Yiddish - The Book of Genesis

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ื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื:ืฉื™ื ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื™ืœื™ื“ืŸืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืฆื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืื ืจืขื“ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸื•ืื’ืื˜ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืฉืจืขื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ื18

ืŸื™ืื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืจืขืกืืฐื™ื“ืกืืฐ,ืšื™ื–ื˜ืงื•ืจืกืืฐืŸืฉื™ื ืขืคืขืฉืื‘ืขืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœืขืœืืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื–ึทืฐืขืกึฟืจื’ืŸืคืืฉืื‘ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื21 ื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื;ืื™ื ื™ืžืขื ึทื–ื˜ึฟืœืœื’ึฟืคื˜ืœื’ื™ืœืคืื‘ืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ืŸื•ื,ืื™ื ื™ืžืขืจืขึทื–ื˜ึฟืœ,ืขืคืฉ ื™ื“ืŸืจืขืžืšื™ื–ืŸืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืขืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸืื˜ืœื™ืคืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื–ื˜ืจืขืžืŸื•ืืงื™ื˜ื›ื•ืจืคื˜ื™ื™ื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื˜ืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื22 ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืชื•ืคื•ืข .ื’ืื˜ื˜ืคื ื™ืคืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸื’ืจืืžืจืขื“ืŸื•ืื˜ื ื•ื•ืืจืขื“ืŸื•ื23 ืขื ึทื–ื˜ึฟืœื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืชื•ืžื”ื‘ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืฆืจืฉืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘,ืื™ื ื™ืžืขื ึทื–ื˜ึฟืœืชื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ืกึฟืจืื“ืจืขื™ื“ืœืื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”24

ืŸื•ืื“ืจืขื™ื“ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’'ื”ืกืื•ื•ื’ืื˜ืืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืคืืฉืื‘ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•,ืฅืจืื”ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืื™ืžืฉืŸื•ืคืชื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื“4

;ืŸืกืงืืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืื™ืืจืืคื“ืœืขืคืŸื•ืคืฅื›ืขื˜ึทืจืงืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืจืขื“ึทื,ื“ืœืขืคืŸื•ืคื—ืžืฆืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ืŸื•ื5

;ืŸื’ืขืœืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื,ืื“ืืฃื™ื•ืืฃืืœืฉืฃื™ื˜ืื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื”ืื™ืงื•ืœื'ื”ืŸื•ื21 .ืŸืืžืื•ืฆื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื™ื•ืจืคืื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’'ื”ืกืื•ื•ืคื™ืจื™ื“ืŸื•ื22 ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืชืžื—ืž,ื”ืฉืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ืœืื–ื™ื–;ืฉื™ื™ืœืคืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืฉื™ื™ืœืคืŸื•ื,ืจืขื ื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื™ื‘ื“ื ื•ืฆืื–ื™ืืกืื“:ืจืžืืื“ืื˜ืื”23

ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื ื™ืงืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืงื™ื“ืขื’ืืจื˜ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ื”ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื ืขืงืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืื“ืืŸื•ื1

.ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื›ื™ื•ื”ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื™ืงืจืขื‘ื,ืฃืืฉืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ื™ื”ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืœื‘ื”ืŸื•ื.ืœื‘ื”ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื2 'ื”ื•ืฆืŸื‘ืจืงืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื•ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืŸื™ืงื˜ืื”,ื˜ื™ื™ืฆื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื3

;ืŸื–ื™ื™ืืŸื•ืืจืขืคื•ืงืŸื™ืื“ืžืœืžื,ืŸื–ื™ื™ืืŸื•ืืจืขืคื•ืงืŸื™ืื“ืžืœืžื,ืŸื™ืง-ืœื‘ื•ืชืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ื™ื–,ื”ืœื–ืŸื•ื22 ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ,ื“ึทืจืŸึทืžื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื”,ืŸื›ืžืœืŸื•ืคืจืขื‘ึทืฐืจื™ื;ืœื•ืงืŸึทืžื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื”,ื”ืœืฆืŸื•ืื”ื“ืข:ืจืขื‘ึทืฐืขื ึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืšืžืœื˜ืื”23

ืงื™ื“ื ืกื™ื•ืจื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืืŸืœืขื˜ืฉื ึทืจืืื™ืื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขืžื™ืฆืŸื›ืืžื•ื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ืจืืืขื“ืŸื™ื;ืจืคื•ื’ื™ืฆืขืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืจืืŸืืจื™ื“ื”ืฉืข14

ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืœึทืืงื™ืฆืคื•ืคื˜ึทืจื‘ืŸึทื–,ืŸื•ืจืืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ืขืœื™ื“ืŸืœึทืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ึทืจื“:ืŸื›ืืžืื™ืื˜ืกืœืื–ื•ื“ืกืืฐื—ืกื•ื ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื“ืŸื•ื15

ืŸื›ืืžืกืขื•ื˜ืกืœืื–ืขื˜ื›ื™ืฉืขื˜ื™ืจื“ืŸื•ืืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆ,ืขื˜ืฉืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื˜ื™ืž;ื˜ึทื– ,ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื•ืคืืขื˜ืืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืื™ืืŸื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื‘ึทืœืขืœืืŸืงื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืืคื•ืฆ,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืื™ืžืœื•ื‘ืžืื’ื ืขืจื‘,ืšื™ืืšื™ื•ื,ืšื™ื,ื”ึตื”ืŸื•ื17 ืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉื˜ืขืฐื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃึฟืืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื•ื;ืœืžื™ื”ืŸืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืŸื•ืค ืจืขื‘ึทืฐืกืŸื™ื–ืขื ึทื“ืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื–ืขื ึทื“ืŸื•ืื•ื“,ืŸื•ืจืืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื•ืงื ึทืจืื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื;ื“ื ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ื›ืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืจืขื‘ื18

ืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ื,ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืฅืœืืŸื•ืค,ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื•ืคืืขื˜ืืจืขื“ืจืขื›ืขืœื–ืื ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ื22 ,ืื™ืฆืจืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ื™ืก,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื™ื–ืขื’ืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื‘ื•ืจื—ื–ื™ืื”ื™ื—ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืืŸื•ื23 ืŸื™ืืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืกืืฐื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœืŸื‘ื™ืœื‘ืขื’ืจืื ื–ื™ืื—ื ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืงื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืืคืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืชื•ืคื•ืขื™ื“ืŸื•ื

;ืŸื•ืจืืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืกืืฐื”ืžื”ื‘ืขืฆื ืื’ืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื™ื—ืขืœืืŸื•ื,ืŸื—ื ื•ืฆื˜ื›ืื“ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื1 ;ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืจืืคืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืŸื’ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืคืื˜ืฉืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืฆื ืขืคื™ื“ืŸื•ืืฃื™ื˜ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืœืื•ื•ืงื™ื“ืšื™ื•ื2 ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸืจืขืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื’ืขื˜ืงื™ืฆืคื•ืคืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืฃื•ืกืืขื“ืšืื ืŸื•ื,ืงื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืจืขืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ื3 .ื˜ื›ืืžืจืืค .ืชืจืืŸื•ืคื’ืจืขื‘ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ื,ืฉื“ื•ื—ืŸื•ืคื’ืื˜ืŸื˜ื ืฆืขื‘ื™ื–ืŸื™ื,ืฉื“ื•ื—ืŸื˜ืขื‘ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื˜ื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ืจืืจืขื“ืŸื•ื4 ื™ื“ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืŸืขืžื˜ืื”,ืฉื“ื•ื—ืŸื•ืคื’ืื˜ืŸื˜ืฉืจืขืŸืคึฟื,ืฉื“ื•ื—ืŸื˜ื ืขืฆืŸื™ื:ืฉื“ื•ื—ืŸื˜ื ืขืฆืŸื–ื™ื‘ื“ื™ืžืชื˜ืจืขื ื™ืžืขื’ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืจืขืกืืฐื™ื“ืŸื•ื5

ืจืขืคืคืื“ื ืืจื‘ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ึทื–ืŸื‘ืื”,ืŸืขืœื’ึฟืคืขื ึทืจืขืœืืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ื”ืžื”ื‘ืขื ึทืจืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื';ื”ื•ืฆื—ื‘ื–ืžืื”ื ื‘ื˜ืื”ื—ื ืŸื•ื20

;ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื’ืขืฐืŸื•ืคื“ืจืขื™ื“ืŸื˜ืœืืฉืจืืคื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžืœืขืฐืšื™ื:ืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸึทื–ืŸื™ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื;ืงื•ืชืžื—ื™ืจืื—ื™ืจื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื21 ืšื™ืื™ืฐึฟื–ื,ืขืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœืฅืœืืŸื’ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžืœืขืฐืšื™ืืŸื•ื;ื˜ื ื’ื•ื™ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื™ื‘ื–ื™ืืฅืจืื”ืก'ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืขื™ื–ืื˜ื ืืคื™ื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•

ืกืืฐืขืœืืŸื•ืค;ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ื™ื—ืจืขื“ืขื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ืค,ืชื•ืคื•ืขื™ื“ืŸื•ืค,ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ื”ื™ื—ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื10 .ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ื™ื—ืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ื•ืฆ,ื”ื‘ืชืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกึฟืจืืŸืขึทื’ ื˜ืขืฐืกืขืŸื•ื;ืœื•ื‘ืžืืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขืกืืฐื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืขืฐืŸื˜ื™ื ืฉืจืืคื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžืŸืœืื–ืจืขื‘ึทืœืขืœืืŸื•ื;ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื“ื ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ื›ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื11

.ืื™ื ื“ื•ื“,ืื™ืชื›,ืฉื™ืฉืจืชื•,ืขืฉื™ืœื;ืŸื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื4

.ืจืขื˜ื›ืขื˜ืŸื•ืืŸื™ื–ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืื™ึทืจื“ืŸื•ืืจืื™ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืจื™ืค,ืŸืจื‘ืขืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขื™ืฐืืขื“ื›ืื ื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ื˜ืื”ื”ืœืฉืŸื•ื15

.ื“ื ื™ืงืŸึทืงื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืื”ื™ื–;ื”ืจืงืขืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ืจืฉืจืขื‘ื30 ืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ื‘ึทืฐืกืžืจื‘ืืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–,ื™ืจืฉืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ืŸืจื—ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืขื“ื˜ื•ืœืŸื•ื,ืืจื‘ืืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื—ืจืชืŸื•ื31 .ื˜ืฆืขื–ืื‘ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจื—ืŸึทืงืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸึธื ึนื“ื ืืœืŸึทืงืŸึทื’ื•ืฆ,ืื™ื“ืฉึนื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื•ืืŸื•ืคึทื–ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกึฟืจื ืŸืจื—ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืื—ืจืชืŸื•ื;ืจืื™ืฃื ื™ืคืŸื•ืืจืื™ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื—ืจืชืŸื•ืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื“ืŸื•ื32

.ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืชื•ื—ืคืฉืžืขืœืืŸื™ื™ื–ืšื•ืจื‘ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืœืœืงืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ืœืœืงืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื“ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื3 ,ื˜ืœืืจืื™ืงื™ืฆืขื‘ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืฃื ื™ืคืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืืจื‘ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœืŸื•ื;ืจื‘ื“ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”'ื”ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืšืœื”ืืืจื‘ืื–ื™ื4

.ื‘ึทืฐืืจื‘ืื™ืจืฉืŸื’ืขืฐืŸื•ืคืชื•ื›ืžืขืกึฟืจื’ื˜ื™ืžื–ึฟื”ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืืŸื”ืขืจืคืขื’ื ื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื17

ื–ื™ืื™ื–ื–ื,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืจื™ืžื•ื˜ืกืื”ืกืืฐ?ืŸืื˜ืขื’ืจื™ืžื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืืฐืกืื“ื–ื™ืืกืืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืืจื‘ืืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื”ืขืจืคื˜ืื”18

ืŸื•ื,ื™ื–ืืขื ,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื“,ืขื–,ื“ื ื•ืฆื;ื‘ึทืฐืืจืืคืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸืขืžืขื ื˜ื ืืงืขื’ื™ื–ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื?ืชื•ื—ืืŸื™ื™ืžื–ื™ืื™ื–:ืจืžืื•ื˜ืกืื”ืกืื•ื•ืจืืค19

.ื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ืงืขืฐืืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืืŸื’ืขืฐืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขื ึทื–ืŸืœึฟืคืื‘ื˜ืื”ื”ืขืจืคืŸื•ื20

ืื•ืจื“ืŸื™ื,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ืœืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืืจืข,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืคึฟืจืื–ื™ืืืจื‘ืืŸื•ื1

.ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืจืขื™ื™ื–'ื”ืจืืคืื™ืื˜ื—ืŸื•ืืื™ืขืฉืจืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืื•ื“ืกื™ืฉื ืื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื13 ื˜ืจืืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืงื•ืงืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืขื ื™ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื“ื ื•ืฆืื‘ื™ื™ื”:ืื™ืืŸื•ืคืœื“ื‘ื ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื ,ืŸืขืžืืจื‘ืื•ืฆืจืžืื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื14

.ืŸืขืžืืจื‘ืืจื™ืฉืขื‘ืื” ;ืืจืžืืžืŸื•ื,ืœื•ื›ืฉื,ืจืขื ืข:ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืšืœื”ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืื™ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืงืœื—ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืื™ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื“ืกืื•ื•ืกืื“ืจืื ืฅื•ื—ื24

ืŸึทื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื,ืืจื‘ื,ืŸื‘ืื”ืืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸื•ื–ื—ืืŸื™ืืืจื‘ืื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’'ื”ืจื‘ึธืกืื“ื–ื™ืืŸื›ืื–ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืšืื 1

ืŸื•ืคืจื–ืขื™ืœืืจืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืชื™ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืœื”ื ืžืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ืงืŸืื™ื™ื’ืšื™ืื–ื,ืŸื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•',ื”ื™ื ื“ื:ืจืžืืืจื‘ืื˜ืื”2

.ืฉืจื•ื™ืŸึทืžื–ื™ืื–ึฟื”ืŸึทืžืŸื™ืืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื,ืขื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžืื–ืŸึทืงืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืจื™ืžื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“,ืขื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืืจื‘ืื˜ืื”3 ืŸึทื“ืŸื•ืคืŸึทื’ืกึฟืจืื˜ืขืฐืกืืฐืจืขื“ืจืขื‘ื;ืฉืจื•ื™ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืื“:ืจืžืื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ืื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ื'ื”ืจื‘ึธืกืื“,ื”ื ื”ืŸื•ื4

ืšึทื˜ืŸื•ืค,ื“ื ืืœืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืกืื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืŸืขืžืื–ืŸื™ื™ื“ื•ืฆ:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืžื“ื ื•ื‘ืืชืจื›'ื”ื˜ืื”ื’ืื˜ืŸื‘ืœืขื–ืืขื“ืŸื™ื18

ืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœืžืขื’ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื–ื•ืž,ื˜ืœืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืคื™ื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื–ื™ื•ื”ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“13

ื˜ืื”ืจืข;ืืขืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื•ื•ืชืจื›ืœืื–ืฉืคื ื™ื“,ื˜ืœืžืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืื˜ื•ื”ืจืืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืจืฉื‘ืกื ืขืžืขื•ื•,ื“ื ื™ืงืŸื˜ื™ื ืฉืื‘ืžื•ืืจืขื“ืŸื•ื14

.ืŸืขืžืื ืจื™ืืŸึทื–ืœืื–ื”ืจืฉื˜ืจืขึทื ,ื™ืจืฉืŸืขืžืื ืจื™ืืŸืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ืกืœืื–ื™ืจืฉื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื“:ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”15 ืื™ื›ืœืž;ืชื•ืžื•ืืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ื•ืžืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ื™ื–ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื,ืื™;ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื•ืืจื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ื™ื–ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื16

;ืืจืžืžืŸื•ืคืื™ื˜ื™ืœืคื™ื“ืŸื™ืืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืงืขืœืคื˜ื ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื1 ,ืŸืขื–ืจืขื“ึทื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขื™ืฐืŸื•ื;ืื™ืึทื‘ืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ืจืขื ืขืžึทืจื“ื˜ืฉืจืข,ื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ึฟืืขื ึทื–ืŸื‘ึฟื”ืขื’ืคึฟืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื2

;ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ื•ืฆืื™ื ืคืŸึทื– ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืื ืขืฆื ืื’ืื˜ื‘ึทืœื‘ืŸื•ื,ื–ึฟื”ืกื˜ื›ืขื ืงืŸึทื“ืŸื™ืืŸึทืจื,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ืšื™ื–ื˜ืจืขืง,ืŸืจืื”ืขื ึทืž,ื“ื ื•ืฆื,ืขื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”2 ืฃึฟืืŸื‘ึทืœื‘ืจืขื‘ืืŸืœืขืฐืจื™ืž;ืŸึทื :ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ึทื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื’ืขืฐืขืจืขึทืืฃึฟืึทื’ืŸื•ื,ืื›ืฉืŸึทื˜ืฉืคึฟืื˜ืœืื–ืจื™ืืŸื•ื,ืกื™ืคืขืจืขึทืืฉืืฐ .ื˜ื›ืื ืขืฆื ืื’ืืกืื’ืจืขื“ ึทื–ืจืืคื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื;ื–ึฟื”ืŸึทื–ืŸื™ืืŸึทืจืืŸืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืจืขื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืงื™ืจื“ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื3

ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ื–ืื™ื•ื–ื,ืกื™ื•ืจื’ืŸื•ืืŸื™ื™ืœืง,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื“ื ื™ืœื‘ื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ื•ื”ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื™ื‘ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื’ืืœืฉืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื11

ื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื;ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืื™ื ืคืืขื“ืจืืคืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืึทื–ืŸื•ืคืงืขื–ื™ื“ืื•ืจืืฐ,ื˜ืจืืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ืŸืงื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืืคืŸืœืขืฐืจื™ืžืื•ืจืืฐ13

:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ื›ืขื˜ืขื ึทื–ื˜ืื”ืขื’ื”ื ื•ืชื—ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืืฐ,ืื™ื ืชื•ื—ืžืขื ึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกึฟืจืื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœืŸื•ื14 ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื™ื•ื•ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืจืขื‘ืื˜ืื˜ืฉืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸืงื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืืคื˜ืขืฐื˜ืื’ืื•ืจืืฐ;ื˜ืจืืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกึฟืจืื˜ึทื’,ืฃึฟืื˜ึทื˜ืฉ

.ื˜ืื’ืจืืคืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืกืืฐื˜ืจืืืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืคึฟืื–ื™ืืื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ื27

ืŸื•ืคืšึฟืจืจืขื“ื˜ืฉืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸึฟืœืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื“ื ืืœืŸืฆื ืื’ืืขื“ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื”ืจื•ืžืขืŸื•ืืื•ื“ืกืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื28

ื˜ื•ืœื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื˜ื ืืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”ึฟื–ื,ืŸึฟืœืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืขื˜ืฉื™ื“ื˜ืงื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืืคื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ื–ื,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื29 .ึทื–ืŸื™ืืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืืฐื™ื“ืŸื™ืื˜ืื”ื˜ื•ืœืกืืฐื˜ืขื˜ืฉื™ื“ื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸืขืฐ,ืœืืคืืขื“ืŸืฉื™ืฐืฆืŸื•ืค ืืจื•ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ;ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืจืขื˜ื›ืขื˜ึทืฐืฆืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ื’ืจืื‘ืŸืคึฟืื˜ืฆืขื–ืื‘ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจึธื•ืฆืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืคึฟืจืื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœืŸื•ื30

?ืงืœืืคืงื™ื“ืฆืื’ืจื”ื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•,ื™ื ื“ื:ืจืžืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืื•ืฆื‘ืจืงื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืšืœืžื™ื‘ืืจืขื‘ื4 ืจืขื“ืŸื™ื;ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทืžื–ื™ืืจืข:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”,ืŸึทืœืื™ื–ื•ืœื™ืคื,ื™ื–ืŸื•ื?ืจืขื˜ืกืขื•ื•ืฉืŸื™ื™ืžื–ื™ืื™ื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ื™ื ืจืขื˜ืื”5 ืŸืื˜ืขื’ืกืื“ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ื˜ื ืขื”ืขื ึทืžืŸื•ืคื˜ึทืงื™ื“ืœื•ืฉืžื•ืืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ืืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸึทืžืŸื•ืคื˜ึทืงื›ืขืœื˜ื ืจื ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸึทื“ืŸื•ืคืื•ืชืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ืกืื“ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ื–ื,ืกึทืฐืšื™ื,ืื™:ืื•ืœื—ืืŸื™ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื6

ืจืืค,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื™ื•ืกื™ื›ืืจื™ื“ื–ื™ืืจืข,ืขื–;ืงื™ื˜ืฉืจืขื‘ืœื™ื–1000ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื,ื”ึตื”:ืจืžืืจืขื˜ืื”ืŸื”ืจืฉื•ืฆืŸื•ื16 .ืŸื”ืขืฉืขื’ื™ื–ื–ื™ืื™ื•ื–ื;ืขืจืขื“ื ืืขืœืื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืกืื•ื•ืขืœื

ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸื˜ืกื ื™ื“ืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืšืœืžื™ื‘ืื˜ืœื™ื™ื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœืœืคืชืžืื”ืจื‘ืื˜ืื”17

ื–ื™ืื˜ืื’:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ืœื™ื—ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคืจืื”ืจืขื“ืœื•ื›ื™ืคืŸื•ืืšืœืžื™ื‘ืืŸื‘ืื”,ื˜ึทืฆืจืขื ืขื™ืŸื™ืืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื22 ;ื˜ืกื•ื˜ื•ื“ืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื™ืืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืž

:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืื”ืจื‘ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื˜ื•ื•ืื•ืจืคืขื’ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”,ืŸื›ืื–ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืšืื ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื1

ืื™ืื‘ื™ืจืงืžืŸื•ื;ื”ื™ืจื•ืžื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืืšื™ื“ึทื’ืŸื•ื,ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืืฐ,ืงื—ืฆื™ืจืขืงื™ืฆื ึทืืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื“,ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื“ื“ื ื•ืฆืืืขื :ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”2 .ืŸืœึทืฆืจืขื“ืจื™ื“ืœืขืฐืšื™ืืกืืฐื’ืจืขื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืืขื ึทืืฃึฟืืจืขืคืคืื“ื ืืจื‘ืืจืืคืŸื˜ืจืื“ ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืจื•ื—ื‘ืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ืคึทืฐืฆืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืœื–ึทืืŸึทื–ื˜ืื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื™ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืคึฟืื–ื™ืืื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ื3 ืื™ืื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืกืืฐื˜ืจืืืขื“ื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืคึฟืื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจืขืคืคืื“ื ืืจื‘ืŸืจืืคืฅืœืื”ืกืื“ื˜ืคืืœืงืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืงื—ืฆื™

.ืŸื˜ึทืฐืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืืืขื“ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ึฟืืขื ึทื–ืŸื‘ึฟื”ืขื’ืคึฟืื’ืื˜ืŸื˜ื™ืจื“ืŸืคึฟืืื”ืจื‘ืื˜ืื”4

ืจืขื“ื ื™ืงืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืšึฟืื˜ืื”ื™ื–,ื”ื›ืœื™ืž,ืขื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืœึทืฆืจืขื“ื–ื™ื,ืŸื›ืื–ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืšืื ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื20

ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ืžื˜ืจืขื”;ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืชืžืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืœืื–ืšื™ืื–ืื”ื‘ืฉื—ืžืขืจืขื™ื™ืื–ื™ืืกืขื‘ื™ื•ื:ืจืžืื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืจื‘ื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื8 ,ืจื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืขื“ืŸื•ืจืคืขื•ืฆืจื™ืžืจืืคื˜ืขื‘

ืœืื–,ื˜ืจืขืฐื–ื™ืืกืขื™ืฐ,ื˜ืœืขื’ืœื™ืคึฟื–ืืจืืค;ื”ื“ืฉืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื”ืฆืงืŸื™ืืกืื•ื•,ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•,ื”ืœืคื›ืžืŸื•ืคื”ืจืขืžื™ื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืžืœืื–ืจืขื™ื“ึน9

ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขืจืขื”ื•ืฆื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ืชื—ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืจืคึธืŸื•ื;ืชื—ืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื ื™ืงื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆื‘ืฉื™ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ืจืคึธืŸื•ื10

ืšื™ืื‘ื™ื’ืงืœืืคืŸึทืžืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ืจืืค;ืจื™ื“ืกืขื‘ื™ื’ืšื™ื,ืจื™ืืŸื™ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ื”ืจืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ืšื™ืื‘ื™ื’ื”ื“ืฉืกืื“;ืจื™ืžืขืžืฉ,ื™ื ื“ื,ืŸื™ื™ื 11

.ืŸื™ื”ืืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืžืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–ื•ื“ื–ืืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ื”:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆืื”ืจื‘ืื˜ืื”6 ืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืจื‘ื“ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื”ืœื•ืžืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืฅืจืืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืชื™ื‘ืกืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคื—ืงืœืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืื™ืžืฉื”ื™ืงื•ืœื'ื”7 ืŸืขืžืขื ื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ืจืืคืŸืงื™ืฉืจืขืœืื–ืšืืœืžืŸึทื–;ื“ื ืืœืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืกืื“ืŸืชื ืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ืŸืขืžืื–ืŸื™ื™ื“ื•ืฆ:ืจืžืื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืขื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื” .ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืžื•ืฆื‘ึทืฐื ืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–ืจืื :ื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉืŸื™ื™ืžืจืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืืœืงืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•,ืจื™ื“ืŸื’ืœืืคื›ืื ื•ืฆืŸืœืขื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืจืคื™ื“ื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื8 .ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื”ืืŸื•ื–ืŸื™ื™ืž ืšืื–ืจืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ืŸื’ืขืฐืŸืจืืฐืฉืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืื”ืŸึทื–ืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ืคืšื™ื“ืŸืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทื–ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ึทืจืื˜ืื”ื˜ื›ืขื ืงืจืขื“ืŸื•ื9

ืŸืคืขืฉื•ืฆ,ืืขื ื•ืจื‘ืื•ืฆืŸืคืืœืขื’ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืขื˜ืขืจืืงืืขื“ืŸื™ืื’ื•ืจืงืจื™ืื˜ืงื™ื“ื™ื™ืœืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœึทืืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื20

,ื’ืื•ื•ืœืงืฉืŸื‘ืœืื”ืืŸื•ืคืœื’ื ื™ืจึฟืืืขื ืจืขื“ืœื™ื’ืืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืŸืืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ึฟื–ื,ืŸืขืงื ื•ืจื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืขืœืžืขืงื™ื“ื™ืฐ,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื22

.ืŸืจื•ื—ื ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืกืืฐ,ื”ื›ืœื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืขื“ืœืื•ืชื‘ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ื›ืื˜ื™ื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื™ื–ื˜ืื”24 .ืŸื™ืืŸื•ืœื•ืฆืฅืืœืคืŸื•ื,ื–ึทืคืฉืŸื•ืื™ื•ืจื˜ืฉื’ื•ื ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืž:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื25

ื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื;ื’ืขื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ื—ื™ืœืฆืžื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืšืืœืžืŸื™ื™ื–ื—ืœืฉื˜ืขื•ื•,ืื™ืืจืืคืšืœื”ืšื™ืืกืื•ื•',ื”:ืจืžืืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื40

,ืŸึทืื˜ื™ื ืจื™ื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ึทื–ื‘ึฟืืŸื•ื;ื”ื—ืคืฉืžืŸื™ื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืกืžื•ืงื•ื“ืŸืขื•ื•,ื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉืŸื™ื™ืžืจืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื•ื•ืจื•ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“41

ืจื‘ื“ื˜ืื”'ื”ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸื•ื–ืกืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ื™ื–ืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืšืœื”ืŸื•ื,ื™ื–ืืขื ,ืจื™ื“ืจืืคื–ื™ืื”ืงื‘ืจ,ื”ึตื”51 .ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ื•ืฆื˜ืงื•ื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื–',ื”ื•ืฆื˜ืงื•ื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื–ืจืขื˜ืื”,ื“ื™ื™ืจืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืขื ืงืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื52 ื˜ืื”ืจืข;ืŸื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืฆืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ึทื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ึทืœืงืŸื•ื,ืŸื›ืื–ืขื ืขื“ืœืื’ืŸื•ื,ืŸื›ืื–ืขื ืจืขื‘ืœื™ื–ืŸื’ึฟืฆืขื’ืกึฟืจืื˜ืื”ื˜ื›ืขื ืงืจืขื“ืŸื•ื53

.ืŸึทื’ื™ื–ืœืื–ืืขื“ืšืื ;ืŸืขืฆืชื•ื—ืคื”ืœื›ืœ,ื’ืขื˜ืขื›ืขืœื˜ืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื‘ึทืœื‘ื”ืจืขื ื™ื“ืœืื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ื•ืžืจื™ืืŸื•ืืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจื™ืืŸื‘ืื”55 ืŸึทืžื•ืฆืŸึทื’ืœืื–ืšื™ืื–ื,ืงืขืฐืืšื™ืžืงื™ืฉ;ื’ืขืฐืŸึทืžืŸืขืฐืขื’ื—ื™ืœืฆืžื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืœึทืฐ,ื˜ื™ื ืšื™ืžื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื56 .ืจืื” .ืœื™ื•ืžืจื™ืืŸื™ืืŸื’ืขืจืคืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื”ืจืขื ื™ื“ืŸืคื•ืจืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ืž:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื57 ืŸึทื’ืœืขืฐืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื–ื˜ืื”?ืŸืืžืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸึทื’ื•ื˜ืกืœื™ืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืื•ืฆืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื”ืงื‘ืจืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื58

.ืจืื™ืงื™ืฆื›ืขื–ืŸื•ืืจืื™ืŸืฆืคื•ืคืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”,ื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืŸื‘ืขืœืกืžื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ืคืŸืจืื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื“ืŸื•ื7 ื˜ืœืžืื–ื•ืฆื–ื™ืืŸื•ื;ืŸืจืื™ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื–ืŸื•ืืŸืืžืจืขื˜ืœืืŸื,ืจืขื˜ืœืขืจืขื˜ื•ื’ืืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ื—ื•ืจืืขื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืคืืื”ืจื‘ืื˜ืื”8

ืืขื“ืจื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืขื“ืŸื•ืจืคืขืŸื•ืคื“ืœืขืคืืขื“ืŸื™ื,ื”ืœืคื›ืžืŸื•ืคื”ืจืขืžืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ืœืืขืžืฉื™ืŸื•ืืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื™ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื9

;ื”ืจืงืขืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืœึทืฐ,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืจืืคื˜ืื’ื•ืฆืŸื˜ืขื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ื21

ืŸื’ืขืจืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸื•ื?ึฟื–ืืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘ืกืืฐ,ึฟื–ืื–ื™ืืกืขื‘ึฟื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ืจื™ืืŸื™ืื˜ืคืžืขืงืขื’ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืขื“ื ื™ืงื™ื“ืŸื•ื22

ืŸึทื–ื˜ืขืฐืงืœืืคืŸึทืืกืื“ืŸื•ื;ืื™ื™ืขืžืขื ื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืจืคืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ึธึธ2ืŸื•ื,ืŸื˜ื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืื™ื•ื’:2ืจืžืืจื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื23 .ืŸืจืขื’ื ื™ื™ืืขื“ืŸืขื ื™ื“ืœืื–ืจืขื˜ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ื;ืงืœืืคืŸืจืขื“ื ืืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขืงืจืื˜ืฉ ืŸื˜ื‘ืจื™ืืŸื™ืื’ื ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื”ื ื”,ืœื™ืฆืžืŸืจืขื•ื•ื•ืฆื’ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืื™ื•ืงืžื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืืŸื•ื24 .ื•ืฉึธืŸืขืžืื ืŸึทื–ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ื“ื’ื‘ืขืงื™ืจืื”ืื™ืฐืื•ืจืื“ื ื•ืจ,ื˜ึฟืจืกึฟืจืื–ื™ืืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ื25 ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ืŸืขืžื˜ืื”ืŸืขืžืื ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืกื™ืคืกื•ืฉึธืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ื˜ื ืื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืšืื ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื26 .ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ึทื–ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸืขืฐ,ื˜ืœืืจืื™ืงื™ืฆื›ืขื–ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ื,ื‘ืงืขื™ ืŸื™ืื˜ื ื™ื•ืืฐ,ืŸืืžืจืขื˜ื•ืฉืคืืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื;ื”ื“ืฉืŸื•ืคืฉื˜ื ืขืžื,ื“ื™ืขื™ืื›ื—ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื•ืฉึธืŸื•ื;ืœื“ื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืื™ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื27

ืืจื•ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ,ืจืขื˜ืกืขืฐืฉืŸึทืžื–ื™ืื™ื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”;ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื˜ืจืืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ื7 ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืœื™ื™ื•ื•;ืŸื”ืงื‘ืจืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื’ืจื”ืšื™ืžื˜ืจืืŸื•ืคืจืขื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸืœืื–,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืจืขืžืื˜;ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทืžื–ื™ืื™ื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืขื’

,ืจืขื˜ืฆื ืขืคืืŸื™ืื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ืกึฟืจืืื™ืชืฉืœืคื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืšืœืžืจืขื“ืšืœืžื™ื‘ืื˜ืื”,ื˜ึทืฆืขื’ื ืืœืืŸืขืฐืขื’ืŸื˜ืจืื“ื–ื™ืืจืขื™ืฐ,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื8 ื”ืงื‘ืจื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ื˜ื™ืžืŸืื˜ืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ื˜ืฉืจืข,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื

?ืจืขื˜ืกืขืฐืฉืŸึทืžื–ื™ืื™ื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื•ื˜ืกืื”ื™ืฐืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื“ื™ื–ื–ื™ืืกืืฐืจืืค,ืขื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืงื—ืฆื™ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžื™ื‘ืืŸื•ื9

ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื’ื™ืจืงืขื’ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืœึทืฐ;ืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื–ื™ืืจืขืกืื•ื•ืกืื“:ืจืžืื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืงื—ืฆื™ื™ึธืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื‘ื™ืจืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืจื’ืŸื•ืคืื™ืขื•ืจื™ื“ืŸื•ื20

.ื”ื ื˜ืกืŸืขืžืื ืจื™ืืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ืคืžืขืงืขื’ืšื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืฃื™ื•ืจืขื“ืšื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืืขื ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืจืคื—ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื21

.ื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืืŸื˜ื›ื•ืจืคืŸืœืขืฐืจื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื–ื“ื ื•ืืจืืคื˜ืจืื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”ื“ื ื•ืฆืืื•ืจืืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”;ืชื•ื‘ื—ืจืŸืขืžืื  .ืขื‘ืฉ-ืจืื‘ืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ืคืฃื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื23 ;ืื”ืจื‘ืืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืื’ืจืขื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืื ืจืขืงื™ื‘ืœืขื–ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืื™ืื•ืฆืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”'ื”ืŸื•ื24 ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœืขืฆืขื’ืŸึทื–ื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ืคึฟืืŸื˜ืจืื“ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื',ื”ืŸืขืžืื ืืขื“ื•ืฆืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื—ื‘ื–ืžืื”ื ื‘ืŸื˜ืจืื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื25 ืืขื ื•ืจื‘ืื•ืจืคื—ืื™ื“ื‘ืขืกืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื‘ืื” .ืœื™ื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขืจื™ืค-ื˜ืคื™ื•ื”ืจืขื“ืœื•ื›ื™ืคืŸื•ื,ืื™ืจื‘ื—ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ื,ืชื–ื•ื—ืืŸื•ื,ืจืจื’ืŸื•ืคืื™ืื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืืšืœืžื™ื‘ืืŸื•ื26 ?ืšื™ื™ืืŸื•ืคื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ืงืขื•ื•ืืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ื™ื™ืคืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจื™ืื–ื,ืงื™ื“ื ืขืขื–,ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืจื™ืื˜ืžื•ืงืกืื•ื•ืจืืค:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืงื—ืฆื™ื˜ืื”27 ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆ,ื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉืืŸื™ื™ื–ืœืื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸื•ื;ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ื'ื”ื–ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ืชืžืื‘ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืž:ืจืžืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื28 ;ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื“ื ื•ื‘ืืŸืกื™ืœืฉืจื™ืžืืœืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸื•ืื–ื“ื ื•ื ืŸื•ื,ืกื˜ื•ื’ืจืื ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืื’ืจื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžื™ื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืขื’ื ื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸืื˜ื˜ืฉื™ื ื”ึธืจืŸื™ื™ืงื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื•ื“ื–ื29

:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸื•ืฉึธืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทื“ื•ืฆืŸื“ืขืจืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื“ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื,ื”ึตื”:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื–ืจื™ืื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื”ืงื‘ืจื˜ืื”6 ืชื•ืžืŸื™ื™ืžืจืืค'ื”ืจืืคืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืšื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืœื›ืืžืœื›ืืžืจื™ืžื”ืฉืขืŸื•ื,ื™ื‘ืฆืจืฉื‘ืจื™ืžื’ื ืขืจื‘7

.ืจื™ื“ืŸืœึฟืคืื‘ืšื™ืื™ืฐึฟื–ื,ืœื•ืงืŸึทืžื•ืฆื˜ื™ื”,ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืž,ื“ื ื•ืฆื8 ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืœื›ืืžืืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื“ืจืืคืŸื›ืืžึทื–ืœืขืฐืšื™ืืŸื•ื;ื’ื™ืฆืขื˜ื•ื’2ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ืคืจื™ืžื—ืงืœืŸื•ื,ืฃืืฉื™ื“ื•ืฆื“ื ื•ืฆืื™ื™ื’9

.ื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืžืกืขื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸึทื“ื”ื•ื”ื™ืœึทืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”?ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืž,ืŸืขื ื•ืคืขื’ืกืขื•ื˜ืกืื”ึฟื–ืื™ืฐ:ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืงื—ืฆื™ื˜ืื”20 .ื˜ื™ื ืจืขื“ืื•ืฉึธืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืžื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืฆ,ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทืž,ืŸืœื™ืคืšื™ื“ืœืื–ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื˜ื ืขื ืขื’:ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ื21

ืŸืขืงื ื•ืจื˜ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸึทืฐื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืื™ืื•ืฆ .ืŸื•ื–ืŸื™ื™ืž,ืจื™ืžืฉื•ืงืŸื•ื,ื“ื ื•ืฆืืื•ืง:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื26 ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ึทืœืงืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ืคื—ื™ืจืืขื“ื—ื™ืจื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ืฉื•ืงืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืขื ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื27

.ืŸื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸื•ืื™ื•ืฉืคืืคืŸื•ืคืฅืืœืคืืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกืกืขื ื˜ืืคื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“28 ืšื™ื–ืŸืœืื–ืจืขื˜ื•ืžืŸึทื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืื™ื—ืืขื ื™ื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื™ืื™ื ื“ืืšื™ื–ืŸืœืื–;ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆืงื•ื‘ืšื™ื–ืŸืœืื–ืื™ื•ื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸืขื ื™ื“ืšื™ื“ืŸืœืื–29

ื•ื˜ืกืขืฐ,ื˜ืงื™ื˜ืœืขืฐืขื’ืŸึทื–ื˜ืกืขืฐื•ื“ื–ื,ืŸึทื–ื˜ืขืฐืกืขืŸื•ื;ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸืขื ื™ื“ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืขืœื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื“ืจืขื•ื•ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸื•ื40

ืŸึทืžืŸืขื ืขื’ืจื”ืšื™ืืœืขืฐืœืืžืฆื ืขื“;ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ืกืืฐื”ื›ืจื‘ืจืขื“ืŸื’ืขืฐืŸื•ืคืŸื‘ืงืขื™ื˜ื ึทืคื˜ืื”ื•ืฉึธืŸื•ื41

ืŸื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืฆืšื™ื“ื”ืขื“ื‘ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื–ื˜ืกื™ื™ืจื˜,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืจื™ืจืจืขื™ื•ื•,ื•ืฉึธืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“,ื”ึตื”:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื– ;ืŸืจื—ืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื‘ืœืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžื•ืฆื—ืจื‘,ืฃื™ื•ืื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸื•ื;ืœื•ืงืŸื™ื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ื™ื”,ืŸื•ื–ืŸื™ื™ืž,ื“ื ื•ืฆืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“43

;ืŸืจืขืงืคืืšื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืืฆืžื™ืจื’ืจืขื“ื–ื™ื‘,ื’ืขื˜ืขื›ืขืœื˜ืขืื™ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขื‘ืŸื•ื44

ื™ื“,ื”ืงื‘ืจืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื“,ืืจืืืขื“ืœืื•ืชื‘ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืืขื“ืŸื‘ืœื•ืฆืืจื ื“ืคืŸื™ื™ืงืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ื—ืœืฉื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ื5

ืŸื•ื;ื‘ึทืฐืืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืขื ื•ืฆืื™ื,ืืจื ื“ืคืŸึทืงื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ืงืขืฐืืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ื˜ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ื–ืื”ืืจื˜ืื”ื•ืฉึธืŸืขื•ื•6

,ืŸื•ื–ืื”ืจื‘ืืŸืœืึธืžืฉื™ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ื›ืื˜ื™ื“ืชืœื”ืžื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืจืขื‘ึทืฐื™ื“ื•ืฆื—ืงืœื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืœืึธืžืฉื™ื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืื•ืฉึธืŸื•ื9

ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื;ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื–ื™ืืŸื•ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ื˜ื›ืื ืขืฆื ืื’ืืŸื‘ื™ืœื‘ืขื’ื˜ืจืื“ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืืŸืืฃื™ื•ืืŸื“ื ื•ืฆืขื’ื ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื11 .ืŸืคืืœืฉื•ืฆื˜ืจืืืขื ืขื™ืŸื™ืืŸื’ืขืœืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืกื ืฉื™ืงืขื ึทื–ืจืืคืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ึทืจืึทื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืืืขื ืขื™ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ึทื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ ;ืœืžื™ื”ื•ืฆื˜ื›ื™ื™ืจื’ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืื™ืืŸื•ืคืฅื™ืคืฉืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืื”ื ื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืžื•ืœื—ืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื12

.ืื™ืืŸืขื ืขืงืจื™ืž:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื?ืŸืจื•ื—ื ืŸื‘ืŸื‘ืœืจื™ืื˜ื ืขืง:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืื”5

ืšื™ืื‘ืื”?ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸืื˜ืขื’ืกืื“ื•ื˜ืกืื”ืกืืฐ:ืŸื‘ืœื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื”ืืœื–ื™ืืกืื“ื˜ืฉืจืข,ื™ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื25

,ืŸื™ื–ืกืงืขื–ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืื™ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืœึทืฐ,ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื ึฟืฐืŸืืžืŸึทืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื ื•ืฆื;ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื ืŸื˜ื•ื’ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืชื ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’:ืจืžืื”ืืœื˜ืื”20

.ืŸื˜ืืฉื˜ื™ื ื˜ื–ืืœืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืจืขื‘ื;ืœืืžืŸืขืฆืจื›ืฉืŸื™ื™ืžื˜ืฉื™ื•ื˜ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจื™ืคืจืืคืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ื7 ึฟื–ืื˜ืื”ืจืขื‘ึฟืืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœึทืจืคืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ื”ืžื”ื‘ืขืฆื ืื’ืกืื“ืŸื•ื;ืจื›ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืฅื™ืจืคืฉืจืขื“:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื•ื–ืื˜ืื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ื8

.ื˜ืœื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ืงื™ืฆืคืฉืขื’,ื˜ืงื™ืจื˜ืฉืขื’ืŸืขืฐืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ื“ืฃึฟืืŸืขื’ื ื•ืจืคืฉืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืืฐืกืจืขื“ื™ืฐื™ื“ื˜ืฉืจืขืŸื•ื,ืื•ืœื—ืืŸื™ื ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘ืื“:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื:ื‘ืงืขื™:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืื•ืœื—ืืŸื™ืื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื”'ื”ืšืืœืžืจืขื“ืŸื•ื11

ืŸื•ืคืกืจืขื“ื™ืฐื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื’ื ื•ื™ืจืขึทื–ืŸืคืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ืงืขื‘ืขื ึทื“ืŸื•ืืฃืืฉืขื ึทื“;ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘ืจืื™ืงื™ืฆื ืื•ื•ืฆืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“38 .ืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืฃืืฉืŸึทื“

ื™ื–ื•ื˜ืกืื”ื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทืžืŸื•ืค;ืจืขื•ื•ื ืืืขื“ืŸื’ืืจื˜ืšื™ื;ื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื“ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืกื™ืจืขืฆื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืกืื“39

ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ื™ืฆืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขืงืกืื•ื•,ืื™ืŸื•ืคื“ืžืื–ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸืขืžืื–ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื›ืืžืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื˜ืจื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื:ืจืžืื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืŸื•ื12 .ืŸื•ืžื”ืจืืค ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทื–ืจืืคื”ื ืชืžืื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทื–ื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืืฐืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื;ื˜ื›ืื ืขื‘ืœืขื–ื™ื“ืŸื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸื˜ืจืื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื13

?ืจื™ื“ืจืืคืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืŸืขืžืขืฐืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื?ื•ื˜ืกึทื’ืŸื™ื”ื•ืฐืŸื•ื?ื•ื˜ืกื™ื‘ ืจืขื˜ื ื™ื”ืšึฟืื–ื™ืืจืข,ืขื–ืŸื•ื,ื•ืฉึธืจืื”ืŸึทืžื•ืฆื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื”ื ืชืžืื–ื™ืืกืื“;ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ื•ืฆึทื–ืŸืขื ึทื–ื˜ื›ืขื ืงืŸึทื“:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ื˜ืกืœืื–ืœืืžืฆื ืขื“18

?ืกืขืฃืจืื“ืกืืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืกืื•ื•ืงืœืืคืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืขื›ืขืœื˜ืขืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื–ืืœืจืขื‘ื™ืื“ื ื•ืฆืืจื™ืžืืœ:ืจืžืื˜ืื”ื•ืฉึธืŸื•ื15

,ืŸื’ืื–ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืขืฐืจื™ืืกืืฐืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ึฟืืขืจืขึทืืŸื™ืืŸื—ืŸืขื ื™ืคืขื’ืจื™ืžืืœ:ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขืจื™ืื•ืฆืŸื•ืืจืขื˜ืืคืจื™ืื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื›ืฉื˜ืื”11

ื™ื•ืจืคืื•ืฆืœื“ื™ื™ืžื™ื“ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืขื’ืจืขื‘ื:ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸื’ืื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืื™ื•ื•ืŸื‘ืขื’ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื ืชืžืŸื•ืื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื ืœื™ืคื™ื•ื–ืืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืขื‘12

ืจื›ื–ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืืŸื•ื;ื˜ืื˜ืฉืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขึฟื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกึฟืจืืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื•ื•ืขืœืื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืื›ืฉืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ื•ืฆืŸื•ืืŸืจื•ืžื—ื•ืฆืŸื•ื24

.ื˜ืื˜ืฉืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขึฟื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกึฟืจืืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืืฐืขืœื,ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืœืžืขื’ื–ื™ื ืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ื™ื“,ื™ื•ืœืŸื•ืืŸื•ืขืžืฉ,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคึทืฐืฆืŸื‘ืื”,ืงื™ื˜ึทืฐืŸืขืฐืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸืขืฐ,ื’ืื˜ืŸื˜ื™ืจื“ืŸืคึฟืืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื25 .ืŸืขื ึฟืฉืจืืคืกื ืืžืขืœืื˜ึทื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืฃึฟืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืฐืฉืŸึทื–ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’,ื”ื ื™ื“ ืŸื•ื,ืชื™ื‘ืื›ืฉืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื”ื ื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขื•ื•ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืฃืจืืฉืืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืื›ืฉืŸื•ื–ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืจื•ืžื—ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื26

ืŸื™ืืกืื•ื•ืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืกืื•ื•ืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืœื–ื™ื™ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ืจืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืฃืืฉืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื28 .ื“ืœืขืค .ื–ึฟื”ืŸื™ืืกืื•ื•ืฅืœืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื‘ื•ืจืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื’ื ืืคืขื’ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”,ืจืขื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืขื ื™ื™ืœืงืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืขืœืืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืžืžืŸืฆื ืื’ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื29 ืŸื•ืืื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆ,ืฅืจืื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ื™ื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืšื™ืžืŸืขืงื ื•ื˜ืฉืจืืคื•ืฆืŸืงืืจืฉืจืขื“ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจื™ื:ื™ื•ืœืŸื•ืืŸื•ืขืžืฉื•ืฆืจืžืื‘ืงืขื™ื˜ืื”30

ืื™ื›ืœืžืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸึทื–ืŸืœืขืฐืจืขืงืœืขืคื˜ืคืืฉืœืขื–ืขื’ืืŸื•ืืงืœืืคื;ืจืขืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืžืœืืจืขื“ื˜ืื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื11

.ืืจื ื“ืคืŸื™ืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืื™ืืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืืฐ,ืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื“:ืจืฉืืŸื•ืื“ื’;ืŸื”ืืœืŸื•ืคื”ื—ืคืฉื™ื“,ื”ืคืœื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื26 ืŸื‘ืื”ืงื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ืืื”ืจื‘ืื•ืฐ,ืŸื•ืจื‘ื—ื–ื™ืืกืืฐ,ืขื‘ืจืื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืืจืžืžืŸึทืงืŸืงื—ืฆื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื27

ืืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ืžื’ื ืขืจื‘ืŸื•ื;ืฃืืฉื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืืกืขื™ืฆืŸืขื–,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื™ื™ื’:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืื”14 .ืื›ืฉืŸึทืงืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืจื‘ื—ืœืื˜ืŸื•ืคื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ืื™ืืจืขื˜ืื”.ื˜ืจืื•ื• ืกืืฐ:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸืืžืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื“ืœืขืคืŸื™ืืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืžื•ืจืื–ื™ืืจืขื˜ืฉืจืข,ืŸืขื ื•ืคืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืŸื•ื15

.ืฃืืฉืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸืจืขื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื–ื•ืื•ื•,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ืจื™ืžื’ืื–;ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืžืšื•ื–ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”16 ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ืืŸืชื“ืŸึทืงืŸึทื’ืจื™ืžืืœ:ืŸื’ืื–ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ึทื–ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืงืขืฐืืŸืขื ึทื–ื™ื™ื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸืืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”17

;ื˜ื•ืœื‘ืŸื™ืื˜ืœื‘ื•ื˜ืขื’ืœื˜ื ืืžืืขื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ื™ืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื™ืฆืื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืœื˜ื ืืžืกืฃืกื•ื™ื—ืงืœืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื31 ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื“:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื;ืจืขื˜ืืคืจืขื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืœืง-ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืžืœื˜ื ืืžืืขื“ื—ืœืฉืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื32

.ืฃืืฉืขื ึทื–ืŸืจืขืฉื•ืฆืชื ึธืชืŸึทืงืฃึฟืจืื˜ึทื’ืจืขืฐืฉืŸึทื“,ืขื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸืจืžืชื˜ืœึทืฆืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืขืžืŸื•ื13 ืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืžื•ืจืืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืชื›ื•ืจืคืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืงืขื“ืขื’ื•ืฆื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื”ื ืžืœืืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ึทืœืงื™ื“ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืคืืจืื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื14 ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืกืงืืฐืขื’ืกึฟืื–ื™ืื—ืœืฉื–ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืชื ืžืชืŸื™ื™ืงื’ืขื•ื•ืŸืคื™ื•ืืกืื•ื•,ื—ืชืคืืŸื™ืื˜ืฆืขื–ืขื’

ื™ื–ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืŸื•ื,ื“ื™ื’ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืกืื“ื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื,ืขื–;ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืŸืœืื–ืจื™ืžื™ื“ึน,ืจื™ืื•ืฆืŸืขืžืขื ืกืขื™ื–ืœืื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืื”23

,ืขื–,ืšึฟืืŸื•ื;ื”ื ื•ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืฐืฉืŸึทื“ืจืžืช:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืŸื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืœึทืฆืจืขื“ื–ื™ื,ืื™ืฉื“ื—ึทืจื“ืื•ืจืืšืื ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื24

ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘,ืŸืขื ึทื–ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืกื ืขืžืขื•ื•,ืŸืืžืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืจืขื’ืื•ื•ืฉืจื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื™ื–ื˜ืื”,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•25

ืŸื•ื,ื–ื™ื•ื”ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ืž,ืขื–:ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืกืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืคืื˜ืื”ืจืขืจืขื‘ื8 ;ื˜ื ืื”ืŸื™ื™ืžื•ืฆืจืกืžื˜ืื”ืจืข,ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืฅืœื ื™ืฐ;ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“ืœึทืฐ,ืจื™ื“ืฅื•ื—ืืจื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ืคืื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื;ืšื™ืื™ื•ื•ื–ื™ื•ื”ืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืจืขืกืขืจื’ืจืขื ื™ื™ืงื–ื™ืืกืข9

ื˜ืื”ึฟื–ื:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืกืืฐ,ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืจืขืฐื™ื“ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืื”ืŸึทื–ื™ืฐ,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื19 .ืŸื“ื ื•ืฆืขื’ื ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸืจืืฆืžื™ืจื’ืŸึทื–ื–ื;ื˜ื›ืขื ืงืŸึทื“ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸืื˜ืขื’ ืšืœืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืขื ืขื’ื ืืคืขื’ื™ื“ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืจืืŸื,ื”ืกื™ืคืชืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื’ื™ื™ืœืขื’ื ึทืจืืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ืคืจืื”ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื20 .ื”ืกื™ืคืชืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื˜ืจืื“ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื;ืŸื“ื ื•ื‘ืขื’ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื– ืืœื›ื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืจืžื•ืฉืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื—ืŸืชื ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืชื•ื ืžื—ืจืื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸืคืกื•ื™ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ื'ื”ืจืขื‘ื21 ึทื–ืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื•ื;ื”ืกื™ืคืชืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืขื ืขื’ื ืืคืขื’ืขืœืื˜ื ืื”ืกืคืกื•ื™ืŸื™ืืŸืชื ื˜ืื”ื”ืกื™ืคืชืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืžื•ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื•ื22 .ืจืขื•ื˜ืจืขื“ืŸืขืฐืขื’ืจืขื–ื™ื,ืŸืื˜ืขื’ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื‘ืื” ,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืื’ืื•ืจืืฐ;ื˜ื ืื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืกืขืคืขืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืื”ื”ืกื™ืคืชืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืžื•ืฉืจืขื“23 .ืšืขืœืงื™ืœื’ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื’ื˜ืื”,ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืืฐืŸื•ื

ืšืœืžืืขื“ืจืื”ืจืขึทื–ืฃื™ื•ืืขื’ืค,ืจืขืงืขื‘ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื•ืคืšืœืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืชืจืฉืจืขื“ืŸื‘ืื”,ืŸื›ืื–ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืšืื ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื1

ื’ื ืขืจื‘ืŸื•ื,ืŸื”ืขืจืคื•ืฆืšื™ืžืจื›ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžื“ืกื—,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื”ืฉืขืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืขืŸืขื•ื•,ืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืจืขื‘ื14 ;ืชื™ื‘ืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกื™ื•ืจืืšื™ืž ืŸื™ืืŸื’ื™ื™ืœื ึทืจืืšื™ืžืŸืœืื–ื™ื™ื–ื™ื“ึน,ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืื“ืšื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ืจื‘ึธื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืฅืจืืŸื•ืคืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื‘ื ื’ืชืžืื‘ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืืขืจืื•ื•15

ื˜ื™ืžืŸื–ืืœื‘ืขื’ื ืืŸืจืขึฟืืขืงื™ื“ึทืœืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื;ืจืื™ืŸื‘ื™ื–ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืšืื ื”ืœืขืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“ื ื™ืจื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸื•ืืจืื“ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื27

ื“ื ืืœืŸืฆื ืื’ืŸื™ืืกื™ืคืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทื–ืŸื‘ึทื”ืคึฟืื˜ื™ื ืจืขื ึทืงืœืื–ืจื™ื“ืŸืืŸื•ื,ืŸื”ืขืจืคืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื:ืŸืคืกื•ื™ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื”ืขืจืคืŸื•ื44

.ื’ืขื˜ึทืจื“ื”ื ื—ืžืŸื™ืื˜ื’ื™ื™ืœืขื’ื ึทืจืืขืœืื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื17

:ื˜ืื’ืจืืคืืจื•ืžื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ื”ื™ื—ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื•ื˜ืกืื“:ื’ืื˜ืŸื˜ื™ืจื“ืืขื“ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื18 ื”ืื•ื‘ืชื˜ื’ืืจื˜ืจื™ื,ื™ื™ื’;ืขืžืจื•ื˜ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื•ื”ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื“ื ื•ื‘ืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ืืœืื–,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืชืžืื˜ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื19 ืจืขื–ื™ื™ื”ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื’ื ื•ื”ืืขื“ืจืืค ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื.ืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื ื˜ืœืื–ืจื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขืฐื˜ืจืขืฐืื‘ืŸืœืขืฐืจืขื˜ืจืขืฐืขืจืขึทืืŸื•ื;ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื˜ืกื’ื ื™ื™ืจืขึทืืจื™ืžื•ืฆื’ื ืขืจื‘ืจืขื‘ื20 .

,ืฉืคื ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื“ื”ืืจืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžืกืื•ื•,ื—ืืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื™ื™ื‘ืงื™ื“ืœื•ืฉืจื™ืžืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืชืžืื‘:ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืื•ืฆืจืขื ื™ื™ืืจืžืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื21 .ื–ื“ื ื•ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื˜ื™ื•ื ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“;ืขืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืฉืงื‘ื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืชืขืฉื‘ ืจื™ืืŸื•ื;ื“ื ื™ืงืืขื“ืŸื’ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื˜ืงื™ื“ื ื™ื–:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืšื™ื™ืื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ื•ืืจื˜ืื”22 .ื˜ื’ื ืืœืจืืคื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืšื™ื•ื,ืขื–,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“?ืŸืจืขื”ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ื• .ืจืขืฆืขื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืืšืจื•ื“ื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ;ืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืจืืคื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ื–ืื˜ืกื•ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื23 ึทื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ึทื–ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื;ืŸื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื24

ืจืขื‘ื™ืืื™ืื˜ื™ื’;ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื ืื™ืื’ื ืขืจื‘ืšื™ืื‘ึฟื,ืŸื™ื–ึทืฐืฆืขื ึทืžื˜ืขื’ืจื”:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆึฟื–ื,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื‘ื•ืืจืŸื•ื37

ึทื’:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ึทื–ื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืืคืจืขึทื–ื˜ืื”,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื•ืคืŸื’ึฟืฆืขื’ืกึฟืจืืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืกืืฐื”ืื•ื‘ืชื™ื“ืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ื–ื,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื2

ืœืื–,ืจื™ื“ืจืืคืื™ืืœืขื˜ืฉืŸื•ื,ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื ืื™ืื’ื ืขืจื‘ืšื™ืื‘ึฟื;ืŸืจืขื“ืืคืื™ืื•ื˜ืกืœืื–ื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทืžืŸื•ืค;ืื™ืืจืืคื”ื‘ื•ืจืขืŸื™ื™ื–ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื9

ืœืืžืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืกืื“ื˜ืจืขืงืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืฆื™ืืšืื“ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”,ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžืŸื“ึทืกืืขืจืื•ื•10 ืŸื™ืื“ื ืืœืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื›ื•ืจืคืขื˜ืกืขื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืืขื ;ืกืื“ื˜ื•ื˜,ื™ื•ื–ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืฆื™ืื–ื•ืžืกืขื‘ื™ื•ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืœืืจืฉื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื11 ื–ืœืื“ื ืืžืŸื•ื,ืšืขืœืกื™ื ,ื”ืจื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืื™ืžืฉื‘,ืงื™ื ืื”ืœืกื™ื‘ืืŸื•ื,ืืื–ืœืื‘ืœืกื™ื‘ื,ื”ื ืชืžืืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืขื“ืคืืจืื’ื ืขืจื‘ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืœึนืขืจืขึทื ืจืขื“ื™ืฐืกืขื˜ืœืื–,ืงืขื–ืขืจืขึทืืŸื•ืคืœึฟืžืŸื™ืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืงื™ืจื•ืฆื–ื™ืืกืืฐื˜ืœืขื’ืกืื“ืŸื•ื;ื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื™ืื˜ืœืขื’ืœืคื›ืืขื ืŸื•ื12 :ืงื™ืœื‘ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืจืขืžืื˜;ื˜ื ืื”ืจืขึทืืŸื™ืืŸื’ืืจื˜ ;ืฉื™ืืืขื“ื•ืฆืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’,ืฃื™ื•ืื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืืšื™ื•ืืืขื 13 ืŸื–ื™ืฐืื‘ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื.ืŸื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืŸื•ืืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืŸื™ื™ืื—ืœืฉืœืื–ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืฉื™ืืืขื“ืจืืคื“ืกื—ืŸืชื ืจื™ื“ื˜ืื”ื‘ืื”ืื™ืงื•ืœื'ื”ืŸื•ื14

,ืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืคึฟืื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื;ืŸื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื˜ืœืขื’ืœืคืื˜ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืขื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ื15

ื˜ึฟืจื‘ืฃื™ื•ืืšื™ื–ืœืขื˜ืฉ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ืคืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ื ืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืฉืื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื31 ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืŸื™ื™ืœื,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืื™ืจืฆืžื™ื“ืจืืคืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื™ืœืื™ื™ื–ืจืืคืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื™ืœืืื™ืืจืืคืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ืืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื32

ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื™ื—ืขื’ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ื’ื•ื™ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื•ืœืจืขื’ื ื™ื™ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื•ืœืจื•ื›ื‘ืจืขื“,ืื™ืืจืืคืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื33

;ืŸื™ื–ึทืฐืฆืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืžื˜ืื”ื‘ึทืฐืŸึทืžื–ื,ื˜ื ืขืงืจื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทืžื˜ื›ืขื ืงืŸึทื“ืŸื•ื27 ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื;ืšืขืœืงืขืจื‘ืŸื™ืืŸืกื™ืจืขืฆื–ื™ืืจืข,ืจืื•ื•ืจืืค:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืžืŸื•ืคืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืจืขื ื™ื™ืืจืขื“ืŸื•ื28

ื˜ื™ืžืจืื”ืขื™ื•ืจื’ืขื ึทืžืŸืจืขื“ื™ื ืคืืจืืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–,ืงื™ืœื’ืžื•ืืŸืืŸืคืืจื˜ืขื’ื˜ืขืฐืื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืขื ืšึฟืืกืื“ื˜ืขืฐืจื™ืื‘ึฟืืŸื•ื29

ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”ื˜ืจืขื˜ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ืืจื™ืžื•ืฆ,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื˜ื ืขื ืขื’:ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขื ึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื4

ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”'ื”ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืŸื™ื”ืื˜ืคื•ืงืจืืคืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืŸื™ื™ืœืืšื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืืจืขืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“5

.ืจื™ืฆืงื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ืื”ืจื™ื–ื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืขืกืื•ื•ืŸื™ื,ื”ื ืฉ5ืšืื ืŸื•ื,ืฅืจืืŸื™ืืจืขื’ื ื•ื”ืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื”ื ืฉ2ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืืขืจืื•ื•6 ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืจืขืกึฟืจื’ืื˜ื™ืžืกื ื‘ืขืœืขืจืขึทืืŸืคืœืขื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃึฟืืŸืขืžืื–ืืŸื˜ื™ื”ื•ืฆืšึทื,ืกึฟืจืืคืจื™ื“ื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื7

.ืŸื’ืืจื˜ื•ืฆืื™ืื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ื”ืขืจืคืกืืฐืŸื’ืืฐื™ื“ืŸื™ื,ืจืขื‘ึทืฐืขืจืขึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ืง ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื‘ืงืขื™,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื™ื™ืงืื•ื‘ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸึธื ึนืฅืจืืŸื™ืื”ื ืงืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื’ืขืžืจืืคืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื—ืงืœืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื6 .ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืžืื–ืŸืฆื ืื’ ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื™ื™ืงืšื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืŸืขืžืื–ืŸืฆื ืื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื–,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื–7 .ืจื•ื›ื‘ืกื‘ืงืขื™,ืŸื‘ื•ืืจ:ืŸื™ื–ืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ืื‘ืงืขื™,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸึทืงืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืืฐ,ืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื ื™ืงื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืขื ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื“ืŸื•ื8 .ื™ืžืจื›ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืจืฆื—ืŸื•ื,ื•ืœืืคืŸื•ื,ืšื•ื ื—;ืŸื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื9

ืชื™ื ืขื ื›ืืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ืจืขื“ืœื•ืืฉืŸื•ื,ืจื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื›ื™ืŸื•ื,ื“ื”ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ึธื™ืŸื•ื,ืœืื•ืžื™;ืŸื•ืขืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื10 .ื™ืจืจืžืŸื•ื,ืชื”ืง,ืŸื•ืฉืจื’;ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื11 ืจืขื“ื ื™ืงื™ื“ืŸื•ืืŸึธื ึนืฅืจืืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸื ื•ืืŸื•ืืจึธืจืขื‘ื;ื—ืจื–ืŸื•ื,ืฅืจืคืŸื•ื,ื”ืœืฉืŸื•ื,ืŸื ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืจึธ;ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื12 .ืœื•ืžื—ืŸื•ืืŸื•ืจืฆื—ืŸืขืฐืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ืฅืจืคืŸื•ืค .ืŸื•ืจืžืฉืŸื•ื,ื‘ื•ื™ืืŸื•ื,ื”ื•ืคื•,ื”ืœื•ืช;ืจื›ืฉืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื13

ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื–ื™ื™ื‘ืŸื•ืืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•;ืจืื™ืงื™ืกื™ื™ืจื“ืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸืขื ืขื–ื”ืขื™ืกื ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸืจืื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื“:ืŸื”ืขืจืคื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื9

.ืŸื”ืขืจืคืจืืคืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกึฟืจืื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื”ืขืจืคื˜ืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื10 ,ื“ื ืืœืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืกืขื‘ืืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืื™ืจืฆืžื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืื”ืœื—ื ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ึทื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ืืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื11

.ื˜ื›ืขื ืงืกื”ืขืจืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื—ืŸืขื ื™ืคืขื’ืจื™ืžืืœ;ืฉืคื ืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ืกืื”:ืจืžืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื25 ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื“ื ืืœืกืื“ืฅื•ื—ื;ืงืœื—ืŸื˜ืคื ื™ืคืืขื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืœืื–ื”ืขืจืคื–ื,ื”ื–ื”ืื•ื™ื”ืŸื–ื™ื‘ืื™ืจืฆืžืฅืจืืจืขื‘ื™ืื”ืจื•ืชืื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื26 .ืŸื”ืขืจืคืŸื•ืคืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืืกืืฐ,ืื™ื ื”ึน ืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื•ื˜ื ื’ึทืืŸื™ืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸืฉื•ื’ืฅืจืืŸื™ื,ืื™ืจืฆืžืฅืจืืŸื™ืื‘ืฉื™ื–ื™ืืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื•ื27

.ืจืื™ืงื™ืฆืจืขืคืŸื•ืืŸื‘ื™ื–ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืœืขืขืฆื ืื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืจืื™ืŸืฆืขื‘ื™ื–ืื™ืจืฆืžื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ื˜ืื”ื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ื28 ื“ื ื•ืฆืื‘ึฟื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืคืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื–ืŸึทื–ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืขื ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืœืื–ืœืืจืฉื™ื–ื,ื˜ึทืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ื29 ืšื™ื,ืšื™ืžื‘ืืจื’ืื‘;ืชืžืืŸื•ืืŸื—ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžื•ื˜ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื“ืŸึทืžืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทื“,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื’ึทืœ,ืŸื’ึฟืืขื ึทื“ืŸื™ืืŸื—ืŸืขื ื•ืคืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”

ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืจืขื“ึทื,ืื™ืจืฆืžื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืืฐ,ื”ืฉื ืžืŸื•ืืื™ืจืคื,ืŸื™ื–2ืขื ึทื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ื“ื ื•ืฆืืŸื•ื5 ืŸื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืžืŸืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–,ืŸื•ืขืžืฉืŸื•ืืŸื‘ื•ืืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื;ืขื ึทืž,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸึทืง .ื”ืœื—ื ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืื™ื—ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืื ืืขื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœืŸืจืขื•ื•ืืจืงื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•,ื™ื™ื–ืšืื ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•ื”ืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ื6 ื•ืฆื’ืขื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ืœืงืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืšืื ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸืขื•ื•,ื’ืขื•ื•ืŸืคื™ื•ืืŸืขื ื›ืฅืจืืŸื™ืืจื™ืžื™ื™ื‘ืชื•ืžืœื—ืจื–ื™ื,ืŸื“ืคืŸื•ืคืื•ื‘ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืŸืขื•ื•,ืšื™ืืŸื•ื7 .ืื—ืœืชื™ื‘ื–ื™ืืขื‘ืœืขื–ืกืื“;ืชืจืคืขืŸื™ื™ืงืŸืขืžื•ืง

?ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืจืขืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืคืกื•ื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื•ื8 :ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”ื˜ืจืืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืจื™ืžื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืกืืฐ,ืŸื™ื–ืขื ึทืžืŸืขื ึทื–ืกืื“:ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื9

ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืืจื˜ื•ืฆืœืกืงืืŸึทื–ืŸื’ึฟื‘ืขื’ื ึทืจืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื;ื”ืื ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืื“ื ืืœืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืื”ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื–ืื”ืืจื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื15 .ืœืืฆืจืืคื˜ื›ืขื ืงืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ ืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื•ืคืื™ื˜ื‘ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ืื™ื•ื•,ืืขืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืคืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื“16 .ืชื™ื ืจื•ื—ืืœืคื ื˜ืขื•ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจืŸื™ื™ื–ื–ืื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ืกื•ืกื™ื“ืกื™ื‘ืกืื•ื•,ืšืจื“ืŸืคื™ื•ืืจื“ืืŸื,ืšืจึธืŸืคื™ื•ืืฉื—ื ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื“17 'ื”,ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸื™ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื”ื›ื—ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื18

ืŸื˜ืจืื“,ืŸึธื ึนืฅืจืืŸื™ืืจื™ืžืจืืคืจืคื—ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืกืื•ื•ืจื‘ืงืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื:ืชื•ืžืšื™ื,ื”ึตื”:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืฉืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืž5 .ืจืขื“ื™ืฐืŸืขืžื•ืงืœืขืฐืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทืžืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืŸื•ืืŸึทื’ืคึฟืจื,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ืšื™ืžื–ืืœ,ื“ื ื•ืฆื.ืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืšื™ืžื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื• .ืŸืขื‘ืฉืื‘ืšื™ื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขื™ืฐึฟื–ื,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื“ื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืŸื•ื,ืฃึฟืจืึทื’:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื”ืขืจืคื˜ืื”6 ืŸื•ืคืขื˜ืกื˜ืœืขื™ื“,ืŸื”ืขืจืคืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืขื ืงืขืœืืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืคึฟืจืืŸืขื ึทื–ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทื–ืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืคึฟืจืื–ื™ืืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื7

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