IDA Global Connections - Winter 2021 by International Desalination and Reuse Association

Winter 2021

IDA GLOBAL

CONNECTIONS Sustainable Financial Investments in the Water Sector According to the European Union IDA Favorite Papers Plugging the Gap: How the Private Sector can help Strengthen Water Security in MENA and Emerging Economies Around the Globe

Investing in Tomorrow’s Potential An exclusive interview with Fady Jameel Deputy President and Vice Chairman, Abdul Latif Jameel

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 | MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL 6 | MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT 8 | COVER STORY:

INVESTING IN TOMORROW’S POTENTIAL

51 | IDA WEBINARS 52 | IDA YOUNG LEADERS KNOWLEDGE

COMPETITION VIA ZOOM

53 | 2021 IDA WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING

CONFERENCE POSTPONED

55 | IDA WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING

CONFERENCE: CALL FOR AWARD NOMINATIONS CLOSING 15, JUNE 2021

14 | EXECUTIVE INSIGHT:

PLUGGING THE GAP: HOW THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN HELP STRENGTHEN WATER SECURITY IN MENA AND EMERGING ECONOMIES AROUND THE GLOBE

18 | FAVORITE PAPERS: A NEW FEATURE FOR

CONNECTIONS

32 | LEGAL VIEWPOINT:

SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER SECTOR ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION

36 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42 |

IDA NEWS IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022 SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES INFORMATION FOR EXHIBITORS CALL FOR EXTENDED ABSTRACTS: 15 SEPTEMBER DEADLINE 43 | THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM 46 | IDA INNOVATION FORUM 2022 48 | IDA INDUSTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS

56 | WAVES TO WATER PRIZE U.S. DEPARTMENT

OF ENERGY

58 | SOLAR DESALINATION PRIZE U.S.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

59 | WANT TO LEARN ABOUT IDA CORPORATE

MEMBER NEWS OR INDUSTRY UPDATES?

60 | IDA-SWCC UPCOMING SPECIALTY

CONFERENCES

62 | IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS 65 | IDA EVENTS / PARTNER EVENTS

IDA Global Connections is published quarterly. The views expressed in articles contributed to IDA Global Connections quarterly publication are not necessarily the views of the International Desalination Association. IDA assumes no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts and/or artwork.

Editorial Director Shannon McCarthy Editorial Inquiries +1-978-774-0959 info@idadesal.org Sponsorship Inquiries +1-978-774-0959 sponsorships@idadesal.org This publication is produced on recycled paper in support of sustainability

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL Dear Members and Colleagues, Last week, after close consultation with our Australian Government partners, we've made the difficult decision to postpone the IDA World Congress initially scheduled for November 7-11, 2021. The new date is May 29- June 2, 2022, with an extended abstract submission deadline of September 15, 2021. While we are disappointed to make this announcement, providing a safe in-person event for all delegates and ensuring the invaluable scientific and business engagement of the Congress is of utmost importance to the IDA. Our thanks go out to all the authors who so diligently submitted their extended abstract on time, and our current corporate sponsors Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), Dupont, ROPV, and Almar Water Solutions. Additionally, we are thankful for the confirmed exhibitors we have to date: SWCC, Dupont, ROPV, Almar Water Solutions, Acciona Agua, Danfoss, EBRO Armaturen,

Toyobo, Sulzer, Beaudrey, Kyowakiden Industry Co., American Water Chemicals, and H. Butting GMBH, representing 30% booking of the show floor. We also thank the thirty-four volunteers who serve on the IDA World Congress Technical Program Committee, for lending their expertise to curate a four-day, four-track, peer-reviewed program. With this same concern, we have postponed the IDA Biennial International Water Reuse and Recycling Conference in Rome, Italy, to October 11-13, 2021, and extended the abstract submission deadline to April 30, 2021. We thank our current sponsors for their understanding: Dupont, Toray, Aqceptance Group, and Almar Water Solutions. In this issue of IDA Global Connections, we are honored to feature the cover story article, an interview with Fady Jameel, known for his global philanthropism, thought leadership, and investment in the water-energy sectors.

New to Connections is a special section curated by former IDA President Jim Birkett and IDA Board member Jantje Johnson titled "Favorite Papers." They have asked a handful of respected and experienced IDA members to name and submit their favorite desalination papers. This section includes papers on the fundamentals of distillation, aquatic biofilm formation, reverse osmosis, and the composite tubular assembly for reverse osmosis desalination. We think there is much to be learned from each.

We are also excited to announce the IDA collaboration with SWCC Desalination Technology Research Institute (DTRI) to conduct two boutique conferences this fall in Saudi Arabia on Innovation in Desalination and Ocean Brine Mining. The latter aims to capture a new industry trend of turning brine generated by desalination plants from a waste product into a sustainable and valuable alternative source of minerals currently obtained by terrestrial mining. Included are tours to SWCC Brine Mining Research Facility in Jubail and the 320,000 m3/day Ras Al Khair desalination plant. A visit to SWCC demonstration facilities showcasing several innovative technologies of the DTRI developed in-house or created in partnership with key industry partners such as Hydranautics, FEDCO, Toyobo, Waterise, Fluid Technology Solutions, ERI, Pacifica Water Systems, and the University of California Los Angeles.

This Spring we continue with the IDA Academy Webinars which have served to stimulate knowledge exchange and membership interaction. We are pleased to announce Waterleau, our corporate sponsor for the upcoming March 10th webinar “Industrial End-User Case Studies on Water Reuse.” This webinar is followed by the April 7th webinar developed by the IDA Public and Private Utility Advisory Group addressing As well, it is my pleasure to announce our soonto-be-launched program, The IDA Talks, a video “Digitalization of Water Assets and Utilities.” series publicized on IDA social media platforms, IDA YouTube Channel, and the IDA website. IDA As we aim to engage with more partners, I am Talks is our approach to sharing knowledge pleased to spotlight the thorough and incisive and creating conversations on essential topics legal viewpoints in the article from Mr. Carlos on desalination and water reuse and relevant Vazquez and Eduardo Orteu Gomez titled "Sus- energy solutions. These talks will also be a tainable financial investments in the water dynamic way for experts to interact with the IDA sector according to the European Union." The community and a global audience. article provides a window into the legal frameworks of sustainable practices across the In closing, I would like to welcome our new globe. corporate members: Thames Water, Goulburn Valley Water, Keppel Urban Solutions, Likewise, the Executive Insight article features SIGMADAF, Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., a brilliant analysis from Julie Carles and Tiziana Waterleau, and Kazadi Enterprises. Smith of the International Finance Corporation, on how the private sector finance of non-con- We hope you enjoy this issue. ventional water treatment facilities can fill the Shannon K. McCarthy water gap in the Middle East and North Africa IDA Secretary General region, and elsewhere.

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT tries. As in the Dubai 2019 IDA World Congress, top companies, researchers, academics, and proAfter a difficult 2020, both personally and in fessionals from the desalination and reuse sector terms of work due to the COVID-19 pandemic, will gather. we are pleased to share this Winter Issue of IDA Global Connections, showcasing new develop- Water scarcity, population growth, and demand ments and exciting new projects. Our biennial IDA for water for industrial use are driving rapid International Water Reuse and Recycling Confe- growth in wastewater reuse. In terms of installed rence in Rome, Italy, will take place in less than capacity, the USA is currently the largest market six months. Firmly focused on promoting water for reuse (31%), followed closely by China (30%). reuse, discussions will address best practices in Europe is not far behind either. In May 2020, the water reuse and recycling. Topics like government EU approved new regulations on water reuse, for policies and regulations, financial challenges, new the first time establishing minimum requirements technologies, industrial water needs, and inno- for its safe use in agriculture and preserving vative research will lead the exchange among bodies of freshwater and groundwater. In 2021, this trend is expected to expand geographically, experts. I encourage you to join us. and in the years to come, we will achieve reuse records on all continents. And towards the end of the year, we look forward to meeting you again at the 2022 IDA World But let's not forget about desalination, which, Congress in Sydney, Australia to discuss technolo- although it is a more mature and widely implegy and innovative solutions that will help increase mented technology, also continues to grow in the water supply for millions of people and indus- different areas experiencing a water shortage. Dear members,

In Egypt, work is underway on a new water desalination plan, as was previously done in other countries, and currently in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, reverse osmosis projects continue to be developed, replacing thermal plants. Lastly, new desalination projects are expected to be launched soon in both Africa and Latin America, with a particular emphasis on the industrial sector in the latter case.

political will and public awareness, increasing drinking water supply through new and modern infrastructure is possible. The role of investors and philanthropists is equally important to evoke change and growth in our sector. I am pleased that our cover story features such an example. Mr. Fady Jameel, Deputy President and Vice Chairman of Abdul Latif Jameel, is an 'activist-investor' making a magnanimous effort in the fight against climate change. The initiatives he is leading with his family company both at the corporate and philanthropic levels to increase and improve the There are many countries in which public policies supply of water, as well as its treatment, are imregarding desalination and reuse have been a pressive. success, guaranteeing water supply for different uses: drinking water, urban, agricultural, industrial I hope you enjoy reading this special issue of IDA uses. Australia, the country that will host our next Global Connections. IDA World Congress, deserves special mention for Best regards and see you soon. its groundbreaking reuse and desalination policies between 2007-2015 and its current commitment Carlos Cosin to renewable water and energy solutions. IDA President As I have stressed on numerous occasions: with

COVER STORY

Investing in Tomorrow’s Potential An exclusive interview with Fady Jameel Deputy President and Vice Chairman, Abdul Latif Jameel

“Water is a key, if not the key, critical issue both for the planet and humankind. Innovating, developing and investing in processes and technologies that enable us, as a society, to provide an adequate supply of water for our communities, industries and agriculture – in a way that doesn’t harm, but is in harmony with the environment – is one of the biggest challenges we will ever face.” - Fady Jameel

How engaged are you personally with the water industry? I have a deep personal concern for the environment and our planet and strongly believe in how energy and water projects and new technologies can help us meet what are some of our greatest challenges. I’d like to consider myself what you might call an ‘activist-investor’ – championing initiatives, whether philanthropic or commercial, that are able to make a real, tangible and meaningful contribution to building a better world. Of course, I acknowledge that everyone of us, including myself, and Abdul Latif Jameel, need to do more to help achieve that goal, but we are starting to take meaningful steps towards that. I strongly believe the issues around water scarcity are simply too big to ignore. The climate crisis we have seen accelerating in recent years is driving increasing and unsustainable pressure on fresh water, the most precious of our planet’s resources. Extreme weather phenomena are increasing in frequency: drought, floods, glacial melting, famine, and wildfires. If we concentrate only on addressing these ‘symptoms’ rather than engineering fundamental change in our relationship with water and its central role in the planet’s environmental wellbeing, this will not only continue, it will worsen considerably.

As you rightly point out, the growing demand for water puts increasing pressure on the limited resources available. How can this best be addressed? 10

Desalination and wastewater treatment are probably the most advanced currently available technologies that are able to play an important role in overcoming the water sustainability challenge. Globally, more than 300 million people already get their water from desalination plants. At the same time, innovation, policy and social acceptance around wastewater reuse has been gaining momentum. Global contracted reuse capacity has almost doubled since 2010 and I expect the pace of growth to continue, if not increase. A few pathfinders are leading the way here such as California and Singapore. This trend will be further strengthened by EU and US wastewater re-use regulations, which help to provide a consistent international framework and raise public awareness of the benefits and standards around water reuse. The direction of travel is clear, and I expect to see a lot more innovation and investment activity in both the desalination and wastewater treatment sectors in the coming years, as two of the most promising solutions to the water scarcity challenge.

One of the main factors holding back investment in water technologies, historically, has been the institutional capacity, and specifically the cost of energy required to run desalination and wastewater treatment plants effectively. How is this changing? It is undoubtedly a cruel irony that desalination is often uneconomical in areas that need it most. In addition to the

significant energy costs, water is heavy and expensive to transport. This means desalination plants are typically located on the coast and near the point of use, serving relatively affluent industrial, commercial, or domestic demand, and leaving more deprived, inland areas literally ‘high and dry’. More and more, with the advancement of renewable energy sources, we are seeing small remote desalination units implemented to serve off-grid communities.

“The direction of travel is clear, and I expect to see a lot more innovation and investment activity in both the desalination and wastewater treatment sectors in the coming years, as two of the most promising solutions to the water scarcity challenge" Thankfully, costs are expected to decline by up to two-thirds over the next two decades. Extensive research into pretreatment, nano-technology filtering, and electrochemical methods promises to make desalination even more efficient, while a new generation of ‘greener’ facilities are already making desalination an ever-more sustainable solution. We also see renewable energy as a vital piece of the jigsaw when it comes to achieving the full potential of affordable desalination and wastewater treatment technologies. That’s why we have embedded it in our long-term philosophy at Abdul Latif Jameel.

Prof. John H. Lienhard V, who is a member of the Board of IDA and appointed Dean of the IDA Academy Program, is also the Director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Systems Lab (J-WAFS) at MIT. Community Jameel has made a profound financial investment in the Lab, can you tell us about the lab and its work? J-WAFS is one of four research labs we cofounded or fund at MIT through Community Jameel, an international organization founded by my father, Mohammed Jameel, that uses evidence, science, data and technology to tackle urgent global issues. The others are the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), the Abdul Latif Jameel World Education Lab (J-WEL), and the Abdul Latif Jameel Clinic for Machine Learning in Health (the Jameel Clinic).

J-WAFS brings together some of the world’s leading researchers in water and food systems to help combat the unprecedented challenges of climate change. When MIT and Community Jameel cofounded J-WAFS in 2014, we already recognized the impending water and food emergency and the crisis facing our society. The idea behind the lab is to facilitate and encourage the cross-fertilization of ideas and develop breakthrough research and technology that can then be commercialized

in the real world, particularly in less developed markets. Community Jameel itself acts as a bridge between leading edge research on the one hand, and potential investors and partners on the other, leveraging the long-standing links between the Jameel family and MIT.

How does the MIT Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) address and impact water policy reform and development? J-PAL is a global research center working to reduce poverty (and tackle other issues) by ensuring that policy is informed by scientific evidence. Anchored by a network of over 190 affiliated professors around the world – and led by its Nobel prize winning cofounders, professors Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo – J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to assess policy impact.

The lab supports evidenced based policy development by encouraging policymakers to apply understanding from their assessments. J-PAL also provides insights that explain the general lessons emerging

from the research and condenses the results from evaluations in policy publications and evaluation summaries, making this invaluable data accessible to the widest possible audience. Most recently, J-PAL and King Philanthropies launched the King Climate Action Initiative to design, test, and scale solutions at the nexus of climate change and poverty.

How optimistic are you for the future of the water industry and its wider role in shaping our response to the climate crisis? I’m an optimist by nature, so I’m hopeful we can take the necessary steps to deliver on the potential of the water industry to sustain our communities, protect our planet and safeguard our future. The water crisis is everyone's responsibility. And I firmly believe that if we prioritize the water challenge, establish the policy and fiscal frameworks to encourage investment, management, and innovation, and foster a spirit of collaboration and partnership, we can build a water industry with the capacity and commitment to play a critical role in strengthening water security and global development.

About the Author Fady Jameel is Deputy President and Vice Chairman, International of Abdul Latif Jameel, a family-owned diversified business, founded in 1945 by the late Abdul Latif Jameel. Mr. Jameel heads the international operations of Abdul Latif Jameel and is a member of the board. Fady Jameel is Vice Chairman of Community Jameel, an international organisation tackling some of the world’s most urgent issues and challenges using a pioneering approach grounded in evidence, science, data and technology. Community Jameel employs a new approach to creating impact, by driving new scientific and technological breakthroughs and innovations in the fields of education, health and climate. Fady is also Chairman and Founder of Art Jameel, the arts and culture organization and holds a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan. He speaks English, Arabic, and Their position in energy is led by their flagship Japanese. renewables company Fotowatio Renewable Abdul Latif Jameel is a diversified family Ventures, (FRV). A global utility-scale solar, business and global investor, with interests wind and energy storage solutions provider, including transportation, engineering and particularly active in Latin America, Australia, manufacturing, financial services, real estate, the Middle East and Europe. energy and environmental services, health, consumer products, and media with a presence in more than 30 countries over six continents and approximately 11,000 employees from 40+ nationalities. In recent years, the business’ most rapid international expansion has been in the energy and environmental services sector. This includes Almar Water Solutions, established in 2016, operating in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.

EXECUTIVE

INSIGHT 14

PLUGGING THE GAP: HOW THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN HELP STRENGTHEN WATER SECURITY IN MENA AND EMERGING ECONOMIES AROUND THE GLOBE By Julie Carles and Tiziana Smith The most water scarce region in the world, countries have to continue to learn to do more the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is no with less by managing demand while ensuring stranger to innovation in water sector infras- sufficient, reliable supply. tructure. Water management in the region is critical not only for local human and economic For countries facing water well-being, but also for regional stability, since many water sources are shared across bounscarcity, augmenting water daries. As such, MENA has pioneered advanced supply through desalination water productivity and water supply technoand wastewater reuse offers logy, including desalination and wastewater reuse. a sustainable solution. However, the region continues to face major water security challenges that will require substantial investments in demand management and in water supply and sanitation infrastructure, including desalination and wastewater reuse. Financing this infrastructure in the context of the increasingly constrained public budgets faced by MENA emerging economies will be a major challenge. With appropriate business environment and well-structured projects, the private sector could play a key role in plugging the gap.

For countries facing water scarcity, augmenting water supply through desalination and wastewater reuse offers a sustainable solution. Advanced desalination and wastewater treatment and reuse technology are well established and continuously advancing. Under the right circumstances, wastewater reuse can now deliver water less expensively, with lower hydrological risks and environmental impacts, and more long-term price certainty than large water Over 60% of the population and over 70% of transfer schemes. Water can be treated to the the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the MENA necessary levels for the specified use, such as region are exposed to high or very high water irrigation, industry, or potentially potable water. stress compared to only 35% of the global population and 22% of the global GDP. Many of While wastewater reuse has been very successthe surface water and groundwater sources ful in countries like Singapore, many countries are already overexploited, and their yields will have struggled to develop wastewater treatment be affected by changing rainfall and tempe- and reuse facilities, because of limited institurature patterns due to climate change1. MENA tional capacity at subnational level, high project

preparation and transaction costs, and concerns about affordability. MENA emerging economies have mostly relied on public financing as well as on Overseas Development Assistance (with these countries being the largest recipient per capita for decades) for water infrastructure2. However, mirroring global trends, these countries’ public sector debt has reached record levels and public finance is constrained,3 making financially sustainable water-infrastructure development models essential.

The potential to mobilize private sector finance in wastewater reuse and the water sector more broadly could be exploited by tackling two common issues: low cost recovery in the water sector and the lack of well-structured projects. Investing in water supply infrastructure, including desalination and wastewater reuse infrastructure, will require countries to mobilize massive financing from a variety of sources including increased Tariffs, Taxes, and Transfers (3Ts); savings from reductions in costs via efficiency gains; and crowding in private sector financing. Private finance has already been successfully deployed in the water sector in MENA with 31 transactions closed in the last decade, representing over 25 percent of the deals closed globally and the largest number of any region. However, only four of these projects were in emerging markets.4 The potential to mobilize private sector finance in wastewater reuse and the water sector more broadly could be exploited by tackling two common issues: low cost recovery in the water sector and the lack of well-structured projects. In some countries, improving the financial sustainability and creditworthiness of water management institutions will require time and subs-

tantial policy reform. However, private sector financing can still be mobilized during the transition from low tariffs to cost recovery through hybrid financing structures blending public and private finance together with grants. This will help bring down capital costs and/or concessional finance and divide the financial burden of investments between the private and public sectors. To tackle the lack of well-designed projects, IFC is developing a new initiative called “Scaling Rewater” in wastewater reuse, which will support governments, utilities, and project developers and investors in rapidly implementing privately funded wastewater reuse projects at competitive and transparent tariffs. The initiative will support the development (i.e., feasibility, assessment, structuring, procurement and financing) of projects and will be applicable to emerging economies around the globe, including in MENA. The MENA region has already shown that desalination and wastewater reuse technology can be an important tool to combat water scarcity. With appropriate business environments and well-structured projects, the private sector can play a pivotal role in boosting the use of such technology in its emerging economies. The advisory and investment teams of IFC look forward to working with governments, private sector developers and investors and the IDA community to build a water-secure future for the people and economies of the MENA region.

| “World Bank. 2018. Beyond Scarcity : Water Security in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development Report;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ handle/10986/27659 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.” 2 | World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT. PC.ZS. Accessed January 21, 2021. 3 | World Bank 2019. Developing Public-Private Partnership Initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa: From Public Debt to Maximizing Finance for Development. Policy Reasearch Working Paper 8863. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ bitstream/handle/10986/31745/WPS8863.pdf?sequence=4 4 | IJGlobal Project Finance and Infrastructure Journal Transaction Data. https://ijglobal.com/data/search-transactions. Accessed January 16, 2021. 1

About the Authors Julie Carles. Principal Investment Officer, IFC MENA. Julie holds a Master in Development and Economics from a French University in Paris (Paris Dauphine) and she is also graduated in International Economics from Sciences Po Paris. She holds an Executive MBA from London Business School and Columbia University. After spending several years working for power utilities in Europe in charge mergers and acquisitions and cross border investments, she joined IFC in 2012 as an investment officer in the infrastructure department in MENA. She has been working on the financing of many transactions across the region, including in fragile and conflict states. Over the past years, she has been leading business development efforts for IFC in the water sector across MENA and Horn of Africa and worked primarily on water transactions in the region.

Tiziana Smith. Water Specialist, International Finance Corporation. Tiziana is passionate about sustainability and equity in water management. At the International Finance Corporation, she works on Scaling ReWater, an initiative to facilitate private sector participation in wastewater reuse. In previous roles at the World Bank, she worked with the governments of Vietnam and India on irrigation and water management projects. Tiziana holds a PhD in Water Resources Management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is currently a part of the World Bank Group’s Young Professionals Program. She is fluent in Spanish and conversational in French and Portuguese.

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PAPERS

favorite

A new future

for Connections We invite you to read an experimental first column of a novel idea. For each issue of Connections we will ask a handful of respected and experienced members of our community to name and comment upon those papers in the desalination literature which are their personal favorites. No, we are not asking for nominations of “best” or “most influential” papers, only their personal favorites. What papers have spoken to them or influenced their work, and why? Read on.

Favorite Papers

Fundamentals of Distillation by Yehia M. El-Sayed and Robert S. Silver Yehia M. El-Sayed and Robert S. Silver, 1980, “Fundamentals of Distillation,” in Principles of Desalination, 2nd ed., K. S. Spiegler and A. D. Laird, eds., Academic Press, New York, Chapter 2. Nominated by: John H. Lienhard V, PhD, PE Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology lienhard@mit.edu

l-Sayed and Silver gave me an excellent introduction to thermodynamic analysis of seawater distillation systems and the rationale for multi-stage designs. I found the technical framework surprisingly accessible, and, after brief investigation, I was not surprised to discover that both authors were distinguished mechanical engineers. So, of course the approach made sense to me—they spoke in my native language. Robert S. Silver was the James Watt Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Glasgow, a recipient of the ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award, and renowned as one of the fathers of MSF technology. Yehia M. El-Sayed had conducted research at many universities (including MIT) and twice received the ASME Edward F. Obert Award for outstanding research in thermodynamics.

I have used this book chapter directly in my desalination class to teach mechanical engineering students about distillation and energy efficiency. El-Sayed and Silver point out the levers for raising the performance of distillation. First, try to minimize the entropy produced by heat transfer across temperature

differences. Second, especially, avoid discarding exergy with the leaving streams. Multistage designs target the latter issue. In a multi-effect evaporator, heat released during condensation at one pressure drives evaporation in a lower pressure section, so that a given quantity of heat can distill vapor over and over again. In multi-stage flash distillation, liquid vaporizes as brine is throttled into successive stages, while the condensing vapor preheats counterflowing feed. The irreversibility of heat transfer across the evaporator stages of MEE is replaced by throttling irreversibilities in MSF. The exergetic assessment of water/power coproduction, as discussed in this chapter, remains a topic of research today. Does thermal desalination have an advantage over RO from a primary energy perspective? The challenge in such an analysis is to correctly apportion the power loss that accompanies steam extraction. El-Sayed and Silver had the basic framing right, but they did not address the likelihood that extraction would change a turbine’s second-law efficiency. Under their inspiration, my group has recently looked at that question.

Silver, in a separate work, noted that all of the wonderful thermodynamic innovation of MSF, addressing 99.9% of the feed, could “be rendered useless” by the mere 0.1% that forms scale on the heat exchangers. That, however, is another story.

About the nominator John H. Lienhard V is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. He has worked on many desalination technologies, with a focus on thermodynamic efficiency and system assessment. His group’s seawater properties correlations have been used widely, and their seawater surface tension data is now an IAPWS international guideline. Lienhard has been issued 36 U.S. patents, has written three textbooks and hundreds of papers, and, like El-Sayed and Silver, has received ASME’s Edward F. Obert and Heat Transfer Memorial Awards.

Favorite Papers

Revised Paradigm of Aquatic Biofilm Formation Facilitated by Microgel Transparent Exopolymer Particles Edo Bar-Zeev, Iliana Berman-Frank, Olga Gershevitz and Tom Berman, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, Vol 109, June 5, 2012, 9119-9124. Nominated by: Harvey Winters, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences Fairleigh Dickinson University harvey@fdu.edu

his paper by Edo Bar-Zeev and co-authors proposed for the first time the term “protobiofilm” to represent a planktonic (free-floating) biofilm precursor before its attachment to a surface, like a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. They further stated that the development of a protobiofilm, which is a complex of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), like transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) with extensive microbial attachment, would jump-start biofilm development. The type of EPS in the protobiofilm, as suggested in the paper, was that of TEPs that were detected with use of a dye, alcian blue, which interacts with any organic substance that contains carboxyl or sulfated groups. This was the first time that someone had suggested that biofilms actually begins as a planktonic entity. This new paradigm intrigued me as neither my biofilm colleagues nor I had previously ever thought that biofilm formation actually began as a planktonic precursor to the attached biofilm.

duced its concept. Since alcian blue is not specific for just TEP, it appears that Bar-Zeev and co-authors may have been implicating protobiofilms, rather than TEP, as the main cause of membrane biofouling. Protobiofilms and biofilms share common characteristics, except protobiofilms, are planktonic and biofilms attach to surfaces. The presence of protobiofilms in all types of RO feed water emphasizes their importance in enhancing the degree of biofilm formation.

The formation of protobiofilms suggests that it develops as bacterial aggregates, which are immersed in an EPS matrix, while in a planktonic state. Aggregation of bacteria, even between different strains, is a topic that I never lectured about in my 50 years of teaching at the university level. Yet, as I researched this topic, it became apparent to me that most bacteria in nature exist in an aggregated state and this could promote quorum sensing among the aggregated cells and thus make the aggregate more likely to attach to a membrane For the last decade, TEP had surface. been a serious topic for discussion as the source of biofilm Knowing that a membrane formation on RO membranes biofilm may begin as a prosince Tom Berman first intro- tobiofilm from precursors has

allowed myself to investigate its inhibition in a different light. While this paper had focused on just TEP as the important biofouling agent, it has allowed me to see a bigger picture of membrane biofouling in a world of many different aggregated bacteria and EPS matrices, not just TEP.

About the nominator Harvey Winters is Professor Emeritus at Fairleigh Dickinson University (FDU), Teaneck, New Jersey, USA. He received his Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in New York City. Initially, he studied biofilm formation on heat exchanger surfaces; but once he joined the faculty at FDU, he focused his teaching and research on RO membrane biofilm formation. Professor Winters has published extensively on the mechanism of membrane biofouling, particularly when he was a visiting scientist at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore and King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia.

Favorite Papers

Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis The Invention of the modern RO membrane by Loeb, S., and Surirajan, S. 1964. US Patent 3,133,132. And the thermodynamics of the process by Spiegler KS, Kedem O. Thermodynamics of hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis): criteria for efficient membranes. Desalination. 1966;1:311–326. Nominated by: Raphael, PhD, PE Department of Chemical Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology cesemiat@technion.ac.ii

y first introduction to desalination was during my PhD research at the Technion., I worked on multi effect distillation at that time and found the field fascinating. Upon returning from industry to the Technion I decided to continue with this exciting field. Two main techniques competed on the small desalination market at that time. This was a healthy competition that caused cost reduction and hence increased the desalination market. I was impressed mainly by two articles. The first is the patent of Loeb and Surirajan that was based on the reduction of mass transfer resistance to water passage through a tinner membrane and in fact invented the modern RO membranes. Sydney Loeb immigrated to Israel and built his second desalination plant in the center on the Negev Desert, supplying desalinated brackish water. Professors Spiegler and Kedem, provided us with the first explanation and theory on the thermodynamics of water passage through the membrane. At that time, an important question was if the polymeric thin layers will be able to compete with the strong, massive structure of the evaporation techniques.

Based on the opportunity of the RO technique, Professor Hasson and I decided to promote the Desalination subject in our country, to help the industry involved and convince the decision-makers. We established the Israel Desalination Society with our partners at the academy and industry. We had the honor to have Professor Kedem and Dr. Loeb on our board and as keynote lecturers and award whiners in our meetings. This effort was a big success. Currently, about 80% of the urban water supplied by desalination. With all the experience gained, water cost went down significantly. As researchers we try to continue and improve the processes. Especially the issues of fouling prevention, improved wastewater treatment, the energy consumed and the environmental issues of desalination and even develop a simple technique for removing calcium from seawater what improve the ability of cost reduction in evaporation processes.

About the nominator Raphael (Raf) Semiat is a Professor EM at Technion IIT, Israel, serving as the president of the Israel Desalination Society. Previously, co-editor at DESALINATION. Having industrial experience in process development, he published many articles on different issues in desalination and water purification, related to membrane processes, evaporation techniques, fouling issues, analysis of desalination technologies and reviews on energy consumption and related environmental issues.

Favorite Papers

Membranes for Power Generation by PressureRetarded Osmosis by K.L. Lee et al. K.L.Lee, R.W.Baker, H.K.Lonsdale "Membranes for power generation by pressure-retarded osmosis" Journal of Membrane Science, Volume 8, Issue 2, 1981, Pages 141-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S03767388(00)82088-8 Nominated by: Menachem Elimelech Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale University menachem.elimelech@yale.edu https://elimelechlab.yale.edu/menachem-elimelech

Lee et al. presented an excellent overview, derivation, and experimental results for the behavior of water flux through osmosis membranes, clearly delineating the regimes of reverse osmosis (RO), pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), and forward osmosis (FO). Although the title of the paper indicates only PRO, the authors described in detail the entire three regimes of RO, PRO, and FO. The derivation of the equations is given in detail and in a simple and clear way that is understandable at the undergraduate level.

When we started our research on FO at Yale in 2002, we were puzzled by the very low water fluxes obtained in the lab with commercial RO membranes. Luckily, the graduate students in my lab immediately came across this paper which clearly described the phenomenon of internal concentration polarization and showed the complete derivation of the equations for predicting the water flux. We also referred to this paper when we carried out research on PRO as the paper clearly explained the relationship between hydraulic pressure, water flux, and maximum power density in PRO.

Notably, one of the authors, Harry Lonsdale, was one of the pioneers in the development of the RO membrane technology. He had numerous other pioneering papers on the chemistry and properties in RO membranes. Lonsdale was also the founder and first editor of the Journal of Membrane Science and later had a political career in the State of Oregon. Another author of this classic paper, Richard Baker, is the founder of Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (MTR) and the author of the authoritative book “Membrane Technology and Applications.”

I have used this paper in my undergraduate course on environmental transport processes to illustrate the establishment of an internal concentration polarization profile within the membrane support layer under the action of convective and diffusive mass transfer. I have also referred to this paper in my graduate-level course on environmental physicochemical processes to illustrate internal concentration polarization as a performance-limiting phenomenon in membrane processes.

fields of FO and PRO as indicated by its large number of citations. The paper is unique because it combines detailed and lucid derivations of the performance equations of PRO and FO with experimental results and discussion of underlying mechanisms. With the deluge of incremental papers on this subject in the past decade, it is refreshing to refer to this classic paper and appreciate its contribution to the field of membrane science and desalination. About the nominator Menachem Elimelech is the Roberto Goizueta Professor at the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Yale University. His research focuses on membrane-based technologies at the water-energy nexus. Professor Elimelech was the recipient of numerous awards in recognition of his research contributions, including the 2005 Clarke Prize, election to the US National Academy of Engineering in 2006, the Eni Prize for ‘Protection of the Environment’ in 2015, and election to the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2017.

The paper has been very useful to researchers in the

Favorite Papers

A Composite Tubular Assembly for Reverse Osmosis Desalination by Sidney Loeb, Desalination, vol. 1 (1966) pp. 35–49 Nominated by: Miriam Balaban Desalination, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus (1966–2009) Desalination and Water Treatment, Editor-in-Chief (2009 to date) Secretary General EDS, Research Associate MIT balabanmiriam@gmail.com, balaban@mit.edu

ne of the first papers I published in Volume 1 of Desalination was this paper by Sidney Loeb. His greatest pride was the plant at Coalinga (Coaling Station A), CA since it did not only describe the technology but proved that fresh water could be produced from a plant using synthetic RO tubular membranes from a cellulose acetate polymer membrane. He described techniques for fabricating a composite tubular assembly.

For the rest of his life at many of the conferences which he attended, Sid displayed the plaque which hung in the plant because it was there that he not only proved that the technology could work, but most meaningful since it could open a way in which RO could provide water to a thirsty world.

bad in random fashion, as if flipping a coin. He finally speculated that one side of the membrane was different from the other and that was it. The side facing the air during casting on a glass plate had to be in contact with the saline solution during service.

Having reviewed and published over 20,000 papers over half a century, it is difficult to choose favorites. However, I will mention authors of some of the first significant papers: R.L. Riley, M.N. Ali El-Saie, K.S. Spiegler and O. Kedem, U. Merten, H. Lonsdale, He went on to develop D. Othmer and others. reverse osmosis research and propose new ideas such Comments as pressure retarded osmosis I was pleased to see that Prof. (PRO) and reverse electro- John Lienhard chose Prof. dialysis. Robert Silver and Prof. Yehia M. El Sayed, He published many other pioneers in the field of desalipapers in Desalination and nation. Both were very signiin other journals, but this pioficant to me. neering paper was most significant for him. Not long before I first met Prof. Silver at the he passed away, Sid left me memorable First International all his papers from which I published “The Collected conference on Fresh Water Papers of Sidney Loeb 1917– from the Sea in Athens. He 2008” now available online invited me to dinner and made (www.desline.com, www. sure that I knew that King James VI of Scotland became deswater.com).

Sid Loeb noted that anisotropy is the seminal feature to the success of RO desalination, and has been a major contributor to the general surge of interest in, and applications of membrane separation processes. The first test with an anisotropic membrane (not known at the time) was close to being a success. The second test (from the same membrane sheet) was a dismal failure with subsequent tests being equally good or very 29

Favorite Papers

Left to right: R.S. Silver, M. Balaban, K. Kraus, K. Fischbeck. Above: Zeus

King James I of England. This was the beginning of a life long friendship during which we discussed not only MSF and served on Dechema Committee on Fresh Water from the Sea, but also literature. He gave me the books he authored: The Bruce, Robert I King of Scots, a play and Poems: Conflict and Contexta and even music which he composed and sang to me over the phone, in his last days in the isle of Mull, Scotland.

and Prof. K.S. Spiegler whose book I published. Desalination Primer Introductory book for students and newcomers to desalination.

I wish to note that I greatly enjoyed collaboration with Prof. John Lienhard from his entrance into the field of desalination and swiftly becoming a major player in the field. He sustains the significant contributions of MIT from Prof. Ronald Probstein, I also enjoyed collaboration Bill Katz, Frank Leitz and with Prof. Yehia M. El Sayed others.

About the nominator Miriam BALABAN is a graduate in chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, USA. She is the founder of Desalination, the international journal for desalting and purification of water, and was its Editor-in- Chief from 1966 to 2009. In 2009 she launched the monthly journal Desalination and Water Treatment to accommodate the growing flood of papers in the field and enable prompt publication. She is editor and publisher of the Desalination Directory, the international online database in desalination water reuse. She is the Secretary General of the European Desalination Society with its headquarters in Italy, where she organizes courses, conferences, and workshops in desalination. She is associated with the desalination program – Center for Clean Water and Energy – in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She has received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Desalination Association and Star of Honor from the President of Italy. She has been adviser to the African Academy of Science in establishing the journal “Discover” and establishing the African Association of Science Editors.

favorite

PAPERS We hope that you found the above interesting or at least entertaining.

How can we improve on the concept?

Should we continue along this line and publish a second such column for the next issue? Most important, if you like the idea, who would you like us to tap next for their favorite papers? Please contact us directly with your thoughts.

Jantje Johnson, IDA Publications Committee,

Jantje@orangeboatsu-

Jim Birkett, at large,

westneck@aol.com

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LEGAL VIEWPOINT 32

SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER SECTOR ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION By Carlos Vázquez Cobos and Eduardo Orteu Berrocal The construction of a largescale dam can contribute to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals by addressing the scarcity of this resource, serving as a structural solution for flood management and producing renewable energy (hydroelectric). Nonetheless, on occasion, the construction and operation thereof can have significant environmental impacts due to hydromorphological pressures, the alteration of ecological flowsor due to the negative effects it may have on ecosystem services. The same concerns can be posed for wastewater reuse projects; while these facilities alleviate the pressure on water resources, increase water supply security and facilitate the implementation of the circular economy, they may also negatively condition water supply for other downstream uses within the basin.

The EU has approved Regulation (EU) 2020/852, of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 18 June 2020, on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, more commonly known as the “Taxonomy Regulation” As such, it begs the question: can investing in the construction of these facilities be classified as a sustainable investment? In order to respond to this question, not only with regard to the water

sector, but, more broadly, in relation to various scopes of environmental actions identified in the European Green Deal , the EU has approved Regulation (EU) 2020/852, of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 18 June 2020, on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, more commonly known as the “Taxonomy Regulation”. According to the foregoing Regulation, for an economic activity to be considered environmentally sustainable as well as the funding backing said investment, thereby reinforcing investor security and fighting against what is known as “Green washing”, the following four requisites must be fulfilled: a) First and foremost, it must substantially contribute to the achievement of one or more of the six following environmental objectives: (1) mitigation and (2) adaptation to climate change; (3) sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources; (4) transition towards the circular economy; (5) pollution prevention and control; and (6) the protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems. Activities other than the foregoing are also included if they directly permit and enable other activities to substantially contribute towards reaching these goals. Any contribution towards meeting these goals must also be substantial; in the case of water this essentially means that the economic activity must substantially contribute to the attainment of the environmental goals provided in the Water Framework Directive . Pursuant to article 12 of the regulation, this would be the

case for construction of wastewater treatment and water purification facilities, activities that promote efficient water use (including water reuse), those that serve to control polluting discharges, to mitigate the effects of flooding and drought or to improve, through any other means, the qualitative and quantitative status of water bodies.

the taxonomy Regulation is a much welcome and anticipated piece of legislation that enables the effective promotion of efforts to channel public and private investments b) Second, it must not cause significant damage to any of the aforementioned environmental goals. In the case of the environmental goal concerning the protection of water and the marine environment, significant harm occurs when the activity entails a deterioration to the good status (or the good ecological potential) of water bodies, or the good environmental state of EU marine waters. c) Third, the activity must abide by any international directives applicable to companies in respect of human rights.

sion in order to determine whether an activity significantly contributes to reaching the intended environmental target and whether carrying out the activity produces any significant harm to any other environmental goals. To this end, the Commission has prepared a draft delegated Regulation for the environmental goals concerning the mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Specifically, activities related to the water sector are included in sections 4.1 (on hydropower facilities) and sections 5.1 to 5.4 (on water supply, distribution, sanitation and purification facilities) in each of the annexes for the draft delegated Regulation. The delegated regulations for the remaining environmental targets must be approved prior to 1 January 2023. Existing EU legal tools (v.g. environmental impact assessment of projects and strategic environmental assessment of plans and programmes), as well as the application of the legal concept of “overriding public interest” contained in the Water Framework Directive can help to shed some light in this regard.

As such, the taxonomy Regulation is a much welcome and anticipated piece of legislation that enables the effective promotion of efforts to channel public and private investments towards activities that allow a greater implementation of sustainability both globally and with regard to the 2030 Agenda. Because, quite simply, d) Fourth, and finally, it must conform to the without water (and energy), there cannot be technical selection criteria set by the Commis- sustainability.

About the Authors

Carlos Vázquez Cobos. Partner. Head of the Administrative and Regulatory Law Department, Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Abogados, S. L. P. Carlos holds a Master of Law from the Complutense University of Madrid. He belongs to the Senior Corps of State Tax Inspectors and to the Senior Corps of State Insurance Inspectors. He served as an inspector of the National Inspection Office (Oficina Nacional de Inspección) from 1988 to 1996. In this same year, he was named Technical General Secretary of the Ministry of Environment, a position that he carried out until January 2001. From February 2003 to January 2005 he was the Managing Partner of the firm Alya Abogados, S.L., whereupon he was named partner of Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Abogados. He has been named "Lawyer of the Year" on two occasions by Best Lawyers in their publication "Best Lawyers in Spain and Portugal”: Best Lawyer, Spain, Water Law - 2017 (9th Edition) and Best Lawyer, Spain, Natural Resources – 2018 (10th Edition). His Specialization is Public law in general and, in particular, energy, environment, waters, waste, administrative HR and tax law. Carlos is fluent in Spanish and English.

Eduardo Orteu Berrocal, Senior Associate, Department of Public Law, Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Abogados, S. L. P. Eduardo holds a Law Degree from the Complutense University of Madrid (1996) and is a former State Civil Servant (1999). Prior to joining GA_P Eduardo served as a Parliamentary Advisor in Cabinet of the Minister for Ecological Transition and as Head of the Support Unit for the General Water Directorate at the Secretariat of State for the Environment in the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment. Previously he held a post as Sustainable Development Advisor as a Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nations in New York. Additionally, during his tenure in the Administration he has served in the General Technical Secretariat for the Ministry of the Environment, the Service for the Defence of Competition for the Ministry of the Economy, the General Technical Secretariat for the Ministry of Science and Technology and the General Technical Secretariat for the Ministry of Public Works. Languages: Spanish, English and French.

Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Abogados, S. L. P. P.º de la Castellana, 216 - 28046 Madrid www.ga-p.com

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Sustainable Water Resources Foundation Evening Event Be the Patron of the IDA Sustainable Water Resources Foundation Evening Event,. SWRF is a US registered 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization established in 2019 to promote the development of sustainable technologies. Young Leaders Program Sponsor Empower the future leaders of the industry through the IDA Young Leaders Program Spon- sorship. The Program promotes the industry, supports career advancement, and fosters communication between young professionals and the broader community. IDA Academy Course Sponsor Encourage the growth of specialized desalination experts and increase your brand’s visibility among those most dedicated to the industry. The IDA Academy Course Sponsor directly enables the continuation of the IDA collaboratively offered Master’s Degree in Water Technology and Desalination. Technical Session Sponsor The Technical Session Sponsorship offers the unique opportunity to showcase your organization. Your logo will be displayed at the session of your choice and listed in the Conference Final Program.

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RESERVE YOUR SPACE NOW IN THE IDA WORLD CONGRESS EXHIBITION The online exhibition booking platform is available for the 2022 IDA World Congress. Returning to Australia after eleven years, the World Congress will take place during the week of May 29 - June 2, 2022, in beautiful Sydney at the International Convention Centre (ICC). ICC offers a spectacular location and state of the art facility that opened in 2016 at the world-famous Darling Harbour. With the support of the Government of New South Wales, BESydney, Australia Tourism, Sydney Water, University of Technology Sydney – Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Australian Water Association, Sydney Desalination Plant, UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology at University of New South Wales, and the Water Services Association of Australia, the Congress will bring together professionals from the global desalination, water reuse, and renewable energy sectors.

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30% of the show floor is booked, we encourage you to visit wc.idadesal.org to make your booking.

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The exhibit floor plan will be the Congress’s epicenter offering easy access to four days of technical sessions, high-le-

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COUNTDOWN TO 2022 IDA WORLD CONGRESS BEGINS CALL FOR EXTENDED ABSTRACTS OPEN TILL 15 SEPTEMBER With the 2022 IDA World Congress on Desalination: Charting Resilient Water Solutions, just a year away, the countdown to the 2022 IDA World Congress in Sydney continues! The Call for Extended Abstract for the Technical Program closes on 15 September 2021. Supported by

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THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM The IDA seeks the very best quality papers to solidify current industry knowledge and challenge existing assumptions to advance growth in our industry. We are interested in hearing success stories, as well as case studies where serious issues were experienced and solved. Sharing knowledge helps us to improve technology and our industry as a whole. We encourage submissions focused on practical operations, directly from plant operators. Likewise, cutting-edge research aimed to dramatically enhance the economics of non-conventional water resource solutions.

Topics include:

We encourage authors to take the time to carefully plan their extended abstracts/ papers, write with clarity, and deliver practiced, clear and well communicated presentations that strictly run to the allotted time so that all authors have the same opportunity to present their ideas. Authors are invited to submit an extended abstract to be considered for inclusion in the Technical Program by 15 September 2021.

6.Membrane Science

1.Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination 2.Water Reuse, Potable and Non-Potable including Public Outreach 3.Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment 4.Coupling Desalination and Renewable Energy 5.Emerging Technologies, Emerging Issues and Emerging Contaminants

7.Environment and Sustainability 8.Governance, Finance, and Project Delivery 9.Thermal Desalination 10.Pre-Treatment and Post Treatment 11.Plant Operations and Digitization 12.Brine management and resource recovery Submissions are now being accepted and must be submitted no later than September 15, 2021 through the IDA website wc.idadesal. org.

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW •As English is the official language of the and promotional purposes such as online anWorld Congress, papers should be submitted nouncements, social media, print material, in English. the •No previously published or presented Final Program and Proceedings. material will be accepted. This policy will be •The authors of papers for presentation in the Congress will be expected to sign a parstrictly monitored. ticipation agreement of requirements and •Detailed information for submission of your are required to submit a full manuscript and extended abstract, for consideration in the power point presentation. program and participation requirements, can •All accepted podium oral and digital poster be found at the authors corner. presenters are required to register and pay •All draft manuscripts will be reviewed by Congress registration fees once they receive session Co-chairs for originality, importance the acceptance letter. of findings and relevance to the theme of the Please direct all inquiries regarding the World Congress. Technical Program to papers@idadesal.org •Information collected from those accepted (please write “IDA World Congress 2022” in into the program will be used for marketing the subject line of your email).

IMPORTANT DATES 15 August 2020 Open: Call for Extended Abstract Submission

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15 September 2021 Deadline: Extended Abstract Submission

31 March 2022 Available: Advance Program

15 November 2021 Acceptance: Notification to Authors

25 April 2022 Deadline: First draft PowerPoint presentations

25 December 2021 Deadline: First draft Manuscripts Submission

10 May 2022 Deadline: Final PowerPoint presentation

28 February 2022 29 May 2022 Deadline: Presenter Registration, Photo and Bio Available: Final Program Please visit the IDA Author´s Corner at wc.idadesal.org for updates.

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MONDAY, 30 MAY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA 14:30-17:30 Description: The IDA Innovation Forum, new to the World Congress, is specifically designed to introduce new and innovative solutions from Universities, Research Centers, Technology Developers, and start-up companies to major organizations in the water and energy sectors, venture capitalists and developers and private investor’s. Who can submit? The Awards are open to all companies and organizations. The submission should have special emphasis on innovative energy reduction and environmental

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considerations; building a sustainable future sorship offers the unique opportunity to with financial resilience, and innovation. showcase your organization as a contributor to innovation in our industry. Your logo will Selection process: The winners will be be displayed on Innovation Forum branding selected by an international, cross-sector and listed in the Conference Final Program. panel of judges. Innovation Forum Travel Support Sponsor Sponsorship: A grand prize will be awarded to The Innovation Forum Support Spon- sorship the winning proposal The IDA R&D Committee offers a unique opportunity to support will try to raise the industrial sponsorship leading innovators in their need for travel and presented at the IDA World Congress support to attend and pitch their technology Gala dinner on Wednesday, November 10th. if they are one of the eight teams shortlisted. Become a Sponsor of the Innovation Forum! More information to be released soon. Follow us on social media. Innovation Forum Award Sponsor Support innovation with this impressive award! The Innovation Forum Award Spon-

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IDA INDUSTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS IDA is delighted to announce that, at the 2022 World Congress Gala Dinner in Sydney, Wednesday, June 1, 2022, we will be honoring the efforts of selected companies, organizations, and even cities with new awards. Those who challenge themselves to innovate and to meet the increasing demands for drinking water, industrial water, and reuse will be acknowledged for their exceptional contributions. From municipalities to corporations, these IDA award categories will recognize the varied ways in which the global community is tackling water scarcity in order to ensure universal clean water and sanitation.

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WC 2022 NEW AWARD CATEGORIES 01. Best Public Private Partnership 09. Best Performing Company in The company that exemplifies colla- Water Reuse For the company that has exempliboration and creativity. fied efficiency, best-in-class tech02. Most Innovative Utility in a nology, and operations to earn the reputation for the highest quality Least Developed Country The utility that innovates this noto- performance. riously conservative industry. SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS 03. Best Private Company (Latin America and Caribbean Region) the company making the most impressive overall contribution in this region.

10. The Best Nature-based Solution Technology For the company that is leveraging naturally occurring systems and technologies to create sustainable, renewable sources of water.

04. Best Private Company (Asia-Pacific Region)- the company 11. The Most Resilient City making the most impressive overall For the city that has created infrascontribution in this region. tructures and best practices for a community that can thrive and adapt to the changing climate and water 05. Best Private Company (MENA Region) - the company availability. making the most impressive overall 12. Most Innovative Water – Energy contribution in this region. Nexus Project For the project that bridges the 06. Most Innovative Company For the company that executed the gap and capitalizes on the synerproject we all wish we had thought gies between the water and energy needs of its community. of. 13. Best Corporate Social Responsibility Project To the company that utilized desalination or water reuse technology to improve the lives of the communities where they work or create a more sustainable supply chain in their 08. The Most Progressive Disrupti- business. ve Policy in Water Reuse For the project that is moving the Contact awards@idadesal.org for needle in the public sector to support more information on how to submit and grow water reuse implementa- a nomination. tion. 07. Best Disruptive Technology For the company that executed the project that employed a breakthrough technology that is changing the way we do business.

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KNOWLEDGE COMPETITION VIA ZOOM Wednesday, 24 February, 2021, 10:00 am - 11:15 am EST USA, using Zoom and Kahoot Are you a young professional involved in the Desalination and the Advanced Water Treatment Industry, or would like to be? We invite you to participate in an IDA Young Leaders “knowledge competition” on zoom. This will be a fun and interactive gathering for young professionals from around the world who are interested in desalination and advanced water treatment solutions. Participating offers a chance to network, share and expand your knowledge, and exchange ideas. Agenda: • About IDA, Jantje Johnson, Co-chair YLP Board Committee • Meet the IDA-YLP Committee, Alessandra Piaia and Giancarlo Barassi • Knowledge Competition and Q & A, moderated by Motasam Abu Shaban, YLP Committee member This event is open to everyone and offers a chance to win a complimentary IDA individual annual membership [1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022]. To participate please download the Kahoot! app for free for iOS, Android and Chromebooks. Download here REGISTER NOW

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IDA WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING CONFERENCE: CALL FOR PAPERS CLOSING APRIL 30TH Next March, IDA is proudly hosting the International Water Reuse and Recycling Conference in Rome, Italy! From October 11–13, share your knowledge with the industry’s top professionals and public policy makers. We are currently accepting extended abstracts for oral presentation containing original work and findings on a wide variety of topics related to Water Reuse and Recycling. Those accepted into the Technical Program will be expected to sign an author participation agreement and present at the Conference. Abstracts can address any of the following topics:

Cutting-edge technologies

Non-potable and agricultural reuse

Advanced technologies for joint desalination and water reuse

Best practices in reuse

Direct and indirect potable reuse

Water quality monitoring and control

Industrial water reuse and recycling

Health concerns in water reuse

Submit your abstract by April 30, 2021! Any questions can be addressed to papers@idadesal.org.

IDA WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING CONFERENCE: CALL FOR AWARD NOMINATIONS CLOSES 15 JUNE 2021 At the 2021 Water Reuse and Recycling Conference, IDA will confer the prestigious Water Reuse and Conservation Awards to three outstanding individuals and organizations who have demonstrated exceptional performance and contributions to the field. The nomination period concludes 15 June 2021. Any questions can be addressed to awards@idadesal.org. Awards are to be awarded to individuals or organizations who exhibit:

Outstanding Professional in Water Reuse and Conservation

Exceptional Utility Leader in Water Reuse and Conservation

Industry Technology and Innovation in Water Reuse and Conservation

Any questions can be addressed to awards@idadesal.org.

#WAVESTOWATER

WAVES TO WATER

ENERGY DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCES FINALISTS TO ADVANCE TO NEXT STAGE OF “WAVES TO WATER” DESALINATION PRIZE

IDA is a Surging Waves Sponsor 56

Today, the U.S. Department of Energy announced 10 winners in the ADAPT stage of the Waves to Water Prize, a competition focused on using the power of waves to develop clean energy-powered desalination technologies to help provide potable water to communities in need. "The innovators in the Waves to Water Prize are developing community-driven solutions to improve the environmental performance of clean energy technologies," said Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kelly SpeakesBackman. "Under this Administration, our office will support the development and deployment of clean technologies to help America lead the transition to a sustainable, equitable, and inclusive global clean energy economy." Over three years, the Waves to Water Prize provides innovators a pathway from initial concept to field-testing their wave energypowered desalination devices. The prize will culminate in an open water test in April 2022, when competitors will launch and test their devices at Jennette’s Pier, in partnership with the Coastal Studies Institute. ADAPT is the third of the five-stage $3.3 million Waves to Water Prize. Competitors in the ADAPT stage had 180 days to design flexible systems to meet the site conditions at Jennette’s Pier. The winning teams will receive a cash prize of $80,000 each; project titles and locations include:

ʞ Canvasback Desalination System (Aztec, NM); ʞ WEC Powered Desalination System (Sacramento, CA); ʞ Water Duck (Redwood City, CA); ʞ Oneka Snowflake (Fort Pierce, FL);

ʞ Ocean Waters (Cambridgeport, MA); ʞ CalWave Hydronode (Oakland, CA); ʞ DUO Powered Waves to Water (Orono, ME); ʞ Wave-Actuated Tethered Emergency Response Buoyant Reverse Osmosis System Desalination (Wake Forest, NC); ʞ MZSP Freshwater Production System (Woodbury, CT); ʞ Ballast, Buoys, and Borrowing from Archimedes (Edwards Air Force Base, CA). Winners will advance to the next stage of the prize, CREATE. In the CREATE Stage, these competitors will have 180 days to build a functional prototype or proof of concept of their system. The winners will also have the opportunity to work with prize sponsors that will support their progress. Janicki Industries, an aerospace engineering firm, will provide valuable design-for-manufacturing feedback and office hours for the competitors tailored to their projects. The International Desalination Association will provide technical seminars for the teams to support better integration of desalination and commercialization principles into their designs, and to amplify the teams’ solutions to the international desalination community. Up to 10 CREATE Stage winners will be selected to share a $500,000 prize pool and will develop a plan to build and deliver their technology for the final stage of the prize, DRINK. Learn more about the Waves to Water Prize and follow the competitors’ progress as they near the grand finale.

SOLAR DESALINATION PRIZE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY IDA is proud to be a Connector in support of US Department of Energy’s Solar Desalination Prize competition! Solar Desalination Prize is a multi-stage prize competition designed to accelerate the development of low-cost desalination systems that use solar-thermal power to produce clean drinking water from saltwater. Each stage of the competition will have increasing prize amounts, totaling millions of dollars. Learn more about this amazing opportunity to advance thermal desalination technology, non-traditional water sources, and secure U.S. infrastructure here: https://americanmadechallenges.org/solardesalination/

WANT TO LEARN ABOUT IDA CORPORATE MEMBER NEWS OR INDUSTRY UPDATES? IDA's corporate members are invited to share their press releases and news in a specific section of IDA's website. Discover all updates about the water industry, here: idadesal.org/press-room/corp-member-and-industry-news/

IDA-SWCC Upcoming Events

IDA-SWCC DTRI SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION September 27-29, 2021, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Location to be determined A Monday to Wednesday event with registration on Sunday afternoon, and the technical program to take place Monday to Wednesday for 2.5 days. The conference will include plant tours on the afternoon of the 2nd and 3rd day, a one (1) hour tour from 4-5pm on Tuesday to the Undersea Desalination Facility and a half-day tour on Wednesday afternoon to the Jeddah Desalination Plant. The conference will have four types of sponsors – Platinum – US$100,000; Gold – US$50,000; Silver – US$25,000 and Bronze – US$10,000. The participant fee for the conference will be US$50/ person. ʞ ʞ ʞ ʞ

Call for Papers Open May 1, 2021 Notification to authors June 15, 2021 Full papers submission due August 15, 2021 Final ppt due September 10, 2021

SWCC/DTRI to select and sponsor Best Paper Awards ʞ Premier Best Paper – US$10,000 ʞ Best Paper – US $5,000

Upcoming Events IDA-SWCC

IDA-SWCC DTRI SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON OCEAN BRINE MINING FOR DESALINATION October 25-27, 2021, Jubail, Saudi Arabia at the Intercontinental Hotel Tareeq ́ Al Jubail The technical program will take place Monday to Wednesday for 2.5 days closing with a one (1) hour tour from 4-5pm on Tuesday to the DTRI Brine Concentration Test Facility and half-day tour on Wednesday afternoon to the Ras Al Khair Desalination Plant. The conference will have four types of sponsors – Platinum – US$100,000; Gold – US$50,000; Silver – US$25,000 and Bronze – US$10,000. The participant fee for the conference will be US$50/ person. ʞ ʞ ʞ ʞ

Call for Papers Open June 1, 2021 Notification to authors July 15, 2021 Full papers submission due September 1, 2021 Final ppt due October 10, 2021

SWCC/DTRI to select and sponsor Best Paper Awards ʞ Premier Best Paper – US$10,000 ʞ Best Paper – US $5,000

IDA-SWCC Upcoming Events

IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS Goulburn Valley Water (www.gvwater.vic.gov.au) Stretching across north-central Victoria from the picturesque eastern alpine region, north to the Murray River and south to the northern fringe of Melbourne, Goulburn Valley Water delivers water and wastewater services to more than 130,000 people in diverse geographical regions. Focused on the key principle of delivering safe, reliable and affordable water and wastewater services, GVW is also committed to its five pillars of strategic focus - customer centricity, digital optimisation, safety culture, leadership and diversity and carbon and climate. In the past couple of years, GVW has been shifting its focus to delivering exceptional services in innovative ways, rising to meet the continuing and emerging challenges of climate change, water availability and the expectations of our customers and community. GVW is committed to providing the best prices for our customers, to prioritise modern and thoughtful customer service, to develop environmental and recreational outcomes to help support the liveability and prosperity of our communities and to continue to strive to improved water quality and supply in our service area. We work to ensure social and environmental sustainability and deliver projects and infrastructure that help us continue to deliver essential services to a wide range of residential, business and industrial customers.

Keppel Urban Solutions Company (www.kepcorp.com) Keppel Urban Solutions is an end-to-end master developer of urban developments, and brings together the diverse capabilities of Keppel Corporation Limited and its Affiliates in energy, property, infrastructure and connectivity to create highly liveable, vibrant, smart and sustainable communities.

IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS SIGMADAF (www.sigmadafclarifiers.com) SIGMADAF is a wastewater treatment company with more than 40 years of experience, whose reputation is based on cost-effective and reliable modular products. We design water treatment plants and create systems of cleaning solutions to reuse water for all kind of applications. Our range of DAF systems, installed worldwide, is a benchmark for quality and is a guarantee for prescribers and end users. Based on the experience gained in pre-treatment of lake and river water for Power Plants, we have developed the technological application of our flotation equipment for the separation of Algae in the necessary pre-treatment in modern desalination plants with reverse osmosis. The accurate design allows very high separation efficiencies to be achieved for a wide flow range. SIGMADAF FPHF metal compact equipment technology for flow rates from 100 to 1.000 m3/h, and FPAC-CW equipment for flow rates from 1.000 to 4.000 m3/h built in civil works.

Thames Water (www.thameswater.co.uk) Thames Water is the UK’s biggest water and wastewater services provider. Our key workers provide essential services around the clock to 15 million customers across London, the Thames Valley and surrounding areas.   For an average of just over £1 a day for our households, we provide 2.7 billion litres of drinking water and safely remove 4.4 billion litres of wastewater every day.   We invested more than £1 billion again in 2019/20, leading to a total of £15 billion in the past 15 years, and we will continue to spend wisely on improving resilience, service and efficiency, as well as provide more support for customers in vulnerable circumstances.    We also have additional responsibilities to society and the natural environment. What we do and how we do it delivers significant public value, which is why we have ambitious plans to self-generate more of our own power, reduce our carbon emissions and increase biodiversity across our sites.

IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS

Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd. (www.kyowa-kk.co.jp) Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd. has been operating in three areas of “Water, Electricity & Energy and O&M” to make society safer and more comfortable since founding in 1948 in Nagasaki, JAPAN. Especially as a leading water treatment plant manufacturer, Kyowakiden has solved water related issues by providing optimal water treatment machines and system such as desalination plant, wastewater treatment plant and sewage treatment machines etc. for society and industries. Kyowakiden is also challenging to solve the expanding water issues worldwide of drinking water, wastewater and sewage water. In order to contribute to solving these issues, Kyowakiden are promoting R&D that create new technologies and systems. Kyowakiden has been working on introducing pressure retarded osmosis to seawater desalination plants that energy consumption in seawater desalination plants be reduced. Though these activities, we aim to contribute to achievement of SDGs with our customers.

Kazadi Enterprises (www.kazadienterprises.com) Kazadi Enterprises is developing and marketing technology and tools that enable the acquisition and use of environmental thermal energy (ETE). In the water industry, this translates to creating products that make use of ETE to reduce the operational and energetic cost of desalination, water purification, and water recovery, reduce capital expenditures, provide anti-scaling measures, and more. Our goal is to support the water industry through innovative science and unexpected solutions.

Waterleau (www.waterleau.com) Our mission is to protect the blue planet by saving its natural resources. This is why we are committed to reduce our society’s water footprint. We are helping businesses achieving their sustainable development goals. Our proprietary water treatment technology allows closing the complete water cycle. From wastewater treatment to water reuse, our eco-engineers are capable of designing solutions for increased water efficiency. We strongly believe water is our most valuable resource. That is why we continue to create awareness for sustainable water use. And it is why we continue to develop new technologies to preserve our planet for future generations.

IDA EVENTS/PARTNER EVENTS

YLP INTERACTIVE EVENT: KNOWLEDGE COMPETITION

AMTA/AWWA MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION

IDA INDUSTRIAL WATER WEBINAR SERIES: INDUSTRIAL END-USER CASE STUDY ON WATER REUSE

INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION

February 24, 2021

March 10, 2021

THE 14’TH GULF WATER CONFERENCE

July 19-22, 2021 West Palm Beach, Florida, USA

September 27-29, 2021 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

April 5-7, 2021 Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

IDA 2021 INTERNATIONAL WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING CONFERENCE

IDA PUBLIC AND PRIVATE UTILITY WEBINAR: DATA-DRIVEN DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF WATER ASSETS AND UTILITIES

INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON DESALINATION BRINE MINING

April 7, 2021. 10:00 am -11:20 am Eastern Time, USA

AWA OZWATER21 May 4-6, 2021 Adelaide, Australia

SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL WATER WEEK June 20-24, 2021 Singapore

CARIBDA 2021 BIENNIAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION

October 11–13, 2021 Rome, Italy wrr.idadesal.org

October 25-27, 2021 Jubail, Saudi Arabia

EUROPEAN DESALINATION SOCIETY DESALINATION FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: CLEAN WATER AND ENERGY November 21-25, 2021 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

IDA 2022 WORLD CONGRESS May 29-June 2, 2022 Sydney, Australia

June 29–July 2, 2021 Grand Hyatt Baya Mar, Nassau, Bahamas

Check IDA Events here

Advertise in IDA GLOBAL CONNECTIONS today!

IDA Global Connections offers companies an outstanding opportunity to show their support for the IDA and advanced water treatment industry that we serve, while reaching approximately 10,000 industry professionals around the world. IDA offers a variety of sponsorship opportunities. For details, please visit www.idadesal.org or contact sponsorships@idadesal.org. DOWNLOAD DE THE MEDIA KIT HERE!

Shannon McCarthy IDA Secretary General

Karen Zilinek

Alessandra Michelangeli

Cristina Mauleón

Anne Mulrooney

Deputy Secretary General

Social Media and Marketing Consultant

Project Consultant

Project and Communications Consultant

Connecting People and Ideas to Water Solutions

Address P.O. Box 387 Topsfield, MA 01983 USA Phone +1-978-774-0959 Web www.idadesal.org

IDA Global Connections - Winter 2021

Articles inside

IDA 2022 WORLD CONGRESS

IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS

IDA-SWCC UPCOMING SPECIALTY CONFERENCES

WANT TO LEARN ABOUT IDA CORPORATE MEMBER NEWS OR INDUSTRY UPDATES?

CONFERENCE POSTPONED IDA WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING CONFERENCE: CALL FOR AWARD NOMINATIONS CLOSING 15, JUNE 2021

SOLAR DESALINATION PRIZE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

IDA YOUNG LEADERS KNOWLEDGE COMPETITION

IDA INDUSTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS

FAVORITE PAPERS: A NEW FEATURE FOR CONNECTIONS

LEGAL VIEWPOINT: SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER SECTOR ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION

EXECUTIVE INSIGHT: PLUGGING THE GAP: HOW THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN HELP STRENGTHEN WATER SECURITY IN MENA AND EMERGING ECONOMIES AROUND THE GLOBE

COVER STORY: INVESTING IN TOMORROW’S POTENTIAL

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

IDA INNOVATION FORUM 2022

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL