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Sand Creek

Battle or Massacre? See Page 8

Legendary Journey of James “Little Bear” Gordon See Page 6

History of the Swastika Symbol See Page 5

Indian Trader News

Plains Indian studying a Hopi Kachina. By E. I. Couse, from the Santa Fe Railway collection of paintings.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

September 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Collector’s Corner: History the Swastika Symbol �� The Richardsons: FiveofGenerations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �� Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................66 The Legendary Journey of James Gordon �� Walking Rocks on Land – “Little MaybeBear” When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................86

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Premiere EventsWars Highlight 2015or Auction & Show Season ....................108 American Indian Revisited: the SandAutumn Creek – Battle Massacre? �� Business ............................................................................................15-17 The IdyllicDirectory Plan of the Camel Corps �� 11 Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18 Carnage in Pleasant Valley, Arizona �� 12 Order for�� Classified Ads ................................................................................18 BusinessForm Directory 15 Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19 Classifieds �� 18

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September 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2020

Collector’s Corner

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History of the Swastika Symbol By Jim and Bobbi Jeen Olson

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing. This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American artsprobably & crafts, Native luck symbol worldwide in the past, it was a trader somewhere who American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some encouraged the modern day Natives to decorate their crafts with “Indian look200 in attendance, alsoday offered ing” dealers and popular symbols ofitthe so he items could for sell everyone their wares– to the tourists from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious and have a story to go with them. collectors. the very decorators and ininterior In the Even late 1930s, Nativefamous Americans collaborated agreement with each other to quit using symbol on their for sale in light of what was going designers attend thethe show, seeking just crafts the right touch to create on with the Nazis. Those Western items such as bits, spurs, the “perfect” southwest or who nativemade motifother for their clients. saddles andyear, the as like quit using it. During therepresentatives WWII years and thereafter, This in also the past, the show also drew many items bearing the symbol were destroyed due to the Nazi stigmata which from many of the major international and domestic clothing had jewelry becomedesigners associated with it.buyers. Since so many of&those items and and their Cowboys Indians hadwere destroyed however, it became increasingly harder to find authentic examples them. As we something for everybody. get further away from war years however, and customers people start to look past the Proceeds from thethe show’s general admission this relatively few years it was used by the Nazis, it has become more acceptable to year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New collect those types of antiques once again. Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime For many Western Americana collectors, it is desirable to collect objects Series and The Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Bus Program. with the symbol on them. A plus often cited is that it helps to determine the age of an item (pre-WWII). Most Americana collectibles found with the symcontinued on page 14 continued on page 7

Throughout much of the modern world, the Swastika symbol represents Nazism and reminds us of Adolf Hitler—racism. But it was not always this way. Prior to WWII, it was a globally recognized symbol. Its meaning had nothing to do with Nazi Germany except in the few years leading up to and including the war. Before that, it was associated with good luck. The symbol has a long history dating back to prehistoric times. In the Americas, variations of it have been found in excavations of Mound-builder and Mississippian era sites in the mid-west, while further south the ancient Aztecs were said to also use the symbol. By the early 1900s, several Southwestern and Plains Native American tribes were using it on crafts built for their own use and for that of the commercial tourist markets. According to Wikipedia, the earliest known use of the symbol may date back as far as 10,000 BC. They report, “it was found on a late Paleolithic figurine of a bird, carved from mammoth ivory, found in the Ukraine.” The symbol dates to 6,000 BC in Bulgaria and 3,000 BC on the Indian Subcontinent according to archeological findings. It has been found in prehistoric sites in Africa, China and Europe as well. It seems the Swastika symbol, or variations of it, were used in many parts of the world during ancient times. In about 1870, German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann found objects bearing the Swastika in the ruins of what was believed to be the lost city of Troy. Some credit this discovery, and subsequent publications about it, as a catalyst for the resurgence in the use of the Swastika in modern times. The Swastika gained popularity in the West during the late 1800s and was widely used. It remained popular through the 1920s, until use of it waned in the 1930s. It had increasingly became associated with Nazism by then. In the American West, it was on many Cowboy and Native American items during the time period mentioned above. Jewelry, saddles, textiles, baskets, bridles, spurs, pokers chips and a large variety of other items were decorated with it— it even appeared on road signs in Arizona. To the Americans, it was touted as an “Indian Good Luck” symbol. Who came up with that idea? I don’t think we will ever know for sure. Although it had been used as a good

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September 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Legendary Journey of James “Little Bear” Gordon By Tom Surface

This is a story that truly demonstrates love of country and respect for Native culture. World War I Army veteran and Ojibwe tribesman James “Little Bear” Gordon set out on a journey the likes of which may never be topped. Gordon, a graduate of the famous Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania and a football teammate of the legendary All-American Jim Thorpe, was called to arms during WWI. Serving in France, he saw much combat action and survived a German gas attack. But his most enduring feat was yet to come. On July 26, 1934, Gordon pushed off from Bayfield, Wisconsin; into Lake Superior in his birch bark canoe. His destination: The 16th National American Legion Convention in Miami, Florida. “Little Bear,” who served multiple times as commander of his American Legion Post in Bayfield, paddled across Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. He paddled and portaged his canoe, navigating a trail of creeks, lakes and canals to the Mississippi River. He canoed down the Mississippi and into the Gulf of Mexico. He traversed the Florida peninsula and then paddled along the Florida coast

Due to the recent COVID-19 situation we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you. October 24-25 WEAPONS AND INDIAN ITEMS AUCTION Reata Pass Auction, Humboldt, Arizona Info @ (928) 632-8000 January 21-24 BRIAN LEBEL’S OLD WEST AUCTION Mesa Convention Center 263 N. Center Street Info @ contactus@oldwestevents.com February – March 2021 ALLARDS BIG SPRING AUCTION Info @ allardauctions.com Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

in the Atlantic Ocean, still in his sturdy birch bark canoe. The decorated war hero was greeted by thousands of fellow Legionnaires when he paddled into Miami Harbor on October 20th. Gordon was given the place of honor in the 16th National Convention Parade. To celebrate his accomplishment, he sat in his canoe that was strapped to the top of a car in the pa-

rade with the message emblazoned, “Lake Superior to Miami.” To further add to his legacy, James “Little Bear” Gordon made the entire 83-day journey in his traditional Ojibwe clothing. Adapted From American Legion Magazine August 2020.

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2020 continued from page 5 bol adorning them date to between 1890 and 1930. It is a novelty among some collectors to search out these items due to their rarity. However, this has also led to a resurgence in the use of it on crafts and jewelry once again. Until recent years, if you found a Native or Western Americana type of object with a Swastika on it, there was a high degree of probability it was made between the late 1800s and early 1930s. But since authentic items are getting harder to find because more collectors are seeking them out, now-a-days, you will also see it on modern made “retro style” items as well. WHERE DID THE NAME COME FROM? The word Swastika is said to have Sanskrit origins and can be found in writings dating back to 500 BC. It roughly translates into: to be good; to be well; or auspicious. There are different words for it around the globe, but Swastika is by far the most common. In the Western United States, a common contemporary term for it on Americana is “Whirling Logs.” I believe the term “Whirling Logs” is something used more after WWII to give it a symbolism more closely associated with a Native American sounding theme—setting it apart from the word Swastika. Prior to the war, you would rarely (if ever) see the term “Whirling Logs” appear in literature or brochures promoting Western Americana or Native crafts. The word Swastika however does appear in such ads or sometimes the phrase, “Indian Good Luck Symbol” was used. After WWII however, using the word Swastika on an item for sale would have been a difficult sell. Therefore, another term such as “Whirling Logs” sounded more acceptable. So “Whirling Logs” is now the popular label for the symbol on Americana. HOW IS IT PROPERLY DRAWN? Variations of the Swastika appear all over the globe from ancient times to now. It can be left or right facing, be squared off, hooked, offset, etc.. In antique Americana and Native American items, it is found both left and right

Page 7 facing and is usually squared off. In Nazi Germany however, it was always squared off, right facing and stood on end. All authentic Nazi items bearing a Swastika are marked this way. They never drew it using any of the other variations. In Western Americana however, there is no right or wrong way for it to appear and you will see it in several different forms on those items. ARE YOU A RACIST IF YOU COLLECT ITEMS WITH THE SYMBOL ON THEM? In most of the world and throughout the better part of history the symbol has been associated with good luck or something close to that. The Germans however used it to symbolize nationalistic pride and Arian supremacy. But the Nazi German use of the Swastika reigned for a mere 25 years or so out of the entire existence of the symbol which goes back thousands of years. So if you are a collector or dealer who seeks to educate the world about the true meaning of it, or perhaps you simply find it a novelty to collect because of its colorful history, that does not make you a racist. Far from it. However there are still a few extreme individuals out there who use it to symbolize some sort of supremacy. So really it boils down to how you think about it and how you use it that matters.

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American Indian Wars Revisited:

Sand Creek – Battle or Massacre? More than 300 Cheyenne and Arapaho braves, women & children murdered By Tom Surface

Indian Delegation goes to Washington, DC, 1863. The Indians in the front row are, left to right: War Bonnet, Standing in the Water, and Lean Bear of the Cheyennes, and Yellow Wolf of the Kiowas. War Bonnet and Standing in the Water died in the Sand Creek Massacre; and Lean Bear was killed by troops from Colorado Territory who mistook him for a hostile. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.

OVERVIEW OF THE MASSACRE: NOT A BATTLE On November 29, 1864, in retaliation for an Indian attack on a party of immigrants near Denver, a 750-member Colorado militia unit led by U.S. Army Colonel John M. Chivington attacked an unsuspecting village of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians camped on Sand Creek in present-day Kiowa County, Colorado. After a night of heavy drinking by the soldiers of the 3rd Colorado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Chivington, who also was a Methodist preacher and nicknamed the bloodthirsty “Fighting Parson,” ordered the attack on the Indian village by Sand Creek. Some reports indicated that as many as 300 Indians were killed in the attack, including 225 women and children, many of whose bodies were mutilated. Ten soldiers died in the attack. The Sand Creek Massacre, as this incident came to

be called, provoked a savage struggle between Indians and the white settlers. The brutality was extreme. Chivington’s troops committed mass scalpings and disembowelments. Some Cheyenne were shot while trying to escape, while others were shot pleading for mercy. Reports indicated that the troops even emptied their rifles on distant infants for sport. Later, Chivington himself displayed his scalp collection to the public as a badge Colonel John M. of pride. Chivington. The massacre also generated multiple U.S. Congressional investigations into the actions of Chiving-

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2020

ton and his men. The House Committee on the Conduct of the War concluded that Chivington had ‘deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre.’ However, neither Chivington nor any of his soldiers were ever charged or brought to trial. TERRITORY AT THE CENTER OF THE CONFLICT For years, the United States had been engaged in conflict with several Indian tribes over territory. The Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 had given the Indians extensive territory, but the Pikes Peak gold rush in 1858 and other factors had persuaded the U.S. to renegotiate the terms of the treaty. In 1861, the Treaty of Fort Wise was signed by Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs. The treaty took from the Indians much of the land given to them by the earlier treaty, reducing the size of their reservation land to about 1/13th of the original amount. Although the peace-seeking chiefs signed the treaty to ensure the safety of their people, not all of the tribes were happy with the decision. In particular, a group of Indians known as the Dog Soldiers, made up of Cheyenne and Lakota, were vehemently opposed to having white settlers on what the Indians still referred to as their land. In 1864, a group of Civil War soldiers, commanded by Colonel Chivington and with the blessing of Colorado governor John Evans, began to attack several Cheyanne camps in Colorado. Another attack on Cheyanne camps occurred in the adjacent state of Kansas by forces under the command of Lieutenant George S. Eayre. The Cheyanne retaliated for the attack, furthering the aggression of the U.S. forces. In an attempt to maintain peace, two chiefs, Black Kettle and White Antelope, tried to establish a truce. They were advised to camp near Fort Lyon in Colorado and fly an American flag over their camp to establish themselves as friendly. On November 29th, 1864, while the majority of the males were out hunting, Colonel Chivington and his force of 750 troops attacked the Indian campsite near Fort Lyon. Several hundred Indians were killed, despite the American flag reportedly flying overhead and the raising of a white flag after the attack began. Most of the Indians killed were women and children, and many of their bodies were mutilated. Despite eye witness accounts from survivors and some soldiers, Chivington and his men were not charged for the heinous attack. THE STAGE WAS SET FOR TRAGEDY Prior to the Massacre by Chivington, the Cheyanne and Arapaho had discovered that white people were no longer just passing through “Indian land” on the way to the Far West as the Forty-Niners had done during the Gold Rush days. These intruders were farmers and cattle raisers and were appropriating traditional hunting grounds, tearing up the land with plows, and putting cattle on grasslands needed by the buffalo. The Cheyenne and the Arapahos tentatively seemed to accept the situation, perhaps believing it was only temporary. During his friendly visit to Denver before the massacre, Black Kettle apparently believed the whites would soon move farther west. He did say, however, that he hoped none of them would say or do anything to stir up his people and that he hoped the whites would not stay too long because, after all, it was Indian land. The Cheyenne were becoming more destitute and desperate. They continued their time-honored avocation of war against the Utes and the Pawnees. However, they frightened the white settlers as they passed by on their way to raid the Utes. But they frightened them even more on their return as they yelled and whooped and brandished Ute scalps. To add to this fear, small bands of Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors robbed homes and stole cattle, provisions and horses. The winter months of 1863 brought inactivity and peace. But, the Cheyenne were hungry, and they stole cattle on several occasions. Troops were dispatched to punish the guilty. Still, the attacks on white settlers and

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travelers increased, and the situation in eastern Colorado continued to worsen in the spring of 1864. Colorado Governor John Evans and most settlers believed there was a general Indian uprising. Hoping to break up what he thought was a united Indian front, the governor sent messages to the tribes to report to certain forts where they would be provided with food and protected from troops looking for hostile Indians. The growing unrest in the region continued to grow in early July when Kiowa Chief Arapaho maiden taken at the turn of the century Satanta was rebuffed when he wanted to visit by Edward Curtis. Fort Larned in Kansas. Santana shot an arrow into the arm of a sentry and his braves ran off the fort’s whole herd of horses. When several Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs carrying a white flag approached Fort Larned to discuss the problem, the angry soldiers fired a cannon at them. All Indians looked alike to the white men in the fort. Rage swept through the Cheyenne-Arapaho villages. A meeting was held with the Northern Cheyenne and some of the Sioux. The summer of warfare began. The Indians raided the Platte River wagon trains. Many white settlers were killed–estimates run as high as 200. Ranches were burned out. Few captives survived. The raids fueled the growing fear of the white settlers that an all-out Indian uprising was underway. continued on page 10

le Cancel

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Absolute terror gripped the Colorado settlements. In mid-August, Governor Evans let Secretary of War Edwin Stanton know that ‘large bodies of Indians are undoubtedly near to Denver, and we are in danger of destruction both from attacks of Indians and starvation.’ Action had to be taken. In late September, Colonel Chivington received a message from Colorado Militia commander Major General Samuel Curtis: ‘I shall require the bad Indians delivered up, restoration of stock; also hostages to secure. I want no peace until the Indians suffer more….I fear the agent of the Indian Department will be ready to make peace too soon….No peace must be made without my direction.’ In his meeting late September meeting with Black Kettle, Chivington is reported to have said; “My rule of fighting white men or Indians is fight them until they lay down their arms and submit to military authority.” He added that the Indians could go to Fort Lyon ‘when they are ready to do that.’ It had to be a complete surrender. Chief Black Kettle no doubt suspected that the militia would strike if they got the necessary manpower, but the chief apparently assumed that peace conditions would exist while he waited for negotiations to take place. So, about 650 or 700 Indians continued to live in peace along the bend of Sand Creek by the middle of November. General Curtis then sent another terse message to Chivington that read in part: ‘Pursue everywhere and chastise the Cheyenne and Arapaho; pay no attention to district lines. No presents must be made and no peace concluded without my consent.’ The colonel had his orders, and he also knew that the men of the 3rd Colorado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment had enlisted late in August for just 100 days. Their enlistments would soon be over. Adding to the frustration of this undisciplined unit of volunteer soldiers was mundane and boring camp life and a growing anger of jeers from the population calling them members of the ‘Bloodless Third.’ The time to act was now, if he wanted to stop the expected uprising of the united tribes. In authorizing and planning the attack at Sand Creek, Chivington was reported to have said; “The Cheyenne nation has been waging bloody war against the whites all spring, summer and fall, and Black Kettle is their principal chief. They have been guilty of arson, murder, rape and fiendish torture, not even sparing women and little children. I believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God’s heaven to kill Indians who kill and torture women and children. Damn any man who is in sympathy with them.” Even if those were not his exact words, they certainly expressed his well-known feelings. Chivington’s first move came at dawn when troops were deployed to capture the Indian ponies. At the same time, howitzers were aimed at the village. Some of the Indian horses broke from the herd and raced toward the village. A few early rising women were outside and shouted the alarm. Warriors, women and children ran out of their lodges. What happened after that is not certain. The rest of the battle, or massacre, is shrouded in controversy. The militia’s initial charge was repulsed by a line of approximately 100 warriors. Chief White Antelope is said to have been shot down in the first volley. A second charge, frontal and on both flanks, drove the Indians back along the creek, where they took up the fight from pits hastily dug into the sandy banks. The hostilities lasted throughout the day until about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. THE AFTERMATH When Chivington and the ‘Bloody Third’ returned to Denver in late December, they were welcomed as heroes. The 3rd Colorado was soon mustered out and Colonel Chivington’s commission ended on January 6, 1865. By then, however, there were also some people who wanted an in-

A group of Arapaho Indians several years after Sand Creek. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

vestigation of Chivington’s actions on November 29, 1864. The ‘heroes’ of Sand Creek were being charged with not only having perpetrated a massacre of women and children but also having horribly mutilated the bodies of their victims. In all, there were three official investigations. The Army conducted one and decided a court-martial was not called for. General Curtis said that the Army was so full of ‘personal and political strife…it is almost impossible to get an honest, impartial determination of facts.’ Congress held two hearings. A great deal of testimony was recorded by people who were actually there. At one of the hearings an eyewitness testified: “...I think I saw altogether some seventy dead bodies lying there; the greater portion women and children. There may have been thirty warriors, old and young; the rest were women and small children of different ages and sizes.” The House Committee on the Conduct of the War concluded that Chivington had ‘deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre which would have disgraced the varied & savage among those who were the victims of his cruelty.’ But the problem was that so much of the testimony was contradictory. There was also no agreement on how many Cheyanne and Arapaho were killed at Sand Creek. Various reports offered such figures from 120 to as many as 500, although many creditable reports put the figure around 300. The Cheyenne carried off their wounded and many of their dead, so no one was really able to say how many were killed that day. Nor was anyone ever able to positively say how many women and children were among the dead. Was Sand Creek a battle or a massacre? The answer will never be agreed upon by all those who study it, but one piece of uncontested evidence should be given more attention than it has received. The fighting lasted from dawn until about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. There was also sporadic fighting the next day (November 30). In two days of fighting, Chivington’s force suffered 54 casualties–14 troopers killed and 40 wounded. There is also some evidence that several Indian women joined the men in fighting from the pits in the sandy bank. There was very intense fighting both days. Regardless if one calls it a battle or massacre, there can be little doubt that Sand Creek occurred because of white incursions, government mismanagement, broken treaties and the fact that there were not only ‘bad’ white men but also ‘bad’ Indians. Compiled from multiple sources

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The Idyllic Plan of the Camel Corps

“Camels” by Bill Arhendt

Transportation was a perplexing problem in the Southwest during Pueblo days. The following is the story of one idealistic but unsuccessful plan devised to solve it... The Camel Corps. The history of the “Forgotten Camel Corps” is a riveting chronicle. According to Bonsall, biographer of General E. F. Beale, the idea of using camels came to Beale while exploring Death Valley with Kit Carson. The war department was at the time struggling with difficulties of Army transportation in the arid regions of the Southwest. When Beale presented himself at the department with his suggestion of a camel corps, it was regarded as impractical. But all events having as much substance as a relayed line of balloons were, at this time, warmly advocated for the same purpose.” The matter was discussed in Congress, and in 1854 Jefferson Davis introduced a bill for an appropriation to purchase camels – which failed to pass. In 1855 the Los Angeles Star said editorially; “We predict that within a few years these extraordinary and useful animals (camels) will be browsing upon our hills and valleys, and numerous caravans will be arriving and departing daily. Let us have the incomparable dromedaries, with Adam Express Companies men, arriving here tri-weekly with letters and packages in the five or six days from Salt Lake and 15 or 16 days from Missouri. Then the present grinding steamship monopoly might be made to realize that the hardworking miner, the farmer, and the mechanic were no longer entirely within their grasping power.” We might have an Overland dromedary express that would bring us the New York news in 15 to 18 days. We hope some of our energetic capitalists or stockbreeders will take this speculation in hand, for we have not much faith that Congress will do anything in the matter.” This has a familiar sound, even though written in 1855. Despite the Stars pessimism, however, Congress did, under the Davis administration as War Secretary, made an appropriation of $30,000 to buy camels. An Army transport, The Supply, under the command of Colonel David Porter, was promptly dispatched to Egypt and Arabia. Beale’s biographer says that Porter first stopped at Tunis and bought two camels as an experiment; then, he went to Constantinople, where he met British officers who told him of the valuable service rendered by their camel corps of 500 animals used in the Crimean campaign. After this, he purchased 33 camels, which he landed at Indianola, Texas, then made a second trip, returning with 44 “very sea-sick camels.” In February 1857, the animals were brought across the country to Albuquerque, where they were divided, part being sent to San Antonio, where they were to be used as transport animals by the troops in southern Texas. The balance, under the charge of Lieutenant Beale, accompanied by 44 citizens and 20 soldiers, were dispatched to Fort Tejon, California. In July 1857, Beale reported to the Honorable J. B Floyd, Secretary of

War, regarding the camel corps: “We had them on this journey sometimes 26 hours without water and exposed to a great degree of heat – the mercury standing at 104 – and when they came to water, they seemed to be almost indifferent to it, not all drinking and those that did, not with the famished eagerness of other animals when deprived of water the same length of time.” Beale had been detailed to do a new survey for a wagon road between Fort Defiance, New Mexico, and Fort Tejon, California. After reaching Fort Tejon, he reported; “An important part in all our operations has been affected by the animals without the aid of this noble and useful brute, many hardships which we were spared, would have fallen to our lot, and our admiration for them has increased day by day. Some new hardships patiently endured, more fully developed their entire adaption and usefulness in the exploration of the wilderness. One of the most painful sights I ever witnessed was a group of mules standing over a little barrel of water and trying to drink from the bunghole, frantic with distress and eagerness to get at it. The camels seem to view this proceeding with great content and kept on browsing on the grass and brush.” The enthusiastic officer declared that he would rather handle 20 camels then five mules and contrasted the loading of the patiently kneeling camel with that of a restless, kicking mule. The advantages of a thirst-proof beast that can also supply its own rations when necessary are obvious. Also, it is reported that on the trip from Fort Tejon to the Colorado River by way of Los Angeles, “each animal was packed with 1000 pounds of provisions and military supplies. With this load, they made from 30 to 40 miles per day, finding their own sustenance in even the most barren country and going without water – the largest ones can pack a ton and travel (light) 16 miles an hour.” Theoretically, the camel should have proved a God-send to the Army and the country. But as a matter of fact, the experiment turned out a most dismal failure. Soldiers, and more important still, horses and mules, exhibited a deep-seated antipathy to these ships of the desert. Other animals bucked and vamoosed at the site of the humpback strangers. Men detailed to assist the two camel drivers, High Jolly and Greek George – both of whom were well known in Los Angeles – deserted rather than wait on the camels. Mexicans and professional “mule skinners” had no use for animals that didn’t kick back nor understand their brand of “cussing.” The camel possesses a most ferociouslooking set of teeth, which “it exhibits” with a roar like that of a Royal Bengal continued on page 17

Only known surviving photo of the U.S. Camel Corps. The photo is captioned, A member of the legendary southwestern ‘Camel Corps’ stands at ease at the Drum Barracks military facility, near California’s San Pedro harbor.”

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Carnage in Pleasant Valley, Arizona The Tonto basin – stretching from the present Arizona towns of Pine Creek to the west, Payson to the south, Globe to the east, and Holbrook to the north – was the locale of one of the bloodiest feuds that raged on the Western frontier. Between 19 and 26 people died during the five years between 1887 and 1892, more than are credited to the better-known Johnson County War of New Mexico in which Billy the Kid was involved. Center stage for the battle was appropriately named Pleasant Valley, below the Mogollon Rim and some of the most rugged and strikingly beautiful country in Arizona. Villages and artifacts of the long-vanished Solado people dot the landscape and log cabins with their gun-ports silently bear witness of the conflicts between the first settlers and the Tonto Apache… and between themselves. The “war” that smashed into the Valley in 1887 filled newspapers across the nation. Zane Grey, who later spent many years in the Tonto Basin, immortalized it in his book “To the Last Man.” Earle R. Forrest’s book “Arizona’s Dark and Bloody Ground,” along with the works of many other writers, had attempted to unravel the confusing details. However, most of the actual happenings remain as only conjecture.

THE BEGINNING AND THE END Historically, participants of any feud consistently are the best of friends in the beginning. And so it was with the Tewksbury’s and the Grahams. Some say their falling out resulted from a misunderstanding over the division of spoils from their mutual cattle rustling activities. The dispute ended up in court when each filed charges and counter-charges against the other; in 1884, the case was dismissed for lack of evidence, the bitterness between the two families remained, and two years later, the hatred exploded into open warfare.

THE CAUSE Following the Civil War, settlers strained westward, and with them, they brought cattle, essential for food and survival. Large herds quickly developed, and within a decade, cowboys had begun driving huge numbers to such blossoming markets as Dodge City and Abilene. In the 1870s, sheep men began moving their stock into Western cattle country, and many conflicts burst forth. It was the arrival of sheep early in February 1887 that ignited the war in Pleasant Valley. An unidentified member of Sheriff Munvenon’s posse.

When the smoke had cleared some five years later, John Tewksbury, Jr., was dead, and his brother Jim had passed away from natural causes during the foray. The elder Tewksbury took no active part until the struggle was over. The Graham family was utterly wiped out, and of the Blevins family, only one survived.

Edwin Tewksbury in the 1890s, the last surviving Tewksbury to be involved in the feud.

The Flying “V” Cabin. John D. Tewksbury Sr. lived here with his two wives and children. The cabin has notched gun ports.

THE CHARACTERS Among the first settlers in Pleasant Valley was John D. Tewksbury, who arrived in 1880 with his three sons. They built their homestead on the north side of Cherry Creek and quickly established a thriving cattle business. In 1882, the Graham brothers came to the Valley and built cabins and corrals a few miles from the Tewksbury spread. Mart Blevins and his five sons arrived the same year and established their cattle ranch near the Grahams. During the first years of the 1880s, several large cattle outfits were organized and set up bases of operation just outside the Valley to take advantage of the fertile pasture lands of the Tonto Basin. The largest of these was the Aztec Land and Cattle Company, better known as “The Hash Knife.” The company played no official role in the impending battle, but their cowboys did.

CHAIN OF EVENTS It took more than 50 years for the chain of events of the Pleasant Valley war to come to light as most of the participants had been killed. The neutrals and survivors had lapsed into a discrete silence about the affair, refusing to disclose particulars during their lives, typically Western-style. A resurrection of the facts follows; by 1886, things had become “tight-arrow” in Pleasant Valley. The hatred between the Tewksbury’s and the Grahams and their allies, the Blevins, simmered. It was then that the Dagg’s brothers of Flagstaff made it known they wanted to move a part of their 60,000 head of sheep into the grazing lands of the Tonto Basin. The Tewksbury’s offered their assistance as “protective guns” in return for a share of the profits. But more significantly, they realized they would thus be in a position to herd the sheep onto the unfenced pasture lands of the Grahams and Blevins, making them untenable for the cattle. By late summer of 1886, Indian herders had begun the big sheep drive into Pleasant Valley. As the flocks approached, Tom Graham, then the most influential cattlemen in the area called a conference to discuss the means of combating the menace. Some suggested, “Shooting every one of ‘em, and the men with ‘em!” Graham was able to restrain the more violent of the cowboys, and it was agreed to take a more subtle approach. Sheep were driven over steep bluffs and killed, and the herders were harassed by close-in gunshots. Then the inevitable happened. A Navajo herder was killed as he watched over his sheep. The first killing of the Pleasant Valley War had occurred. This caused the Dagg brothers to remove their sheep from the Valley, and hostilities appeared to be at an end. August 10, 1887 – Soon after the murder of the Navajo Shepherd and the withdrawal of the sheep, the Grahams, Blevins, and the Hash Knife Cowboys delivered an ultimatum to the Tewksbury’s... move out of the Valley by August 10, or else. But the Tewksbury’s had no intention of giving up. Instead, about a

THE INDIAN TRADER September 2020 week before they were told to be gone, Mart Blevins disappeared. Concern had mounted when he failed to return by the 10th, and quickly his son assembled a posse for the alleged purpose of finding his father. But more likely to track down the Tewksbury’s who every member of the group presumed had murdered him. The first stop was the Middleton Ranch, adjacent to the Tewksbury spread. They had reason to believe Jim and John Tewksbury were visiting there, and quickly found out they were. As they rode up, they were greeted by blasting Winchesters. The first barrage felled Martin Blevins, the first white casualty of the Pleasant Valley War. The second member of the posse, John Paine, was shot twice by Jim Tewksbury, the first blast severing his ear, and the second sending him sprawling to the ground dead. The others quickly departed, three of them wounded. August 20 – Word of the killings at the Middleton Ranch soon reached Sheriff Mulvenson at Prescott, and he immediately rode to the scene to investigate. His appearance with his armed deputies forced the Tewksbury’s to take refuge in the dense bush country, and after 12 days of fruitless searching for them, the sheriff left the area. His failure to apprehend the Tewksbury’s infuriated the Grahams, and with 20 riders, they took up the search themselves. The Tewksbury’s and their men, working alone or in pairs, stalked the Graham forces and killed several from ambush. Meanwhile, Deputy Sheriff James Houck of Apache County arrived on the scene, joining the Tewksbury’s. He concealed himself in the brush overlooking the Graham ranch, and when he saw a lone rider approaching the cabin along the trail from Payson, he shouted for him to surrender. Instead, the rider drew his six-gun and fired. Houck returned the fire, and his adversary fell to the ground, mortally wounded. The fallen rider, however, was not John Graham, but his 22-year-old brother who was returning from a dance in Payson. His killing turned the hatred of the Grahams into frenzied fury. So intense did the battle become that many of the smaller cattlemen left the country.

Sheep slaughter during the Pleasant Valley Range War, Arizona, 1880s.

J. W. Olson, later wrote,” at first the Grahams had the sympathy of the settlers, all of whom owned cattle and appreciated the danger to the range from the inside version of the locust-like wandering sheep hands. But the fighting soon became too warm for any of those immediately interested, and the factions hunted each other as a wild beast might have hunted.” September 2 – After the death of his young brother, John Graham vowed to rid the Valley of the Tewksbury’s, once and for all. Early on the morning of September 2, he and several compadres silently surrounded the Tewksbury cabin. A short distance away, they came upon John Tewksbury and a friend, William Jacobs, doing their routine chores. After the two were gunned down in their tracks, the Graham forces turned their attention to those remaining in the cabin. But the fire from the cabin was so intense the Grahams were forced to withdraw to a vantage point atop a nearby hill. The grossest atrocity of the vendetta occurred when a group of hogs began to devour the two dead men lying outside the cabin. It would have meant certain death to any of the men pinned down in the Tewksbury cabin to attempt to recover the bodies, but the site was too horrible for John Tewksbury’s wife and she suddenly burst outside, screaming with a shovel in hand. In accordance with frontier code, the firing ceased while she dug shallow graves for her husband and Jacobs, and buried them. Firing resumed when she returned to the cabin. continued on page 14

Page 13

Page 14 continued from page 13 As the afternoon wore on, another posse arrived, led by John Meadows, Justice of the peace from Payson. He ordered the Graham forces to withdraw, and they angrily complied. He then entered the Tewksbury cabin and ordered Jim Tewksbury and the others to lay down their weapons. The justice held an inquest on the spot, noting that John Tewksbury and Jacob had been shot in the back. While this was in progress, all remaining participants vanished. September 4 – Andy Cooper (a son of Mart Blevins who had changed his name because he was wanted for murder in Texas) rode into Holbrook and boasted of his exploits against the Tewksbury’s, including his killing of the two men outside the cabin. Naturally, this information reached Sheriff Commodore, who set out to arrest him. He presumed that Cooper would go to his mother’s cottage, and upon arriving there, he found the suspect outside, settling his horse. Cooper rushed inside, where he joined two of his brothers and several others, including women. Undaunted, and with guns in hand, Sheriff Owens entered the cottage and quickly found himself surrounded by three hostile six-shooters. Simultaneously two shots rang out, one killing Cooper and the other missing the sheriff. John Blevins then opened fire, but again the sheriff proved a superior match, shooting his adversary in the shoulder. Again and again, the sheriff fired as he quickly retreated for his horse. One of the occupants of the cottage was killed when he tried to climb out the window, and 17-year-old Sam Blevins, after grabbing his dead brother’s gun, was mortally wounded as he fired at the sheriff from the front door. The bloodiest day in Holbrook’s history was over, and four of the Blevins’s faction lay dead. September 21 – when the latest news of the feud reached Governor C. Meyer Zulick, he decided to put an end to the hostilities that had gotten out of control. He ordered Sheriff Mulvenson to assemble a large and heavily armed posse as necessary to enter Pleasant Valley and arrest all participants of both sides. The Grahams were selected as the sheriff ’s first target, and en route to the

September 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER ranch, the posse arrested anyone that they encountered to prevent word of their approach from reaching the Grahams. Deciding to set a trap for the Grahams, the sheriff stationed his men inside Perkins store, and sent out a group of five men to ride slowly past the Graham ranch house, and then return to the store. He surmised that curiosity about the strangers would prompt the Grahams to investigate, and it proved correct. John Graham and Charles Blevins soon arrived at the store, and when they were within range, they were welcomed by a shotgun blast from within. Both were swept from their saddles, dead. The posse then rode to the Graham Ranch but found only a few women. Since they proceeded to the Tewksbury spread where Jim, and, and five others surrendered without resistance, they were arrested for the murder of Martin Blevins, but quickly were released on bond, and returned to the Valley. Open warfare now slowed down to guerrilla warfare. The remaining members of each faction continued to stalk each other stealthily; several men were killed. The exact number is unknown. LATER On December 4, 1888, Jim Tewksbury died of consumption in Globe. With their fiercest and most effective leader dead, the rest of the family lost interest in carrying on the bitter struggle. But not entirely. Tom Graham was married in 1888, and he and his wife moved to Tempe in 1889. On August 2, 1892, he was shot in the back while hauling grain from his ranch. Before he died, he identified the men who ambushed him as Ed Tewksbury and one Tom Rhodes. They were tried for murder and ultimately acquitted. During the court proceedings, Ann Graham, Tom’s wife, suddenly drew her husband’s six-shooter concealed in her umbrella, pressed it against Tom Rhodes neck, and pulled the trigger. There was a loud click as the hammer fell on an empty chamber> Ann’s mother earlier had noticed the gun and removed the cartridges while her daughter was in another room. The final fatality of the Tewksbury – Graham feud had been averted, and the long struggle was finally over. It’s hard to believe that these unreal events happened a mere 80 years ago...

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THE INDIAN TRADER September 2020 continued from page 11 tiger – yet they are entirely harmless.” The soldiers and drivers were afraid of them, they claimed. They mistreated the brutes so that many of them died. Perhaps the fault was not entirely with the drivers, however. The camel could make good time under a load – when he was turned loose to forage on a terrain where one mouthful might be scattered over an acre of ground, he could make even better time. Tired herders often had to spend most the night rounding up the stray animals. J. M. Gwinn says, “Of all the naughty, perverse and profanity provoking beasts of burden that ever trod the soil of America, the meek, mild-eyed, and soft-footed camel was the most exasperating. That prototype of perversity, the Army mule, was almost angelic in disposition compared to the humpback burden-bearer of the Orient.” Perhaps the camel was homesick! At any rate, when the war ended, the powers-that-be decided that camels could not be utilized to advantage, condemned those remaining, and put them up for sale at Benicia. Beale’s biographer says that the General purchased some of them and kept them on his Tejon Rancho. He tells a story of Beale driving with his son, a tandem team of camels to Los Angeles – a trip that would have delighted the heart of any small boy. A couple of Frenchmen bought the remainder and took them to a Rancho on the Reno River in Nevada. Here they were used in transporting salt to Virginia City until the coming of the railroad gave more convenient shipping facilities. The drove, which had increased to 25 or more, was then moved to Arizona and used to pack ore from the Silver King Mine to Yuma. Eventually, the beasts were turned loose on the desert near Maricopa Springs to shift for themselves. For years afterward, stories of the unusual appearance of camels, frightening travelers, and animals almost into fits were frequent. Many of the camels were killed by freighters because of the stampedes caused among the pack animals or mule teams. The Indians, too, were much afraid of the strange creatures and never missed an opportunity to slaughter them. In the 80s, a number of them were captured and shipped east for exhibition purposes.

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September2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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The Indian Trader Newspaper – September 2020 Issue – Celebrating 51 Years!

Articles inside

History of the Swastika Symbol

The Idyllic Plan of the Camel Corps