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RUSSIA AND FRANCE The majority of African countries have been operating Soviet/ Russian-made aircraft for many years. On the continent they have a well-merited reputation of effective, reliable and simple to maintain air systems. This is why African specialists pay special attention to new Russian products promoted at international trade shows. Russia's main arms exporter, Rosoboronexport, is confident that the Africa Aerospace & Defence (AAD) exhibition taking place in the Republic of South Africa from 19 to 23 September 2012, will not be an exclusion to this rule. Russian arms manufacturers will provide information on more than 200 items intended for air, land and naval forces.

VERSATILE YAK-130 his new combat trainer is sure to attract experts' attention. The reason is simple: the Yak-130 combat trainer jet can effectively perform not only pilot training tasks but a wide range of combat missions as well.

The Yak-130s are constantly inducted by the Russian Air Force as well as exported to foreign customers.

Aviation experts point out the perfect design of its airframe and high flight performance allowing it to fly at high angles of attack (max AOA 35 degrees). However, student pilots will be prevented from entering into dangerous flight modes by an integrated digital fly-by-wire (FBW) system capable of automatically limiting maximum values of angle of attack. For training purposes the FBW system also allows adjusting the trainer aircraft stability and controllability characteristics to simulate flight behaviour of heavy or light manoeuvrable aircraft.

The Yak-130 twin-engine configuration also enhances the general level of flight safety. Its AI-22225 advanced fuel-efficient engines provide high thrust-to-weight ratio. They are fitted with a digital engine control system coupled with a built-in test system. Thanks to

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modular design, the engines can be promptly repaired, in case of necessity, at customer premises.

The Yak-130 combat trainer has a full colour glass cockpit fitted with large-size multifunctional displays and controls conforming to the HOTAS concept.

In addition, the Yak-130 is ideally suited for operations in adverse weather conditions and from small unequipped airfields. For this purpose its air intakes are equipped with special doors automatically closed when the aircraft is taking off or landing, to prevent foreign object damage to the engines, whereas its landing gear is made to sustain operations from unpaved airfields. Operational autonomy of the aircraft is enhanced by installing on board oxygen generating system and auxiliary power unit.

The Yak-130 combat capabilities are equally impressive. It can carry a maximum combat payload of 3,000 kg. The aircraft can deliver a wide range of airborne munitions, including air-to-air missiles, 50-500 kg air bombs, guided bombs, 80266 mm rockets. Its weapons mix includes also a 23-mm aircraft gun.

With such arsenal the Yak-130 trainer can be operated as a light attack aircraft, especially effective in fighting against terrorist and gue-

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rilla groups.

17 and 3,500 Mi-24/35 helicopters have retained best qualities of the Nowadays many countries are have been manufactured in total. predecessors while acquiring modshowing interest in similar versa- Legendary Mil helicopters took ern avionics sets and effective detile aircraft. Aviation pundits admit part in dozens of armed con- fensive systems enabling flight opthat only Russian designers have flicts and peace-keeping opera- erations by day and night and in managed to harmoniously com- tions. In Africa, for instance, they adverse weather conditions. bine training and combat capabil- were flown in Sudan, Sierra-Leone, ities in one aircraft. And its name Democratic Republic of Congo and UNIQUE MI-17S is Yak-130. other countries. All those who par- The Mi-17 type helicopters are true ticipated in carrying out combat “workhorses”. They can operate HELICOPTER BOOM missions onboard these helicop- in extremely hard environments Helicopters are another rapidly- ters note their tremendous surviv- where other air systems won’t. growing segment in the international ability. Hundreds of cases were re- This has been clearly demonstrataviation market. Russia has been con- ported when these helicopters re- ed, for instance, in recent operasolidating its positions in this segment turned to home bases with air- tions of the International Forces in year by year. Only Rosoboronexport's frames pierced, rotor blades dam- Afghanistan. sales of military and dual-use helicop- aged, fuel tanks penetrated and The Mi-17 helicopter surpasses ters have increased by seven times pipelines cut with bullets and shell all its competitors by cargo cabduring the last five years, or by ten splinters. Damaged parts and units in capacity. One such helicopter times since 2001. were replaced with new ones or can rapidly transport up to 36 fully Leading positions in Russian heli- repaired in field conditions, and equipped assault troops. All troops copter exports are taken by the Mi- the helicopters returned to action can land in just 15 seconds thanks 17 type military transport and Mi- within a very short time. to a convenient design of the he35M and Mi-35P combat transport New modifications of these he- licopter. During landing it can renhelicopters. Their earlier modifica- licopters are based on the com- der a strong fire support to the tions are widely popular all over the prehensive analysis of their com- assault troops with the powerful world. More than 12,000 Mi-8/Mi- bat employment experience. They enough onboard weapons. The ar4

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RUSSIA AND FRANCE senal includes 80-mm S-8 unguided air rockets (up to 80 pieces in packs) and two universal gun pods with 23-mm GSh-23L aircraft guns.

Generally Russian helicopters resemble their competitors as regards weapons nomenclature, but they are much superior in cumulative power of a salvo fired with rockets and guns. For evacuation of casualties the Mi-17 helicopters are fitted with 12 sets of stretchers and necessary medical equipment allowing free access of medical personnel to each wounded. For humanitarian and search-and-rescue missions helicopters can be fitted with special-purpose equipment of different types. The Mi-17s can carry up to four tonnes inside the cargo cabin or on the external sling.

MI-35: A LASTING LEGEND The Mi-35M assault helicopter upgrade is a follow-on development of the famous "flying tanks" - the Mi-24s and Mi-35s. Its developers assert that this is actually a new helicopter when judged by the quan-

tity of innovations. As a result of the upgrading, the helicopter has acquired a lower-weight structure, improved manoeuvrability, reduced noise signature, and lower maintenance cost.

What makes this helicopter different from predecessors is, first of all, its modern avionics allowing day and night target acquisition and fire delivery with the Ataka missiles, S-8 rockets and guns (from 23-mm GSh-23 twin-barrel gun and universal gun pods). The avionics set ensures also precise navigation, lowaltitude piloting, taking off from, and landing on unequipped airfields, day and night terrain surveillance and target reconnaissance.

The Mi-35M helicopter has a new rotor system including the X-tail rotor and composite blades. The new VK-2500 engines are rated at 2,700 h.p. in the emergency mode.

But, as before, it is versatility which makes this helicopter so special.

The Mi-35M is not only a combat helicopter: it can also perform transportation, assault landing, recon-

naissance and sanitary missions. It can carry up to eight armed troops or cargoes up to 1,500 kg inside the cargo cabin and up to 2,400kg on the external suspension.

TRAINING AND SERVICING CENTRES Rosoboronexport offers its African partners to set up modern servicing centres. Their setting up would involve technology transfers providing for partial repairs and overhaul of aviation materiel. This would not only give a boost to maintenance efficiency but would open new job opportunities for highly skilled workforce.

Rosoboronexport also attaches special attention to training of flight crews and technical personnel. All air systems offered for export are provided with efficient simulators designed to improve training quality and reduce financial expenditures.

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CONTROLLING THE SEAS very maritime country has to exercise efficient control over its littoral zone. This means defence of territorial water borders, protection of marine bioresources and minerals in exclusive economic zones, struggle against contraband smuggling, drug trafficking and sea piracy, as well as conduct of rescue operations at sea.

Neither should the risk of regional conflicts flaring up and escalating be overlooked, into which maritime states may be drawn.

In such circumstances it is most effective and economical to strengthen security by deploying integrated sea monitoring systems com-

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posed of surface, underwater and airspace surveillance assets, command and control handling as well as communications and data transmission equipment.

Modern approach to such system development is based on principles of integration and unification.

Data about all objects detected in the littoral zone, sea states and weather conditions are fused, and stored in a single database which is updated in real time with information coming from coastal stations, and maritime and air traffic control systems belonging to power agencies, surveillance facilities of civil and military patrol vessels and aircraft. These data are duly issued to state and military administrative

bodies, as well as to other organisations and services concerned.

In t h is co n n e c t i o n Rosoboronexport, the sole Russian exporter of the whole range of military and dual-purpose products and services, promotes to potential customers an advanced set of equipment gradually expandable to a nation-wide integrated littoral surveillance, security and defence system.

Such surveillance assets include various types of coastal radars installed on shore. They are the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon surface-wave, the upgraded MR-10M1E and its mobile version Mys-M1E, Pozitiv-ME and Podberyozovik-ET1 three-dimen-

RUSSIA AND FRANCE sional radars, as well as unified radio technical posts linked via local area network. They can form territorial surveillance subsystems covering offshore water areas 500 miles long and up to 200 miles wide. Sea target acquisition and identification assets ensure guaranteed detection of combat ships of all types as well as any other vessels that may be used by terrorists, border infiltrators, poachers, pirates, and invaders of offshore oil production facilities. Early detection of these targets ensures their timely interception or destruction.

Radio technical posts are equipped with radar and electrooptical systems, electromagnetic, sonar and other types of sensors, as well as navigation and mapping aids. The posts are capable of drawing detailed sea situation maps for their zones of responsibility day and night under any weather conditions. Coastal radars detect and identify maritime targets, determine their coordinates and movement parameters. TV and IR cameras transmit video images used to identify detected targets. This information is updated with data from automatic IFF system about routes, intentions, nature of freight, and owners of the detected ships.

The territorial information centre receives data on weather conditions transmitted at set intervals by the automatic meteorological station installed on the radio technical post, as well as data relayed from sea sonar buoys. Automatic digital communications equipment of the radio technical posts provides VHF/ HF communications with customers located both within and outside zones of direct radio exchange by connecting several transponders into a switched-on link up to 200 km long. The radio technical posts can operate under fully automatic remote control, or under automated control by a shift of operators.

The system marketed by Rosoboronexport can use overthe-horizon surveillance assets boasting unique capabilities and characteristics. One of such assets, the Podsolnukh-E surveillance radar, is capable of operating day

and night under any weather conditions. It can detect surface and air targets at a range of up to 450 km over the water area of 25,000 sq.miles. The Podsolnukh-E automatically determines target coordinates and movement parameters, classifies targets and transmits real-time information about them to rapid deployment forces. In accordance with the operational algorithm the radar performs automatic analysis of jamming situation and adapts to its variations. Several radars of this type can be integrated into a single information network directly linked to national naval

and coastguard command posts.

The Monolith-B active/passive intelligence system is an effective surveillance asset of yet another type. It detects radar emissions of enemy combat ships and aircraft at a range of up to 400 km, and provides target designation data for their engagement to coastal artillery and missile systems.

The integrated surveillance system can also include sensors of underwater targets such as submarines of various types or combat swimmers. Long-range underwater surveillance sensors are represented by the MGK-608E fixed so-

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RUSSIA AND FRANCE n August 2012 the Indian MoD said it is going to spend about 35 billion US dollars into development and procurement of some 200 fifth generation fighters, according to TNN news agency. The Indian side estimates R&D on the new fighter to come to 11 billion dollars. The breaking news is that the ministry decided to give up a twin seat version on the ground that it would necessitate spending an extra of two billion dollars, while resulting in a design with 15% larger radar visibility.

These announcements are made on the eve of a new round of IndoRussian negotiations, as New Delhi and Moscow are going to sign a contract on research and development work in relation to the FGFA as a derivative of Russia’s T-50.

FGFA is the official Indian designation for Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft. In the country of origin the same aircraft design is referred to as the T-50, which is the manufacturer’s inner designation, and the PAKFA, Russian acronym for Future Complex of Frontal Aviation. This new Indo-Russian contract will be handed over to Sukhoi upon completion of the previous work, that on development of a draft FGFA design under a contract worth 295 million dollars.

In December 2010 Russia and India signed a contract worth US dollar 295 million for the draft design of an advanced fighter for the Indian air force, the FGFA. About that time the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) published, on its Internet site, the following information about this project. It reads as follows: “The proposed FGFA will have air combat superiority, high tactical capability, group action capability in the regions even with poor communication support. The aircraft will have advanced features like Increased Stealth - Low radar crosssection (RCS), Internal deployment of weaponry, supersonic cruise and supersonic maneuvering capability, Data link and network centric warfare capability. FGFA will be codeveloped with Russians. Sukhoi

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Design Bureau (SDB) has been selected as the Russian agency for this development project.”

According to Indian sources, the FGFA shall carry 2.25 tons of weapons internally and up to 5.75 tons externally. The first flight is scheduled for 2015, with entry-intoservice for 2017-2018. In October 2011 Indian officials said their air force was planning acquisitions of 214 FGFAs. Defense minister A.K. Antony was quoted as saying his country is going to spend 25-30 billion dollars on the respective procurements. Single seat aircraft would count 166, the remaining 48 FGFAs would come in two seat

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

version. HAL sources gave an estiRADARS mation of FGFA development cost Earlier, on August 8, Sukhoi issued at US dollar 6 billion, and said the a statement saying that the T-50Indian share in the project would 3 (Side 53) began AESA testing. It be 35-40%. had been outfitted with AESA deIt should be noted that the Indian signed and built by the Scientific view on the next-generation fight- Research Institute of Instruments er often differs from that of Russian named after Tikhomirov (NIIP). The MoD and Sukhoi. This is due to dif- maker claims “considerable progferences in specifications from the ress” achieved right from the start respective air forces, and the Indian of ground testing and flight exdesire to have a considerable pro- periments, stating that the initial duction share in their customized tests “immediately brought stable version. In particular, local manu- results”. The radar has already demfacturers want to supply onboard onstrated admirable performance computers, navigation systems, which “corresponds to the existmultifunctional displays and self- ing level of best aviation systems defense equipment. Also, there are available elsewhere”. The maker altalks of another shape of the wing so states that the way of further deand control surfaces, and their lo- velopment of the radar capabilities cal manufacturing. At this stage of has been “confirmed”. It adds that FGFA development, it is rather ear- checks on PAKFA’s “optical chanly to speculate whether the Indian nels” have commenced as well. industry would manage to make its NIIP unveiled a full scale prototype big aspirations come true. of the AESA radar for the PAKFA at The Russian air force’s centennial MAKS’2009. This unit uses localanniversary on August 12, 2012 was ly produced components, includa convenient point to promote the ing solid-state transceivers, based PAKFA. That month Sukhoi made on “nanohetero structures”. It emtwo important statements about ploys “advanced technologies of recent developments in the course electronic control over radar beam”, of this program. It announced be- “for the first time in the indigenous ginning of the aerial refueling test practice”. The radar is built on modand checks on “a unique onboard ule principles and with unification radiolocation system fitted with ac- in mind, which allows its wide use tive phased array antenna” (effec- in modernization programs on intively, active electronically scanned service aircraft and antiaircraft dearray or AESA). fense systems. The technologies In the statement dated August employed in the new radar per21, Sukhoi said the T-50-2 (Side mit an increase in target detection 52) conducted initial trials to do ranges, and enable simultaneous with aerial refueling. The testing in- operations in both air-to-air and volved a Russian air force Il-78 tank- air-to-surface modes including recer aircraft and a Su-25UB twin seat ognition and classification of dechase plane manned by Russian air tected targets. These technologies force test pilots. During a dedicat- also permit engagement of seved sortie the T-50-2 made five con- eral targets at a time using precinections with the tanker. Sukhoi sion guidance munitions. The radar further stated this prototype is al- has integrated capabilities for seso being used on a separate test cure communications and electronprogram looking into issues of sta- ic countermeasures. bility, controllability, and stiffness The N-036 radar on the PAKFA is of aircraft in various flight config- an active electronically scanned arurations and different corners of ray (AESA) unit with 1,526 solidflights envelope, including super- state modules in its antenna, sized sonic regimes. Meantime, the first- 700 versus 900 mm. At MAKS 2009 built operable prototype is “com- Tikhomirov’s NIIP demonstrated an pleting preparations” to testing at experimental unit of this radar. Two high angles of attack and for super years later at MAKS 2011 the commaneuverability. pany exhibited a further improved

WEAPONS model. Tikhomirov continues the PAKFA radar development in a competitive environment. Competition is provided by another prominent local maker, Phazotron-NIIR. The latter has created the Zhuk-MA, also an AESA radar, for use on the MiG-35D. During flight trials, the Zhuk-MA demonstrated significant capabilities, including groundmapping modes and the ability to detect, track and shoot at aerial targets. In the course of demonstration flights, the MiG-35D prototype equipped with the Phazotron’s new radar was able to detect an aerial drone and destroy it with an air-toair missile.

Taking account of these and other recent developments, we can Program 2011-2020 call for acquisi- progress, and preparations to series come to a conclusion: in the past tion of 250 Su-34, Su-35 and T-50 production. Right now it is clear that few years Russia achieved signif- tactical fighters. the new design indeed belongs to icant progress in radar technolo- In an interview with Russian media, the fifth generation, it is the aircraft gies while developing both pas- the commander said: “The PAKFA of the future. It has big capabilities sive electronic scanning (improved is a principally new aircraft outfit- in acting against both aerial and Zaslon on the MiG-31BM, the ted with new avionics and next- ground targets. No doubt the air N-011M Bars on the Su-30MKI/MKM, generation radar. Work on it goes force needs the PAKFA. Sometimes Leninets B-004 on the Su-34 and on track, with three prototypes fly- I read in the press that we are lagN-035 Irbis on the Su-35 respective- ing and a fourth being prepared. ging behind the Americans in dely) and active electronic scanning A batch of fifth-generation fight- velopment of next generation air(Zhuk-MA on the MiG-35D, N-036 ers will go to the air force for op- craft… I have the ground to assert on the PAKFA and yet-to-be-named erational trials in 2013. First deliv- that we are not lagging behind unit on the Super 30) technologies. erable example is expected for de- them: we are creating the airplane livery in 2015. In all, we plan to pro- corresponding to the world’s level TESTING ON TRACK cure sixty such airplanes in a belief and one that in some areas has caSpeaking to local media on the that the T-50 will be much lighter pability that exceeds that of foreign occasion of the Russian air force and less expensive than its US ana- analogues”. centennial celebrations, command- logue, the F-22A Raptor”.

At Farnborough 2012, United er Gen. Victor Bondarev said PAKFA He further stated that “we have Aircraft Corporation president testing goes “within the agreed been following the PAKFA program Mikhail Pogosyan promised that timeframe and in accordance with decisions made earlier”. Three prototypes are in flight tests, “and we expect three more to join them in a short time”. Results of the testing done so far are “by far and large correspond to the specification that we put forward to this aircraft”. For the testing program to be completed, a total of fourteen prototypes will be assembled, Bondarev said, adding that a forth operable aircraft shall join the testing “shortly”. First [experimental] T-50 examples shall arrive at air force bases for evaluation in 2013, to be followed by production examples in 2015. Bondarev further stated that current procurement plans in frame of Russia’s Weapons

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a fourth PAKFA prototype would commence flights “shortly”. He added that Russia will continue to produce fourth generation combat jets alongside with PAKFA, for the sake of export and also to offer customers a choice of relatively inexpensive aircraft as compared to highlypriced “next-gen’s”. Meantime, Su35 prototypes have accumulated over 650 flights. Sukhoi must deliver an initial batch of six such aircraft to the Russian air force by the end of this year and launch quantity production in 2013. Development examples are currently undergoing weapons firing trials. The Su-35 currently uses the RLPK-35 “Irbis” set that includes a very powerful passive scanned array, but in future this aircraft can be outfitted with an AESA developed as a derivative of the PAKFA’s radar.

Over 120 test sorties have been ARMS Defence Technologies Review

performed by three PAKFA proto- 117 and two loud “bumps” were types since the maiden flight on heard. Thanks to the length of the January 29, 2010. In terms of sor- Ramenskoye runway - over 5,000 tie number, the pace seems to have meters - Sergei Bogan managed been rather slow. On the eve of to bring the airplane to a stop well MAKS’2011 the manufacturer stated before the aerodrome fence, for in its press release that PAKFA made which he not only applied wheel “nearly seventy” sorties. As the show brakes, but also deployed the brake was drawing to a close, the number parachutes. The pilot’s actions were reached 83. In early November 2011 right and timely, as he was dealing the manufacturer spoke about hav- with crippled and skidding airplane ing passed the 100 mark. The first which had already accelerated to prototype T-50-1(side number 51) 100km per hour. The incident hapbegan flying in January 2010, and pened at 13:57 local time when the the second (side number 52) in ear- show site was most crowded with ly March 2011, with the third (Side visitors who gathered for flight dis53) joining in November. The fourth play. Next day Saturn acknowledged [T-50-4] is still being prepared for the surge and traced its cause to a flying. Two more shall follow in the sensor supplying wrong readings to 2012-2013 timeframe. So far most the airplane’s control system. of flight test sorties have been per- It is interesting to note that the Suformed by Sukhoi test-pilot Sergei 35 examples powered by broadly Bogdan. He has proved his skills on similar Item 117S motors performed several occasions by safely curtail- immaculately at both MAKS’2011 ing test sorties after experiencing in August 2011 and the Russian engine malfunctions. These took air force centennial celebrations place on the eve of and then during in August 2012. The main goal for MAKS’2011 air show.

Sukhoi to make these most spectacular flight displays was to demonPROPULSION strate the quality of the Su-35’s reOn several occasions all opera- cently modified flight control sysble examples available at that time tem and the merits of thrust-vectortime were temporarily grounded ing. The Item 117S is a FADEC verdue to various technical reasons. sion, whereas the PAKFA has a cenThis fact points at teething prob- tralized comprehensive control syslems the new airplane experienced. tem for flight controls, onboard sysSome of those problems came from tems and powerplant. The latter is the NPO Saturn Item 117 engines. a feature of fifth-generation fightIn particular, on Sunday August 21, ers, not found in the previous genthe T-50-2 experienced a surge of eration. its starboard motor when it was Trying to play down what had haprunning at full afterburner on take- pened during MAKS’2011, Saturn off run. executive director Ilya Fedorov told That day two bursts of flames the media: “It was a test for the new erupted from the starboard Item machine. During flight trials on any

AL-31M3

WEAPONS lation on the PAKFA can be made as a contingency, and thus reduce the risks for the whole of PAKFA project.

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brand-new aircraft – and this airplane is undergoing flight trials – malfunctions such as this one are not only possible, but even mandatory”. Fedorov stated that flight trials are meant for finding and fixing would-be malfunctions “so that these do not happen after the new type becomes operational”. He further insisted that “the motor did not fail – in fact, it was put by erroneous control input into a wrong mode that caused a surge… this is not an engine failure, but the wrong data input caused by a malfunctioning sensor feeding data to the flight control system. After what had happened, the motor was checked with dedicated equipment, the malfunctioning sensor was replaced by a good one.

Today, there is no issue with this engine”. Within a month PAKFA resumed flying, leaving MAKS’2011 as both a big PR success and embarrassment at the same time.

Meantime, the Russian industry is working on a more advanced engine for the PAKFA. Saturn executive director Ilya Fedorov told Russian media that the PAKFA production examples will be getting the Item 129 motors starting in 2015. So far little is known about this model except that it shall deliver more thrust at afterburner than the Item 117.

In September 2011 the same theme was addressed by Vladislav Masalov, then-general director at Salut, another prominent Russian company specializing in development and production of jetfight-

er power plants. He said that Salut and the United Engine Corporation (ODK) which controls Saturn came to terms on joint development of “second phase” PAKFA motor. When ready, this unit will replace the Item 117 as PAKFA production gears up.

In early 2012 two design proposals were submitted to the defense ministry for comparative evaluation. At the same time, ODK and Salut agreed in general to cooperate on the new engine’s R&D and production regardless of which of the two design proposals is selected. Salut’s area of responsibility will cover low and high-pressure compressors, as well as the swivel nozzles.

Salut has a backlog of over 400 AL31F series engines, with shipments due by 2015, with 30/70 distribution between local and foreign customers. The company is conducting work on AL-31F improvement.

The AL-31F-M2 derivative has been tested on test rings at Salut and at the Central Institute for Aviation Motors (TsIAM) and proven capable of delivering the advertised thrust of 14,650kgf compared to 12,500kgf for the baseline motor. In April this year Salut said it is going to invest about 3.3 million dollars in addition to investments made earlier into that program so as to commence flights test later this year. The company is also developing the AL-31F-M3 able to deliver a thrust in excess of 15,200kgf. The AL-31F-M2 and, especially, -M3 provide a cost-effective alternative to both Item 117 and 129; their instal-

TRAINING The PAKFA is a direct replacement to the Su-27 family of heavyweight fighters. Sukhoi says the PAKFA is unique in many things, including an “electronic pilot” built-in function, a long-range multi-mode AESA radar, data gathering and a management system allowing real time information exchange with ground stations and airborne platforms. The developer further claims the airplane features “unmatched” low radar, optical and infrared signatures. The fighter house further claims that in addition to equipping Russian and Indian air forces with advanced airborne assets, the PAKFA program will also bring

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big benefits to the Russian aircraft manufacturing and other industries. It will secure Russia’s place among world’s leaders in aviation, boost her production and development capabilities, and will give further impulse to Russia’s ability to developed advanced aviation assets.

Mikhail Pogosyan, formerly head of Sukhoi and now president of Russia’s United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) states that PAKFA will have an international market of six hundred units. Bearing in mind earlier predictions about a total of 400500 sales in the anchor markets of Russia and India, this leaves 100-

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200 airframes needing to be sold put in place and is being executed. to other countries. When giving the We have reached an understandfigure of 600, Pogosyan spoke of ing [with the industry] and are now solvent demand in the PAKFA and working to settle financial issues its export derivatives. This makes pertaining to this program in order one think that lots of export re- to proceed with its execution”. strictions are expected to stay in The technologies of modern cenplace for long time, regarding the trifuges as part of advanced flight fifth generation fighter technolo- simulation have been addressed gies being developed jointly by by the Flight Test and Research Russia and India.

Institute named after Mikhail Because of the high technical com- Gromov (with the Russian acronym plexity and big capabilities, the LII). This institution is based at the PAKFA is likely to be “a place for ac- Ramenkoye aerodrome. LII operes” rather than a standard equip- ates a very advanced centrifuge ment for ordinary line units. Former built in late 1990s – early 2000s.

Russian air force commander Gen. This device has been intensively Zelin once said that only first-class used in the interests of the Su-35 pilots could fly that type of aircraft, and PAKFA development and also and even such experienced crews in programs to improve flying skills would need additional training to of Sukhoi and LII test pilots. handle the beast. He also stated that “our first priority is the PAKFA. LIGHTWEIGHT VERSUS Russia needs an airplane like that HEAVYWEIGHT one, to project force over her large Obviously, the PAKFA is going to distances, for maneuvering, for ful- be rather complex and expensive. fillment of the various tasks set Therefore, the Air Force has several for the air force.” Speaking of ad- times stated that it needed a next vanced air superiority fighters, he generation light fighter. Since the made a point about pilot train- industry has not come up with a ing. “In order for the line unit pi- suitable offer, the service continues lots to master and fully exploit the to buy time-proven MiG-29s and capability of new fighters, the air considers its newest derivative, the force is thinking of using a mod- MiG-35. In 2006-2008, after almost ern centrifuge. Using such a centri- a 15-year pause, the Russian MoD fuge, we plan to conduct training purchased 24 MiG-29SMT/UBTs. of our flight crews in maneuverable This boosted the air force’s MiG-29 and super maneuverable aircraft. inventory to about 200 units.

An appropriate program has been In February 2012 the MoD placed order for 24 MiG-29K/KUB deck fighters, with deliveries due in 2013-2015. Speaking on this occasion, MiG general manager Sergei Korotkov stated the ministry’s order came after the company spent many years on development, testing and setting up series production of the MiG-29K. “The MiG-29K and other versions derived from the baseline model shall ensure a stable workload for the company in the middle term,” he added.

Perhaps that is so, but the company’s most recent and capable MiG35 has so far not won a single order. Besides, there is little interest in “transitional” model MiG-29M2.

This is effectively a land-based version of the MiG-29KUB with a few innovations tried on MiG-35 devel-

WEAPONS that destroyed a drone using radar data for targeting.” On the company’s marketing strategy, Barkovsky said MiG will “aggressively promote” both naval (MiG-29K/KUB) and land-based (MiG-29M1/M2/35) models sharing a common platform with state-of-the-art avionics, improved engines, advanced construction materials, larger fuel stores and new weapons. “We believe this platform has a lot of potential and can generate sales over a long period of time,” he said. “We will develop this platform further [with] more fifth-generation technology insertions, such as the active radar, new optics and other sensors, state-of-the-art ECM and so on. We have already implemented fully digital fly-by-wire on the MiG-29K and flight-tested AESA radar and the newest composite materials on the MiG-35.”

In terms practical, the Russian air force’s primary interest lies with not lightweight, but heavyweight fighters. In the case of MiG products, the service shows greater interest in the heavy and supercruise-capable MiG-31 than the smaller MiG-29/35. In September 2011 the local customer signed for 30 MiG-31BMs: these are produced from standard MiG-31 interceptors taken from line units. The work involves deep upgrade of the MiG31’s onboard systems and restoration of its airframe. The MiG-31BM

opment prototypes.

Vladimir Barkovsky, chief of the MiG engineering center, said that in the course of MiG’s unsuccessful bid for India’s medium multirole combat aircraft (MMRCA) competition (the Russian offer of the MiG-35 was ditched in favor of the French one on the Dassault Rafale), the company demonstrated the performance of the ZhukMA on the MiG-35D demonstrator: “We demonstrated that the radar actually works in air-to-air and ground-mapping modes,” he explained. “It can select, discriminate and track targets. During these trials, the MiG-35 launched a missile

is already operational, with some twenty aircraft having been upgraded out of 180 MiG-31s in the inventory.

The same thing is with Sukhoi which sometimes ago offered a lightweight fighter design. It did not pass further than scaled models. Meantime, Sukhoi heavy weight multirole fighters occupy the central place in the Russian MoD procurement plans. The customer continues taking newly built and upgraded Su-27SM single seat fighters and accepts newly built Su-34 twin seat interdiction aircraft. It will soon be receiving the more advanced Su-35 single seat multi-

PAKFA

MiG-29M2

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WEAPONS 200 such aircraft out of 294 on order. In March 2012 the Russian defense ministry awarded Irkut an order for 30 Su-30SM strike fighters and respectively. Similar to the Su-35, the Su-30SM model features thrust vectoring. The Su-30SM is believed to be non-exportable derivative of the Malaysian air force Su-30MKM, differing in having the ability to fire the BrahMos PJ-10 high-speed strike missile and its non-exportable Alfa derivative.

The Russian air force has already received a considerable number of upgraded Su-27SM fighters. Recent additions come in the form of the Su-27SM3, examples of which were on static display at MAKS 2011 and in the air during the service’s centennial anniversary. The SM3 airframes are assembled from parts originally manufactured for what was meant to be “second batch” (95 airframes) of the big Chinese Su27SK order (totaling 200) but not executed by the intended customer (which decided that “first batch” of 105 Su-27SM was enough). In 2009 the Russian MoD awarded Sukhoi an order for 12 Su-27SM3s.

In December 2011 Sukhoi reported that deliveries were complete.

The airplanes were assembled at role fighter, for which it reportedly KnAAPO plant in Komsomolskplaced orders in excess of one hun- upon-Amur. dred units. KnAAPO assembled the The Su-27SM3 is a multirole fightfirst deliverable Su-35 and flew it in er capable of conducting ground May 2011. strikes using precision guidance Since 1996, the Sukhoi Su-30MKI/ munitions such as GLONASS/GPS MKM series of twin-seat multirole guided bombs. It differs from earfighters have been the milk caw lier Su-27SM variants in having a for Irkut, which has so far delivered beefed-up airframe to permit an increase in MTOW by over 3 tons.

It has additional hard points for weapons carriage. Heavier weight is compensated for by higher-thrust AL-31F-M1 motors manufactured

by MMPP Salut plant. As an added bonus, these engines have an extended service life. The Su-27SM3 has improved sighting and weapons package that includes new missiles. Sukhoi does not specify types, but says new air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles in the Su27SM3 arsenal have longer ranges.

A new EW suite improves survival chances in conditions of heavy enemy counteraction. Maintenance is

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eased through introduction of KIS “comprehensive information system” which monitors the condition of onboard systems.

The crew station is now a glass cockpit of four MFDs in lieu of 13 dial indicators on the original Su27S. A new onboard communications system is jam-proof and provides secured data links with ground command posts and airborne assets. Sukhoi claims that, compared to the Su-27S, the Su27SM3 is over two times more effective against aerial targets, and three times against ground targets.

Although the Su-27SM, Su-35 and PAKFA are all multirole fighters capable of ground strikes, the Russian air force prefers using dedicated interdiction aircraft, the Su-34, classed as “frontal bomber”. The Su-34 shall replace the aging Su-24 swing-wing aircraft, currently the most numerous type in the Russian air force’s combat aircraft inventory and the backbone of its frontal bomber fleet. Two squadrons have been rearmed with the new type.

Plans call for acquisition of 120 Su34s to equip five squadrons each of 24 aircraft. “This airplane has given a good account of itself in local conflicts and during the fulfillment of other important assignments. It looks like our industry has succeeded in the creation of one more “soldier airplane”. The air force will continue taking such airplanes, six in 2011, twelve more in 2012 and so on”. Sukhoi’s NAPO plant handed over four newly assembled Su34s to the air force on December 12, and two more on December 22.

The very fact that the Russian air force continues to take Su-27-family aircraft and gradually increase orders for their recent mutations, provides some ground to assert that the customer still sees considerable technical and industrial risks in timely completion of the PAKFA development and streamlining its manufacture. One of the challenges that Russia faces, is to develop modern construction materials and use them in quantity production.

Today, Russian fighters, although quite weight efficient, have relatively low percentages of compos-

WEAPONS ite materials in their airframes. The PAKFA shall be different. According to the project’s chief designer Aleksander Davidenko, the share of composite materials in his airplane’s construction weight shall come to 25%, while forming 70% of the airframe’s outer surface. He further stated that using large panels in the PAKFA shall decrease airframe parts count by four times compared to the Su-27. As a result, the newer fighter would require less labor to be built and thus less expensive to assemble.

EXPORTS In the whole of 2011 Russia delivered its overseas customers military equipment worth 12 billion dollars , representing almost a 16-percent increase on 2010.

Being the only authorized supplier of weapons to foreign countries, Rosoboronexport is responsible for about 90% of the nation’s arms exports (10.7 billion dollars in 2011 and 8.7 billion in 2010). As of late 2011, this dedicated arms exporting agency had a backlog of 35billion dollars.

New Delhi has been the largest customer. The total value of Indian orders in the Russian portfolio is estimated at 10.8 billion dollars. The Indian air force funded development of the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, so far the most popular export derivative of the baseline Flanker. For many years Russia has been keeping in the position of the world’s second-largest arms exporter after US. Last year Rosoboronexport had 57 countries among its clients, with Asia-Pacific being the largest market. Its share in the company’s exports amounted to 43%. AsiaPacific was followed by Middle East and Northern Africa with 24%, Latin America with 14% and Southern Africa with 7%. Equipment for air force continues to be the primary export content, with 51%. Second largest is equipment for land forces, at 21%. The naval and antiaircraft equipment each account for 11%.

On the eve of Farnborough 2012, Russia completed deliveries of Su30MK2 twin seat multirole fighters to Uganda. The respective

contract called for shipments in three batched each of two aircraft.

Russia’s state arms export agency Rosoboronexport signed preliminary agreement with the customer in April 2010 but then the sides negotiated on options and final price for over a year. Firm contract reportedly worth 740million dollars was signed in May 2011. The first delivery occurred in July same year, and second in October. It was reported that in September 2011 one of the delivered aircraft suffered a bird strike, causing its Lyulka-Saturn AL31F engine to flameout, but the aircraft landed safely on the remain- ernized its older MiG-23MLD intering second engine. Subsequently, ceptors. The country may also take the airplane was grounded for long a number of MiG-29M/M2 multirole time due to repairs. fighters along with additional Buk This fighter contract brought anti-aircraft systems.

Uganda to seventh place, with 4%, This year Russia is expected to exby the value of intake of Russian port further 50 Sukhoi fighters, inmilitary equipment in 2011, ac- cluding 30 kits, to India under the cording to the Moscow-based big license production program.

Center for Analysis of Strategies Also, India expects resumption of and Technologies (CAST). The lat- MiG-29K/KUB shipments along ter, combined with shipments of with more MiG-29UPG aircraft go31 T-90S main battle tanks and ing back home after modernization Kornet-E antitank missiles, placed and upgrades at MiG’s MAPO plant.

Uganda after India with 21%, The Center for Analysis of Strategies Algeria with 12%, Vietnam with 11%, and Technologies predicts that in Syria with 8%, Azerbaijan with 7% foreseeable future, fighters will stay and China with 5%. the post popular items of Russian CAST calculated that during 2011 military export.

Russian fighter deliveries were worth 1.69 billion dollars. Last year Russia delivered six complete SuVladimir Karnozov 30MKIs and ten kits to India, eight Su-30MKAs to Algeria, eight Su30MK2s to Vietnam and four Su30MK2s to Uganda. Mikoyan designs are second in the export stakes, with its 2011 deliveries valued at 800 million dollars. The lion’s share of these orders came from India, which has continued to take newly built MiG-29K/KUB deck fighters (16 already delivered and 29 more on order), and introduce into service MiG-29s upgraded into the UPG version. Meanwhile, production of the classic Fulcrum design is about to close down after completion of Myanmar’s order for 24 MiG-29UB/SEs, which is expected this year. Peru and Syria are understood to have completed the upgrade of their Fulcrum fleets, with the latter country also having mod-

The model of AESA radar on NIIP stand at MAKS2009

Phazotron ZhukMAE prototype on MiG-35 demonstrator

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ARMOR AND ECONOMICS The plant's chief executive Roman Chepurnov

uality of armored vehicles determines the ability of Land Forces to conduct defensive and offensive operations. The main battle tank (MBT) is a complex and expensive kind of weaponry.

Buying such equipment in worthwhile quantities is hardly possible from viewpoint of budgetary considerations: noone country could sustain such procurement. A more cost-efficient approach is timely upgrade and modernization of earlier acquired systems.

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As a rule, world leading nations undertake 2-3 modernization and upgrade programs on their MBTs during their lifetime. It is always a challenge to formulate a cost-efficient modernization program. On one hand, the customer wants to watch the budget and make sure the money allocated is well spent; on the other, the customer wants a substantial increase in the MBT's combat capability and its maintainability. Some interesting solutions in relation to the T-72 MBT are

WEAPONS offered by the 61-th armor repair plant in St. Petersburg (61BTRZ).

This article is based on our interview with the plant's chief executive Roman Chepurnov.

First off all, we started with the fact that the company's exhibit grabbed attention at the Engineering Technologies 2012 forum and expo in Zhukovsky near Moscow help past summer. Show visitors referred to it as the White tank. What is special about this exhibit? "Indeed, there was a high degree of interest in our exhibit, an improved version of the T-72(1B)", Chepurnov stated.

Such tanks, built to the manufac- The gist of the 61BTRZ's proposturing factory's standard, went to al is that it offers a worthy alterthe Soviet Army in large quanti- native to scrapping stored tanks. ties during the seventies and the Upon receiving specifications from eighties. Exportable variants found the MoD, the company conducted customers in a few foreign coun- R&D work and, later, produced a tries. Even today this MBT is con- demonstrator. It gives some undersidered quite powerful, mostly due standing how capabilities of a facto having the 125-mm smoothbore tory standard T-72(B1) can be upgun with good ballistic character- graded. The resulting MTB would istics. Contemporary designs from feature much better performance. the West typically had a less pow- Such upgraded tanks can generate erful 105-mm rifled gun which later a high demand in the global margave way to 120-mm smoothbore ket for weapons. artillery systems.

Respective modernization proAt the same time, some of the grams shall be undertaken through T-72(1B) systems have become out- Rosoboronexport, Russia's arms dated; they no longer meet latest vendor appointed by the Kremlin. requirements. It makes sense for "We consider this upgrade program their users to subject such tanks to a success because we managed to a modernization and upgrade pro- produced a demonstrator which gram that would turn their tanks fully meets the MoD's pecification, into something similar to the spec- and can be produced from a factoimen exhibited at the show. The ry standard in a cost-effective way", machine on display features much Chepurnov says. This became poshigher combat potential, while its sible thanks to a comprehensive cost is 2-3 times below that of a analysis done by the Russian MoD brand-new tank off production and industry enterprises working line. It is possible to carry out such closely with it. modernization and upgrade pro- Any upgrade program means an gram at a repair plant in a cost-ef- added cost. Should modernization ficient way. of an old tank target making it to As of autumn 2012, the Russian the level comparable to brand-new MoD has a large stocks of T-72(B1) machines? Will the associated exMBTs in storage. Many of those penses be justified? Shortly after have their assigned storage times the team behind this project startexpiring. At the same time, the ed their activities, they conducted armed forces of Russia and oth- a study trying to find answers to er countries continue to undergo the question "what do our customradical changes; their numerical ers need?" strength continue to decrease, in- This study helped painting a bigcluding the number of armored ve- ger picture. First requirement to hicles in the inventory. the modernized tanks is that it

T-72 must be an effective tool when used in defense of strategic objects, check points, strongholds and lines of defense. The tank must be effective in offensive operations. It is also important that the tank is affordable, easy and inexpensive to maintain. Upon completing a thorough analysis, the team focused its further activities on the above findings. In the process, they were listening carefully to opinions of tank crews who mastered the T-72(B1) and used it successfully in real combat situations. Wishes expressed by foreign customers were also taken into account.

What was the top priority? "The tank must deliver accurate fire", Chepurnov answers. That is why the team concentrated their efforts on improvements to the Fire Control System (FCS). When it comes to a real conflict, he who wins is not the one who fire first, but the one who hits first, knocking the opponent out of action. "All the rest has lesser importance. That is why the way we chose has prioritized FCS, while keeping the 125-mm bore cannon and the time proven layout of the tank". And this is what the Russian MoD's specification was all about.

The improved tank features the Seleng thermal observation gunnery sight (TOGS) that is a part in the Grab system. "We believe that this sight is the best on offer in the today's market", says Chepurnov with a rider that ultimately it is up to the customer to select a TOGS. He also stresses that this statement applies equally to MBTs and light3(64).2012

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T-72 production on the 61-th armor repair plant in St. Petersburg (61BTRZ)

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er armored vehicles in the Land Forces' inventory.

Besides, the improved tank features a supplementary optical sight from the Vologda optics mechanical plant. This is a new piece of equipment, and the one that enables the tank crew to deliver accurate fire in case the primary panoramic sight is out of order.

Using the Grab system gives equal conditions to the tank commander and the operator in relation to recognition and destruction of targets in day and night. This is achieved through the target tracking device working in "hunter-shooter" mode. In our case, the commander acts as "hunter", and the operator as "shooter". The commander has priority; he can transfer a target to the display of the shooter. This may be

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

used as some sort of targeting.

The demo example on display has a diesel generator that feeds all inner consumers with an electrical current of between 4 and 6 kWt. This allows to power all onboard systems consuming electric current without the need to start the main engine. This option improves saving features of the tank.

Communications are facilitated through a socket in the rear section of the tank's hull. There is a new radio station with better performance and reliability, including that in keeping a radio connection in poor conditions.

While the above listed systems have been added, the demo tank keeps a standard main engine. The latter features a high reliability and maintainability, achieved through mass production in Russia. The engine delivers enough power and, overall, provides a good match for the tank. This has been many times proved in the long service and successful employment of the T-72 tanks, both in Russia and abroad.

In factory's standard, the T-72(1B) had a gyro half-compass, to enable the driver navigate when th tank moves in water, in a closed environment and other confined conditions. The demo example is fitted with a topographic device that uses signals of the Glonass satellite

navigation system. Now, the tank can be controlled by both the commander and the driver. With suitable digital map downloaded into the computer memory, it is possible to make route planning with help of this topographic device.

Besides, the latter has a built-in self-checking and health-monitoring system complete with charts that advise how to fix would-be failures. This much facilitates crew members doing repairs in the field.

The demo tank on display at the Engineering Technologies 2012 was painted white. This color is that of piece. Roman Chepurnov explains: "Our tank can be effectively employed on peace keeping missions; it is well suited for work on check-points and strongholds. Quite often peace keepers place APC in such places. Now it is possible to use tanks as well. This is because our demo tank features very good all-round vision, comparable to that of an APC. In some cases, using heavier armored vehicles would allow the peace keepers to be more effective and solve their tasks with less loses".

The 61BTRZ expects the improved T-72 to sell well in the global market. A high degree of interest is expected from those nations that already operate Russian tanks bought from Rosoboronexport.

WEAPONS

Right now the project leader and Rosoboronexport are completing the process of acquiring all sorts of permits and approvals for export sales. They are putting together a complete package for foreign customers, covering onboard tank systems, technical support, supply of space parts, crew training, various services etc. Issues of after sales support take very important place in the whole project. The Russian exporters have understood it well that without a comprehensive customer support it is very hard to sell military hardware in the competitive environment.

There are some positive moments that makes the 61BTRZ predict high solvent demand in the new product. A few countries round the globe have been operating Russian equipment; they are used to Russian machinery and weaponry, know how to operate them in an effective way, how to make use of the existing infrastructure and local specialists in support of that equipment. A few countries have large quantities of the T-72 tanks, and big stockpiles of spares

and expendables to them. Those countries see the need in expanding their cooperation with Russia in the field of new deliveries, as well as upgrade and modernization of in-service equipment.

The 61BTRZ is ready to work with those customers through Rosoboronexport. Deals may include qualifying customer's mechanics in the upgraded tank. The enterprise has amassed some experience in dealing with foreign customers - and this may help in solving would-problems that the customers might have in relation to Russian-made hardware. Setting up a cost-effective system of keeping Russian-made armored vehicles intact is a challenging task. And it is possible to build that system and make it effective with help from Rosoboronexport and specialized Russian companies.

Why should foreign customers go for it? The 61BRTZ believes the rich experience this enterprise has amassed may speak in its favor. In addition to many success stories related to in-service armor vehicles, the 61BTRZ has recently completed

a very special work on restoration of WW2-wintage T-34 tanks and Su-100 self-propelled artillery pieces on traced chassis. In November 2009 the plant won governmental orders for restoration of 11 tanks and 10 self-propelled cannons and putting them into a working condition. After field trials, the customer accepted the work in March 2010.

After this special assignment was fulfilled, the old vehicles have been participating in different shows and military parades. In particular, these machines took part in the May 9 parade in 2011, during which they drove through the Red Square.

Another special assignment was that for a series of GPM-54 firefighting machines on the chassis of the outdated T-54 and T-55 main battle tanks. Selection of the given chassis was due to its high simplicity and reliability, as well as the ability to withstand high ambient temperatures. The GPM-54 is fitted with modern highly effective systems for putting down flames.

Vladimir Karnozov 3(64).2012

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Dear friends!

I’m very glad to address the friendly nations of India, with whom we, Russians, have been friends and economic partners for many years. Our country highly respects the nations of India, their people and ancient culture. Now I’m 92 and have been interested in developing our relations for almost all my life. Many times I have visited your country, talked much, seen the cheery and happy faces of your people in the streets and I highly 22

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appreciate the generosity and hospitability of this multinational country.

I am familiar with the principle of non-resistance to evil promoted

by Mahatma Gandhi. According to this principle, India tries to pursue a peaceful policy. Nevertheless, there are a lot on ongoing conflicts in the world. So, India has to support its military potential at the level which is sufficient to protect firm peace and safety of its citizens.

I’m guided by this principle, too – I invented my weapons not for war but for protecting my Motherland in severe times. I wanted to create a simple and reliable weapon that can be used by every soldier to defend its country.

A weapon should be simple and easy-to-use in battle. All necessary is simple and all complicated is useless. It is its simplicity that gives it enormous advantage over any similar weapon. Even the Americans say nobody will create anything better than the Kalashnikov assault rifle for another several decades. As for me, I’m waiting for somebody to build a better weapon. I’m studying research works carried out by young talented engineers now and always support them. Yet, it is a highly complicated task to create a thing, which is complicated in design but easy in employment.

Due to the variety of configurations, the assault rifle can be used in any conditions – in severe frost or scalding sun. The Kalashnikov proved its efficiency long ago – it was rolled in the desert dust, drowned in marshes but it remained a reliable companion of every soldier anyway. It is simple and reliable, which makes it a versatile weapon adopted by the armed forces of many countries.

As early as the 1950’s, under different assistance programmes, the Soviet Union transferred licenses for the production of Kalashnikovs to many countries which still continue to manufacture it without any rights. Poor quality of materials, mistakes in the production process and the lack of advanced technologies worsened the quality of unlicensed weapons. Moreover, the assault rifle was repeatedly modernized for more than 60 years of its production and, consequently, the pirate manufacturers have hopelessly fallen behind the original producer. It is vital, however, that the assault rifle should be simple and trouble-free in battle. So, I call for using weapons manufactured by its original designer – Concern IzhMASH. I wish all the nations of India peace and prosperity as well as reliable weapons in hands of your soldiers!

Mikhail Kalashnikov

WEAPONS BUSINESS

ASSAULT RIFLES FROM THE CITY OF IZHEVSK 2012 WILL BE THE YEAR OF THE 65TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KALASHNIKOV ASSAULT RIFLE (AK), WHICH IS A WORLD FAMOUS WEAPON AND THE PROGENITOR OF SEVERAL GENERATIONS OF COMBAT AUTOMATIC WEAPONS. MOREOVER IT BECAME THE BASIS FOR A VAST SERIES OF SMALL ARMS.

s far back as in 1990s a famous American historian of weapons Edward Ezell, Head of Armed Forces history department and keeper of National museum of American history collection of small arms stated, that there nothing better than the Kalashnikov assault rifle would appear till 2025. Since numerous models of combat individual weapon have been presented at the market but none of them have worn down the forecast of the American researcher.

OJSC "IZHMASH" was the first plant to start serial production of Kalashnikovsystem assault rifles in 1949. Ever since “IZHMASH” has been the main manufacturer of AK-family weapons.

Operational safety, durability, easy maintenance and mastering of the assault rifles manufactured in Izhevsk are acknowledged world-

A

wide and tested in conflicts of vari- are not rare to tell the whole truth. ous level of intensity, in various cli- According to the information of FSUE matic conditions including moun- “Rosoboronexport”, the USSR in the tains, deserts, jungles, sea shore etc. due time provided licenses for proIt’s common knowledge that com- duction of the Kalashnikov system bat and operational characteristics assault rifles to 18 countries. The proof a weapon are determined not duction was organized with the paronly by features of the device but ticipation of the Soviet specialists by the technology of production as in 1950s-1970s with the application well. In due time at “IZHMASH” par- of up-to-date technologies. Besides, ticularly the system of the assault ri- 11 more countries started producfle was modernized to the top level tion of the “clones” of the assault riof reliability which let AK and its de- fle without appropriate agreement. scendants become standard of reli- But nevertheless copies are always ability and viability for combat small worse than the original. It is perfectarms. Interchangeability of parts, in- ly true, accounting the fact, that the cluding magazines is an essential ad- original has been sufficiently modvantage of assault rifles manufac- ernized in its home country. tured in Izhevsk. It sufficiently increases maintainability of the weapKALASHNIKOV ASSAULT RIFLES on unlike some foreign “clones” of OF THE FOURTH GENERATION the assault rifle in which individuThe AK and AKS assault rifles al adjustment of parts and necessi- (known world-wide as AK-47 and ty to utilize only original magazines AKS-47) with 7.62x39 caliber interme3(64).2012

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AK-101 diate – also known as “assault rifle” cartridge were the first generation of the Kalashnikov system. As a result of modernization aimed at increase of grouping of fire and processobility characteristics the second generation including such assault rifles as AKM, AKMS, AKMN, AKMSN emerged.

1974 saw the entering in the inventory of the third generation of the Kalashnikov system including АК 74, АКS 74 assault rifles and their versions and light MGs together with the 5.45x39 caliber low-pulse cartridge, which ensured greater ballistic specifications of the weapon. Later within the same generation the AKS 74U short barreled assault rifle and its versions fitted with night sight and silencer appeared.

The fourth generation was started with the 5.45-mm AK 74 assault rifle put into service of the Russian Armed Forces in 1993. The assault rifle is fitted with folding plastic buttstock and

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side bar for mounting of night and optic sights and can replace such assault rifles as AK 74, AKS 74, AK 74N, AKS 74N. At the same time in early 1990s OJSC “IZHMASH” initiated designing of several versions of the assault rifle to fire world-wide spread rounds such as 7.62х39, 5.45х39 и 5.56х45 (NATO) on the basis of AK 74M. To normalize the digital codification the “«one hundred»” index was assigned to all that models. Previously the digits after the AK abbreviation meant the year of model design, but in case of the «one hundred»-series the digital designation means index number of the model.

The main advantages of the AK assault rifles of the fourth generation compared to its predecessors (both Russian and foreign) are as follows: ■ i ncreased durability of breech piece ensures utilization of newly designed rounds of improved kill effectiveness;

■d ecrease of overall weight of movable parts reduced the pulse of hit of movable automatics system in end positions which ensures greater stability of the weapon in automatic mode and greater accuracy correspondingly; ■ i mproved muzzle break ensures greater grouping of automatic fire, its effective operation as flash reducer makes utilization of night sights easier; ■ f olding left buttstock provides easy weapon handling on the move, during transportation or airdrop. The weapon is still able to fire even with the buttstock folded.

Among other improvements of the assault rifle design increased barrel and receiver stiffness, presence of stop-pin at the slide spring, which prevents the cap of the receiver from selfseparation during fire from the grenade launcher are worth mentioning.

Up-to-date technologies implemented at” IZHMASH” are applied to produce assault rifles. Such technologies include production of great number of parts by precision casting, new anti-corrosion coatings, automated quality system. Sophistication of bore chroming technology increased its recourse. Impact-resistant (glass-nylon composite) plastic buttstock, grip, forearm, handguard assembly, magazine cases make weapon handling comfortable on the one hand and increases environmental resistance of the weapon from the other hand. In low temperature and high humidity conditions the plastic parts of the weapon retain not only durability stiffness and form but warmth for the palms of the shooter and good cohesion as well.

The AK101 (6P43 index) made for firing 5.56x45 (NATO) round was the first in the series «one hundred». Its lower weight version AK102 (6P44) has a shorter barrel. Thus the barrel of this version is less shortened than the one of the above mentioned 5.45-mm AKS 74U. On the one hand it meets the characteristics of the 5.56x45 round and on the other hand lets not to move back the gas chamber without shortening the rod of the gas piston and not to change the design of the bore. It means that within the series «one hundred» the light-

WEAPONS BUSINESS weight assault rifle is greater unified with the long-barrel version than in case of the AKS 74 and the AKS 74 of the previous generation. Due to shortening of the barrel the effective range of fire is reduced twice and the sight bar of AK102 is notched for 500 m only. Mounting of improved flash reducers similar to AK 74M or AKS 74U is also available.

The АК103 (6P45) assault rifle is in fact a version of AK 74M fitted for a popular round 7,62х39. As a result the АК103 replaces the old AKM at a new level of technologies and 7.62-mm assault rifles retain their popularity among customers.

The light-weight АК104 (6P46) is sault rifle in close combat: “If it is strained, but after being acquaintan analogue of АК102 fitted for the complemented with a silencer noth- ed with the innovations of «one hun7,62х39 round, and the АК105 (6P47) ing else will be required”. And soon dred» series, could not fail to note is fitted for the 5,45х39 round. new versions of tactical silencers for that they "represent a reasonable imThe assault rifles of series «one the assault rifles which met the re- provement of the world's most pophundred» kindled interest of such quirements of special troops were ular assault rifle, whose design has agencies of the Ministry of the introduced. The ATG detachable thousand times proved its reliabilInterior, Federal Security Service, silencer ensures fire without flash ity and survivability on the battleBorder Security forces of the Russian with regular rounds as well as lower fields of countless wars". Especially he Federation. Supplies of the assault ri- sound and diffusion of sound trace pointed out 5.56-mm models. fle to this agencies go on. Supreme which makes detection of shooter «One hundred» series assault rifles commander of the internal troops of harder. When used along with the are fitted with a side rail for mountthe Ministry of the Interior General AK103 and AK104 assault rifles to- ing optical, night or red-dot sight. of the Army N.E.Rogozhkin in his in- gether with a special round US (sub- By Russian standards these could be terview for the Red Star newspaper in sonic speed of bullet) ATG fitted a shooting optical sights 1P29, 1P76, March, 2009 said: “Reliable, time-test- with obturator work as silent and 1P78 and night sights 1PN51 1PN93ed and faultless Kalashnikov assault ri- flash-free firing device, which en- 1. However, the assault rifles have fle is still in service with the troops. In sures complete concealment of fir- been presented fitted with "Picatinny" many ways the effectiveness of small ing position. bars on the cover of the receiver, on arms depends of the munitions. So, «one hundred» series assault rifles the forearm and gas joint that allows supplies of munitions with sophis- are available abroad as well. Great mounting sights, laser designators, ticated combat characteristics have number of assault rifles was deliv- and other appliances of foreign manbeen initiated for special troops and ered to Venezuela, whose president, ufacture. reconnaissance units”.

Hugo Chavez, rated the AK system It is natural that finalization of An interesting note was made by in the following way: "...it is more the assault rifle was carried out in the representatives of the Ministry than an assault rifle, I say: this is the point of round as well. Such plants of the Interior at the demonstra- best assault rifle in the world. On the as CJSC “Barnaul cartridge plant” tion of new weapons during the planet there is no weapon like that. and FSUE “TsNIITOCHMASH” took INTERPOLITEX-2005 show concern- " A famous American weapons ex- part in the activity. For example, the ing the application of the AK104 as- pert Peter J. Kokalis was far more re- AK101 and AK102 assault rifles can

AK-103

3(64).2012

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25

WEAPONS BUSINESS SPECIFICATIONS OF «ONE HUNDRED» SERIES ASSAULT RIFLES Assault rifle

АК101

Round

АК102

5,56х45 NATO 5,56х45 NATO

АК103

АК104

АК105

7,62х39

7,62х39

5,45х39

Weight with empty magazine, kg

3,6

3,2

3,6

3,2

3,2

Weight with loaded magazine, kg

4,0

3,6

4,1

3,7

3,6

Weight of empty magazine, kg

0,23

0,23

0,25

0,25

0,23

Length with bayonet with unfolded buttstock, mm

943

824

943

824

824

Length without bayonet with folded buttstock, mm

704

586

704

586

586

Length of barrel, mm

415

314

415

314

314

Sight radius, mm

377

278

377

278

278

Muzzle velocity, mps

910

850

715

670

840

Cyclic rate of fire, rpm

600

600

600

600

600

Combat rate of fire, rpm

40 / 100

40 / 100

40 / 100

40 / 100

40 / 100

Effective range of fire, m

1000

500

1000

500

500

Range of direct shots at a 50 cm height target (chest figure)

450

400

350

300

400

Magazine capacity, rounds

30

30

30

30

30

be used with cartridges of 5.56 x45 type of both foreign (e.g. SS109) and Russian (RS101 cartridge with enhanced penetration bullet) production. To fire the AK103 and AK 104 the 7.62-mm 57-H-231cartridge with a bullet with steel core, with a 7N23 armor-piercing bullet, to fire the AK105 the 5.45-mm cartridge with an ordinary bullet 7N6, 7N10 with enhanced penetration bullet , 7N22 and 7N24 armor-piercing bullets may be used. As a result, weapons can be delivered to the customer along with the ammunition of increased killing power. The fact that in the assault rifles of «one hundred» series such cartridges may be used without compromising the reliability and survivability of the weapons has already been mentioned.

Ability to use new ammo variants and different sights let us speak about the new generation of not only assault rifles but the whole complex of "round - weapon - sights.". This

complexity is a distinctive feature of security agencies and “civil” marthe Izhevsk «one hundred» series as- ket of the weapons. These versions sault rifles compared to their “clones” were designated as АК101-1, АК102-1, offered by the foreign manufacturers. АК103-1, АК104-1.

The “clones” have, as a rule, some sinAnother direction of modificagle changes and modifications (ad- tion is represented by the followjustments for another type of sight, ing assault rifles: АК101-2, АК102-2, various forms of buttstock and pistol АК103-2, АК104-2 и АК105-2. The firgrip etc.). In some cases foreign prod- ing mechanism of these rifles proucts have only new fashionable exte- vides both single fire and semi-aurior (“Picatinni” at all the sides, fore- tomatic fire options as well as threearm fitted with front handle) which shot option – ripple fire is considered doesn’t make worse the handling of to be the most effective one for a the weapon and add little to its com- side-arm in close combat. Counting bat characteristics. of shots is performed by the ratchKeeping of the reliable design of et enabled by a swivel lever durAK in the «one hundred» series pro- ing recoil and recovery of movable vides the opportunity to fit it with parts. After the third shot the ratch40-mm grenade launchers and bayo- et releases the sear, which takes over nets as well as to use organic mounts the trigger and the fire is stopped. of IFV, APC and cargo and attack heli- The most interesting feature of this copters without modifications. mechanism is the way additional elAssault riffle with a firing mech- ement are incorporated in the unianism providing a single fire option fied design of the firing mechanism are intended for supply to the law- – it was not necessary to change its enforcement agencies, paramilitary principle design.

AK-104

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

WEAPONS BUSINESS

AK-9 The «one hundred» series assault rifles showed great resource for modernization, provided by the basic “Kalashnikov system”. They combine experience gained and the traditions of the chief producer of AK assault rifles with the implementation of new directions of modernization of combat small arms and technologies of production. Maintenance of the weapon has also become easier compared to the assault rifles of the third and the second generation.

Combat characteristics of the Izhevsk assault rifle can be considered on the basis of such an example. The autumn, 2011 saw the comparative testing of the AK 74M and its foreign analogues such as M16A1 and M16A4 assault rifles. The test was carried out at the premises of the State demonstration and testing center of FSUE “TsNIITOCHMASH” in Klimovsk.

Shooters of various qualification took part in that testing.

It turned out that the M16A1 assault rifle has an advantage over the AK 74M in single shot fire at a stationary (low Doppler target, target without lateral motion) target due to greater length of barrel (slightly over 100 mm) and a sight line, diopter sight, better quality of accuracy of fire ammunition . However, when shooting with red-dot sight the AK 74M showed almost equal results with the M16A1 - and yet in close combat the speed of sighting and opening of fire can be much more vitally important than accuracy demonstrated at the firing range. During the rest of testing including automatic fire, fire in difficult conditions the AK 74M proved its advantage

over the analogues. As for the reliability of operation especially in difficult conditions the practice has determined everything and it’s necessary to prove, that in reliability even the latest versions of the M16 system are far from the AK system.

Long-barrel assault rifles of «one hundred» series have the same advantages. As for the light-weight models equality is to be expected. It’s enough to mention that the M16A1 rifle has lower grouping of automatic fire than its short-barrel “clone” M4 (M4A1).

NIKONOV ASSAULT RIFLE In 1980s works on the qualitative improvement of the combat characteristics of the most massive individual automatic weapon were widely deployed in various countries.

According to military experts, under present conditions the ability to defeat the enemy with the first short and precise burst is an important condition for achieving victory in a fire fight. Moreover, it ensures ammunition save and and allows longer fir-

ing efficiency. Studies of the Soviet specialists have shown that the solution of this complex problem should be found in the increase of accuracy of fire burst from unstable positions such as on the move, from the halt, from the hip, unsupported fire 5-10 times.

In 1981 the USSR began development work on the "Abakan" in order to create an army assault rifle of increased efficiency. Among the various solutions there was a proposal to use a brand new scheme of automatic weapons with a shifted recoil momentum. The greatest success in its implementation of the idea was achieved by a designer of "Izhmash" G.N. Nikonov (1950-2003). After a long testing the assault rifle of his system was adopted under the designation the 5.45-mm Nikonov assault rifle AN 94 of 1994 design in 1997. Serial production of the assault rifle was started in Izhevsk in 1998 Gas gear of automatics and automatic locking system with a rotating bolt were used in the AN 94. The

SPECIFICATIONS OF AN 94 Round

5,45х39

Weight without magazine, bayonet and sling

3.85 kg

Length without bayonet with buttstock unfolded

943 mm

Length without bayonet with buttstock folded

728 mm

Length of barrel

405 mm

Sight radius

520 mm

Muzzle velocity

900 mps

Cyclic rate of fire

1800 / 600 rpm

Effective range of fire (with mechanical sight) Range of direct shots at a 50 cm height target Magazine capacity

700 m 440 m 30 rounds 3(64).2012

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INNOVATIONS BUSINESS design of the unit provides separation of firing unit and guard, and the firing unit is installed in the guard by the "carriage" scheme. The assault rifle can fire in three modes.

When firing a fixed burst firing unit comes to the rearmost position after two high rate rounds (1800 rpm), and the bullet leave the barrel before the assault rifle has been shifted by the impact of recoil. It is also possible to conduct single shot fire and automatic fire with the rate of 600 rpm.

Reliable operation of the feeding mechanism is ensured by a push-pull round loading system.

Automatics with the shifted recoil momentum, high-rate fixed burst fire and diopter sight with great Sight radius, complex muzzle unit (combining muzzle break and flash reducer) are aimed at increase of kill probability after the first burst. As a result the Nikonov assault rifle sufficiently exceeds all the known automatic small arms of serial production in combat effectiveness.

Two-position button-type non-automatic safety device with a wide

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

button is mounted near the trigger guard and the selector lever is located to the left under the trigger. On the left side of the guard there is a bar for mounting of optic, red-dot or night sight.

Plastic guard and handguard made handling with the assault rifle more comfortable. The folding to the right buttstock and pistol grip are made of high impact plastic.

Combat performance of the AN are tested during utilization of the assault rifle in the Russian Armed Forces including special troops.

SUCCESSORS OF AK ASSAULT RIFLE In 1990s - 2000s Izhevsk designers have greatly expanded the unified small "family" on the basis of the Kalashnikov system by including new types of combat weapons. In accordance with the requirements of time and the situation in the country, the weapon was intended primarily for the use by officers of law enforcement departments and special troops.

In early 1990s V.M. Kalashnikov and A.E.Dragunov developed a submachine gun fitted for pistol cartridge 9x18 PM by the order of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation at “IZHMASH”. In 1996 it entered service of the Ministry of the Interior designated as PP-19 "Bizon-2."

With a new system of automatics on the basis of free bolt recoil and original feeding system based on the screw-type under-barrel magazine of large capacity “Bizon-2” retained a number of serial features.

Later the SMG became baseline for a series of SMGs fitted for rounds of 9х18, 9х19, 9х17 type produced both in Russia and abroad. In particular in 2001 the Ministry of the Interior included In the inventory the «Bizon-2.01» fitted for 9х19 type rounds. There are 12 versions of “Bizon-2” with various types of buttstock, firing mechanism, integrated silencer and other parts.

Also in accordance with specifications provided by the Ministry of the Interior the design bureau of “IZHMASH” headed by V.M.Kalashnikov created a 9-mm Vitiaz-SN PP-19-01 box magazine fed sub-machine gun included in

the inventory of the Ministry in 2005.

The SMG can fire various rounds of 9х19 type including Russian 7Н21 rounds with high penetration bullet and 7Н31 with armor-piercing bullet. The effective range of fire of the SMGs fitted for 9х19 round is 200 m.

The design of the Vitiaz-SN is no less than 70% unified with the AK assault rifles of the «one hundred» series and SMGs of the “Bizon-2” PP-19 series. Such unification ensured not only succession at mastering the weapon, production and customer but reliability and easy handling of the baseline assault rifle as well. For dimensions and weight, speed of opening fire, stability and control when shooting, as well as ability to mount various devices Izhevsk SMGs meet modern requirements for this type of weapon. The effective range of fire is - 400 m.

On the basis of AK of "one hundred" series the AK9 assault rifle fitted for the 9x39 type round with the low-velocity bullet was designed. Automatics and barrel locking assembly of AK9 are similar to AK 74M with changes caused by the use of another round. The assault rifle is fed by a detachable box magazine with the capacity of 20 rounds.

Another weapon created by "IZHMASH" by the order of law enforcement agencies is the 12-caliber 18,5 KS-K smoothbore carbine. According to its "origin" it comes from a series of rifled and smoothbore carbines Saiga.

This series was created by the designers of “IZHMASH” on the basis of the Kalashnikov system in 1990s-early 2000s and was highly appreciated both in the Russian and foreign civil market being a convenient and reliable hunting and self-defense weapon. The series of 12-caliber Saiga-12 carbines turned out to be the most popular.

The combination of combat base system with the experience of designing and technological development of vast series of commercial weapons provided an excellent basis for the development of combat self-loading shotguns for "police" purposes. After modernization the "civil" Saiga-12K carbine became combat "Saiga-12 Isp.030" - it was adopted under the designation of 18,5 KSS-K. The figure «18,5» in the designation is related to the fact, that the 12th

INNOVATIONS BUSINESS caliber of the smoothbore rifle corresponds to diameter of the bore of 18.5 mm. In accordance to its purpose,

the 18.5 KS-K is aimed to fire lethal and nonlethal rounds. The effective range of fire is up to 35 m for lead shot, up to

50 m for canister and up to 90 m for lead bullet.

As for the “civil” version of the Saiga-12K carbine it currently remains

the most popular smoothbore weapon of the 12th caliber used by most national teams in shooting contests.

S. Fedoseev

ANNEX Comparative specifications of assault rifles MODEL Country Round Length with unfolded buttstock, mm Length with folded buttstock, mm Length of barrel, mm Sight radius, mm Weight without rounds, kg Muzzle velocity, mps Cyclic rate of fire, rpm Effective range of fire, m Magazine capacity, rounds

АК101 Russia 5,56х45 NATO

М16А4 USA 5,56х45 NATO

MK16 SCAR-L Belgium / USA 5,56х45 NATO

FNC Belgium 5,56х45 NATO

G36 Germany 5,56х45 NATO

943

1033

848

997

1000

—

—

766

758

415 377

508 501

333 —

449 513

480 —

3,6

3,55

3,7

3,8

4,0

910 600

948 700–950

800 600–650

915 625–700

920 750

1000

800

500

400

600

30

20 or 30

20 or 30

30

30

704

Comparative specifications of sub-machine guns MODEL Country Round Length with unfolded buttstock, mm Length with folded buttstock, mm Length of barrel, mm Weight without rounds, kg Muzzle velocity, mps

PP-19-01 VITIAZ-SN Russia 9х19 (7Н21, 7Н31, Para)

MP5 A3 HECKLER AND KOCH Germany 9х19 Para

698

660

458

490

237,5 3,0 370 (7Н21)

225 2,72 400

Cyclic rate of fire, rpm

700

800

Effective range of fire, m Magazine capacity, rounds

200 30

200 15 or 30

Comparative specifications of smoothbore self-loading carbines MODEL Country Round Length with unfolded buttstock, mm Length with folded buttstock, mm Length of barrel, mm Weight without rounds, kg Magazine capacity, rounds

18.5 KS-K Russia 12/70, 12/76

М1014 (М4 SUPER 90) USA /Germany 12/70, 12/76

SPAS-15 FRANKY Italy 12/70

970

1011

958

725

886

705

430 3,8 4 or 8

470 3,8 6 or 7

400 3,8 3 or 6 3(64).2012

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INNOVATIONS WEAPONS

NAVAL ARTILLERY AMMUNITION MODERN STATE AND PERSPECTIVE

D

Sergey Rusakov, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Mechanical Engineering Research Institute” 30

●

espite all the variety and strength of missile weaponry, naval artillery still remains an important component of different class ship’s armament and coastal units of Russian and foreign navy.

The main missions of naval artillery are as follows: ■■ Anti-aircraft ship defense in combination with AA rocket systems.

■■ Defeat of surface and land targets.

■■ Support of landing of marines.

■■ Land forces fire support.

■■ Counter landing missions (coastal artillery).

■■ Patrol and boarder service, counter piracy missions etc.

The missions, mentioned above, are carried out using respective artillery rounds that, in combination with auxiliary rounds, constitute ammuni-

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

WEAPONS INNOVATIONS tion loads of naval and coastal artillery systems.

FSUE “NIMI” is the leading developer of 76 mm, 100 mm and 130 mm artillery rounds that present the firepower of modern Russian naval artillery.

Nowadays there are the following rounds for AK-726 and AK-176 naval gun mounts: ■■ Rounds with high-explosive projectiles (HE) and VGh-67 point detonating fuze.

■■ Rounds with HE anti-aircraft projectile and AR-51 LM radio proximity fuze.

The rounds are developed to eliminate small visible surface and land targets as well as air attack means at ship’s close defensive line, including “dead” zone of AA rocket systems’ range. Auxiliary rounds with practice and drill projectiles are also in service.

As for AK-100 and A190 the following rounds are developed: ■■ Rounds with HE projectile and V-429 point detonating fuze.

■■ Rounds with AA projectile and DVM-60M1 mechanical time fuze.

■■ Rounds with AA projectile and AR32 radio proximity fuze and its modifications.

The rounds are designed to defeat warships and transport vessels in duel combat, to suppress land targets as well as to defeat air attack means at ship’s close defensive line.

The ammunition loads also contain drill, practice and discharging rounds.

130 mm rounds for AK-130 naval gun mount and A-222 coastal artillery defense system (as part of artillery system “Bereg”) include: ■■ Rounds with HE projectile and 4MRM base fuze (penetrating projectile, detonates behind target area).

■■ Rounds with AA projectile and DVM-60M1 mechanical time fuze.

■■ Rounds with AA projectile and AR32 radio proximity fuze and its modifications.

The rounds mentioned above are designed to destroy enemy’s defense bases, warships and transport vessels, air attack means at close defensive lines. Auxiliary rounds include drill, warming, discharging and practice ones.

The modern naval ammunition are fixed, that allows to use all naval gun mounts’ potential in rate of fire, which is up to 120 rounds per minute (e.g. in 76 mm guns). Yet it required thorough work in developing rounds and assembly technology. Due to motion along a complicated feeding tract and during seating to the gun’s chamber, a round is subject to strong reversal axial and lateral overloads.

The mentioned rounds, developed by FSUE “NIMI” in cooperation with other research institutes and plants are supplied to foreign countries as well as to Russian Navy.

Effectiveness and high reliability of rounds are provided by decades of complex R&D, technologies and quality control during manufacture process.

Today researchers, designers and production engineers are carrying out the mission of sufficient improvement of naval artillery rounds that would be competitive among the world’s best rounds. We should replace obsolete, outdated items with more effective and universal ammunition. Simultaneously ammunition suits have to be amended with new types of artillery rounds that will sufficiently improve functions and possibilities of naval artillery during preparation and combat.

The progress in these spheres is connected with and based on the achievements in science and technology, new fields such as microelectronics, information science and nanotechnologies as well as in traditional science.

As for fuzes and detonation devices the breakthrough in microelectronics is a question of principle.

Multi functionality and adaptability to target of the so called “smart fuzes” allows to drastically improve ammunition lethality against various types of targets.

The technology of data input with the use of inductive fuze setter in combination with digital fire control system allows inputting all possible precise settings in fuze or detonation device.

Today for trajectory correction it’s possible to use information from satellite navigation sys-

tem GLONASS on board a projectile with subsequent generation of steering commands to actuating correction device.

Traditional ways of modernizing artillery rounds are also applicable, for example, the use of low-sensitivity explosives, bursting charges’ initiation schemes optimization, the use of preformed fragments including those of heavy alloys, development of prefragmented bodies etc.

Another very important route of ammunition development is between services and inside services ammunition unification. This sphere has obvious economic and technical advantages.

Our enterprise also plans to design explosion-safe fireproof ergonomic and endurable package made of composite and plastic that will replace traditional wooden package.

Naval artillery rounds development is a part of State armament program (GPV-2020). Implementation of the program will allow to equip naval and coastal artillery with effective, reliable and characteristically competitive rounds.

3(64).2012

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INNOVATIONS

DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF MILITARY EXPENSES OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Despite continious civil wars and ethnic conflicts African countries will save rather low level of military expenses mainly for money pressure. Poor economic level of majority of countries is worsening by permanent military conflicts, drought, poor market and epidemics.

At least, 13 African countries, including Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Liberia, Mali, Guinea, République de Côte d'Ivoire, Sudan, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia and Eritrea suffer from antigovernment formations as well as civil conflicts and border disputes.

DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF MILITARY EXPENSES OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES. Since many African countries gain finance from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund their military expenses happen to be low and monitored by these international financial institutes.

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That seems to be difficult to count military expenses of African countries because many of them do not cite data. Even official data happen to be hard controlled for extremely low budget transparency, especially in goal allocations for buying weapons as Africa has gray and black market. Besides, zones of in-

terethnic conflicts and territories being under no control by central governments in fact are invulnerable for monitoring illegal weapons deliveries (principally small arms).

Last years face a tendency for economic growth of African continent.

Economy rise provoked increase of military expenses. Africa is an ex-

INNOVATIONS tremely uneven development region according to its military-economic assessments. For that reason, with taking into account the geographical location of countries, it seems to be reasonable to divide continent in two regions – North and Northeast Africa against «tropical» Africa (to the south of Sahara).

Here, South Africa plays an important role. For economic and geopolitical reasons Egypt represents region of the Middle East, so we do not take it into consideration.

NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA EXPENSES FOR DEFENCE We rely on data of the Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade that is the official reports systematization of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defence and governments that possess such information as well as the International Monetary Fund, UN, NATO, EDA, JSCRA (Janes’Sentinel Country Risk Assessment) and world MassMedia reports about military expenses. Currently, such systematization is provided for 2010 inclusive. The result for 8 years period (2003-2010) is given below.

The countries of North and Northeast Africa take 8-th place in military expenses for defence among 10 world regions, leaving behind the countries of «tropical» Africa and Central America and the Caribbean – $13,605 billion (0,9% of worldwide expenses). The region include 12 countries: Algeria, Djibouti, Libya, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Eritrea and Ethiopia.

The countries of North Africa suffered the global financial crisis with minimal losses judging by the growth rates of military expenses.

Over the time of 2003 to 2010 military expenses of North Africa for defence had been growing by moderate rates (If we compare with another regions). The 2010 year registered the maximal index - $13,605 billion.

During the global financial crisis the military expenses growth rate of North Africa was declined, however, it did not exceed the bounds.

The maximal annual growth of mil-

itary expenses was registered in get of South Africa for next finan2008 in comparison with previous cial year is submitted below. year and totaled 28,4% more.

According to the offical data, the The interest rates of military ex- defence budget of South Africa in penses from GDP of North Africa 2012-2013 financial years will be totaled: 2,89% in 2003, 2,66 in 2004, ZAR37,5 billion ($5billion) that is 2,42% in 2005, 2,37% in 2006, 2,38% 10% more than 2011-2012 financial in 2007, 2,44% in 2008, 2,89% in years (ZAR34, 07 billion).

2009, 2,81% in 2010.

As it planned, in 2012-2013 fiThe total GDP of countries of North nancial years the Land Forces will Africa in 2003-2010 was $2925,04 get additional means for buying billion. For that period the average Starstreak HVM. The Air Force is fiinterest rates of military expenses nanced for Rooivalk – an attack hefrom GDP was 2,61%. licopter, ultimate modernization of The given data to military expens- Avionics of multipurpose helicopes and GDP have been provided in ters Oryx and an armament purUSD for every year. chase for Gripen fighters.

In 2004 as compared with 2003 According to the structure of methe total growth of military expens- dium-term expenses, from 2013 to es for defence of North Africa to- 2014 financial years will increase taled $76,044 billion. financing under the article «forcFor the period of 2003-2010, the es involvement» (19,85%) and Navy highest share rate of military ex- (25,36%). penses for defence in interests The Land Forces extra financing from GDP has Burundi – 4,80% will permit of buying new logis(6% in 2003). From 3% to 4% have tics vehicles (Vistula program) and Angola (3,52) and Botswana (3,26%). Badgers - an infantry fighting vehiFrom 2% to 3% have Gabon (2,27%), cles in the framework of Hoefister Lesotho (2,19%), Namibia (2,50%), program. Both projects are lagRuanda (2,05%). From 1% to 2% ging behind time-schedule for few have Benin (1,48%), Burkina Faso years. Probably, an acquisition of (1,42%), Guinea (1,99%),Guinea- new armored treatment vehicle for Bissau (1,11%), DRK (1,84%), Military Medical Service will start.

Zambia (1,57%), Zimbabwe (1,92%), As from 2013-2014 financial years, Cameroon (1,44%), Kenya (1,78%), the Air Force will receive financing Comores (1,10%), Democratic for program realization of purchasRepublic of the Congo (1,46%), ing of new light or medium miliRépublique de Côte d'Ivoire (1,79%), tary-transport aircraft as well as Madagascar (1,14%), Mozambique maritime-patrol aircraft.

(1,04%), Niger (1,02%), Swaziland Personnel expenses must be no (1,95%), Seychelles (1,26%), Senegal less than 40% from budget accord(1,24%), Sierra Leone (1,43%), ing to the requirements of the 1998 Tanzania (1,20%), Togo (1,47%), «Defence Review». But these exUganda (1,81%), Republique penses were grown to 51,7% in Centrafricaine (1,13%), South Africa 2011-2012 financial year because of (1,34%). Other countries have the money allowances (to prevent an interest rates less than 1%. outlining tendency of dismissals).

In 2003-2010 the total arma- However, financing of the article ment import of the African «tropi- in an interest rate will decrease to cal» countries (taking into account 49,39% in 2014-2015 financial years. deliveries inside the region) was $6,122 billion.

AFRICAN COUNTRIES AS In 2003-2010 the total armament ARMAMENT IMPORTERS export of the African «tropical» Today the United States subsidize countris (taking into account deliv- militaries and instruct specialists eries inside the region) was $3,086 from more than 40 countries of billion (at the expense of South Africa.

Africa).

It should be noted that USA pracSouth Africa is the largest export- tise free transfer of weapons with er of armament. The defence bud- its following repair and mainte3(64).2012

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33

nance, but the last one is for money. Besides, some African countries buy weapons on financial means assigned in the framework of international programs financed mainly by USA. The so called «Arab Spring» and direct NATO aggression against Lybia provoked significant changes in plans of armament purchasing by countries of North Africa.

Continious instability in Syria is favorauble chance for new armament orders of North Africa. The political instability in the region was used as much as possible for new US armament orders. Particularly, it concerns the new orders of Tunisia and Morocco. USA continue their struggle for Lybian armament market with the countries of coalition from Western Europe after Gaddafi’s overthrow a regime. In fact they started «sharing out» the market.

China actively penetrates into the African armament market. Chinese preferential terms and affordability of prices favour it. CIS and Eastern Europe also pursue their own interests in the countries of «black» Africa. It has become the largest market of used armament traffic from Eastern Europe and CIS. Ukraine takes an active part in the African armament market.

Particularly, according to the report of State service of export control of Ukraine published by the «Kommersant-Ukraine» informs that the importers of repaired and updated armored vehicles in 2011 were Sudan (40 T-72M1 tanks, 5

T-55 tanks, 8 armored personnel carriers BTR-3, 16 infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 and 10 armored patrol vehicles BRDM-2) Ethiopia (72 T-72B1 tanks from 200 ordered in 2011).

30 fighting vehicles BM-21 Grad, 30 122mm self-propelled artillery, 2S1 Gvozdika and 42 anti-tank guided missile.

2 fighting helicopters Mi-24B were given to the Republique Centrafricaine, 10 man-portable air-defence systems with 50 missiles to Chad. 1 Mig-29UB training model is delivered to Sudan.

In 2010 Ukraine delivered to the countries of Africa 250 tanks and armored vehicles. Democratic Republic of the Congo was the largest importer of Ukraine weaponry in 2010 (100 T-72 tanks, 30 T-55 tanks, 4 Mi-24 helicopters, 12 BM21 Grad). Besides, 60 T-72M tanks and 55 T-55 tanks were deliverd to Sudan. In 2010 Sudan also got 2 armored vehicles BTR-3 and Chad – 3 infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1.

Uganda received near 40 thousand of automatic rifles, several hundreds of heavy machine gun and medium grenade launchers (above mentioned data of Ukraine is cited by the report of State service of export control of Ukraine published by the «Kommersant-Ukraine».

Germany has an advantage grounds especially in South Africa and Algeria. Latest years demonstrate Indian success on African armament market. In 2012 the main success of India has been the signed Treaty by the Pipavav Defence and Offshore Engineering Company Limited to construct 4 patrol ships for unnamed West African state. The cost of the agreement can be Rs25 billion ($452 billion) that is the major foreign treaty from Indian contractor.

The made decision by the countries of Eastern Africa in 2005 about creation of peacemaking forces of rapid response strengthened positions of Western countries on the armament market in Africa. The decision was accepted at the meeting which had taken place in Addis Ababa at the highest level of the Intergovernmental Authority on

Development (IGAD) of the East African states in which participated Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, the Comoro Islands, Eritrea, Rwanda, Madagascar, Kenya and the Seychelles. In spite of the fact that Russia actively cooperates with some of these countries in the sphere of Military Technical Cooperation the western arms production for collective peacekeeping forces is bought mainly.

The East African brigade of fast deployment (FASBRIG) totals 5500 military personnel. It is a part of fast deployment forces of the African union, including five regional brigades with a total number of 15 thousand people.

In May, 2006 during the second conference on the African Maritime Safety issues which had taken place in Abudzhe, the decision was made to speed up creation of the fast deployment Navy of the African union.

The final document approved by commanders of Naval Forces of 38 countries of the continent, stated that «each country should create constant structure which would interact with the African forces of fast deployment».

Delegates agreed on a principle of naval component formation that would consist of 4 subregional groups in Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya.

African Navy faces the challenges in securing maritime trading routes around Africa, an anti-piracy struggle and smuggling, marine resources protection. They also should cooperate with Land forces and provide logistics support.

During peacekeeping operations on the continent under aegis of the African Union or UN they can be involved for monitoring observance of embargo on armament supplies.

RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN ARMAMENT MARKET Russia has its own interests in the African region due to the Military Technical Cooperation regional program because the military infrastructure of several African countries significantly consists of the Soviet military harware. Algeria is the largest importer of Russian ar-

mament among the countries of Zimbabwe.

North Africa. Lybian market being An active use of non-budget means an extremely perspective for Russia, can become one of the essential at least, in short-term perpective, ways for increasing in export delivcan be considered ruined one be- eries. It means oil money, the UN cause of M. Kaddafi regime’s over- credits for formation and equipthrow. ment of peacekeeping forces. For Within the Military Technical example, in 2004 there was signed Cooperation with South Africa, the Treaty with Ghana on delivery Nigeria and Ethiopia, having its own of four transport Mi-17 helicopters bases for military production and for peacekeeping forces equipment. repair, «Rosoboronexport» acts as Purchasing was made from UN part the coordinator of integration com- not by the means of the Ministry of munications between defensive Defence of Ghana, but for UN credit branches of Russian and African in- on peacekeeping activity. dustry.

The African countries have a great Taking into account all specifics of interest to various alternatives of the region in the Military Technical military hardware modernization Cooperation with the African coun- that has been adopted. This miltries Russia offers alternative and itary hardware is practically exflexible schemes of mutual settle- hausted, however it keeps mainments. For example, granting the tainability and can even be subjectshort-term credits on purchasing ed to modernization. The Russian Russian VIVT; payment by counter enterprises offer various inexpendeliveries of the goods of tradition- sive alternatives of modernization al African export - diamonds, tim- which attract the poor countries. ber, cotton, palm-oil, coffee, etc.; re- The price guidepost is one of the ceiving and realization of quotas for features of the countries in that mineral resources and seafood ex- region, despite a small exception. ploration; creation of joint enterpriz- The competitors of Russia often es in areas of fishery, mining and oil go ahead. These are countries of industry, territory mine clearing.

Eastern Europe and CIS that offer The «Rosoboronexport» close co- the Soviet production military haroperation with the companies ware for dumping prices. Although working for a long time on the it has already been come to an end, African continent – JSC Lukoil, JSC it continues to impede developRosneft, JSC Zarubezhneftegazstroy, ment of Russian export.

JSC Zarubezhstroymontazh, Besides, a big hindrance in work Zarubezhgeologiya FSUE, JSC is an illegal and semi-legal spare ALROSA, JSC Russian Aluminum, JSC parts deliveries, especially in the KAMAZ and others – can become field of aviation equipment. It one of the new directions in a solu- wrecks deliveries’ agreements as tion of the problem of mutual set- well as Russian armament image. tlements with the African countries.

Work complexity in the region reRecent years showed positive flects the sanctions of the different changes in the Russian Military international organizations.

Technical Cooperation with the The countries of «tropical» Africa states of «tropical» Africa. The co- are absolutely different in their operation with Uganda, Angola, economic development, natural reEthiopia, Cameroon, Congo, Nigeria, sources, number of armed forces Tanzania and Zambia became con- and needs for arms. siderably active. «Rosoboronexport» The needs of these countries undertakes accurate measures on are restricted generally in an inpromotion of the Russian military expensive military harware which and two fold purpose production to «Rosoboronexport» mostly delivers such countries as Kenya, Botswana, from the Ministry of Defence of the Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Republique Russian Federation.

Centrafricaine, Gabon, Ghana, The countries of «tropical» Africa Niger, Chad, Gambia, Sudan and differ from the Asian and Pacific re-

gion and the Middle East in their deliveries of non hi-technology military harware and out-of-date models, however, they provide their needs of defense.

«Rosoboronexport» has a network of representative offices in Angola, Ethiopia and Namibia (in North Africa – in Algeria and Egypt). The representative office in Libya was closed after M.Gaddafi’s overthrow.

In some countries where «Rosoboronexport» does not have representative office, military attaches and Russian embassies assistence are provided.

The main partners of Russia in the countries of «tropical» Africa are Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria. The negotiations on large projects have been holding with other countries. The military and technical communications became more active, among them are Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola and Burkina Faso.

The subject of negotiations is the repair and modernization program of helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 and Mi35 exploited on the continent as well as MiG and SU. Modernization level, an onboard equipment and armament can change on customer’s request.

Increase of fighting potential and service life extension of tanks –T55, T-62 and T-72, armored carriers BTR-60, self-propelled howitzers Acacia and Gvozdika, ZRK S-125 «Pechora» (some agreements have already been realized and some in

BUSINESS

process), radar installations of the type P-12 and P-18 – can become a subject of joint consultations and future treaties. All the weapons were delivered to Africa earlier.

The largest projects are creation of the service centers for repair and service of aviation equipment, armored vehicles of the Soviet/ Russian production. Such offers are discussed with Algeria, South Africa and Ethiopia. The license production of small arms is worked out.

In the sector of anti-aircraft weapons practically all Russian products are subjected to modernization. Except S-125, it is ZRK Kvadrat (Kub), Osa AKM, Strela-10, PZRK Igla, Strela-2М, ZSU-23-4 Shilka, ZU-23, all types of radar installations. The modernization stipulates transfer of out-of-date arms of air defence to modern element base, an automatization of fighting control, collecting and processing of radar-tracking information, including an integration of anti-aircraft weapons and control systems of the Russian production with the air defence national systems.

Russian vehicles have a good demand on the continent.

Russian helicopters take a special place on the African market.

The market potential is defined by modernization of Russian helicopters, more than 700 helicopters were delivered on the African continent, including 150 attack helicopters Mi-24/25/35. Many of them need repair and modernization.

The offered modernization pro36

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

grams imply modern armament for of Africa has become an impotant helicopters as onboard radio-elec- moment in 2012. Anatoly Antonov, tronic equipment and protection. the deputy minister of defence of «Rosoboronexport» predicts the Russian Federation met with growth of purchases of the Russian the military delegation from South armament by the African countries. Sudan at the end of February in The contratcs on delivery of avia- 2012. They discussed military and tion, armored and automobile vehi- Military-Technical Cooperation cles, artillery armament, small arms perspectives between Russia and and ammunition, police means and South Sudan. equipment for special forces are expected. Angola is one of the main NORTH AND NORTHEAST partners.

COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AS According to Anatoly P. ARMAMENT IMPORTERS Isaikin, Director General of Algeria takes a first place on volJSC «Rosoboronexport», in ume of the identified contracts 2011 the stock of orders of JSC ($9773 million) for import of arma«Rosoboronexport» enlarged with ment for the last 8 years (2005-2012). the contracts signed by a num- On the second place is Morocco – ber of the countries that had not $5450 million. Lybia takes the third had agreements in 2010. Mali and position on volume of the signed Equatorial Guinea – were among contracts ($656 million). others.

It should be mentioned that as In regional aspect, A.Isaikin says, a result of M.Gaddafi’s overthrow the share of the countries of North Lybia could not sign numerous Africa in the total balance of the agreements for import of the Russian military export in 2011 was Russian products for military pur24 % (deliveries to Egypt were also poses. Finally, Russia lost more than included). Algeria became the larg- $4billion on the Libyan market. est regional importer of the Russian Sudan is one of the largest ararmament in 2011. mament customers ($504 million), For the countries of «tropical» Tunisia ($314 million) and Ethiopia Africa, according to A.Isaykin, 7 % ($196million). of deliveries were the products for The total volume of the contracts military purposes. signed by the countries of North Uganda was the largest import- and Northeast Africa for import er of the Russian armament in 2011 of products for military purposamong «tropical» countries (the es in 2005-2012 was $17,221 billion. contract on delivery 6 fighters Su- The largest orders were signed in 30MK2 to Uganda was successfully 2006 ($4,35 billion) and in 2008 carried out, now OBT T-90C deliver- ($3,054 billion). For the first half of ies have been in process).

2012 there were signed contracts of It should be mentioned that products for military purposes imSouth Sudan rising on the map port on $1,15 billion.

BUSINESS RATING OF IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA IN PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (20052012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

Algeria

887,0

4068,0

748,0

Morocco

622,0

-

1450,3

Lybia

160,0

157,0

229,0

Sudan

270,0

-

38,0

Tunisia

20,0

3,0

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

498,6

351,0

1000,0

1120,0

1100,0

9772,6

2429,0

729,0

140,0

30,0

50,0

5450,3

66,0

44,0

-

-

-

656,0

-

196,0

-

-

-

504,0

-

-

-

291,0

-

-

314,0

100,0

-

196,0

-

163,0

Ethiopia

-

-

-

56,0

40,0

Chad

-

70,0

92,0

-

-

1,0

Mauritania

2005-2012

-

-

-

-

-

-

65,0

-

65,0

26,2

20,0

5,0

-

-

-

-

-

51,2

Somalia

-

20,5

-

-

-

-

-

-

20,5

Mali

-

12,0

-

4,0

-

4,0

-

-

20,0

Eritrea

Djibouti Total:

4,0

-

-

-

-

5,0

-

-

9,0

1989,2

4350,5

2562,3

3053,6

1360,0

1441,0

1315,0

1150,0

17221,6

FACTUAL IMPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES

BY NORTH AND NORTHEAST COUNTRIES OF AFRICA Algeria takes a first place on volume of the factual import of armament ($8079) for the last 8 years (2005-2012). On the second place is Morocco – $4630 million. The third position on volume of armament import takes Libya ($747 million).

Sudan got deliveries on $652 million (the 4th place).

The total amount of armament import of the countries of North and Northeast Africa in 2005-2012 was $14,685 billion. The largest deliveries were sent in 2011 ($3,069 billion).

In 2012 the volume of deliveries of

products for military purposes is predicted by $3,181 billion.

SUPPLIERS POSITION IN ARMAMENT ON THE VIVT MARKET OF THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA Russia takes a first place on volume of the signed contracts for armament export ($7269 million) to the countries of North and Northeast Africa for the last 8 years (2005-2012). On the second place is USA – $2,4 billion. The third position has France ($1,806 billion).

Italy has a large packages of orders ($1,468 billion) as well as the Netherlands ($1,2 billion) and China ($927 million).

RATING OF IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA IN PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (20052012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

Algeria

93,7

221,2

503,3

1653,3

1324,3

1691,1

1498,0

1094,7

8079,5

Morocco

-

252,0

50,0

35,0

40,0

843,6

1392,4

2017,3

4630,3

Lybia

32,1

83,0

106,5

265,5

100,0

104,0

56,0

-

747,1

Sudan

75,0

120,0

133,0

60,0

43,5

144,3

76,3

-

652,0

-

-

-

-

56,0

40,0

36,0

64,0

196,0

Ethiopia Chad

-

31,0

33,0

69,2

24,5

4,2

1,0

-

163,0

Eritrea

58,0

26,2

-

5,0

-

-

-

-

89,2

Tunisia

44,0

23,0

3,0

-

-

-

-

-

70,0

3,0

-

6,9

5,1

4,0

-

4,0

-

23,0

Somalia

-

20,5

-

-

-

-

-

-

20,5

Djibouti

4,0

-

-

-

-

-

5,0

-

9,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5,0

5,0

309,8

776,9

835,6

2093,2

1592,3

2827,2

3068,7

3181,1

14684,6

Mali

Mauritania Total:

3(64).2012

●

37

BUSINESS RATING OF EXPORTING COUNTRIES OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA IN PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (20052012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries Russia

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

1110,2

4098,0

100,0

336,0

125,0

1000,0

400,0

100,0

7269,2

USA

120,0

-

1430,3

40,0

429,0

331,0

-

50,0

2400,3

France

420,0

80,0

8,0

1168,0

-

100,0

30,0

-

1806,0

Italy

-

97,0

364,0

237,0

250,0

-

520,0

-

1468,0

Netherlands

-

-

-

1200,0

-

-

-

-

1200,0

China

-

7,0

Great Britain

-

Ukraine

-

20,0

400,0

-

-

500,0

927,0

445,0

-

-

-

-

400,0

845,0

149,0

12,0

62,0

-

122,0

1,0

100,0

-

446,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

200,0

-

200,0

Croatia

120,0

-

-

20,0

-

-

-

-

140,0

Spain

32,0

-

-

-

-

-

100,0

132,0

South Africa

18,0

-

-

-

-

83,6

Belarus

10,0

20,0

30,0

-

-

-

-

60,0

Brazil

-

-

-

-

-

-

60,0

-

60,0

Belgium

-

-

20,0

28,0

-

-

-

-

48,0

Bulgaria

-

12,0

10,0

4,0

-

4,0

-

-

30,0

Iran

-

20,5

5,0

-

-

-

-

25,5

United Arab Emirates

-

-

-

-

24,0

-

-

24,0

Germany

Czech Republic

65,0

0,6

10,0

3,0

6,0

-

-

5,0

-

-

24,0

Israel

-

-

15,0

-

-

-

-

-

15,0

Serbia

-

-

-

-

10,0

-

-

-

10,0

Switzerland

-

1,0

-

-

-

-

5,0

-

6,0

2,0

-

-

-

-

2,0

4350,5

2562,3

3053,6

1360,0

1441,0

1315,0

1150,0

17221,6

Lybia

-

Total:

1989,2

The total amount of the contracts signed by the exporting countries on deliveries of armament to the countries of North and Northeast Africa in 2005-2012 was $17,221 billion. The largest orders were signed

in 2006 ($4,35 billion) and in 2008 ($3,054 billion).

For the first half of 2012 were signed contracts for products for military purposes export on $1,15 billion. Two large programs be-

tween Germany and Algeria do not take into consideration (untill official confirmation is come). In case of its confirmation, Germany will take a second place on orders in 2005-2012 and Algeria will increase a break-away from Morocco in orders’cost parameter.

FACTUAL EXPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES TO THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA Russia takes the first place on volume of the factual export of armament for the last 8 years (20052012) to the countries of North and Northeast Africa ($7,02 billion). On the second place is USA – $2,059 billion. The third position on volume of armament export take the Netherlands ($1,2 billion).

The total amount of armament export to the countries of North and Northeast Africa in 2005-2012 was

38

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

RATING OF SUPPLYING COUNTRIES ON THE MARKET OF NORTH AND NORTHEAST AFRICA IN FACTUAL EXPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (2005-2012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

Russia

101,8

303,9

499,8

1655,9

1326,2

853,3

1184,7

1094,7

7020,3

USA

-

120,0

-

15,0

40,0

362,3

630,2

891,8

2059,3

Netherlands

-

-

-

-

-

-

400,0

800,0

1200,0

40,0

-

20,0

17,4

66,0

234,9

272,1

325,6

976,0

-

-

48,5

52,5

46,0

765,0

36,0

-

948,0

France Italy China

-

45,0

42,0

-

-

206,7

213,3

-

507,0

Ukraine

32,2

60,3

75,0

43,2

50,5

50,0

113,3

64,0

488,5

Great Britain

16,7

16,7

-

165,0

280,0

-

-

478,3

Germany

41,0

-

-

-

-

-

200,0

-

241,0

Spain

-

104,5

92,5

-

-

-

-

-

197,0

Croatia

-

24,0

48,0

48,0

-

20,0

-

-

140,0

South Africa

-

18,0

-

15,0

25,6

25,0

-

-

83,6

Bulgaria

38,0

-

6,9

11,1

8,0

-

4,0

-

68,0

Belarus

4,0

26,0

-

22,0

6,0

2,0

-

-

60,0

Belgium

-

-

-

20,0

-

28,0

-

-

48,0

15,0

21,0

-

-

-

-

10,0

-

46,0

Czech Republic

6,0

13,0

3,0

6,0

-

-

5,0

-

33,0

Iran

3,0

23,5

-

5,0

-

-

-

-

31,5

United Arab Emirates

-

-

-

24,0

-

-

-

24,0

Israel

-

-

-

15,0

-

-

-

-

15,0

12,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12,0

Switzerland

-

1,0

-

-

-

-

-

5,0

Lybia

-

-

-

2,0

-

-

-

0,1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,1

309,8

776,9

835,6

2093,2

1592,3

2827,2

3068,7

3181,1

14684,6

Serbia

Canada

Pakistan Total:

$14,865 billion. The largest deliveries were sent in 2011 ($3,069 billion). For 2012 the volume of deliveries of products for military purposes is predicted by $3,181 billion.

«TROPICAL» COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AS IMPORTERS OF ARMAMENT Nigeria takes a first place on volume of the identified contracts ($1,5 billion) for import of armament for the last 8 years (20052012). On the second place is the Republic of South Africa – $640 million (South Africa signed large volume of contracts to 2005 that have been proceded up). The third position on volume of the signed contracts takes Uganda ($531 million).

Kenya is a large customer of armament ($387 million) as well as

Ghana ($366 million) and Zambia ($218 million).

The total amount of the contracts signed by the countries of «tropi-

6,0 2,0

cal» Africa for import of products for military purposes in 2005-2012 was $4,737 billion. The largest orders were made in 2010 ($917 mil-

RATING OF IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA IN PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (2005-2012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

Nigeria

382,9

437,3

91,0

43,0

207,5

234,1

60,0

43,0

1498,8

0,5

24,0

500,5

2,0

113,0

-

-

-

640,0

16,0

-

6,0

51,0

8,0

447,0

3,4

-

531,4

-

85,5

-

32,5

63,0

95,2

110,6

-

386,8

Ghana

5,0

20,0

-

79,9

31,9

37,9

185,6

6,0

366,2

Zambia

0,3

20,0

4,0

-

70,0

-

124,0

-

218,3

27,0

50,0

10,0

38,0

50,0

-

-

175,0

15,0

-

-

-

106,3

-

-

-

121,3

Botswana

9,1

-

9,0

2,0

47,6

-

45,0

-

112,7

Angola

9,0

5,0

13,0

-

80,0

-

-

-

107,0

-

100,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

100,0

Namibia

50,0

-

-

-

30,0

15,0

-

-

95,0

Burkina Faso

30,0

6,0

-

-

40,0

-

-

-

76,0

-

-

-

-

7,0

-

58,5

-

65,5

South Africa Uganda Kenya

Equatorial Guinea DRK

Zimbabwe

Mauritius Ruanda

6,0

11,0

25,0

-

-

-

-

-

42,0

Senegal

3,5

28,0

6,3

-

4,0

-

-

-

41,8

Benin

-

-

3,3

-

1,3

30,0

-

34,6

Cameroon

-

-

-

-

-

-

20,0

21,0

Tanzania

1,0

-

-

1,7

10,0

-

7,0

-

-

18,7

6,0

-

5,0

0,3

4,0

2,0

-

-

17,3

Cape-Verde

-

-

-

-

-

14,4

-

-

14,4

Malawi

-

-

4,0

6,0

-

-

-

-

10,0

Mozambique

-

5,0

-

-

-

5,0

-

-

10,0

Guinea

-

-

-

8,0

-

-

1,0

Republique Centrafricaine

-

-

0,5

-

-

8,0

-

-

Congo

Niger

9,0 8,5

1,0

-

6,0

-

-

-

-

-

7,0

Gabon

-

6,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

6,0

Togo

-

-

-

-

1,5

-

-

-

1,5

Lesotho Total:

-

1,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,0

534,3

775,8

725,3

244,7

852,8

916,9

618,1

69,0

4736,8

lion), 2009 ($853 million). The 2012 results, right now, do not have a clear vision until the next year will come.

FACTUAL IMPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES BY THE COUNTRIES OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA South Africa takes a fist place on volume of the factual import of armament ($3,571 billion) for the last 8 years (2005-2012). On the second place is Nigeria – $1,258 billion. The third position on volume of armament import has Uganda ($546 million).

The total amount of armament im40

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

SHIPBUILDING RATING OF IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA (SOUTH AFRICA IS INCLUDED) IN FACTUAL IMPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (2005-2012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

South Africa

354,6

190,2

475,0

824,8

578,0

586,7

523,2

38,6

3571,0

Nigeria

-

12,1

132,1

220,5

444,4

215,1

93,2

140,3

1257,6

Uganda

30,8

-

-

6,0

29,0

12,0

356,4

112,0

546,2

-

-

64,5

6,0

37,5

63,0

80,2

189,6

440,8

Kenya Ghana

1,0

7,0

20,0

-

42,0

1,9

97,9

159,5

329,2

Zambia

0,3

6,0

14,0

4,0

-

60,0

10,0

124,0

218,3

Zimbabwe

100,0

100,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

200,0

Equatorial Guinea

15,0

-

17,0

10,0

60,0

-

88,0

-

190,0

Namibia

-

50,0

-

-

36,5

-

20,0

15,0

121,5

DRK

-

15,0

-

-

-

106,3

-

-

121,3

Botswana

-

9,1

-

11,0

47,6

-

-

45,0

112,7

Angola

30,5

20,0

9,3

6,7

-

-

-

40,0

106,5

Burkina Faso

30,0

1,0

5,0

-

-

-

40,0

-

76,0

Tanzania

10,0

-

7,0

-

43,5

-

-

-

42,0

11,8

13,0

1,0

0,7

Ruanda

-

6,0

11,0

25,0

Senegal

0,6

17,9

13,0

6,3

4,0

-

-

-

41,8

Benin

-

-

2,0

-

1,3

-

1,3

30,0

34,6

Congo

3,0

6,0

-

5,0

4,3

-

2,0

-

20,3

Cape-Verde

-

-

-

-

-

-

14,4

-

14,4

Malawi

-

-

-

4,0

6,0

-

-

-

10,0

Mozambique

-

-

5,0

-

-

-

5,0

-

10,0

Guinea

-

-

-

-

8,0

-

1,0

-

9,0

Republique Centrafricaine

-

-

-

0,5

-

8,0

-

8,5

Cameroon

6,0

-

-

1,0

-

-

-

7,0

Mauritius

-

-

-

7,0

-

-

-

7,0

Niger

-

1,0

-

6,0

-

-

-

-

7,0

Gabon

-

2,0

2,0

-

-

2,0

-

-

6,0

Seychelles

3,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

3,0

São Tome and Principe

2,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,0

Togo

-

-

-

-

-

1,5

-

-

1,5

Lesotho

-

1,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,0

588,6

457,3

770,9

1136,4

1316,6

1048,5

1347,5

894,0

7559,7

Total:

port by the countries of «tropical» Africa was 7,56 billion in 2005-2012.

The largest deliveries were sent in 2011 ($1,347 billion). In 2012 the volume of deliveries of products for military purposes is predicted by $894 million.

SUPPLIERS POSITION IN ARMAMENT ON THE MARKET OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA Russia takes a first place on volume of the signed contracts for ar-

mament export ($987 million) to the countries of «tropical» Africa for the last 8 years (2005-2012), thanks to the large contract with Uganda. On the second place is China – $937 million. The third position has Germany ($505 million).

Large orders are signed by Ukraine ($442 million), Italy ($435 million) and Israel ($329 million).

The total amount of the contracts signed by the exporting countries 3(64).2012

●

41

SHIPBUILDING RATING OF EXPORTING COUNTRIES IN PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES TO THE REGION OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA (2005-2012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

Russia

37,0

12,0

6,0

10,0

732,0

190,2

-

987,2

China

308,4

163,0

17,0

89,9

172,0

22,0

122,0

43,0

937,3

-

5,0

500,0

-

-

-

-

-

505,0

Germany Ukraine

72,5

87,5

64,5

42,0

117,3

58,0

-

-

441,8

Italy

74,5

144,0

73,0

10,0

40,0

-

4,0

-

345,5

Israel

5,0

203,0

15,0

37,0

33,0

-

36,4

-

329,4

-

25,0

9,0

-

117,5

11,3

42,0

-

204,8

Brazil

-

-

-

-

130,0

-

40,0

-

170,0

Spain

9,1

-

-

-

50,5

5,0

60,0

20,0

144,6

France

Switzerland

-

-

-

-

90,0

-

45,0

-

135,0

South Africa

16,8

39,5

11,0

-

6,0

22,2

-

-

95,5

India

-

-

-

-

17,0

-

58,5

-

75,5

Singapore

-

-

8,0

20,0

28,8

13,7

-

-

70,5

Turkey

-

58,8

-

-

-

-

-

-

58,8

Philippines

-

-

-

-

4,0

37,9

-

-

41,9

Netherlands

5,0

-

-

-

20,0

14,4

-

-

39,4

USA

5,0

3,0

-

-

9,2

0,4

16,0

-

33,6

Great Britain

-

-

4,0

-

11,0

-

2,0

6,0

23,0

Jordan

-

-

-

22,5

-

-

-

-

22,5

Poland

-

20,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

20,0

Belarus

-

-

-

7,0

6,0

-

-

-

13,0

Czech Republic

-

13,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

13,0

Moldova

-

-

10,0

-

-

-

-

-

10,0

Bulgaria

-

-

-

6,3

-

-

-

-

6,3

Belgium

-

-

3,3

-

-

-

-

-

3,3

Estonia

-

-

3,0

-

-

-

-

-

3,0

Slovakia

-

2,0

0,5

-

-

-

-

-

2,5

Austria

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,0

-

2,0

Canada

-

-

1,0

-

0,5

-

-

-

1,5

Luxemburg Total:

1,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,0

534,3

775,8

725,3

244,7

852,8

916,9

618,1

69,0

4736,8

on deliveries of armament to the countries of «tropical» Africa in 2005-2012 was $4,737 billion. The largest orders were signed in 2010

42

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

($917 million), 2009 ($853 million).

The 2012 results, right now, do not have a clear vision until the next year will come.

FACTUAL EXPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES TO THE COUNTRIES OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA Sweden takes a first place on volume of the factual export of armament (deliveries on $1,8 billion to South Africa) to the countries of «tropical» Africa for the last 8 years (2005-2012). On the second place is China – $994 million. The third position on volume of armament export has Germany ($892 million).

Russia with volume of 777 million dale takes the 4th place.

The total amount of armament export to the countries of «tropical» Africa was $7,56 billion in 2005-

RATING OF SUPPLYING COUNTRIES ON THE MARKET OF «TROPICAL» AFRICA (SOUTH AFRICA IS INCLUDED) IN FACTUAL EXPORT OF PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES (2005-2012, IN DOLLARS).

Countries Sweden

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2005-2012

-

-

-

346,2

415,4

553,9

484,6

-

1800,0

China

100,0

163,0

58,0

16,0

315,4

120,0

84,9

137,0

994,3

Germany

283,3

-

283,3

283,3

-

-

4,0

37,9

891,9

Russia

37,0

-

12,0

6,0

10,0

-

389,0

323,2

777,2

Italy

43,9

94,7

110,0

115,3

74,5

92,5

66,0

40,0

636,9

Great Britain

13,0

90,0

107,0

124,0

155,0

6,0

-

8,0

503,0

Ukraine

18,8

27,6

101,4

24,5

89,0

115,3

84,0

-

460,6

Israel

35,0

9,0

15,0

110,5

128,5

3,0

30,4

36,0

367,4

France

15,4

1,0

-

33,0

-

117,5

1,3

52,0

220,2

Spain

-

9,1

-

-

48,6

1,9

35,0

84,0

178,6

Switzerland

-

-

-

-

-

12,9

38,6

83,6

135,0

Brazil

-

-

-

-

26,5

-

50,0

40,0

116,5

17,2

32,9

18,0

12,5

6,0

2,0

22,2

-

110,8

-

-

-

8,0

2,0

6,7

13,3

40,5

70,5

20,0

15,0

-

-

-

10,0

24,4

-

69,4

South Africa Singapore Netherlands Turkey USA Jordan India

-

-

15,9

43,0

-

-

-

-

58,8

2,0

5,0

3,0

-

-

0,4

9,8

9,8

30,1

-

-

-

6,0

16,5

-

-

-

22,5

3,0

-

-

-

7,0

-

10,0

-

20,0

Poland

-

-

20,0

-

-

-

-

-

20,0

Moldova

-

6,0

3,3

6,7

-

-

-

-

16,0

Belarus

-

-

-

-

7,0

6,0

-

-

13,0

Czech Republic

-

-

13,0

-

-

-

-

-

13,0

Finland

-

-

-

-

7,6

-

-

-

7,6

Bulgaria

-

-

-

-

6,3

-

-

-

6,3

Philippines

-

-

5,0

-

-

-

-

-

5,0

Belgium

-

-

2,0

-

1,3

-

-

-

3,3

Estonia

-

-

3,0

-

-

-

-

-

3,0

Slovakia

-

2,0

-

0,5

-

-

-

-

2,5

Australia

-

2,0

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,0

Austria

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,0

2,0

Canada

-

-

-

1,0

-

0,5

-

-

1,5

Luxemburg Total:

-

-

1,0

-

-

-

-

-

1,0

588,6

457,3

770,9

1136,4

1316,6

1048,5

1347,5

894,0

7559,7

2012. The largest deliveries were sent in 2011 ($1,347 billion). In 2012 the volume of deliveries of products for military purposes is predicted by $894 million.

THE LARGEST IMPORT PROGRAMS OF THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN THE FIRST SIXMONTHS OF 2012 All countries arranged by alphabetical order without regional divisions in below materials.

ALGERIA Italy The Finmekkanika company confirmed in August of 2012 the order of the Ministry of Defence of Algeria for an extra deliveries of six anti-submarine helicopters Mk 300 Super Links.

Probably, the order was formulated in the second quarter of the current year. The amount of transaction is not specified. Helicopters will be made at the plant «Agusta / Westland» in Great Britain.

3(64).2012

●

43

SHIPBUILDING Algeria signed the first contract for delivery 4 helicopters MK 300 Super Links and 6 AW-101 Merlin with the total cost 400 million euro at the end of 2007. The vehicles were delivered to the customer by 2010.

It is planned to use new helicopters Mk 300 Super Links with Meko A-200 frigates according to the signed contract about 2,176 billion euros, Navy of Algeria and «Thyssenkrupp marine systems» signed it at the beginning of March.

Spain In July, 2012 the company «Navantia Reparaciones» received from the government of Algeria the notice on contract’s entrance about repair, modernization and terms extension for running two military ships of Algerian Navy.

It is the largest contract signed by «Navantia Reparaciones» in FeneFerrol.

The first ship should arrive to Spain in September. At the same time the group of experts of Algerian Navy will arrive to the country, they will be responsible for works’control and tests.

The contract was signed by the results of the open international tender in which other European companies took participation.

China The Ministry of Defence of Algeria signed with China the contract for deliveries 3 corvettes in May, 2012. The agreement with the Chinese shipbuilding trading company (CSTC) provides construction of 3 corvettes on the enterprise Guangzhou Shipyard International or Huangpu Shipyard.

Germany In March, 2012 the company «Thyssenkrupp marine systems»

44

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

(TKMS) signed the contract for deliveries to Algeria 2 frigates of the class MEKO A-200 (with an option to deliver another 2).

The first of two corvettes of MEKO A-200 should be delivered in 48 months after signing the contract.

The program cost is estimated from 2,176 to 2,5 billion euro ($2,86-3,28 billion). The contract has not come into force, it waits official confirmation.

Italy In January, 2012 on shipyard «Orizzonte Sistemi Navali» there was beginning of the construction of the landing crafts of BDSL (Batiment de Debarquement and de Soutien Logistique), intended for deliveries of Algerian Navy.

The cost of the agreement signed by the Ministry of Defence of Algeria with «Orizzonte Sistemi Navali» in July, 2011 and its terms have not been revealed. According to experts, it can exceed 400 million euro ($524 million). It is planned that the landing ship would be floated in December, 2013 and delivered to the Algerian fleet in September, 2014.

France In January, 2012 the National service of the Coast guard in Algeria accepted the last high-speed patrol ship with the aluminum case (from the 21 ordered) production by the French company OCEA. The program realization started with acceptance the vessel «Deneb» (hull No 334) in November, 2008, is completed.

The French company OCEA received the contract for deliveries to Algerian Navy 21 high-speed ships FPB-98 Mk1 in September, 2008.

The cost of the agreement is estimated in 135 million euro.

The ships were constructed at the OCEA enterprise in Saint-Nazere, using the subsystems made by other French companies.

Russia This year the shipbuilding plant «Severnaya Verf» will start repair and modernization of the third pair of patrol ships of Algerian Navy.

The second pair of Algerian ships (the patrol ship of the project 1159 and the small rocket ship of the

project 1234Э) will be ready to transfer to the customer according to the contract in the summer of 2012.

Russia In the autumn of 2011 «Rosoboronexport» signed the contract for delivery 120 OBT T-90C to Algeria, informed the newspaper «Vedomosti» citing its source in «Rosoboronexport».

The contract for deliveries 185 OBT T-90 was signed with Algeria within the package agreement in 2006.

The deliveries under this contract were completed in 2008. The contract provided an option for delivery 115 OBT T-90C. Germany The Rheinmetall company realizes the project of delivery to the Algerian Armed Forces armored vehicles «Fuchs» which cost in the long term can be 1 billion euro.

According to the company report for the 3rd quarter of 2011, the Algerian Armed Forces have already got 54 armoured vehicles «Fuks-2» production by the enterprise in Kassel (Germany), signed in the second quarter of last year. The cost of delivery is estimated at 150 million euro. There are negotiations about the Algerian personnel training to assemble armored vehicles and license transmission and vehicle sets’ deliveries for the organization of BBM production on the basis of the enterprises of national defence industrial complex.

The potential cost of the project that can be prolonged within 10 years, the Rheinmetall company estimates it at 1 billion euro.

Nevertheless, the program is only a part of large-scale project which the German industry plans to realize in Algeria.

In July, 2011 the Security council of the German government approved sale by the German companies to Algeria defence products at the potential cost of 10 billion euro. It is planned to realize 4 large projects next 10 years.

In particular, the Rheinmetall and MAN companies plan to adjust production of armored vehicles «Fuchs», «Daimler» plans to organize sale of lorries and vehi-

SHIPBUILDING cles of high cross-country ability, and «Thyssenkrupp» to construct frigates for Algerian Navy. The «Cassidian companies», «Rohde und schwarz» and «Charles Tseyss» plan to get along well with deliveries to Algeria.

Despite the positive decision of governmental Security council, concerning deliveries of armament to Algeria, there is a need on obtaining approval for export licenses.

Angola Brazil The Air Force of Angola ordered six A-29 «Super Tuсano». The first 3 planes will be delivered in 2012.

Benin France In June, 2012 the Navy of Benin received two of three ordered new coastal patrol boats FPB-98 Mk.1 by the French shipbuilding company OCEA production. According to available data, last year Navy of Benin placed the order for construction of three patrol boats.

Burkina Faso Brazil The Air Force of Burkina Faso became a first customer of Super Tuсano in Africa which received 2 from 3 ordered planes and use them for border’s control.

Gabon Navy modernization of the country Navy of Gabon intends to buy 5 light frigates/corvettes and the patrol ships of a coastal zone within 5 years. According to the developed strategy, it is planned to adopt 1-2 frigates or corvettes as well as 2-3 patrol ships of a coastal zone (OPV) with displacement of 400 t.

Now the fleet of Gabon consists of the two 55 patrol ships of the class P-400 constructed by the CMN company in France (only one of them is in operational readiness), four 20-meters patrol ships RPB-20 of the company «Reidko marine», four 20-meter boats «Rodman-66» (bought from the Spanish company) and a landing boat.

It is planned to begin replacement of two P-400 new ships in 2012 and finish them in 2013. The acquisition of a frigate/corvette is planned for

the period of 2013-2016. The acquisition of the new ships is planned to realize within tendering process.

According to preliminary plans, by 2030 Navy of Gabon will receive from 6 to 8 patrol ships and corvettes/frigates.

Ghana Germany The Navy of Ghana at the end of July, 2012 adopted two highspeed rocket boats Type-143B of the Albatross project from German Navy.

At the end of July the parliament of Ghana approved credit receiving for the contract signing with tion (CATIC) declared about deliverGerman company «Lursen Verft's» ies to the Air Force of Zambia 8 trainon restoration and deliveries of ing warplanes K-8P «Karakorum». two high-speed rocket boats from In April of this year it was declared German Navy. The cost of the pro- that Zambia also would get the gram is estimated at $37,867 mil- Chinese helicopters. It is planned to lion (28 million euro). buy the second party of Z-9 helicopThe contract provided ship resto- ters (the Chinese version of the ASration, deliveries of the necessary 365 «Dauphin» helicopter). equipment, installations of weap- Zimbabwe on systems, spare parts, person- Russia nel training and ships deliveries to Russia holds negotiations with Ghana.

Zimbabwe for the conclusion of China an intergovernmental agreement In February, 2012 the Navy of for encouragement and mutual inGhana adopted 4 patrol boats of vestment protection, informed the the class «Snake» by the Chinese «Kommersant» newspaper in June. production.

The document has been developing South Korea

by Vladimir Putin’s assignment from Two South Korean patrol ships May 16 taking into account the plans should come into the structure of «Russian Technologies» to enof Ghanaian fleet by the end of ter into the African market with the 2012. It became unknown If South large project. It is about the perspecKorean boats would be of new type tive platinum «Darvendeyl» project. or it would be the PKM class, that is Referring to the Kremlin source similar to «Steven Otter» (PKM-237) «Kommersant» reported that local which was transferred at the begin- authorities were interested in delivning of 2011. eries of the Russian military products, Guinea particularly, military helicopters». It Russia means that «Russian Technologies» In 2011 the AMZ company delivered can get the rights for field developarmored vehicles «Tigr» to Guinea. ment of helicopters.

The number of vehicles is not report- Cameroon ed. In Guinea the armored fighting Spain vehicle «Tigr» will be adopted for en- In June, 2012 the Air Force of suring protection of gold and dia- Cameroon signed the contract on mond mines. purchasing of the medium military The AMZ expects to conclude more transport aircraft CN-235 by «Airbus contracts with the African countries military» production. The cost and on «Tigr» deliveries. terms of deliveries are not reported.

Zambia USA China In January, 2012 the Navy of In March, 2012 the Chinese nation- Cameroon adopted 3 new patrol al space import and export corpora- boats by the American company 3(64).2012

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45

SHIPBUILDING

«Boston Wheeler» production. It is planned to use boats to fight against a piracy and maintain law and order.

Kenya USA USA plan to deliver to Kenya 8 pilotless aircraft as an assistance in fighting against militarized formations in the region of the Somalia, Jamia AshShabaab. 8 BLA RQ-11B will become a part of the military assistance by the Pentagon.

Spain «Astilleros Gondan» the coastal patrol ship сonstructed seven years ago at Jasiri in the Spanish shipbuilding company for the Ministry of Defence of Kenya is planned to be delivered to the customer this summer.

The contract in 4,1 billion Kenyan shillings ($50 million) on delivery of the patrol ship with its displacement in 1050 tons was signed in July, 2003.

The ship construction began in June, 2004, its descent to water took place in January, 2005. However, the ship delivery was stopped because of the investigation on corruption of some officials.

Russia In February, 2012 Kenya received from Russia 8 armored BRDM-3 and 3 transport and combat Mi-171 helicopters.

The initial contract in 8,9 billion Kenyan shillings ($105,6 million), signed in August, 2011, assumed deliveries of 88 BRDM by the end of 2011.

The Air Force of Kenya got 3 Mi-171 helicopters of the fighting version

by Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant production also. One such helicopter from the previous party crashed on April 5, 2011. New helicopters were given through «Rosoboronexport» to the 50th battalion of Air Cavalry in 46

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Embakasi on January 3, 2012. act with new Libyan structures, we One of the Kenyan officers precised help them to repair their military that the contract for deliveries of 3 harware and we deliver them spare helicopters was signed a few years parts. We have been holding consulago, the vehicles arrived to Kenya in tations now». the last days of December, 2011 at Earlier, on July 5 of this year the the beginning of January, 2012.

Konstantin Biryulin the deputy direcProbaly, it is a question of one con- tor of FSVTS confirmed in his intertract from 2010 on deliveries of 6 Mi- view to «RIA Novosti news agency» 171 helicopters. information about Libya’s intentions At the end of last year Kenya al- to renew the Military-Technical coso started negotiations with operation with Russia, but noted that «Rosoboronexport» about acquisi- «currently, we do not have any agreetion of 16 Mi-28H fight helicopters ments by the Libyan party». for the 50th battalion of Air Cavalry. Mauritania It is planned to add to the 4 Chinese Brazil Z-9WE fight helicopters another ones The Air Force of Mauritania chose by the Russian production that were A-29 «Super Tucano» for operadelivered in January of the current tions against the illegal paramilitary year. groups.

Libya Morocco Brazil Netherlands The government of Libya in July, The company Damen Schelde Naval 2012 interested in purchasing of Shipbuilding (DSNS) plans to delivEMB-314 (A-29) «Super Tuсano» light er to the Navy of Morocco «Allal fighters by Embraer Defenсe and Ben Abdellah» frigate of the «Sigma» Security production. The order in- class in September 2012. cludes 24 planes, equipment, train- In October, 2011 the DSNS company ing simulators, vehicles’ mainte- announced the contract signing on nance and personnel training. deliveries to the Navy of Morocco 3 The purpose of acquisition is resto- multi-purpose frigates of the «Sigma» ration of fighting possibilities of the class, including 1 «Sigma-10513» frigAir Force of Libya. ate with 2300-tons in weight ,105m The planes’deliveries can be one of in length and 2 «Sigma-9813» with several perspective ways of coopera- 2100-tons in weight, 98m in length. tion between Libya and Brazil.

The program cost is about $1,2 bilIt should be mentioned that earlier lion. there were statements about Libya’ «Tariq Ben Ziyad» the leading 105m intentions to buy aircraft in the frigate was given to Navy of Morocco countries that took an active part in on September 10, 2011. The second M.Gaddafi’overthrow, mainly, France, 98m ship «Sultan Mouay Ismai» the Great Britain and USA. Navy of Morocco got on March 10, Particularly, there were talks about 2012 after successful sea-tests. getting in France 2 squadrons of The Moroccan frigates of the the «Rafal» fighters and several the «Sigma» class are designed for tasks’ Dassault Mirage F1 (for support) performance, including territorial as well as EF-2000 «Typhoon» in waters patrolling, humanitarian opGreat Britain, C-130 «Hercules» mil- erations’ support, search and rescue itary transport planes and CH-47 operations.

«Chinook» heavy transport helicop- USA ters in USA. In March, 2012 the company Russia «Lockheed Martin» announced the Libya addressed to Russia with a re- beginning of flight tests of the last quest for spare parts’deliveries to re- fighter F-16 Block-52 at the enterpair earlier bought military harware, prise in Fort-Uorte (Texas) ordered by said Vyacheslav Dzirkaln the dep- the Air Force of Morocco. uty director of the Federal Service The Defence Security Cooperation For Military-Technical Cooperation at Agency agency (USA) notified «Farnborough-2012». the Congress on potential sales According to him «we continue to to Morocco 24 fighters F-16C/D

SHIPBUILDING Block-52 as well as the services and equipment defined by the contract on December 18, 2007. The total cost of the agreement is estimated at $2,4 billion. The program also provides planes’ supplies, pilots and technicians training for the customer on the territory of Morocco within 15 years.

The initial contract in $233,6 million on production of fighters the «Lockheed Martin» signed with the U.S. Air Force on May 30, 2008.

Within the agreement the Air Force of Morocco will receive 18 singleseater F-16C Block-52 and six double training and combat F-16D. The first 4 planes were received by the Air Force of Morocco in August, 2011.

As it is planned the deliveries of all fighters will be completed by the end of 2012.

USA In January, 2012 the Air Force of Morocco received the sixth and last party of Tecsun-2 T-6C training planes.

The contract in $185,3 million on deliveries to the Air Force of Morocco 24 T-6C planes was signed by the «Hawker Beechcraft» on September 21, 2009. The agreement also provided planes’ deliveries, system support deliveries, technical maintenance and personnel training.

The Air Force of Morocco became the first foreign customer of the T-6C plane. The first 4 training and combat planes left the enterprise «Hawker Beechcraft» on January 14, 2011.

The new training and combat planes are designed for replacement the T-37B Dragonfly delivered in 1995 and will be used at the school of flight trainings on the Air Force Base of Marrakech. The T-6C plane will allow to reduce fuel consumption on 66 % in comparison with T-37.

The Air Force of Morocco plans to use new planes for F-16 C/D pilots training which were delivered in August, 2011.

USA In July, 2012 the Ministry of Defence of Morocco signed the offering letter from LOA provide the acquisition of short-range air-to-air guided missiles AIM-9X Block-2 «Sidewinder».

Morocco became the 10th coun-

try that bought AIM-9X missiles Dmitry Salamatin the industrial with self-guidance infra-red system. character issues during the visit to Moreover, Morocco is the 4th coun- Ukraine on May 15. try that bought the Block-2 version. The Armed Forces of Namibia rely on The missiles are designed for F-16 partnership in the sphere of Militaryfighters.

Technical Cooperation. All weapUSA ons are made by the USSR producIn June, the Defence Security tion. Dmitry Peregudov the Director Cooperation Agency (USA) notified general of «Ukroboronprom» ofthe Congress about planned deliver- fered the head of defencive departies to Morocco M1 «Abrams» within ment of Namibia the services of the the «Foreign military sales» program. Ukrainian producers to ensure the Taking into account the deliveries of operational readiness. parts, services and equipment the Namibia possesses TR-60, BTR-152, total agreement cost can be $1,015 floating BRDM-2, RSZO BM-21 and billion. The government of Morocco small arms. Among the last purchasaddressed to USA with request to es of the Armed Forces of Namibia buy 200 M1A1 «Abrams». are the J-7 fighters (the Chinese deMozambique rivative of MiG-21), Mi-35 and Mi-8 Portugal helicopters.

In July, 2012 Portugal transferred Ukraine also expects to participate the second light multi-purpose FTB- in the construction of military air 337G plane without compensatiion bases in Namibia. to the Air Force of Mozambique with- Nigeria in the agreement on military cooper- The Air Force modernization of the ation. The first plane was delivered country to Mozambique in March, 2011.

Last years the Air Force of Nigeria Before deliveries the FTB-337G began the large-scale program on planes being in service of the Air modernization after several decades Force of Portugal were modified. of poor financing. In March, 2012 These planes are used for medical the Air Force of the country adoptevacuation operations, training and ed 2 upgraded SA-332M1 helicopters sea supervision.

«Super Puma», several light multiNamibia purpose AW-109 LUH helicopters by China «Agusta / Westland» production (the In June, 2012 the Navy of Namibia first 2 were delivered in 2010). received «Elephant» the multi-pur- In November, 2009 the government pose patrol vessel by the Chinese of Nigeria approved the concluproduction. sion of the contract on purchasing «Elephant» will become the biggest 5 restored AS-332 «Super Puma» in vessel in the fleet of Namibia. The France for operations’support in the sale of «Elephant» to Namibia in- delta of Niger. These aircrafts have aldicates a growing Chinese expan- ready been set on duty. sion on the African market of sea ar- The U.S. Air Force helped Nigeria to mament. Delivering the vessels to restore 3 of 8 available VTA C-130H/Cthe small countries since the 1970s, 130H-30 aircrafts to the ready flight China wants to lead on the market of condition. Within the program of such countries as Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia that were used to buy military production from the Western countries.

Besides, the Indian and Turkish shipbuilding companies began active functioning on the African market. The European and Brazilian shipbuilding companies dominated on this market earlier.

Ukraine Charles Namolo the Minister of Defence of Namibia discussed with 3(64).2012

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SHIPBUILDING modernization among five G-222 military transport planes Nigeria has already received 3 repaired.

The contract in 84 $million signed in 2006 with the «Alenia Aermacchi» company provides modernization to MB-339CD series, 12 training planes of MB-339A were stored in Kano. No less than 4 fighters were restored in Germany. According to available data, the «Aero Vodochody» company modernized several L-39ZA «Albatros».

It should be noted that among new purchases are fifteen FT-7NI planes by the Chinese production intended to replace MiG-21, two maritime patrol aircraft the ATR-42MP, two extra «Falkon-7X» and one G-550 «Gulfstream».

In April, 2012 the Air Force of Nigeria offered a significant amount of old planes and helicopters for sale.

According to an auction website, many planes are in good state.

For sales they offered 41 ground-attack aircrafts, 4 transport planes, 12 helicopters and 13 combat and training planes.

Particular, it is planned to sell 25 MiG-21, 16 «Jaguar» ground-attack aircrafts, 9 multi-purpose Mi-34 helicopters, 3 Bo-105 reconnaissance helicopters, 3 C-130 «Hercules», 1 F.27 «Fokker» plane and 13 «Buldog» (on spare parts’sales).

Modernization of Navy In April, 2012 Gudlak Johnathan the president of Nigeria approved the acquisition from China 2 new OPV patrol vessels with 1800 tons in weight.

6,78 billion nairas ($42,985 million) were granted from the defensive budget for this project. The first vessel will be constructed in China, 50 % of works on construction of the second ship will be carried out in Nigeria within technology transfer.

According to provisions of the de-

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

fensive budget for 2012, the Navy Shipbuilding») was completed of Nigeria will receive about 20 new on the shipyard «Dolfin's MTG» in samples of naval equipment, includ- Varna (Bulgaria) on November, 2011. ing 3 «Shaldag» Israeli high-speed According to available data, the ship patrol boats, 3 «Manta» Singapore was equipped with arms in Ukraine.

24m coastal patrol boats and 6 «Manta» Mk.II ASD Jet fighters (total REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA cost is 2,2 billion nairas; $13,7 million). Sweden Besides, it is planned to buy the heli- The last 4 fighters JAS-39 «Gripen» copter and spare parts for the vessels. of South Africa modernized to the Besides, purchase of the helicop- block-4 version in Sweden will be ter and spare parts for the vessels is delivered to the customer in Augustplanned on the sum of 1,04 billion September of the current year. nairas ($6,5 billion).

«Gripen» planes were delivered to In the defensive budget of 2011 fi- the Air Force of South Africa within nancial year there was approvement the contract signed by «Saab» and of acquisition of 2 sea patrol vessels, «British and Aero Space» in 1999. The repair and modernization of 6 coast- agreement on $2,2 billion providal patrol vessels by the «TRMarine of ed transfer to the Air Force of South Holland» company and deliveries of Africa 26 «Gripen» multi-purpose 9 vessels «Manta». fighters of the fourth generation (17 The French shipbuilding company single JAS-39C and 9 double JAS(OCEA) holds construction of three 39D) costed in $1,8 billion and 24 24m coastal patrol vessels and be- training planes for profound flight gan test them in March. training program «Hawk» Mk.120.

After the termination of construc- The first serial two-seated fighter tion by the «Suncraft» 6 «Manta» JAS-39D «Gripen» hull number SA01 Mk.II ASD vessels, the total amount the Air Force of South Africa received of these vessels will be 21. The first on April 30, 2008. The last party from vessels were used in 2008.

4 single-seater JAS-39C arrived to At the end of last year the com- Cape Town on October 8, 2011. mand of the US Coast guard trans- Spain ferred to the Navy of Nigeria «Chase» In April C-295 the military transport the patrol vessel (WHEC-718) of plane by the «Airbus military» comthe «Hamilton» class renamed as pany arrived to South Africa within «Tander». tender for deliveries to this country According to Ishaya Ibrahim the new planes instead of the cancelled chief of staff of Navy Nigeria applies A-400M «Grizzly» program. C-295 for government’s permission to buy was presented within the program 49 ships and 42 helicopters next ten of military transport and sea plane. years.

The «Airbus military» offers to South Uganda Africa CN-235 or C-295 planes withUSA in the «Sausepan» project for sea suIn July, 2011 the Armed Forces pervision. The military department of Uganda ordered 4 BLA RQ-11B of South Africa wants to speed up an «Raven» on the sum of $3 million. The implementation of the project becomplexes were delivered in January. cause of piracy in Somalia.

According to plans of the Air Force of The South African companies also Uganda, new vehicles will be applied can take participation in production. for operations’ support in Somalia.

The negotiations have been holding Equatorial Guinea with «Danel» and «Aerosud» that carBulgaria-Ukraine ry out contracts within the A-400M At the beginning of February, 2012 program.

Equatorial Guinea officially entered The Air Force of the Republic of the corvette «Bata» hull number South Africa announced its consider047 with 2500 tons in weight. The ation to buy the small plane that can construction of the vessel (it was be taken on duty. «King Air-350» is classified as the project «Kasatka» one of the variants. by the Nikolaev state enterprise the «Research Design Center of