical Transcription, being the Community Involvement Coordinator of the College of Education, Arts and Sciences, and being part of the Faculty and Staff Association and the Student Government. I take advantage of attending writeshops being offered by research funding institutions which gave me opportunities to become study leader in some CHED and USAID funded research projects.With the various activities I spearhead and actively participate in, I can say that there are still lots of research problems waiting to be addressed by researchers. Moreover, the researcher in me longs to infect others. I can say that in my own little ways, I have inspired and helped my colleagues to be active in research. It is my deepest desire to be of help and continue on inspiring others, most especially those who are afraid to do research and the budding ones. On a final note, becoming a researcher must start from something you know and care for. One needs to make the research process workable in his life – more specifically both in his work life and personal life. He then has to work in a sustained way with a specialist focus and any support he can get from colleagues, friends and family. Linking up with research users will enable us to do more relevant research and ultimately to have a greater impact. Do not be afraid to present your research in conferences. Everyone must consider research as a worthwhile and rewarding thing to do. By this conviction, we can expect more members in the community who may be encouraged to actively engage in research and producing high quality work. When this aim is realized, we can finally say that we are responding to His call to teach minds, touch hearts and transform lives.

ICOSSHE 2013

BERNARDO C. LUNAR ORCID No: 0000-0002-0049-1829 De La Salle Lipa, Batangas, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Outstanding World Research Leader 2013

My Life in Research I CONSIDER MYSELF as a neophyte in the field of research and in the discipline where I belong. Being so, I am always optimistic about the vast opportunities waiting for me. I wanted to be highly productive in terms of my involvement in improving the capabilities of ordinary citizens in my country, Philippines. I always think of the power of knowledge to foster development and overcome social evils. As Amartya Sen succinctly puts it: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Development is freedom.â&#x20AC;? We live in a world better than yesteryears. We have better lifestyles and better quality of life. We owe it to the champions of freedom and democracy. I place myself in the middle of development challenges and I reckon that my role as an educator in the university is very crucial to help mold the minds of the younger people. I believe that if I do my best to educate and train my students, unleashing their full potential, they would become better leaders in the future and thus, they are better able to play active roles in developing vibrant and enabling communities. In my capacity as a local educator and researcher in Mindanao, I have done several extensive exploratory studies to profile the cultural and traditional knowledge systems and practices of Mindanawans especially among Lumads in Davao City and nearby provinces. Mindanao studies I have found, is a pot of gold of facts and information to help us analyze peace and conflict situations. My researches are more focused on governance studies in general. In particular, I am dealing with indigenous governance, environmental governance, local governance and development, participatory democracy, human rights and results-based project management. Being in the field of social sciences, I enjoy the liberty of employing crosscutting themes like gender equality, poverty reduction and peace building. These areas are some of the common threads of governance aspects my area in Mindanao needs resolved. With my researches and subsequent exchanges of ideas, publications, applications to the communities I have partnered with, I have accomplished some simple milestones like organizing an indigenous community library in Marilog District, Davao City, organizing campus eco-action initiatives in schools in Davao City in partnership with the International Association of Traffic Safety Sciences of Honda Japan, mobilized actions towards better electoral education among indigenous peoples, and other many other grassroot projects. In my frequent interactions and conduct of workshops and researches in communities in Mindanao as far as North Cotabato, Maguindanao, Marilog and Bukidon, I have developed and compiled the materials and made a Module in Participatory Rapid Appraisal in English, Filipino and Visayan versions. I have found, and people confirmed that the participatory conduct of research makes them own the process by engaging them in a way never before thought possible. For me the process makes the research world totally demystified now for any layman. It is a very fertile ground for Mindanao studies to thrive and flourish. I believe that the critical role universities play is to develop more professionals to heavily engage in Mindanao communities in an organized and fully documented manner.

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013

I consider my active involvement in research output dissemination very important.To date, I have presented papers in various international conferences in the Philippines, Malaysia, India, Singapore,Thailand, China, South Korea, Japan, Australia and Nepal. I am able to publish my papers in local and international refereed journals. My research on traditional health of Bagobos in Davao City that was published in the Asian Journal of Health was cited in the reference book written by Dean Lourdes Marie

Tejero of the University of the Philippines College of Nursing. The book is an adaptation to the Philippine setting of Burns Nursing Research and is now available for sale at Philippine bookstores. Early this year, I have published a book chapter titled ‘Community-University Partnership for Improved Governance’ in the book edited by Singh, Gonzales and Thomson (2013). The book is published and released worldwide by Springer India, New York and London. Personally, I think I have accomplished what I had to do because of my genuine passion for learning and sharing. I feel so blessed becoming a part of a highly supportive system (family, university and community). I am inspired everyday by the daily doses of ideas I got from others through socializing and reading. The more I learn, the better directed I have become in making critical decisions especially for the current PhD candidature I am pursuing at the School of Social and Policy Studies in Flinders University of South Australia. I am very thankful for this Australia Awards for full scholarship that also covers my family’s entire cost of living whilst I am studying in Australia. My fieldwork commences a day after this conference. I am heading my way to Mindanao, Philippines to gather data for my research project titled ‘Critical ethnography and exploratory study of what constitute good governance in Mindanao’. The project is made possible by the grants given by AUSAID for travel and by Flinders University for research materials and other expenses. I am always inspired by the thought that my advocacy for the so-called “good governance” is achievable and thus practical. I envision a future where ordinary people are capable of making decisions on their own for their lives to become better; for them to feel and actualize a meaningful, happy and useful life. I would like to be part of this transition. I would like to be remembered as someone who made a dent in the field through my contributions in the creation of new knowledge for ethical and participatory governance.

ICOSSHE 2013

MERVIN G. GASCON ORCID No. 0000-0001-7161-8500 Flinders University of South Australia Australia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013)

Outstanding World

Researcher 2013 Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Outstanding Researcher of

Malaysia

Siti Hajar Mohd Idris National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Outstanding Researcher of Malaysia

Outstanding Researcher of

South Africa

Jabulani C. Makhubele

University of Limpopo - Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, Polokwane, South Africa

Outstanding Researcher of the

Philippines Narcitas B. Ouano Cagayan State University â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013)

World’s Best Abstract in

Social Science

Norshaheeda Bt Mohd Noor National University of Defence Malaysia, Malaysia

World’s Best Abstract

Environment

Arlene V. Pamplona Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences, Philippines

World’s Best Abstract in

Health

Jabulani C. Makhubele University of Limpopo - Turfloop Campus, Sovenga,

ICOSSHE 2013

Polokwane, South Africa

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013)

Outstanding World

Research Leaders 2013 Mervin G. Gascon Flinders University of South Australia, Australia

Bernardo C. Lunar De La Salle Lipa, Batangas, Philippines

Oliva P. Canencia Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Outstanding Filipino

Research Leader 2013 Lina M. Garan Cagayan State University - Sanchez Mira, Cagayan, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

International Conference in Social Sciences, Health, and Environment (ICOSSHE 2013)

BOARD OF JUDGES ICOSSHE 2013

DR. BARLEY S.Y. MAK Associate Head & Dean of Students, United College Director, Centre for Enhancing English Learning and Teaching (CEELT) Associate Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education The Chinese University of Hong Kong

DR. JOSÉ GERARDO MARTÍNEZ MARTÍNEZ Associate Professor, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico

DR. PEDRO B. BERNALDEZ Professor, Dongguk University, Gyeongju City, South Korea

DR. WESLEY KENDALL Assistant Professor, West Virginia University, USA

ICOSSHE 2013

DR. DJUWARI STIE Perbanas Surabaya, Indonesia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Good Governance Framework to Implement Environmental Projects in the Philippines MERVIN GASCON ORCID No. 0000-0001-7161-8500 gasc0018@flinders.edu.au Flinders University of South Australia, Australia Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 1:01 – 1:20 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Good governance is a development term flexibly used in almost all fields nowadays. It refers to how the rules in the state are being negotiated by the different stakeholders to produce a common good. This paper attempts to describe the extent to which good governance is being practiced in the Philippines by using two case studies, namely: the Malagos Watershed Project (urban) and the Obo-Manobo Ancestral Domain Integrated Forest Management Project (rural). This study used mix methods of research combining qualitative and quantitative inquiries to answer the questions raised. A qualitative inquiry was first done to build the constructs of good governance based on the responses of key informants. This study finds participation, voluntarism (Bayanihan), transparency and equity as significant constructs of good governance in environmental projects in the Philippines. It was also found out that women and youth have played more direct and significant role in environmental activism than men and older people in the community. Respondents were selected from the wider public who have direct stake on the cases under study. To analyze the factor structure and develop the good governance framework, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used. Result of the EFA was referred back to the select key informants for validation. Keywords: Social Science, good governance, environmental projects, mixed methods, factor analysis, Philippines

Integrated Organic Farming for Community Development: Bridging the Gaps in Agricultural Instruction, Research, and Extension LINA M. GARAN ORCID No. 0000-0002-4942-7879 lina_garan@yahoo.com Cagayan State University - Sanchez Mira, Cagayan, Philippines Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 1:21 - 1:40 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Keywords: Social Science, organic farming, technology demonstration, descriptive research, Cagayan, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia | September 24-26, 2013

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 1

This study was conducted in 2011 to 2012 under the aegis of the Cagayan State University-Sanchez Mira campus and the National Economic Development Authority under its Productivity Enhancement Program. The concept was designed to facilitate farmers’ adoption of sustainable and environment-friendly technology in organic farming by integrating the following components: On-Site School on Organic Farming, Technology-Demonstration, Extension and Technical Assistance, and Research. The on-site school included greenhouses, field research, and techno-demo plots on vegetable and livestock, vermi-compost, apiary, and houses for native pigs and chickens. To showcase organic farming practices, a field day was conducted which was attended by 165 farmers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders. The research component focused on the effectiveness of technologydemonstration on organic farming in the adaptation of farmers. Ninety farmers were trained on organic farming technologies and data collection methods included structured survey questionnaire and interviews. Results showed that 90%, 80%, and 85% of the farmers from the three municipalities followed the technologies demonstrated to them. Around 85% of the total respondents reported an 80% increase in their monthly income. This was attributed production of food and farm inputs.

Intersectoral Linkages in the Malaysian Agricultural Sector – An Application of Input-Output Analysis ZAIMAH DARAWI ORCID No. 0000-0001-8528-0897 zd@ukm.my National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 1:41 - 2:00 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Malaysia is aspiring to become a developed country by the year 2020 which requires that the per capita income rise to at least USD15,000 per year. To achieve this, the New Economic Model (NEM) aims at a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of at least 6.5 percent annually. Promoting the key sectors can propel the economy to grow faster while economizing on resources. These sectors, according to the Hirschman Unbalanced Growth hypothesis can excite the rest of the economy to grow as well. This phenomenon works through the interindustry linkage relations. This study measures the strengths of the interindustry linkages using the input-output analysis and examines the contribution of agriculture subsector in forward and backward linkages by using the 2005 Malaysian input-output data. Based on the results obtained, most sectors have strong backward linkages and weak forward linkages. There are three subsectors of agriculture that have strong forward linkages and only five subsectors of agriculture can be considered as key sectors in the year of study. The government should focus on the agriculturalindustries with strong linkages to the rest of the economy. These sectors can increase the added value and contribution to the processing sectors in particular, in order to achieve a faster rate of future economic growth while meeting the objective of the new Economic Model Keywords: Social Science, key sectors, Input-output analysis, Agriculture, interindustrial linkages, Malaysia

Healthy Lifestyles: Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors of Hypertension Incidence in Elderly at Tanjungsari Village, Sidoarjo-Indonesia in June 2012

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 1

CHANDRA SUGIHARTO ORCID number: 0000-0003-3384-8270 sugihartoch@gmail.com Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya-Indonesia Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 2:26 - 2:45 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

There are many non-communicable diseases in public health that affected quality of life nowadays. Hypertension is one of them, related to internal and external factors such as age, hereditary, gender, obesity, and some lifestyle. It should be a surprise nowadays when people in villages have hypertension too and trending to raise up in incidence. The objective was to analyze the related lifestyle factors of hypertension incidence in elderly. This research was an observational cross-sectional study that conducted at Tanjungsari Village, Sidoarjo-Indonesia in June 2012. There were 18 respondents of 102 hypertension patient of 417 elderly observed. The variables observed were the age, gender, obesity, smoking habit, and exercise. The results of this study that related to hypertension incidence were: age (45-59 years old, 66.67%); gender (female, 55.56%); and exercise (less exercise, 66,67%). A special note for smoking habit that all male respondents (of hypertension) were smoker. Exercise was the related lifestyle factor of hypertension in this study. Efforts for preventing incidence of hypertension should be focused on increasing of exercise. It must be a concern of healthy lifestyle for creating and developing some exercises that affect the metabolism of the body cell for a better health. Keywords: Health, lifestyle, observational cross-sectional study, Sidoarjo, Indonesia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia | September 24-26, 2013

Hospital-Based Dose Survey, an Impetus to a National Diagnostic Reference Level in Chest X-Ray Examinations VON ANTHONY G. TORIO ORCID No. is 0000-0003-4056-5930 von_14_torio@yahoo.com Philippine Normal University, Manila, Philippines Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 2:46 - 2:55 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are significant in diagnostic radiology because it provides a basis for optimization. Currently, there is no nationally established diagnostic reference level in any radiographic procedure in the Philippines. The study aimed to determine doses received by patients undergoing chest posteroanterior (PA) x-ray examination. In addition, the study also aimed to provide an estimate of entrance surface dose for chest PA as a later basis in establishing DRLs in the country. A dose survey was conducted to gather data using a Dose-Area-Product (DAP) meter attached to the regular X-ray machine. Performance Tests were conducted to assure good standing of the machine. The results revealed a dose estimate of 0.15± 0.06 mGy which is lower than the reference/guidance levels set by two international organizations: (1) the European Commission and (2) the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is also relatively lower than the doses measured in similar studies in other countries. The result of the study gives an indication of good radiography practice in the surveyed hospital. It is recommended that the data in this study together with data from other studies for the same procedure conducted in the country be used in establishing a DRL for chest radiography for the Philippines. Keywords: Health, medical physics, radiography, dose survey, Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL), Entrance Surface Dose (ESD), Philippines, Asia

Optimizing Interior Circulation Concept for Effectiveness of Dentistry Student

ETIKA VIDYARINI ORCID No. 0000-0002-9973-0972 etika.vidyarini@gmail.com Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 2:56 - 3:25 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Keywords: Health Education, design and health, dentistry student’s workflow, qualitative research, Indonesia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia | September 24-26, 2013

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 1

Pre-clinic academic step is an important phase where dentistry students learn to handling patients for the first time. Some people are often afraid to visit a professional dentist. This is worsened when they have to be handled by dentistry student. This need is related to patient’s psychology that leads us into narrow study in developing interior circulation as the main concept to optimize the effectiveness of dentistry students. The research aimed to decrease problems that dentistry student usually have and create an interior circulation concept without override patient’s psychology presented in a virtual design planning. The study utilized qualitative method. We observed the education and practical activity of dentistry students at one of Dentistry Teaching Hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. We interviewed dentistry students and patients and also experienced as a patient to observe student’s effectiveness directly. We found several problems that generate an unhealthy environment such as incompatible room layout for user’s workflow, dentistry students difficulties in perform personal handling, and ignored patient’s psychology. The effectiveness of dentistry student is highly affected by circulation factor. The result is a virtual design planning that applied a concept of interior circulation; rearrange room layout based on users` workflow and facilitate student’s learning process without interfering patient’s needs.

Research Themes and Desired Capabilities of De La Salle Lipa in Line with Integrated Coastal Management BERNARDO C. LUNAR ORCID No. 0000-0002-0049-1829 colonelc4b@yahoo.com De La Salle Lipa, Batangas, Philippines Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 3:46–4:05 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) is a mechanism that involves a systematic process for managing the competing issues in marine and coastal areas, including diverse and multiple uses of natural resources. De La Salle Lipa (DLSL), as an ICM Training Center and an active partner of Conservation International in the Coral Triangle Initiative, envisions the establishment of a functional Lasallian Center for the Environment which shall serve as think-tank for the implementation of the projects pertaining to ICM. This study identified the desired capacities along the identified environmental research themes: Integrated Coastal Management and Integrated Information Management System; Biodiversity, Resource Management and Pollution Control; and Mangrove Reforestation and Monitoring Program. It also assessed the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats of the institution as regards coastal resource management research. Research capacity gaps were then extracted from the weaknesses and threats identified. These include the need for avenues for hands-on ICM related works and information management trainings; need for specific skills on resource management, pollution control and biodiversity studies; and the need for capacity enhancement as regards mangrove reforestation and monitoring. An action plan for each research theme was drafted as an output of this study. Keywords: Marine Science, research themes, Integrated Coastal Management, action plan, Batangas, Philippines

College of Teacher Education Students’ Level of Awareness on Climate Change, Impacts and Mitigation Practices

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 1

NARCITAS B. OUANO ORCID No. 0000-0002-6545-6872 narcitasbouano@gmail.com Cagayan State University – Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Valley, Philippines Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 • Time: 4:06 – 4:25 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

The Cagayan State University at Sanchez Mira Campus is one of the agencies commissioned by the Department of Science and Technology to implement projects for the abatement of the ill effects of climate change. This study determined the level of awareness of the students on climate change, its impacts, and mitigation practices, making use of a descriptive research design with open and closed-ended statements which was administered to 500 randomly chosen CTE students of the Cagayan State University at Sanchez Mira during the S.Y. 2012-2013. Data elicited from the questionnaire were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and weighted means. The respondents have a low level of climate change awareness. Reported impacts include changes in rainfall patterns in the locality, excessive heat and lower incidence of strong typhoons during the past few years. Proper waste disposal, tree planting, inclusion of climate change topics in the school subjects and wider researches along adaptation practices are among the popular mitigation practices identified. This study concludes that the impacts of climate change are not always negative. The changes have led the people to adapt new technologies, crops and livestock that gave them even a higher income. New cropping patterns and production technologies must be studied to suit to the new weather condition. Keywords: Environment, ecology and conservation, climate change awareness, descriptive design, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia | September 24-26, 2013

Spatio-Temporal Distribution, Abundance, and Lipid Content of Zooplankton (calanid species) in an Upwelling Area and Estuarine Plume in Northern Mindanao, Philippines MAE OLJAE P. CANENCIA ORCID No. 0000-0002-2366-6521 maecanencia@gmail.com Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Day 1: Sept. 24, 2013 â&#x20AC;˘ Time: 4:26 - 4:45 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Zooplankton category, calanidae copepod plays important roles in the marine food web as an intermediate between primary and fish production at higher trophic levels. Their main ecological role is to provide sustenance for fish larvae and adult fish such as whalesharks, manta rays and sardines. This study described the species composition, spatio-temporal distribution and abundance, body sizes and lipid content of calanids, in an upwelling area off Sindangan Bay and in an estuarine plume in Butuan Bay and Gingoog Bay. Five species were identified in two sampling sites: Nannocalanus minor, Undinula vulgaris, Cosmocalanus darwini, Canthocalanus pauper and Neocalanus gracilis. In terms of body sizes, smaller sizes can be seen in the upper shallow strata (0-65 m and 65-135 m) of an upwelling area while larger ones could be seen in the same strata of an estuarine plume. Findings showed that the shallower the water, the more abundant are the calanids associated with an upwelling system and an estuarine plume. The overall results from the correlation analysis revealed that predictors of water physico-chemical parameters such as chlorophyll, salinity and temperature contributed significantly to the abundance and distribution of calanid species but negatively correlated with water depth of Zamboanga del Norte and Agusan del Norte. Keywords: Environment, calanids, spatio-temporal distribution, lipid, upwelling, descriptive-correlation design, Philippines

Exploring Indigenous Tourism Development Potentials and Strategies in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia SITI HAJAR MOHD IDRIS ORCID No. 0000-0003-2051-4941 hajar@ukm.my National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 â&#x20AC;˘ Time: 1:01 - 1:20 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Keywords: Tourism Economics, indigenous tourism potential, SWOT/TOWS analysis, Malaysia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia | September 24-26, 2013

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 1 & DAY 2

Cameron Highlands in Malaysia is known for its agro and ecotourism products. Tourism activities in this region play a vital role in generating income to the local residents including the indigenous community that lives in settlements scattered within the tourism hub. Although some are directly involved in the tourism industry, indigenous tourism however has not been fully exploited to incorporate it as part of the central attraction to this area. Although previous studies have highlighted the economic needs to introduce this type of tourism, none however has attempted to fully explore the issue. Hence, this study embarks on appraising indigenous tourism potentials in Cameron Highland and developing strategies for its successful implementation. SWOT analysis was performed to detail its internal strengths and weaknesses and its external opportunities and threats. TOWS matrix was used as a situational analysis in developing strategies for the implementation of the proposed indigenous tourism product. The SWOT analysis shows this product has 13 strengths, 10 weaknesses, 13 opportunities and 9 threats. These points are used in the TOWS matrix and relevant strategies were proposed. This study concludes that indigenous tourism has great potential to be explored in this region but appropriate measures must be considered in its development and implementation.

The Effects of Regional Accent in the Proficiency in English Pronunciation: An Analysis FLORCELITA G. ZAMORA ORCID No. 0000 – 0003 – 1188 0 4580 phlorzamora@gmail.com Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Science Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 1:21 - 1:40 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson One of the problems encountered by college students is their inability to express themselves in oral communication seemingly because of their regional accent. It is for this reason that this study was carried out to analyze the effects of regional accent on the proficiency in English Pronunciation. The respondents of the study were randomly selected college students from the five colleges in the 1st Congressional District of Laguna, Philippines. This descriptive quantitative research made use of questionnaires, recorded paragraph readings and interviews as data gathering tools. It was found out that of the 110 respondents, 62% came from private secondary schools and 38% were from the public sector. A total of 13 provinces were recorded as the origin of the respondents, with nine varied dialects noted. The pronunciation errors were noticeable in terms of the short vowel sound /e/ and /o/; in the diphthong /aI/ and the /aƱ/; in the consonant sounds where the plosive /p/ is interchanged with the fricative /f/ and the hissing sound /s/ and /z/ intelligible and sometimes interchanged. Some verbatim comments as to the effect to students include the following: timidity or shyness; fright in the use of English language; spelling errors; grammar errors and a very tiny portion saying they hate English. Keywords: Language and Communications, regional accent, English proficiency, pronunciation errors, description-quantitative design, Laguna Province

Challenges Faced by Women Living with HIV and AIDS in a Rural Context: Social Work Perspective

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2

JABULANI C. MAKHUBELE ORCID No. 0000-0002-0192-573X Jabulani.Makhubele@ul.ac.za University of Limpopo - Turfloop Campus, Sovenga, Polokwane, South Africa Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 1:41 – 2:00 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Women tested for HIV find it difficult to disclose their status to partners or other family members, including children. Decisions around disclosure are multiple: who to tell (family, friends, children, colleagues, teachers, the Church), when to tell, and how to tell. This article explores factors which yield fear of disclosure among women living with HIV and AIDS around Malamulele rural area in Limpopo Province. The explorative-descriptive research design was used for the purpose of this study. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to select women living with HIV and AIDS (WLWHA) in Malamulele rural areas to participate in six focus group interviews. Qualitative data were collected in the study. The findings indicated that WLWHA face social challenges based on other people and society’s reactions and perceptions towards the HIV and AIDS disease. In this regard they concealed information about their HIV positive status. Disclosure was found to be a difficult decision for most people because it is followed by major life changing consequences. HIV and AIDS programs and campaigns should aggressively address factors which yield fear for disclosure and consider the cultural context in which human interactions as well as sexually transmitted infections occur. Keywords: Social Science, public health, social work, disclosure of HIV, explorative-descriptive design, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Categorizing Construction Hazards using incorporated Domino and HIRARCH Theories MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN KASHEFIZADEH ORCID No. 0000-0003-3334-7513 mh_kz@hotmail.com University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 2:01 – 2:20 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Construction is widely recognized as one of the most hazardous occupations. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data show that, in 2003, construction workers were about 7% of the nation’s workforce but suffered nearly 1,166 deaths from work-related injuries, just fewer than 21% of the total. Previous researches demonstrated 42.0% of construction fatalities are linked to the design of the construction safety concept. Several researchers have categorized the construction accidents but literature still suffers from lack of a comprehensive one. Therefore, this paper proposed a model for categorizing construction hazards by incorporating Domino Theory Model and HIRARCH Model. Subsequently, hazards and construction accidents are categorized using the proposed model based on the information grabbed from the previous studies. The proposed model shows several advantages such as simplicity of application in finding the cause of accident, easy fix solution and placing the blame on the main responsible; where Other accident causation models fail to place the blame and corresponding punishment on the main responsible of the accidents, the proposed model tackles this problem. It is also found that unlike common believes, managerial factors are more critical causes in compare to immediate cause. Keywords: Social Science, Categorizing Construction Hazards, Construction accidents in the United States, safety, Domino Theory, HIRARCH Theory, Malaysia

Implementation of and Participation in the Project Carbon Neutral: The Case of a Private School in Region IV A ARLENE V. PAMPLONA ORCID No. 0000-0002-8803-7857 avp1524@gmail.com Daniel Mercado Medical Center Institute of Health Sciences, Philippines Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 2:46 - 3:05 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Keywords: Environment, environmental policy, educational institutions, carbon neutrality, impact assessment, De La Salle Lipa, Philippines

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2

Grounded in the Environmental Policy of the nation, educational institutions shall exercise, by all means, practicable and through all available resources, stewardship of the environment in which it is a part of. In the case of the locale of the study, the school, in the pursuit of its vision-mission and strategic objectives, ensures that the campus is safe, secure, healthy, environmentally friendly and conducive for working and learning. It is for this purpose that Project Carbon Neutral was created. Its programs are geared towards mitigation practices and sequestration measures. As an initial project impact assessment, this descriptive study looked into the extent of implementation and the level of participation of the whole institution. It likewise solicited the problems and challenges encountered during the implementation of the project. Findings revealed low extent of implementation of related programs, minimal participation and support on some programs, lack of information and education campaign, lack of synergy in actions and programs, and lack of avenue for effecting behavioral and attitude change. As an output, an action plan was drafted to address related problems and ensure maximum extent of implementation of and participation in the project.

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Marine Protected Area in Quilitisan, Calatagan, Batangas: An Input to Coastal Resource Management BERNARDO C. LUNAR ORCID No: 0000-0002-0049-1829 colonelc4b@yahoo.com De La Salle Lipa, Batangas, Philippines Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 3:06 - 3:25 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson One of the management goals of the Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor is to increase the area and numbers of well managed Marine Protected Areas by the year 2018. The establishment and maintenance of these MPAs are faced with issues on sustainability. The question on whether they create economic sense is answered by looking into the generation of benefits that are at least equal to the costs they incur. Hence, economic impacts are deemed useful and achievable that served as bases for MPA managers and local policymakers and politicians in obtaining a better understanding of its economic value. Employing a streamlined version of World Resources Institute’s Marine Protected Area Economic Impact Template by Emily Cooper, information on basic economic data on direct and indirect impacts of fisheries and tourism services on residents and businesses dependent on the MPA based on number of recorded visitors to the MPA; current annual spending on management; revenues for reef related recreation; revenues on tourism; and revenues on associated fisheries were gathered. The study used the survey-based method to assess the Willingness to Pay (WTP) of visitors and came up with a basis for raising the entrance fee being collected to visit the Calatagan Mangrove Forest Conservation Park. Keywords: Environment, Marine Ecology, economic valuation, coastal resource management, willingness to pay, marine protected area, economic impacts, cost benefit analysis, Batangas, Philippines

Sustainable Livelihood and Community Perception of Tourism Development: A Case Study of Langkawi Island, Malaysia

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2

NORLIDA HANIM MOHD SALLEH ORCID No. 0000-0001-5504-2724 ida@ukm.my National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 3:26 – 3:45 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

This study is conducted in Langkawi Islands. Initially, majority of the community are fisher folks and farmers. In the 1987, the island has been declared as one of Malaysia tax-duty zone. This declaration led to the rapid growth of the tourism industry and changed the socioeconomics pattern of the community. This study is trying to evaluate the level of livelihood sustainability of community and their perception on the impact of tourism development in Langkawi Island. Livelihood sustainability framework as developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the mean analysis are employed in this study. Under livelihood sustainability, four assets/indicators wereanalyzed, namely: human assets, financial assets, physical assets and social assets. As for community perception, it covers three aspects – economic, social and environmental aspects. Face to face interviews involving a total of 493 respondents were conducted in November-December 2011. The results indicate that the development of tourism in Langkawi Island bring benefits to the community in terms of the increment in their human, financial, physical and social assets. Community perception also supports that they gained economically, socially and environmentally benefits from the development of tourism industry in Langkawi Island. Therefore, various incentives should be given to encourage their involvement in this industry. Keywords: Social Science, Tourism, development, community perception, sustainable livelihood, mean analysis, Malaysia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Benefits Execution of Water Sensitive Urban Design Initiatives in Stormwater management Practice of City of Putrajaya, Malaysia MOHAMMADHOSSEIN KASHEFIZADEH ORCID No. 0000-0003-3334-7513 mh_kz@hotmail.com University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 3:46 – 4:00 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Floods in Malaysia are regular natural disasters which happen nearly every year during the monsoon season. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in its annual reports asserted that flood damages have accrued approximately $300 billion annually in an average. The reason for floods lie with lack of appropriate water management systems in terms of stormwater management. Current status of Malaysia water management practice calls for imitating the successful experience of other countries. The aim of this paper is to review better management frameworks for urban water management as regards stormwater management in outstanding countries. In this paper, the concept of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is initially reviewed, then the proposed frameworks of stormwater management in the world are reviewed and the initiatives associated with stormwater management are offered. Finally, an implemented case of City of Putraja is studied to verify the use of initiatives in real similar cases. Among several variables as regards stormwater management, three types of objectives are highlighted and two evaluation criteria are proposed. Analysis of the results is conducted based on a proposed evaluation criteria. Result of the Analysis of the Putrajaya Stormwater Management System shows a remarkable contribution of WASUD initiatives in mitigating the stormwater in this city with respect to securing health and safety of people and assets, surface water pollution reduction, and reduction of cost of operation and sedimentation reduction in sewers. Keywords: Environment, Resource Water Management, WSUD, sustainable management, putrajaya stormwater management initiatives, water management criteria, Malaysia

Purchase Intentions of Foreign Luxury Brand Bags among Malaysian Consumers NORSHAHEEDA BT MOHD NOOR ORCID No. 0000-0001-8528-0897 norshaheeda@upnm.edu.my National University of Defence Malaysia, Malaysia Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 4:11– 4:30 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

Keywords: Social Science, Purchase intentions, luxury brands, consumer, descriptive design, Malaysia

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2

Luxury products are purchased and adorned by people for a number of different reasons. One may purchase luxury items to display wealth, prosperity, success, social status or merely the satisfaction of a superior product quality. The dominance of any one of these reasons for luxury goods purchase was found to be influenced by culture. None of such study was found in Malaysia. In this study, we explored the motivations to purchase luxury brand hand bags among Malaysian consumers. Unlike the previous studies, the researchers also considered the income as an added factor in perceived customers’ intentions to purchase in addition to the specific functional, experiential, symbolic, social influence; and trait of vanity dimensions. The instrument used in data collection was self-administered survey questionnaires that were successfully answered by 382 shoppers selected using the convenience sampling technique. The respondents are shoppers who shop in major high-end shopping malls in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The statistical techniques used in data analysis include simple frequencies, factor analysis, correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. Findings indicate functional value, vanity achievement and household income directly influence Malaysian consumers purchase intention for luxury goods. Marketing strategies that incorporate these factors could have an excellent chance of success in a market expansion strategy for foreign luxury brand bags in Malaysia.

The Teaching Efficacy of State Universities and Colleges (SUC’s) Psychology Professors: Implication to the Teaching-Learning Process

MARIE PAZ H. ANGELES ORCID No. 0000-0003-1328-6119 pazhangeles@yahoo.com Tarlac State University, Philippines Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 4:31– 4:50 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Teachers play a critical role in determining the quality of learning in the classroom. Teaching efficacy is a construct which proved to be significant in the teaching – learning process. This study investigated the relationship between teaching efficacy and selectvariables of the Psychology faculty in the State Universities and Colleges in Region III. By employing and administering self-made Teaching Efficacy Inventory Scale the teaching efficacy of the said faculty was measured. The respondents of the study consisted of 70 psychology professors. The chi-square test of significance was utilized in the interpretation of data as well as descriptive statistics. Results reveal that the level of teaching efficacy of the teacher improves with age. This means that as the age of the respondents increases, the teaching efficacy also increases. Analysis of data suggests the following recommendations: teachers bear the responsibility of educating our youth. Keywords: Education, Teaching efficacy, psychology professors, teaching, learning, descriptive-correlational design, Philippines

The Elderly Caregiver Competency Development to Promote Long-term Elderly Health in Community

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2

THITIMA BOONCHAREAN ORCID No. 0000-0001-8182-2046 thitimansru@gmail.com Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Thailand Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 4:51 – 5:10 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson

The numbers of elderly are increasing rapidly in Thailand. Aging society impacted healthy lifestyles of living. This research aimed to develop the elderly caregiver competency to strengthen elderly health and life-long living. The concepts of health promotion model were investigated by methods of survey and focus group discussion process. The elderly caregiver competency was explored and developed in the Lower Northern part of Thailand. The samples were elderly caregiver and elderly in two steps using multistage random sampling and selective samples. The instruments of this research were questionnaire and record sheets. The statistical tools used were frequency, percentage and mean. The research findings showed that the caregivers were in adult and aging that have to take care of elderly who were moderately old and very old age, health status was at moderate level. The conclusion was that the elderly caregivers were induced in the knowledge program to promote long-term elderly health in community. The recommendation was the participatory activities with community organization, various health communications in community were needed to develop the model of the elderly caregiver competency development. For further research, it should be apply the elderly caregiver competency development program should be applied to the other areas. Keywords: Health Science, caregiver, competency development, health development, Thailand

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Smoking Cessation, Prevalence and Health Implications among Students in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines OLIVA P. CANENCIA ORCID No. 0000-0001-5372-7295 opcanencia@gmail.com Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Day 2: Sept. 25, 2013 • Time: 5:11 – 5:30 pm Venue: Banjo Patterson Smoking Cessation is an intervention to reduce tobacco-related mortality in the short and medium-term and therefore should be part of an overall comprehensive program on tobacco-control policy of any country. This study primarily aimed to find out the underlying factors on the prevalence of smoking among students in public and private schools in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. This study utilized the survey correlation method with a standardized survey instrument from the Department of Health. Cluster sampling was used in the selection of 12 secondary schools in Cagayan de Oro City. Data analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. The general findings revealed that smoking is prevalent in any form of environment and may have a big influence on students or other people to smoke. The over-all predictor variables such as peer influence, cool factor, coping with problems, media influences and family member who smoke including age and gender contributed significantly to the smoking pattern of students. As to smoking cessation, girls tended to stop smoking easily than boys and claimed that to stop smoking brings health benefits to the body. Generally, the school premises have “No Smoking” policy, but the students support the banning of smoking in schools and other public places. Keywords: Health impacts, smoking cessation, smoking pattern, correlation method, Philippines

ICOSSHE 2013 PLENARY SESSION DAY 2 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

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ICOSSHE 2013

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Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

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ICOSSHE 2013 Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia

Philippine Association

(PAIR)

Agusan del Sur School of Arts and Trade Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology Aklan State University Asian College of Science and Technology Bataan Peninsula State University Bohol Island State University Brokenshire College Bukidnon State University Capitol University Carlos Hilado Memorial State College Cebu Normal University Central Mindanao University Cor Jesu College Davao Central College Davao Doctors College De La Salle Lipa Father Saturnino Urios University Holy Cross of Davao College Holy Name University Iligan Medical Center College John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation - Bacolod John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation - Arevalo John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University Jose Rizal Memorial State University La Consolacion College - Bacolod La Salle University Liceo de Cagayan University Lyceum of the Philippines University Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific Mindanao Sanitarium and Hospital College of Medical Arts Foundation, Inc. Mindanao University of Science and Technology Misamis University Mountain View College Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Notre Dame of Marbel University Our Lady of Fatima University Pampanga Agricultural College Romblon State University Saint Joseph Institute of Technology San Pedro College Southern Christian College Surigao del Sur State University Surigao Education Center Surigao State College of Technology Universidad de Zamboanga University of Bohol University of Cebu University of Mindanao University of Northern Philippines University of San Jose Recoletos University of the Cordilleras University of the Immaculate Conception Wesleyan University Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan

ICOSSHE 2013 40

of Institutions for Research

Theme: Good Governance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Sustainable Environment: Trilogy for World Peace and Development ISSN: 2094-9529 | Sydney, Australia