Alex's CC

FOCP

Alexandra Burke-Smith

Clinical Communications Revision Notes Dr Tanya Tieney (t.tierney@imperial.ac.uk) & Dr Ged Murtagh (g.murtagh@imperial.ac.uk)

Patient centred interview (PCI) –the interviewer identifies, acknowledges and responds to patient’s thoughts and feelings throughout an entire episode of illness. The interviewer focuses on the patient’s needs as perceived by the patient as well as incorporating a medical perspective 

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General advantages (identified by Stewart 2001): o Basic tasks accomplished o Informative o Facilitative – with regards to patients ICE o Participatory Patient-specific advantages: o Explores reason, concern and needs o Dr sees patient as whole person, leading to integrated understanding of the patient’s world o Finds common ground; mutually agrees on management o Enhances prevention and health promotion o Enhances dr-patient relationship Outcomes o Improve diagnostic efficiency o Increase patient satisfaction o Increase concordance/adherence with treatments o Improve recover Classification of PCI (Punam & Lipkin 1995) o Allow patients to express their major concerns o Seek patients’ specific requests o Elicit patients’ explanations of their illness o Facilitate patients’ expression of feelings o Give patients information o Involve patients in developing a treatment plan

Disease and illness – disease is the biomedical cause of sickness in terms of pathophysiology, whereas illness is an individual’s uniqueexperience of sickness including their perception, experience and ways of coping. 

When “patient-centred medicine” is contrasted with “disease/doctor-centred medicine” (which was dominant in past medical practice), it shows that the latter assumes that disease can be fully accounted for by deviations from a norm or measurable biological variables. It does not consider social, psychological and bevaioural dimensions of disease and illness.

Patient-centred consultation models – used to develop and sustain effective patient centred communication. Each model aims to broaden the conventional disease-centred approach to include psychological issues, the family and the doctor. Models are either structural, functional or a combination. Structural models organise the consultation around stages, whereas functional models organise generic ways of working to achieve specific goals. 

Calgary-Cambridge: structural model which sets out the medical interview in phases with specific objectives to be achieved and relevant required skills.

1. Initiating the session 2. Gathering information 1

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Physical examination exploration + planning closing the session building the relationship providing structure

Transformed clinical method: 6 component model; first 3 focussing on the process between dr and patient, last 3 focussing on the context within which the dr and patient interact exploring both the disease and illness experience: F=feelings, I=ideas, F=function, E=expectations understanding the whole person finding common ground – defining the problem, establish goals and identify roles taken by dr and patient incorporating prevention and health promotion enhancing the dr-patient relationship being realistic – about time, teambuilding, allocation of resources

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three function approach (Cohen-Cole & Bird 2000) – addressing essentials doctors need to develop before interview, each function associated with specific set of interview behaviours 1. building the relationship 2. assessing the patient’s problems – obtaining information 3. managing the patients problems – ensuring compliance and concordance with treatment, and patient understanding  1.

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The inner consultation (Neighbour, 2005) – highlights 5 stages (checkpoints) in consultations: connecting – establishing rapport summarising – patient information handover – management plan + passing responsibility to patient safety netting – ensure understanding if things do not go as expected housekeeping – complete any tasks necessary

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The consultation: an approach to learning and teaching (Pendleton et al 1984) – highlights 7 tasks, 5 of which the doctor needs to achieve, and the last 2 addressing time, resource management and establishing a relationship with the patient define the reason for the patient’s attendance consider other problems with the patient, choose an appropriate action for each problem to achieve a shared understanding of the problems with the patient to involve the patient in the management and encourage him to accept appropriate responsibility to use time and resources appropriately to establish and maintain a relationship

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FOCP Communication skills for PCI

Alexandra Burke-Smith

Self-assessment of PCI:  Do I know significantly more about the patient now than I did before I spoke to them?  Was I curious?  Did I listen?  Did I find out what mattered to them?  Did I make an acceptable working diagnosis?  Did I use their language and ideas when I started explaining?  Did I share options for investigations or treatment?  Did I share in decision-making?  Did I make some attempt to see that they are really understood?  Did we agree?

Thoughts: theories that may be right or wrong and are open for correction Feelings: are subjective and belong to the owner, therefore are not open for correction Empathy: recognising what the patient is feeling and communicating this to the patient 3

FOCP Alexandra Burke-Smith Non-verbal communication: doctors need to be able to recognise patients’ non-verbal cues, as well as being aware of how their own non-verbal behaviour can influence patients. Non verbal communication is continuous, is the main attitude for conveying attitudes, emotions and needs to be congruent with verbal communication if to be effective.

There are 4 aspects of non-verbal communication:  Facial expressions and eye behaviour  Body positioning and spatial distance  Paralanguage  Touch Feedback: is important because it provides guidelines for areas that need to be developed, motivation to undertake that development, provides insight into personal style and can lead to improved clinical practice. 

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Preparation for giving feedback o Purpose? o Is your colleague ready? o Do they want it? What do they want it on? o What have they done well? o Areas of improvement? o What do you want to say? How do you want to say it?

Giving feedback – be considerate, highlight both positive and negative areas, be honest, be accurate, show empathy, use silence effectively, respond to your colleagues verbal and non-verbal cues, do not overload, be specific Preparation for receiving feedback o Do you want feedback? What do you want it on? o Purpose? o Are you ready? o Self-analysis Receiving feedback – listen carefully, ask for explanations, assume feedback is supportive, consider the feedback, ask for ways to improve, separate your feelings

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