IDA Global Connections - Winter 2022 by International Desalination and Reuse Association

Winter 2022

IDA GLOBAL

CONNECTIONS A Pathway to Terraforming the Earth By Mr. Ted Ground, Mr. Jeff Sargent, Mr. Bill Manci Page 33

Water Management in the F&B Industry By Mr. Adam Pawelas Page 37

Contributing to Long Term Water Scarcity and Climate Change Adaptation

By Dr. Gonzalo Delacámara Page 44

The Future of Desalination in Egypt An exclusive interview with

Mr. Ayman Soliman, CEO, Sovereign Fund Egypt

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 | MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL

50 | IDA NEWS

6 | MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

52 | ʞ IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

8 | COVER STORY

60 | ʞ MARKET ANALYSIS

THE FUTURE OF DESALINATION IN EGYPT

16 | IDA FAVORITE PAPERS 30 | RESEARCH CORNER

SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION – A PATHWAY TO TERRAFORMING THE EARTH?

34 | INDUSTRIAL WATER

WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE F&B INDUSTRIES: STATE OF PLAY AS SEEN BY INDUSTRY INSIDER

38 | PPF SPOTLIGHT

88 | ʞ IDA-SWCC DTRI INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION

44 | WATER POLICY VIEWPOINT

90 | ʞ IDA WELCOMES NEW CORPORATE MEMBER

PLANNING, POLICY AND FINANCE: BEST PRACTICES FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS RECLAIMED WATER REUSE AND DESALINATION: A CRITICAL CONTRIBUTION TO LONG-TERM WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

IDA Global Connections is published quarterly. The views expressed in articles contributed to IDA Global Connections are not necessarily the views of the International Desalination Association. IDA assumes no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts and/or artwork.

Editorial Director Shannon McCarthy Editorial Inquiries +1-978-774-0959 info@idadesal.org Sponsorship Inquiries +1-978-774-0959 sponsorships@idadesal.org This publication is produced on recycled paper in support of sustainability

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL Dear Members and Colleagues,

by former IDA President Dr. Jim Birkett, will carry forward under the leadership of

I take this opportunity to wish you all a very Mr. Kevin Price. I take this opportunity to happy new year. We look forward to seeing thank Dr. Birkett for his vision and initiative you soon at the IDA events in Saudi Arabia, for launching this important project which Singapore, Sydney, online and IDA Affiliate showcases outstanding papers presented at events scheduled this year.

past IDA events. Enjoy the excellent selection featured in this issue.

We are delighted to feature an interview with Mr. Ayman Soliman, CEO, Sovereign Centering on research and climate change, Fund Egypt, about the future of desalination the Frontier Research Group, a team in Egypt. The role of the Fund is to support shortlisted in the American Made Water innovative projects and partnerships. Mr. Prize, focuses on doing more with less using Soliman shares his vision of implementing solar thermal desalination units. When these

new

assets

ensure

water coupled with aquaculture and agriculture,

sustainability in Egypt.

these units support plant crops, reducing desertification adjacent to the production

The IDA Favorite Papers project, a unique facilities. feature in IDA Connections, spearheaded

Looking at water sustainability and threats water sustainability in the industrial sector. posed by climate change, the viewpoint

While it is still a challenge to plan events

of a global water economist and policy with all safety measures needed, we are advisor spotlights the role our sector plays confident that the IDA 2022 World Congress in long-term water security for all. Dr. will be a spectacular in-person event. Delacamara shares his crucial analysis of the subject on page 44.

We wish you the best for 2022 and look forward to seeing you soon!

Since 2018, IDA has made a concerted effort to engage with stakeholders in the Industrial Water sector. As Mr. Pawelas

Shannon K. McCarthy

states in his article, water policy in the Food

IDA Secretary General

and Beverage industry is critical, and it starts with a good accounting of the actual cost of water. Additionally, the team from Nalco further address the best practices needed for planning, policy, and finance in the industrial water sector. These viewpoints present astute insight on the vital quest for

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Colleagues, On the heels of a difficult year due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the water sector has many reasons to be happy. 2021 has left us with record growth in investment and construction of non-conventional water resources, not only in desalination, which is consolidating as a reliable and mature technology, but also in reuse, which has grown exponentially. We do not yet have updated figures for the entire year, but data released in October 2021 by IDA-GWI predicted a capacity of 20.9 million m3/d in new reuse contracts (up from 15.6 million m3/d in 2020 and 11.8 million m3/d in 2019). Desalination would increase to 5.1 million m3/d, 8% higher than the previous year.

This makes 2021 the fourth consecutive year of growth for the unconventional water resources market. We achieved this milestone thanks to the companies and organizations in the sector that are working every day to ensure that water reaches every corner of the world, industries, agriculture and the different uses for which this resource is essential. Many of these organizations and companies are members of our association and I would like to thank them for their support and their effort. With hopes of a return to normality and following the success of our reuse and recycling congress in Rome, we now have the chance once again to share knowledge, experience and know-how at the IDA 2022 World Congress, which will be held October

9-13 in Sydney, Australia. The entire team is working to make the event a success, with all the safety measures, and with the best presentations and the world’s top experts in desalination, reuse, and water treatment. February 15 is the deadline to submit your papers and be part of the technical program of our world congress. I encourage you to submit. With a view to this new congress, nominations are now open for the election of the board of directors of our association. Candidates must be IDA members as of July 2020, have in-depth knowledge of the water industry and participate in the committees and initiatives that are held annually. I encourage you to submit your candidacy to continue working

on an association that is more open, global, modern, and responsive to the challenges facing the industry. Lastly, I would like to wish you all a fantastic year, during which we will be able to meet again in person, work together and contribute ideas to the development of non-conventional water resources, with the aim of creating a more sustainable and resilient world for present and future generations.

Carlos Cosin IDA President

COVER STORY

The Future of Desalination in Egypt

IDA Interview with Mr. Ayman Soliman, CEO, Sovereign Fund Egypt

1. You stated earlier that the sector strategy would be to fund desalination projects under PPP models and fund the manufacturing of desalination products, components, and technologies in Egypt. The vision is to localize the industry to serve the objectives of the national plan of Egypt and make Egypt one of the leading countries in terms of desalination capacities worldwide. Are wastewater and reuse included in this strategy as a crucial component of the National water strategy, with over 70% of water still being used by the agricultural sector in Egypt? So, yes, it's right. Water is a scarce source, and yes, we identify how Egypt is becoming much more reliant on water. Egypt is an agro-economy. Over the past four years, even before our existence as a fund, many investments have gone into water treatment, and recycling and gray water and wastewater management as gray water treatment are a lot cheaper per cubic meter than a desalination product. They have processed every cubic meter of gray water they could process, and that has all been done. So, we're seeing now with the recent inauguration of the wastewater treatment plant,

the 5.6 million cubic meter per day water treatment plant managed by Arab contractors, and Orascom. This barrel bar is a significant channel for irrigation water recycling. There was another 1 million cubic meter per day plant at El Mahsama before that. In total, they are processing around 6.6 million cubic meters per day of gray water recycling per day. And there are also a vast number of other smallerscale projects happening nationwide to achieve maximum water recycling and maximum water efficiency by recycling water. So now the only milestone left to plug the gap of water shortage; hence, the announced program of desalinating six million cubic meters per day, which is in the grand scheme of savings, is less than 5% of our annual consumption.

2. What is your outlook on implementing the projects given the current situation and future panorama of the Nile River flow stressed and future restrictions related to new upper dams under construction? The desalination program's significance is that it is for drinking water, saving, sparing all the massive capacity they could spare. The linkage and the pumps and the transport of water that you bring from water treatment plants

from the Nile to far coastal cities along the seashore in the Red Sea or on the Mediterranean is not a cost-effective measure.

This is like the Biden infrastructure plan. When you have such a massive government budget allocated to infrastructure upgrades, it attracts a lot of capital and attention. This is also an opportunity for us to have more sustainable technology transfer attached to the investment, and we look to attract this opportunity. 3. Egypt is very well supported financially by most multilateral agencies. With this solid position, can the country enter long-term contracts (water purchasing agreements) with desalination players instead of allocating them to government budgets and executed as EPC contracts? Yes. We do not need the government to carry this burden, and the model

is BOO. The direction is to replicate the Benban Solar Park project model, for desalination, with two different spins in this respect. First, while we understand the magnitude of the six million cubic meters per day plant is a massive magnitude end to end, others go out with one million-plus contracting increments. Still, no other economy would go out to the market and say we will contract six million cubic meters per day of capacity. This is like the Biden infrastructure plan. When you have such a massive government budget allocated to infrastructure upgrades, it attracts a lot of capital and attention. This is also an opportunity for us to have more sustainable technology transfer attached to the investment, and we look to attract this opportunity. Given our ambition, we are marketing such a huge plant and saying we will co-invest alongside developers for the desalination program. We are an investor looking to attract like-minded partners to come and deploy toward this program. We also want to localize the manufacturing and attract coinvestors to service the entire area. There are massive private golf courses and hotels along the coastal cities that all depend on desalination, so there is a component to invest in manufacturing in Egypt.

4. Your previous interviews mentioned that international inves-tors would come when they find good tax treaties, incentive programs, governance pacts, investment protec-tion, and investment insurance products. How far is Egypt from achieving this formula and thereby reaching/attracting more FDIs? As a firm, we're putting our money where our mouth is by saying that we will co-invest alongside developers coming into that program. And this is our appetite. This is our road. We're not a promotion agency. Egypt is already party to bilateral investment protection treaties and has its investment promotion programs as well as investment promotion agencies. We are an investor looking to crowd in likeminded partners to come and deploy towards that program because we'd like to have that capacity there. We are also happy to invest alongside industrial partners coming in to localize the manufacturing of some of those ingredients to serve the entire area. So, where our claim is, Egypt has a vast home-based market adding six million cubic meters of capacity on top of an existing one million cubic meters. And

this is not the end game because there are numerous golf courses, hospitality, hotels that all operate on desalination.

“why don't we finance the desalination program using the successful Benban project model?" And this is your last question. This is where we started. We started by saying we were very successful in rolling out Benban; the ramp-up of that program was successful because of clear ingredients. 5. The Sovereign Fund of Egypt distinguishes itself from other funds. It will provide access and exclusive opportunities to investors that would not be available otherwise… could you elaborate more on this? How will this apply to the water sector, specifically desalination? We play our role to bring to the market investable projects in long-term asset classes; we are building on the successful rollout of the Binban model. This model was very successful because

of a clear legal framework, clear plan of where that renewable capacity will go and total capacity needed, fund finance appetite, sovereign guarantee, developers are creating financeable structures. We want to replicate these conditions for the desalination program. Rolled out over five years, the contractual framework became familiar to our development partners and multilaterals, public and private domain.

6. Egypt was very successful in building the world's largest solar park Benban under a public-private partnership agreement – If the framework for such a business model has been tried and tested, can't the same be applied to water projects? What are the bottlenecks? So, this is the macro picture, and it came to exist two years ago. We started looking at how can we fulfill our role to private sector investors? How can we fulfill our role to create investible products that we like as a sovereign fund and typically funds are fond of infrastructure investments, as long-term yielding asset classes. From a pure financial standpoint, this makes a lot of sense. And we approach our advisor, saying, “why don't we finance the desalination program using the

successful Benban project model?" And this is your last question. This is where we started. We started by saying we were very successful in rolling out Benban; the ramp-up of that program was successful because of clear ingredients. The first ingredient is there was an obvious legal framework. So, the contractual framework is done, dusted, tested, tried. So that is very easy to roll out. Number two, you have a clear plan for the size of the program and target capacity. And that is also important. So, we communicate a clear strategy around where you are heading with the government as the customer. And the third component is a conducive pricing environment and a willing investor base. So, there is a funding appetite. The framework includes sovereign guarantee, and we have seen developers who have gone above and beyond to create financeable structures that are attractive to institutional investors. So, with those three ingredients, the success of Benban was built around those. We're trying to replicate those conditions for the desalination program. Okay. So, we identified that the Benban is a clear plan. So, we have ensured that the plan will be rolled out over five years to understand the magnitude of the equipment so fix the first ingredient that is there. The essential

condition is the contractual framework. We have part of the framework that is familiar to development partners to finance banks and is being developed, and we're the ones actually backing up this; we have a mainstream financial, contractual frame. We are developing and building this in partnership with our multilaterals and with our stakeholders from the government and the private domain. Finally, where it matters the most now is the cost per cubic meter.

We need to make sure the processes are as sustainable as possible, to ensure the government can afford to have the long-term exposure and offtake commitments. This is the end; that is, you ask about the bottleneck. This is the area where we have the bottleneck. And from then, I will stress the importance and significance of a six million cubic meters per day capacity.

About the Author On October 2nd, 2019 The Sovereign Fund of Egypt board of directors approved the appointment of Mr Ayman Soliman for the position of Chief Executive Officer for a 3-year term starting October 3rd.

Euronews plc, RiverBank (SME Banks in Europe), Auerbach Grayson (USA), Texegy (Oil & Gas USA), Ora Developers BV (Real estate), Nile Sugar Co (Egypt), Ezdehar Fund to name a few.

Mr. Soliman’s career spans over 22 years with experience in managing over 200 companies in diverse sectors, with a record of accomplishments in global investments and transactions, and a long-standing career in managing complex assets and mega transactions.

Mr. Soliman holds an MSc. degree in International Business & Finance and a BSc. degree in Economics with a Minor in Computer Science, both from the American University in Cairo. In addition to various training courses including Leadership skills by London Business School, Strategy & Risk management by McKinsey and Credit & Evaluation course by EFG-Hermes. In addition to numerous specialized courses in the areas of finance, marketing & commercial strategies, computing & cost allocation.

Over the past 17 years, Mr. Soliman served as a board member of a wide range of companies with various capacities inclusive of Orascom Investment Holding, Beltone Financial, Lamancha Holding (Gold mining),

PAPERS

favorite

IDA

Dr. Jim Birkett, Past IDA President and Current IDA Honorary Council Member westneck@aol.com

Dear Colleagues, Looking backwards - The Favorite Papers item has now appeared in five issues of Connections, a full year's worth. It's pretty interesting. Choices range from a whole book to a chapter in a book to published papers through presentations at conferences. One name appears once as author and twice as co-author! Read through the set and see if you can spot any trends or patterns. I cannot. These are pretty independent individuals. Looking forwards - It's been some 18 months since I browbeat the Publications Committee into letting me start this little project. Since then we have heard from 25 individuals and it's been most rewarding. This an extremely well-read and unpredictable crowd. I hope that you, the readers, have been intrigued also. But time marches on and I am delighted to pass management of the program to Kevin Price Please support him as you have me. It's been a real pleasure. Sincerely, Jim Birkett

Favorite Papers

Kevin Price Senior Science and Technology Advisor at Middle East Desalination Research Center and Advisory Board for the National Alliance for Water Innovation

I would like to thank Dr. Jim Birkett for all the work he has done in creating and shepherding the Favorite Papers section in IDA’s Global Connections Journal. Favorite Papers is a fun and insightful way to begin to understand the thought processes of respected and experienced members in our community. See what you think and let us know if we should include your personal favorite from the desalination literature.

Eng. Kevin Price started his career in 1981 working on an Office of Water Research and Technology project studying ultrafiltration pretreatment for the 73 (originally 100) million gallon per day reverse osmosis Yuma Desalting Plant in Arizona. He spent 30 years with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation as a researcher, later managing water treatment engineering and research, and retiring as the coordinator of the Advanced Water Treatment Research Program. He has been a strong advocate for research and innovation including service on the boards of the IDA and AMTA, on the WateReuse Research Foundation’s Research Advisory Committee, on NWRI’s Research Advisory Board, on the steering committee for the WHO Guidance Document on Desalination for a Safe Water Supply, and working with European, Middle Eastern, North African, and Asian countries. He is currently the Senior S&T Advisor for the Middle East Desalination Research Center and sits on the Industrial Advisory Board for the National Alliance for Water Innovation.

Favorite Papers

Highly Permeable Polymeric Membranes Based on the Incorporation of the Functional Water Channel Protein Aquaporin Z Authors: Stephen P. Chesters, Nuria Pena, Silvia Gallego, Maqsood Fazel, Manish Kumar, Mariusz Grzelakowski, Julie Zilles, Mark Clark, and Wolfgang Meier PNAS December 26, 2007 104 (52) 20719-20724; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708762104 Cited by 684

ature has contributed the best desalination material, aquaporins (AQPs), to us. In a landmark paper in 2007 (my favorite paper), Kumar et al. suggested that the properties of this natural ‘water channel’ are extremely attractive for desalination, if they could be incorporated into synthetic membranes. AQPs are integral membrane proteins that form pores in the membranes of cells and can transport as many as 3 billion water molecules per second per molecule, while rejecting all other solutes. Kumar et al. measured the water permeability and solute transport of amphiphilic triblock-polymer vesicles containing aquaporin Z (AQP-Z), isolated

from the bacteria Escherichia coli. From observations on vesicles they postulated that polymer membranes incorporating AQPs, such as AQP-Z, could lead to high performance water treatment membranes. Since that time, the potential to develop desalination membranes based on AQPs has attracted much attention globally. Inspired by the Kumar’s work, we worked on biomimetic membranes for water reuse and desalination since 2009. In the past 10 years, we invented four types of AQP-based and bio-programmable biomimetic membranes: (1) low-pressure RO hollow fiber membranes for

wastewater reclamation; (2) high-pressure RO flat-sheet membranes for seawater desalination; (3) high performance NF membranes and (4) high performance FO hollow fiber membrane. The incorporation of proteoliposomes or special biomolecules into the membrane selective layer greatly enhanced the membrane permeability up to 200% of commercial counterparts, while the dense polyamide matrix imbued the membrane with high

salt rejection. This result leads to 50% reduction in operating energy consumption. Our newly invented biomimetic RO hollow fiber membrane has undergone successful translation to large-scale membrane modules for pilot-testing at a local water reclamation plant. This technology has led to the setup of a spinoff company (MEM+ Pte. Ltd.) for commercialization (http://www.memp.tech/).

About the Nominator

Prof. Rong Wang is Full Professor and President’s Chair at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. She is also the Director of Singapore Membrane Technology Centre since 2012. She served as Chair of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at NTU from 2014 to 2020, and has over 30-year experience in membrane related research and innovation. Her inventions have led to the setup of three membrane-based spin-off companies in Singapore.

Prof. Wang serves as an Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Membrane Science since 2020, and currently is the President of Aseanian Membrane Society (AMS). She was featured among the top 25 leading water researchers globally by Lux Research in 2013, and received the prestigious “Alternative Water Prize” from Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW) in 2016. She was awarded the Nanyang Research Award in 2018, and elected as a Fellow of the Academy of Engineering Singapore in 2020. 21

Favorite Papers

Biofouling of Spiral-Wound Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes: A Feed Spacer Problem Authors: J.S. Vrouwenvelder, D.A. Graf von der Schulenburg, J.C. Kruithof, M.L. Johns, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht he paper titled “Biofouling of spiral-wound nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes: A feed spacer problem” by Vrouwenvelder et al., published in Water Research (vol. 43, pp. 583-594, 2009) is a landmark paper in biofouling and spacer research. It is fair to say that the entirety of feed spacer research can be split evenly into two eras, demarcated by the publishing of this study.

This paper has been hugely influential to my own research on novel feed spacer designs. The paper made the claim that spacer-related biofouling should be the focus of fouling-related research as it is the single-greatest contributing factor to pressure drop and energy costs in the RO and NF plant. Since then, there have been studies that showed that this statement might not be universally applicable and that membrane-based biofouling can be dominant in other cases. Yet, the claims made by this paper are still certainly valid under the right conditions. The study gave the membrane community much 22

to ponder about, added greatly to our knowledge of biofilm growth in modules, and guided our attempts at targeting these biofilms. By 2009, it had been known for years that spacers are easy targets for biofilm accumulation and might even be the point of origin for membrane biofouling. Yet, spacers had not received much attention in biofouling mitigation. Prior to this study, spacer research was largely focused on improving the flux and hydrodynamics of the flow channel. The application of spacers to reduce biofouling or spacer modification to target biofilm growth, is completely absent prior to 2009, and biofouling research focused on modifying the membrane through coatings and surface chemistry. Since the publication of this article, there has been a growing focus on spacers in biofouling mitigation, both through modified designs and through surface coatings. The study itself has much to appreciate. Firstly, the authors were clearly focused on practical and industrial applications, by employing conditions and protocols that are as realistic as can be expected

in academic research. The modules and membranes used were commercially purchased, full-scale setups were tested, and in-situ visualization tools were used to observe what was actually happening inside the modules. It is commendable that the study used natural drinking water tested over the course of months for its biofouling analysis, and did not speed up the research through bacterial suspensions. Secondly, while the paper makes some strong claims, it was designed in a comprehensive and thorough manner that backed up these claims. They tested their theory both at commercial and lab-scale, for different membrane processes such as RO and NF, under different operating conditions. The experimental protocols were uncompli-

cated and clearly described in detail, and can be replicated if the right setups are available. The graphs were well-presented and made a clear statement, and strong claims such as ‘permeate production does not affect biofouling’ were backed up by results. Lastly, it is notable how this study redirected attention to spacers, as well as pointing out key tools for measuring biofouling, such as feed channel pressure drop and membrane autopsies using total organic carbon measurements. The paper concludes by suggesting that advanced hydrodynamic spacers need to be developed and tested for targeting biofouling, and seeing how this has come to pass in the decade since it was published, the influence of this paper cannot be overstated.

About the Nominator

Prof. Arafat is the director of the Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT) and professor of chemical engineering at Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi, UAE, where he is working since 2010. His current research interest is in membrane-based desalination, with focus on third-generation desalination technologies such as membrane distillation (MD) and the development of novel membranes

for water applications. Prof. Arafat received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the Univ. of Cincinnati (Ohio, USA) in 2000 and a BSc in Chem. Eng. From the Univ. of Jordan in 1996. Thus far, he supervised more than 45 postdoctoral fellows and graduate students, published 140+ book chapters and journal papers, and made numerous conference presentations and invited talks worldwide.

Favorite Papers

FRP Membrane Vessel Fabrication and Safety in a Growing Market Authors: Doug Eisberg and Peter Darby, IDA World Congress Proceedings, Dubai, 2009. have been writing, reviewing and judging papers for IDA for nearly 20 years. Of all those papers, my favorite was given at IDA Dubai in 2009. In fact, it won best paper that year, so it wasn’t just my favorite! I will start with background on the authors, a summary of the contents and then explain why I think this paper really stands out.

Pete Darby founded Advanced Structures (ASI), a fiberglass pressure vessel manufacturing company, in the 1970s, and Doug Eisberg joined the company in 1983. ASI was one of several companies that led the desalination industry in converting from metal enclosures to fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) pressure vessel housings. In addition to making and improving ASI’s FRP housings, Pete and Doug adopted the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code as a standard for fabricating, testing and certifying their products. Adoption and application of ASME Code was so fundamental 24

to ASI’s business that they named their product line after it – Codeline. Thirteen years later, in 1999, ASI was purchased by Pentair which has continued to produce the Codeline brand to this day. The paper provides a concise but complete history of the development of FRP housings, starting with field failures that convinced Doug and Pete of the need for safety standards. It describes the main provisions of the ASME Code, emphasizing that the key benefit of the framework is the discipline (bold and underscored) it imposes on fabricators to assure safety. As ASI and then other FRP manufacturers adopted the Code and the industry increasingly demanded certification, safety improved to the point where failures became unheard of. Despite dramatic growth, increased production rates and product design innovations, such as side ports, the industry maintained an outstanding safety record, largely thanks to nearly universal application of the Code. However, as the global

desalination market grew dramatically and became more competitive through the 2000s, adherence to specifications relaxed, primarily to save costs. With the history of FRP housing thus laid, the authors go on to provide advice to manufacturers, users and to the ASME itself for maintaining the safety of these essential products while embracing growth and development. Specific guidance is given for inspecting vessels for imperfections and potential problems. The paper concludes with a sober warning about the risks of departing from strict adherence to ASME Code.

It is a well-written, comprehensive and deeply informative paper, written by subject matter experts. The fact that both authors had retired from pressure vessel manufacturing when they wrote the paper adds objectivity that increases credibility. Finally, that they took the time to record their expertise in this paper and present it at an IDA forum demonstrates their true concern and genuine good will for the industry. It was great that IDA recognized the significance of the paper at the time, and again now. For me, it was a treat to dig it out and read it again.

About the Nominator

Dr. Richard Stover serves as Vice President of Technology for Gradiant’s membrane business, focused on high recovery desalination and minimum liquid discharge solutions for industrial

wastewater, seawater and brine treatment applications. He is recognized globally for expertise in reverse osmosis systems and components. His PhD is in Chemical Engineering.

Favorite Papers

Curacao, Netherlands Antilles: A successful Example of Boron Removal on a Seawater Desalination Plant Authors: Veronique Bonnélye, M.A.Sanz, L.Francisci, F.Beltran, G.Cremer, R.Colcuera, J.Laraudogoitia of Degremont. Presented at EuroMed 2006 conference on Desalination Strategies in South Mediterranean Countries: Sponsored by the European Desalination Society and the University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 21–25 May 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.045 The EDS conference in Montpelier in May 2006 where Veronique Bonnelye presented her paper was my first scientific conference. I had joined Genesys on 1st April 2006 and despite 18 years in water treatment with Houseman, Aquazur and Nalco I rapidly found out at this conference that my RO membrane knowledge was nowhere near as good as I thought it was when I accepted the job. Ted Darton and Ursula Annunziata the owners of Genesys and celebrities in the industry were with me. I was desperately out of my depth and trying not to show it. It seemed that this conference was attended by a load of top professionals, serious academics, and rising stars. On Monday the first two papers in the session on SWRO were about Ashkelon which back then was the world’s largest SWRO. Andy

Gorenflo from Dow was talking about the cascade system and high pH operation of the brackish water second pass for enhanced boron rejection. Then Miguel Angel Sanz from Degremont presented 2 years of operation at Fujairah. Both were great presentations but the scale of these plants and complexity of engineering and chemistry made my brain hurt. There was much debate about boron rejection and the two pass and cascade systems at breaks and dinner all of which had me in a complete muddle. The next day seemed to get worse. My inexperience was embarrassing, I was baffled by the science and for the most part hardly understood anything at all. The final day Wednesday was my moment of clarity. Veronique used the real-life case study of Curacao Northern Antilles 2 pass SWRO to clearly explain the theory behind boron

removal, the design concept of a two pass system and presented real data in a clear and concise way. The presentation took the delegates through a logical explanation path but was really telling a story. Having been to at least two conferences a year for 15 years and sat through 20 presentations per conference this accumulates to 300 hours of my life I won’t get back where I probably understood about 25% of what is being said. This early conference at Montpelier and Veroniques paper cemented two very important things in my mind. 1. Writing and presenting a paper was a great way of demonstrating your companies research an innovations. 2. Writing and presenting a paper was a great way of boring your audience unless

you made sure they understood what you were saying. Following this conference and being inspired by Veronique I wrote my first paper and presented it at the IDA Congress Maspalomas in October 2007, and carried on to publish and present many more papers. Every couple of years we organized technical exchanges between Degremont and Genesys through Veronique and we continued to research and innovate on membrane autopsies, cleaning and antiscalants and collaborated with Degremont on some major projects. Veronique encouraged our research to differentiate ourselves from our competitors something which has helped our whole company. The initial spark came from this paper presented at Montpelier by Veronique which is why it always stands out to me.

About the Nominator

Dr. Steve Chesters is Vice President of H2O Innovation Specialty Chemicals Group incorporating PWT and Genesys who manufacture antiscalant and cleaning chemicals for the reverse osmosis membrane industry. Steve has 34 years’ experience in water treatment chemistry having worked for Houseman and Nalco in the UK, Singapore and USA. He has a BSc

degree from Coventry University and has published over 15 papers on membrane chemistry and has a patent for developing a novel membrane cleaning system incorporating micro-bubbles. Most recent research has been investigating use of RO/NF/UF membranes in mining and the development of new antiscalants and cleaners for minewaters.

Favorite Papers

The thermophysical Properties of Seawater: A Review of Existing Correlations and Data Authors: Sharqawy, Mostafa H., John H. Lienhard V and Syed M. Zubair. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16 (April 2010) 354–380. y favorite paper has served as an excellent technical reference over the course of my career. Sharqawy et al developed this paper to help design engineers and researchers derive seawater property values such as density, thermal conductivity, and surface tension, needed to develop and design desalination systems. The paper meticulously assembles and compares correlations of these thermophysical properties within the literature and recommends an equation for each one to use in practice. This information has been useful when I have tackled desalination system designs from different angles: as an engineering consultant developing process designs (often in scenarios on the fringes of validity ranges) and as a product designer, endeavoring to extend the capability of existing technology to treat challenging saline solutions. The paper has been updated over time and related

research has been published since 2010; I am certain that it will continue to help engineers and researchers within our community in the future. Funny enough, what I appreciate most about this paper are the interesting personal stories and connections within our industry that I have found linked to it. For example, a few years ago, Kishor Nayar joined my team at GHD. Kishor had earned his doctorate with one of the research groups that developed this paper and contributed to important research that emerged after the original publication. In 2020, his work on the correlation for the surface tension of seawater as a function of temperature and salinity became recognized as an international standard by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. His stories about the level of effort to derive this correlation, which involved

taking measurements of seawater’s surface tension and comparing results to the surface tension of pure water, was fascinating and brought new meaning to the phrase “detail-oriented”. The work that researchers are doing to advance the state of the art is truly remarkable. Finally, I appreciate this paper for the way in which it has made me curious about the state of the art of similar thermophysical properties in other areas of water treatment, especially produced water

treatment in the oil and gas industry. Produced water is extremely saline (in many applications) and engineers often use seawater properties as a first approximation for process design and initial technology selection. A resource on the thermophysical properties of produced water as comprehensive and practical as Shaqawy et al would be very useful to the industry. I look forward to seeing what emerges in this area.

About the Nominator

Ms. Holly Churman is the North America Service Line Leader for Water Treatment and Desalination at GHD. GHD is a global professional services company committed to solving the world’s biggest challenges in the areas of water, energy, and urbanization. Ms. Churman serves as the Vice President of the Texas Desalination Association and is a member of the Advisory Council of the Internatio-

nal Water Conference. She received the 2016-2017 International Desalination Association Fellowship Award. Ms. Churman is a licensed Professional Engineer in Texas and West Virginia and earned M.S. and S.B. degrees in Environmental Engineering and Science at Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, respectively.

RESEARCH CORNER 30

SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION – A PATHWAY TO TERRAFORMING THE EARTH? By Mr. Ted Ground, Mr. Jeff Sargent and Mr. Bill Manci, Frontier Research Group (FRG) Our Frontier Research Group (FRG) is one of the 12 winning teams selected in the first phase of the Solar Desalination competition sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through their American-Made Water Prize program. Our proposal focuses on portable, modular desalination systems that would use primarily solar thermal energy to drive the process of humidification and dehumidification (HDH), or, simply, evaporation and condensation – thus, “Clouds & Rain” to emphasize its simplicity. Our proposal is inspired in part by the hydrological cycle on planet Earth. That inspiration starts us out with a somewhat slower process, that we study in nature, but it leads us toward optimization of concentration, enhancement, and acceleration, to “do more with less”. Using first principles, iterative innovations, and improvements, we strive toward this goal, and we have agreed to collaborate with Winston Cone Optics (Merced, California) in pursuit of our mutual goals.

communicated with Shannon McCarthy of the International Desalination Association, who had presided over a webinar with winning teams in the American-Made

Let's start reversing "desertification" wherever we can, first in Texas, Colorado, and the entire southwestern USA to prove it out and refine it quickly, and then all over the world.

Water prize competition. I expressed our enthusiasm about future developments and collaborating networks supporting solar thermal desalination technologies and that we look forward to a future with an abundance of freshwater produced from sea water, saline groundwater, RO brine, oil and gas production water, etc. I told her of After being selected as a winning team our dream to help develop technologies for this Solar Desalination prize, we that produce an abundance of freshwater in 31

arid areas of the world, not only for human consumption and agriculture, but also to restore ecosystems impacted by chronic drought and to do so economically and profitably. Let's start reversing "desertification" wherever we can, first in Texas, Colorado, and the entire southwestern USA to prove it out and refine it quickly, and then all over the world. We support the intention and developmental process of "terraforming" the Earth, with the help of "smart", or “optimized” solar thermal desalination. Long term results could be increases in local and regional municipal and agricultural water supplies, with added ecosystem benefits for soil moisture and conservation, stream flow, restoration of estuaries, coastal ecosystems, watershed vegetation, and water conservation. We described and illustrated a "Solar Spindletop" solar thermal desalination system in our proposal. These modular, portable systems could be transported by rail, truck, or marine vessels, and temporarily deployed in disaster areas, in remote oil and gas and geothermal fields to desalinate produced brine water, or where conventional (RO) desalination brines are produced. These systems could desalinate brines with very high salinity, whereas energy-demanding RO technology is limited to desalination of water with lower salinity. Another market is that of aquaculture, one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture.

Bill Manci, President of FTAI, and Brett Rowley, former President of the Texas Aquaculture Association, agree that aquaculture’s goal is to meet increasing demand and to fill deficits from wild-caught fisheries, but it can be significantly constrained by regional climate and resource availability—scarcities of freshwater from drought, excessive diversion, and depletion of freshwater reserves. Geographic and resource diversity and increased production intensity will be some of the keys to aquaculture’s future success.

We believe our approach to solar thermal desalination could have a positive impact on natural resources, agriculture, and overall contributions to the supply of freshwater in the USA, and the world. Crucially, freshwater is often scarce in regions with some of the highest human populations, and the highest demand for seafood, and protein of all kinds. The FRG solar desalination systems could support aquaculture and agricultural production of plant crops through integrated systems such as aquaponics—the fusion of aquaculture and hydroponics. At local and regional scales solar desalination, integrated with aquaponics, can be a vehicle to reverse

desertification adjacent to the production facilities. Grasses and tree seedlings can be mass propagated with freshwater from solar thermal desalination – toward the goal of “terraforming the Earth”. We hope that many will visualize, and agree with this vision. We have seen successes in greenhouses used for fish and plant production, and for water desalination as well— as in the Seawater

Greenhouse concept, for example. FRG technology could carry that concept forward, by increasing the focus on solar desalination efficiency. We believe our approach to solar thermal desalination could have a positive impact on natural resources, agriculture, and overall contributions to the supply of freshwater in the USA, and the world.

About the Authors Mr. Ted Ground serves as Project Manager and Proposal Writer of our Frontier Research Group (FRG) “Clouds & Rain” proposal for the DOE American-Made Water Prize. Background: M.S., Aquatic Biology, TSU. Thesis: Water quality in Texas freshwater reservoirs, total dissolved solids (salinity), watershed climate, and geochemistry. Served as Manager for several environmental analytical instrument labs. Ted is a Fisheries Technology Associate (FTAI). Please see our video here: https://www.ftai.com/articles-media/doe-solar-desalination. Mr. Jeff Sargent, Managing Member of Frontier Research Group, is a Research Scientist specializing in metals, alloys, minerals, and analysis, and is a System Designer and Developer for multiple water chemistry and re-use projects. Background: B.S. in Biology with a minor in Chemistry, TSU.

Mr. Bill Manci, President of Fisheries Technology Associates, Inc., (FTAI), (Background: Fisheries Science, UW Madison) is an Aquaculture Networking and Natural Resources Consultant to FRG, and has written a letter of support for the FRG “Clouds & Rain” proposal.

INDUSTRIAL WATER 34

WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE F&B INDUSTRIES: STATE OF PLAY AS SEEN BY INDUSTRY INSIDER By Mr. Adam Pawelas, Global Utilities Manager at Danone Group There has been a proliferation of water conservation pledges among major food & beverage companies globally. From a public communication perspective these commitments are often confusing as different terminologies are used (see ‘Water Pledges’). One needs a careful analysis of semantics, metrics and action pillars to learn about the true content of the water policies. Water strategies in food and drink business can be classified in the following clusters:

ʞ Risk-based water agenda with attention to water-stressed hotspots, efficiencies at scale, and longer-term license to operate. ʞ Risk and watershed/ aquifer- based approach far beyond factory-perimeter.

Depending on the strategy taken water agenda of the companies can deploy a varying set of policy tools (see ‘Policy Toolbox’), including risk-based action, traditional water efficiency improvements, ʞ Water efficiency and short-term as well as wider water reuse and recycle compliance (manufacturing excellence) options or activities in the watershed / and satisfactory water compliance aquifer context.

Most of the companies with mature water approaches tend to act on water as context-based rather than in a uniform way. The water context usually defines the scope of actions and their urgency. The companies increasingly look at the actions in a wider stakeholder landscape, determining the efficacy of own factory measures vs. off-site stewardship activities. It is possible that catchment-based projects prove to be a better investment than costly save-the-last-drop factory improvements and they can better guarantee the license to operate in each location. Making an economic business case of big water investments is not easy as the water prices are usually low. Companies that use economic metrics of capital projects for water try to factor in the risks of losing the license to operate, disturbance of production continuity or apply water shadow price (read: a price tag with risk multiplicators). A sound 36

water policy usually starts with a good accounting of true cost of water (including energy, treatment, maintenance etc.). The industry seeks inspirations and wants to learn from the role models in advanced water action, notably looking at front-runners on industrial water reuse such as Singapore and Flemish Region (Belgium) and on water reuse in irrigation such as Spain or Israel. These places (and certainly several more globally!) show a clear leadership in tackling the barriers and facilitating the water circularity in their geographies and economies. The opportunities of a more-circular water management by the industry and around their facilities are many and they are technically feasible to provide a safe water fit for the purpose. However, there are several barriers to overcome and learn how to do it from the leaders. These obstacles include:

ʞ Food safety authorities need policy support and streamlined procedures to approve water recycling projects in food factories and farming. ʞ Wastewater discharge legislation and municipal trade effluent consents need to change to reflect water recycling and water sharing between users. Where environmentally sound the wastewater discharge limits should be based on load or rate of pollution reduction and not on effluent concentration. ʞ Technologies need to standardize, scale up, and improve cost-efficiency. Industry should consider new business models to introduce advanced water recycling systems (or new utility services based on reused water). Particularly if

speed of implementation and know-how are needed. ʞ General public needs to be educated on water problems and solutions. We need to work on perceptions, acceptance, and confidence in water reuse projects. ʞ Harmonized definitions, common metrics, guidelines, and experience sharing internationally is key to convince and drive the change. I envisage a big role of industry associations, and global / regional food safety institutions. Much is happening for example at World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2030 Water Resources Group, Beverage Industry Environmental Roundtable, Alliance for Water Stewardship, Resilience Coalition.

About the Author Mr. Adam Pawelas is an environmental sustainability professional with 26 years of experience. Educated in environmental sciences, environmental and energy management in Warsaw (Poland) and Delft (The Netherlands). Worked in international environmental consulting, facility management, brewing industry (16 years in Carlsberg Group heading sustainability in supply chain) and since 2020 joined Danone Group in the role of Global Utilities Manager for water and beverage operations. His focus areas were supply chain sustainability, circular economy

in packaging, energy efficiency and transition, carbon foot-printing and decarbonization pathways, water circularity, wastewater and waste management, safety and risk management. Geographical scope was Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, and recently also Latin America.

PPF SPOTLIGHT 38

PLANNING, POLICY AND FINANCE: BEST PRACTICES FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS By Dr. Geoff Townsend and Dr. Giorgio La Rosa, NALCO Water Population growth and rapid economic development over the last 150 years have substantially contributed to three (now very familiar) global environmental issues we need to resolve urgently: climate change, biodiversity collapse and water scarcity. Despite unprecedented levels of awareness as to the root causes of these and the magnitude of their impacts, business action to address all three in a concerted way does not yet match the urgency or scale of these challenges. Why this disparity? What different approach is required? Firstly, the effectiveness of our response (in terms of speed and durability) is predicated on understanding how tightly these three are interconnected. Given measurement is a precursor to management, the increasing emphasis on operational inventories and disclosure is very welcome. However, while environmentally conscious companies have begun reporting their carbon footprint, fewer are disclosing water usage and much fewer still have any appreciation of how their operation (whether locally or globally via the

supply chain) is impacting biodiversity - the collapse of which is arguably of even greater impact than climate change. No doubt this relates to the complexity of biodiversity as a subject. For sure biodiversity is the most complex feature of our planet, yet it’s the most vital. The interconnectivity between climate change, biodiversity collapse and water scarcity can be conveniently conveyed in the triangle below.

Water Scarcity

Climate Change

Biodiversity Collapse

As already highlighted, integral to understanding biodiversity are the vast number of interactions or ‘connections’ that exist in the natural world. These include connections within the physical world between the physical world and living organisms (temperature, humidity, nutrients, sunlight, salinity, moisture etc) and between living organisms as typified by food chains with much else beside. These connections are often referred to a web – ‘the web of life’. A helpful analogy is a fishing net as its strength depends entirely on lots of

Energy production requires significant inputs of freshwater. In Western Europe, over a third of all abstracted water is used for this purpose connections. The ability of a net to hold a weight or (in this context) resist a force depends on the number of those links, their individual strength and how close they are together. These ‘forces’ are both natural and man-made. Man-made ‘forces’ or impacts are notably climate change, water scarcity and pollution. These increase the ‘load’ the natural system has to carry in a disproportionate way as the forces themselves have their own multipliers of connections e.g. between climate and water. Imagine a situation where the load is increasing while the net is weakening due

to more and more links being broken. It is not long before it will snap and there will be irreversible outcomes. This combination of a much-increased load and a much weaker net is exactly the situation we are facing regarding biodiversity. Aquatic systems have been increasingly threatened, directly and indirectly, by human activities. The geographic ranges of many aquatic and wetland species are determined by temperature. The stress of temperature rise is compounded by a reduction in water quality. Warmer waters are naturally more productive, but the particular species that flourish may be undesirable or even harmful. Red tides, blue-green algae, and cyanobacteria are examples of harmful algal blooms that can have severe impacts on human health, aquatic ecosystems, and the economy. These occur in many lakes during warm, nutrient-rich periods and can be expected to increase in frequency in the future. Currently, 80% of our global wastewater is released into aquatic environments untreated. This as well as the impact of increasing water scarcity, has resulted in a staggering 83% of freshwater species being in decline worldwide. The rate of growth of water-related risks is far outpacing the efforts being made to mitigate those risks. In 2015 for example, the World Resources Institute projected a 40% gap between fresh water supply and demand by 2030; it has since revised that

number to 56%. Groundwater depletion is reaching a crisis point in many countries. Energy production requires significant inputs of freshwater. In Western Europe, over a third of all abstracted water is used for this purpose. Given the amount of energy (and associated CO2 emissions) to abstract, pump, treat, heat, cool and clean water before a portion is returned to the environment, we also need to ensure alignment between water and CO2 emission reduction targets. Electricity consumption for pumping systems alone can represent 25% of electricity use for many industrial sites. We see increasingly that operations cannot adequately decarbonize without understanding the essential role of water, particularly as an energy transfer medium. In oil refining, between 35 and 47% of the site’s total energy is transferred in steam production and cooling water.

A robust recovery strategy needs to consider what makes water unique – the fact it is a local, finite and shared resource. Water and energy are business imperatives - strategic resources that enable growth, profitability and competitiveness of industry. Wetlands are where water, climate and biodiversity most strongly converge, because:

ʞ Wetlands act as a natural buffer against the most extreme events, soaking up heavy rainfall and ameliorating water flows. ʞ As well as being threatened by pollution, wetlands also have an important role in addressing it. They can act as natural filters, helping to remove pollutants from the water (they have the potential to remove up to 60% of metals, trap and retain up to 90% of sediment runoff and eliminate up to 90% of nitrogen). ʞ Wetlands reduce carbon emissions. Freshwater peatlands cover only 3% of global land surface but store twice as much carbon (550Gt) as all of the planet’s forests combined. Tragically they are also being lost at three times the rate of forests, leading to the release of methane and nitrous oxides greenhouse gases with a far stronger global warming potential than CO2. ʞ With 40% of the world’s species reliant in some way on wetlands, the loss of these valuable places is forcing many species to the brink of extinction. So far this article has considered some of the key relationships between climate change, biodiversity collapse and water scarcity – albeit at a fairly superficial level. How then do we use these insights to build a robust solution? Such assessments strongly point to water as by far the most efficient way of

realizing durable, positive outcomes as we steps. Central to this is understanding the true cost of water to a facility. To understand tackle these crises. water-related risks, use Ecolab’s Water Risk A robust recovery strategy needs to consider Monetizer, a feature of our free, online Smart what makes water unique – the fact it is a Water Navigator. The Water Risk Monetizer uses the latest, most comprehensive local, finite and shared resource. local water basin datasets and scientific Water stewardship is a comprehensive, methodologies to assign a full financial holistic approach to managing water. It goes value to water-related risks. beyond meeting regulatory requirements or site-based water reduction goals. A water The Smart Water Navigator can also be used stewardship strategy aims to ensure water to set meaningful, localized targets. Also, availability, quality and access both “inside see “Setting Site Water Targets Informed by the walls” of the business and beyond, in Catchment Context: A Guide for Companies,” the communities and ecosystems that share published by the CEO Water Mandate. Also, consider aligning your targets with global local water resources. environmental standards set by respected A local water stewardship strategy should organizations, such as the Global Reporting include the four key steps: identify risks and Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Accounting opportunities; set targets; implement plans; Standards Board (SASB) and the Carbon and track progress. The first step is crucial, Disclosure Project (CDP). setting the agenda for the subsequent

Identify Asses and quantify water-related risks in financial terms

Target

Implement

Track

Set sustainable water withdrawal targets to manage water use risk

Take action to meet water reduction targets by leveraging industry guides

Track performance over time and revisit your smart water action plan

The Ecolab Smart Water Navigator uses a proven, four-step process to enhance business resilience at all levels of an organization through smart water management.

As we move toward a circular economy, wastewater needs to be considered as a valuable resource rather than a liability. New technologies are enabling wastewater to be used directly in cooling systems - typically the largest consumers of water on industrial sites. Only 3% of wastewater is reclaimed today – the impact of increasing this to 10% would be enormous.

purposeful progress can be achieved by understanding their connectivity with water. Next is to use these insights in the pursuit of true sustainable water use at a particular location. Finally, it is essential to ascertain the true cost of water to help secure appropriate investments. Collectively these produce a very compelling case for action. Even though climate change may be an increasingly important driver, the solution is still very In summary, as we grapple with seemingly much centred on water stewardship and the intractable global environmental issues, associated outcomes to ensure ‘water for all’.

About the Authors Dr. Geoff Townsend is an Ecolab Industry Fellow. He engages in the strategic direction of Ecolab’s water and energy related innovation. Geoff has extensive experience in the design, optimization and problem solving of processes in a variety of industries, including power generation and petrochemical processing. He is also

actively involved in Ecolab's sustainable development initiatives, especially in water stewardship and decarbonization, in collaboration with several nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Since 2017, Dr Townsend has led the Water Smart Industry Cluster for Water Europe and is currently involved in several wastewater recycling projects in Europe and the Middle East. Dr Townsend has a BSc in Ecology (UEA) and a PhD in Environmental Chemistry from the University of Cambridge.

Dr. Giorgio La Rosa is area Vice President India, Middle East and Africa for Corporate Accounts at Nalco Water, an Ecolab Company. Dr Giorgio La Rosa holds a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry, a master’s degree in Industrial Chemistry and a PhD in Petroleum Chemistry. He has more than 25 years of experience in the Oil & Gas Industry, in particular in Downstream (Refineries & Petrochemicals) in Europe, Middle East and Asia

Pacific. He has deep knowledge and experience in Industrial Water and Process chemicals treatments and in water reduce, re-use, recycle projects. In his current role he’s supporting the Middle East Oil Majors in their plans to optimize their Energy consumption and CO2 footprint, through specific tailored projects, leading a team of 12 professionals, each one of them fully dedicated to one the biggest Oil & Gas Majors in the assigned Region. He’s based in the Middle East region from 2011 till date.

WATER POLICY VIEWPOINT 44

RECLAIMED WATER REUSE AND DESALINATION: A CRITICAL CONTRIBUTION TO LONG-TERM WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION By Dr. Gonzalo Delacámara, International Water Policy Advisor to the European Commission, the United Nations, the OECD, the World Bank Group. IDA Special Advisory Board Member, responsible for Development Agencies & other Public Institutions. Back in August 2019, which now feels like a century ago, the World Resources Institute (WRI), a think tank based in Washington D.C., updated the results of its far-reaching Aqueduct project to identify and evaluate water risks around the world. It showed that 17 countries (12 of them in the Middle East –

not any region in terms of geopolitics), where already a quarter of the world population lives, suffer from extreme water stress. This was echoed by some of the most relevant newspapers worldwide. One of those countries (India) has 3 times the population of the other 16.

When presenting that report, Andrew Steer, former President and CEO of the WRI and currently playing that position at Bezos Earth Fund, said: “Water stress is the biggest crisis no one is talking about. Its consequences are in plain sight in the form of food insecurity, conflict and migration, and financial instability.”

There is a pressing need to progress from ad-hoc, reactive, impact remedial, somehow unplanned approaches, towards ex-ante, proactive, pre-emptive, and planned ones. Citizens worldwide do not demand water per se. It is not an end. What they do need is security: to feel reassured that their well-being will not be threatened (be it by lack of income, any form of violence, a serious threat to public health, extreme phenomena with the potential to cause damage...). Within this context, citizens, let alone those in countries exposed to chronic water stress, rather demand a guarantee that water availability will not be short against their needs. Long-term water security or the ability to adapt to climate change are public goods. However, we tend to downplay their relevance, when not overlooking them at all. When managing water resources and climate change impacts, we will be doomed to endlessly address crises (i.e., increasingly intense, and frequent droughts), unless 46

we move towards risk and opportunity management. In other words, there is a pressing need to progress from ad-hoc, reactive, impact remedial, somehow unplanned approaches, towards ex-ante, proactive, pre-emptive, and planned ones. Should this challenge not be acknowledged, as it happens in many countries, the required transition from financially cheap towards more expensive water sources might seem to induce significant harmful effects on the economy. However, this is far from being the case. Water is a particular sector where scarce and unreliable goods are priced lower than their abundant and trustworthy substitutes, unlike microeconomic theory would suggest. This pricing failure translates into incentives in such a way that water users often prefer financially economical but scarce and uncertain water supply sources (i.e., surface and groundwater) rather than financially higher-priced but relatively abundant and reliable, alternative ones. Dubbing these sources ‘cheap’ or ‘expensive’ water is deceptive – It only reflects the fact that environmental and resource costs are not factored into water pricing practices. At best, surface water supply will remain close to renewable runoff and demand in excess will be met from groundwater (already exploited at unsustainable rates in many countries, yet less expensive than alternative water supply sources, since water withdrawal is not always charged, which makes groundwater cost equivalent to the energy cost of pumping).

This is clearly not desirable from a sustainable water management perspective. In a business-as-usual scenario, some (still) cheap renewable water sources will be used to the point of exhaustion and the continuous depletion of groundwater sources will reach the backstop price of alternate sources that, though available, were still not being used because of their higher financial cost. Current trends are bound to a situation where pervasive groundwater depletion will make the use of reused or desalinated water unescapable; at this point long-term security will only be possible through investing in increased capacity of desalination or reclamation and reuse. In the meantime, the use of the already existing desalination and water reuse plants might be avoided, except in drought periods when this water sometimes becomes available through public subsidies to mitigate impacts. For instance, the Australian desalination plants built as insurance in the wake of the Millennium Drought were controversial at the time but gained support as they were switched on over the course of 2019. New South Wales is now considering its options for a new generation of desalination plants. No matter how much technology progresses in delivering reused or desalinated water in an efficient and profitable way; what really matters is that without redesigning incentives, the efforts towards the diversification of water supply sources, of utmost importance for long-term security and climate change adaptation, will always be unduly ballasted. 47

About the Author Dr. Gonzalo Delacámara is an economist who works worldwide (in 80+ countries: European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South Asia, having had legal residence in Chile, Colombia, Spain, Nicaragua, and the United Kingdom), specializing in the sustainable economic management of natural resources: climate, water, energy, atmospheric quality, oceans, biological diversity and ecosystem services, etc., with an emphasis on their complex linkages with economic and social development patterns. Gonzalo works as an international advisor on sustainability and environmental policy for multilateral organizations such as the European Commission, to which he is a ‘water policy advisor' (through its DG Environment, Clean Water Unit), the European Parliament (to which he also advises on climate change policy), various agencies and programs of the United Nations system (UN Water, ECLAC, UNESCO, FAO, WHO-PAHO, UNDP, etc.), the World Bank Group (including its 2030 Water Resources initiative Group, but also the World Bank itself or the International Finance Corporation, IFC), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) ... He is also a senior advisor and member of the OECD Water Governance Initiative. He has recently been elected a Board Member of Water Europe (formerly EU Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform), he is a member (first non-Dutch ever) of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Netherlands KWR institute on the integral water cycle, an appointed member of the Special Advisory Board of the International Desalination Association (IDA), and a member of

the Mission Assembly on Healthy Oceans, Seas, Coastal, and Inland Waters of the European Union's R&D&I framework programme (Horizon Europe). Likewise, he has also been appointed as a ‘visionary’ of the ‘Una Europa’ Future University Lab initiative, to reflect on the university of the future in Europe. He is a Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Department of Water Economics at the IMDEA Agua Institute (Institute for Advanced Studies of Madrid). Until January 2021, he was also the Academic Director of the Water Economy Forum, a public debate initiative he founded with the complicity of Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics and Peace, such as professors George A. Akerlof (USA), Jean Tirole (France) or Mohan Munasinghe (Sri Lanka). Gonzalo teaches at graduate level in different institutions. For example, he is a Senior Faculty Member of the Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC), which includes a digital design and manufacturing laboratory linked to MIT (FAB LAB BCN) and a professor at IE University and the School of Industrial Organization (EOI), where he was chosen in 2021 as the best teacher amongst 1,300+. He is also a mentor in international support programs for postgraduate researchers in Germany (Leibniz Institutes Association) or the United States (Techwomen), and co-author of a wide range of peer-reviewed scientific books and articles, as well as a keynote speaker at global events.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM The purpose of the IDA Mentor Program is to connect an industry leader with an emerging industry professional through a mentoring relationship that can lead to a transfer of knowledge and broadening of networks between the two. The program is based upon encouragement, constructive comments, openness, mutual trust, respect, and a willingness to learn and share information. For the emerging professional – the mentee, this program presents an opportunity to draw on the experience of established industry professionals in terms of their technical knowledge and their business experience. The mentor offers an opportunity to further strengthen the desalination and water reuse community by fostering the next generation of leaders.

We are pleased to present first-hand impressions the IDA Mentorship Program, shared with us by participants in the program: Dr. Emilio Gabrielli – Dr. Jan Imholze Dr. Doming Zarzo - Dr. Jungbin Kim Dr. Mike Dixon – Mr. Ashutosh Sharma We welcome you to participate in the 2022-23 Mentor Program. The mentee application process for the IDA 2022-23 Mentor Program will open in the Fall of 2022, but we are accepting expressions of interest now from mentors. Learn more here: https://idadesal.org/training/

In 2021, three mentorships were carried out between renowned professionals in the water industry and young professionals. Both mentors and mentees have enjoyed technical sessions and shared experience and knowledge in a professional and mentor-program/ collective exchange.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Dr. Emilio Gabbrielli Mentor

When one is in an advanced stage of his professional career, as is my case, mentoring some young upcoming professional is a very satisfying undertaking. It gives an opportunity to share views and experience on professional life within a broad context, where one is not strictly limited to the technical field, and constructive criticism can be offered without the constraints and sensitiveness typically associated to working in the same organization, especially when the young professional reports to the senior person. Therefore, I welcomed the mentorship program established by the IDA and I joined it with an enthusiasm. This enthusiasm could be activated when in September 2020 a young professional from Germany, Jan Imholze, wrote to me saying he wished to join the IDA Mentorship Program because, after finishing his Bachelor studies in industrial engineering, he had always been interested in desalination. Jan had already pursued this interest through an

internship and master thesis at Inge and was now working as a Ph.D. Student at the University of Bremen, his research field being polymer composite materials for evaporation technologies and brine concentration. Given my own experience in evaporative desalination, with its problems of corrosion of metallic surfaces, and zero discharge technology, our fields of specialization were also aligned. I accepted to mentor Jan with pleasure. Jan and I have had a monthly teleconference for more than a year. We do not seem to have ever run out of things to discuss eagerly, be it Jan’s progress with his research or other aspects of desalination and professional life. I trust Jan has found these conversations useful. For my part I have enjoyed having a direct look into his front-end research and sharing the achievements and challenges, including the ups and downs associated to the Covid pandemic, of an obviously bright young professional. I look forward to following Jan’s progress in our industry in coming years.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Dr. Jan Imholze Mentee

The first time I got in touch with desalination technologies was during my bachelor studies at the University of Bremen (Germany). Since then my interest in desalination has steadily grown. During my master studies at the Technical University of Munich I did an internship and wrote my master thesis at Inge GmbH. After finishing my master studies, I decided to participate in the Sea44Value project and to do research work on the recovery of minerals and metals from seawater desalination brines for my Ph.D. studies in the research group Desalination and Evaporation Technology under supervision of Dr. Heike Glade at the University of Bremen. I am member of the IDA since 2020 and highly appreciate the engagement of the IDA Young Leaders Program. The program offers a great chance for young professionals to share their interests in desalination technology with like-minded people. In particular, the mentorship program caught my interest and I am very grateful to know Dr. Emilio Gabbrielli.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Since then Emilio and I discussed the rise as well as the problems and chances of the desalination technology. Emilio gave me great industry insights, especially into brine treatment, and shared his valuable opinion on brine concentration and brine mining. The mentorship program and the discussions gave me fruitful feedback on my career path and showed me possible ways to further proceed in the desalination industry after finishing my Ph.D. Moreover, pursuing a Ph.D. sometimes leads to difficulties and I have found it very helpful to discuss the issues with someone who experienced and overcome similar problems. In times of Covid-19 without in-person conferences and meetings, I particularly appreciate the great talks with Emilio and always look forward to them. I will be delighted to finally meet Emilio and all the other attendees from the YLP at the IDA World Congress in Sydney to share our great enthusiasm about desalination and water treatment.

Dr. Domingo Zarzo Mentor

Having participated in the IDA YLP mentorship process has been a great experience. This type of activity is always enriching for both parties, as we share experiences, living and a friendly bond. In my case, my mentee, Dr. Jungbin Kim, has been a source of knowledge and enthusiasm sharing with me his vision on innovation in desalination (who teaches whom?). On the other hand, I understand that for people starting their professional careers in this sector, it is also important to have experienced people giving them a global and realistic view of the professional world.

During the last year we have been sharing experiences, mainly on innovation, and I have seen how Dr. Kim has progressed in his career until obtaining his PhD and starting some international works. We will try to stay in touch and we hope to meet personally in any of the next international congresses. I recommend this experience to everyone and hope it has been so fruitful and positive for Dr. Kim, to whom I wish him every success.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Dr. Jungbin Kim Mentee

Through IDA YLP mentorship program, I could fill a knowledge gap between academia and industry. I am involved in several R&D projects regarding desalination technologies. Because I spend most of my time working with researchers in the academic field, I have low opportunities to meet people in the desalination industry. I hope to share ideas on desalination research with people who have considerable expertise in the industry. The program provides a great chance to connect me with one of the leaders in the desalination field, Dr. Domingo Zarzo Martínez.

Despite his busy schedule, he tried to arrange meetings and share his knowledge/experiences with me. I could see his deep insight into current and future desalination technologies. Also, I understood what technologies are required from the desalination industry after discussions on the R&D trends. Further, he delivered his thoughts and supportive comments on my research items. I was privileged to communicate with such a leading desalination expert by joining this program. I highly recommend YLP members to participate in the mentorship program.

The mentees can expand their Dr. Zarzo has diverse experiences in desalination knowledge from a different the development and application of point of view and interact with leading desalination technologies from both experts in the field of desalination. academic and industrial perspectives.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Dr. Mike Dixon Mentor

The IDA Mentorship program is an important function of our association and network of desalination and reuse professionals. As an industry, we have created a hub of knowledge critical to the broader deployment of desalination and reuse technology globally and to the reduction of the world's dependence on freshwater sources. For this reason it's important to ensure knowledge is passed to new generations of professionals in our industry such as those engaged in our Young Leader Program (YLP). The program allows veterans in our industry to pass their learnings, both technical knowledge and soft skills, to YLPs so that they can develop their careers and make meaningful contributions to the growth of our industry. The more veterans and YLPs we have engaged in the program, the more people we will have to deploy critical desalination and reuse programs globally, to deal with upcoming water crises.

The IDA YLP team paired Mr Ashutosh Sharma with myself for the program and we met several times to discuss the development of new technologies and products. To help Mr Sharma grow professionally, we shared book suggestions and both read several career development books, comparing and contrasting notes. We worked on Mr Sharma's professional goals and discussed his progress over more than 6months. Mr Sharma has grown considerably in his career, finding new perspectives from our conversations. What's more, as the mentor, I solidified my knowledge of certain skills, making the skills clearer in my own mind. I encourage all of our members to consider investing their time with the IDA Mentorship program as the benefits are career strengthening for both mentees and mentors.

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

Mr. Ashutosh Sharma Mentee

Being mentored by Dr. Mike Dixon over the past year has been an enriching experience that I am grateful to IDA for. Like many, I found it very hard to connect with new people during the height of the pandemic. The opportunity to meet and learn from a recognized leader in our industry was therefore an especially unique privilege that I could not pass up on.

leadership concepts to always keep in mind. The most memorable of these include the flywheel concept, eustress versus destress and compartmentalizing issues effectively as a CEO. He also has some great book recommendations, and our discussions tend to incorporate their most valuable points. As a result of these discussions, I now have an idea of Mike’s path to success, along with immense work and patience associated with it. Even so, I Dr. Dixon’s pragmatism and sincerity feel like we’ve only uncovered the tip of complements his position as a leader in the iceberg in terms of valuable insights the water industry well, and makes him an that he has to offer. ideal role model for young professionals in the space. In the numerous sessions Overall, I feel lucky to be mentored by Dr. we’ve had, I can always count on hearing Dixon and look forward to learning much his candid personal experiences with more from him in coming years! product development and important

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

MARKET ANALYSYS 60

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SEAWATER & BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION The seawater & brackish water desalination market saw a steady year in 2020, despite slowing from 2019 due to the pandemic, with 4.7 million m3/d of new capacity awarded. The biggest driver behind this activity was the ongoing procurement boom of large-scale seawater plants in the Gulf states, which accounted for 40% of the yearly total. However, delays due to COVID-19 have put the brakes on some projects, with decision making and in-person negotiations taking a particular hit. Meanwhile, low commodity prices in 2020, notably in the oil & gas sector, have stymied most industrial desalination activity still further, although prices are starting to rise again.

The Gulf remains the leading regional market for seawater desalination, while the rest of MENA saw a record year in 2020 with 1.2 million m3/d of newly awarded capacity. Meanwhile, new desalination markets are emerging in Senegal and the Philippines, motivated by increasing water scarcity and long-term water security concerns. 2020 also saw a new record low desalinated water purchase tariff of just $0.28/m3 agreed at the Hassyan IWP in Dubai, surpassing the previous record of $0.405/m3 at Soreq 2 (IDA Desalination & Reuse Handbook 2021-2022, produced by GWI).

Desalination OPEX in 2021: $11,163 million

Desalination contracted capacity in 2021: 6,38 million m3/day

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Contracted capacity

Desalination operating capacity in 2021: 79,35 million m3/day

Cumulative contracted and online desalination capacity, since 1966

Operating capacity by plant type

Graphics Updated 2021-09-30. Source: GWI DesalData

Full IDA Desalination and Reuse Handbook produced with GWI is available to IDA members. Become a member today!

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WATER REUSE The water reuse market reached new heights in 2020 with 15.4 million m3/d of new capacity awarded over the year, the highest figure on record. This was driven by a combination of pronounced and widespread water scarcity, growing populations, industrial expansion, and regulatory pressures. The reuse market has grown faster than desalination, with installed

capacity increasing by 91% since 2011 compared to 63% in the desalination market. Globally, water reuse is dominated by the East Asia/Pacific and North America regions, each comprising around 30% of the market, with China and the US being the key national markets. However, China is growing much faster, with the majority of US capacity installed before 2010 (IDA Desalination & Reuse Handbook 2021-2022, produced by GWI).).

Cumulative contracted and installed reuse capacity by year, 1991 - 2021

Annual contracted and installed reuse capacity by year, 2010-2021

Annual installed desalination and reuse capacity by technology, 2010-2021

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IDA BOARD ELECTION 64

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IDA BOARD NOMINATION PERIOD IS OPEN The International Desalination Association opened the Nomination period for IDA 2022-2024 Board of Directors Election on January 6, 2022. Schedule Nomination start date

January 6, 2022

Nomination close date

February 26, 2022

2022-2024 IDA Board of Directors Election Voting Opens

March 9, 2022

2022-2024 IDA Board of Directors Election Voting Closes

April 27, 2022

Results Announced and Posted

May 1, 2022

Board Transition

October 2022-IDA World Congress, Sydney, Australia

Nominations

Candidate Eligibility

Candidates must be continuous active members in the IDA since July 2020 to be eligible to stand for this election. The IDA board is a working board with several standing and special committees. Candidates should have strong industry knowledge and understanding of IDA’s mission, Constitution and Bylaws, and availability to dedicate a considerable amount of time to their duties should they be elected. Directors are expected to attend two board meetings per year, actively participate in IDA’s programs, events, and committees, undertake special assignments.

To be placed on the ballot, candidates must have been:

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1. Selected by the Membership and Elections (M&E) committee. 2.Proposed by letter or petition by at least five Class I and Class II members or their designated representatives from the same region. 3. Submit a written request to the M&E Committee to be considered for election 65

and be sponsored by at least five Class I and Class II members or their designated representatives. Candidates must: (a) be prepared to serve the desalination and water reuse community rather than espouse the particular interest of any single entity; (b) maintain confidentiality on the business of the Board; (c) avoid prejudiced judgments on specific issues; and (d) have a good standing within the desalination and water industry.

Regional Representation Regional representation has been defined by the proportion of active Class I and Class II members in good standing in each region. Twenty-one (21) directors may be elected to the Board of Directors, and each region may have at least one and no more than seven. Based on the membership numbers, the regional allocation of Directors for the 2022 election is as follows: Europe

Latin America, Caribbean

Middle East, Africa

North America

Pacific Asia

Grand Total

Elections Directors are elected by a direct vote of IDA’s Class I and Class II members. The Membership and Elections Committee asks that each candidate provide: ʞ A high-resolution photo. ʞ Short biography. ʞ Brief description of what they intend to contribute to the Association. Ballots will be sent to all active members via E-Ballot on March 9, 2022, and voting will begin. IDA members will be able to log in and vote electronically. Voting will close on April 27, 2022, and results will be posted on the IDA website (www.idadesal.org) by May 1, 2022, and an email bulletin sent out announcing the elected directors. The transition of the Board will take place at the IDA World Congress in Sydney, 9-13 October 2022. From January 6th to February 26th, 2022, Members can send nominations to Ms. Shannon McCarthy, IDA Secretary General, at info@idadesal.org, with the subject noted as: Nomination for Term 20 IDA Board of Directors. Self-nominations are also accepted

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Discover IDA Essential #4

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Power consumption is a main contributor to the OPEX of desalination plants. Energy Recovery Devices (ERD’s) are at the core of saving energy in the operation of any seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. During the last 20 years, significant inroads have been made with the different devices. The use of ERD can reduce the energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis systems by up to 60%. The IDA Essential 4.0 publication contains a series of papers that focus on Energy Recovery Devices in seawater and brackish water desalination:

ʞ ERD technologies ʞ Designing brackish water and seawater desalination systems with ERD ʞ Technical and economical evaluations of ERD ʞ Case studies Get unlimited access to IDA’s Essentials and the entire vault of peer-reviewed manuscripts by becoming a member of IDA today! To check all IDA Esentials, please visit here.

IDA thanks Board member Jantje Johnson for curating these publications.

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Registration Opening February 1, 2022 wc.idadesal.org CALL FOR EXTENDED ABSTRACTS: DEADLINE 15 FEBRUARY 2022 70

IDA is thrilled to host the World Congress 2022 in Sydney, Australia! We expect to deliver a fantastic program following the extraordinary 2019 IDA World Congress graciously hosted by DEWA in Dubai. The 2019 Congress included 265 accepted technical papers on ten critical topics, presented in 58 sessions, along with the first-ever IDA Leaders Summit and fifteen IDA Affiliate Forums. We plan to do the same in 2022! To submit, visit wc.idadesal.org.

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

GET READY FOR A ROBUST TECHNCIAL PROGRAM AT IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022; HURRY TO SUBMIT YOUR EXTENDED ABSTRACT BEFORE 15 FEBRUARY, 2022. After a long time between World Congresses, the IDA is delighted to be reconvening in Sydney to Chart Resilient Solutions at World Congress 2022, October 9-13. As the driest inhabited continent on the planet, Australia is a desalination hub. The country significantly increased its desalination investment during its Millennium drought from 2006 to 2012, adding over $16bn worth of infrastructure investment. Australia will increase the capacity of its fleet with a third plant in the Perth region soon. Sydney is well known as a center of desalination expertise. The UNESCO Center for Membrane Science and

Technology, located in the University of New South Wales, is recognized as a center of excellence. The Sydney Desalination Plant (250,000m3/day) will offer delegates a plant tour. Sydney is also a culturally exciting place with excellent experiences to and around the conference center to be enjoyed. The ICC is positioned on the picturesque Darling Harbour. Many hotels within walking distance to the venue are close to the world-renowned Sydney Harbour, sporting the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Opera House. The Opera House is a must-see for all visitors to Australia. We are also excited to expand upon the solid technical program of the last

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

Australian IDA World Congress in Perth in 2011. The Technical Program Committee will be drawing on the experiences from Perth and looking to improve the experience for all delegates. Australia also has robust technical knowledge in desalination and water reuse, given the legacy of the National Center of Excellence in Desalination Australia’s $20m research program, which has created a strong community in the country. The IDA World Congress upholds our global commitment to sustainability and raises awareness of the value of water, protecting the environment, and conserving natural resources. It is the ideal forum to advance goals that benefit the industry and, more importantly, ensure the prosperity of communities, nations, and future generations. More efficient water management is critical to addressing the growing water demand, threats to water security, and the increasing frequency and severity of droughts resulting from climate change. Despite progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal #6, Water and Sanitation for All, billions of people still lack safe water, sanitation,

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

and handwashing facilities. Data suggests that achieving universal access to even basic sanitation services by 2030 requires doubling the current annual rate of progress. As an industry, there is much work we must do to support the global sustainability effort. IDA’s aim to promote the maximum practical use of non-polluting renewable energy sources to power desalination and water processing for reuse is key to providing sustainable solutions. Indeed, a core aspect of the IDA mission is to expand strategic relationships, providing knowledge and value to the communities it serves through the engagement of technology providers, government policy-makers, technology users, the international finance community, global think tanks, and NGOs. We will also continue to focus on providing more support for the industrial water domain. Interest in this sector is growing, and we have heard from multiple innovative companies during our conferences and encourage their participation in our technical program.

Program Committee has ensured gender balance, private / public / academic balance, and young leader participation across the selection of all committee members, topic chairs, and session chairs. Co-Chairs: Prof. John Lienhard, Mr. Fady Juez, Dr. Mike Dixon, Mr. Victor Verbeek, and Mr. Greg Wetterau Technical Committee Members: Dr. Tony Fane, Mr. Kevin Price, Dr. Long Ngheim, Dr. Al Arifi, Mr. Nasser Lootah, Mr. Neil Palmer, Mr. Tim Lam Shing, Mrs. Naomi Jones, Mrs. Olga Sallangos, Dr. Antonella De Lucia, Dr. Giancarlo Barassi, Mr. Guillaume Clairet, Mr. Alistair Munro, Mr. Ravid Levy, Mr. Patrick Buchta, Dr. Victor Monsalvo, Mr. Rodrigo Segovia, Dr. Domingo Zarzo, Mr. Hiep Le, Ms. Amy Childress, Dr. Emily Tow, Dr. Jaichander Swaminathan, Dr. Mohammad Wakil Shazad, Mr. Shadi Hassan, Prof. In S. Kim, Dr. HK Shon, Mr. Antonio Casanas, Mr. Miguel Angel Sanz, and Mr. Rama Jagwani

To reflect the IDA’s substantial value of diversity and equality, the Technical

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

We are seeking the best authors in our industry to submit Extended Abstracts. Topics for this World Congress include: Topic 1. Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination Topic 2. Water Reuse, Potable and Non-Potable including Public Outreach Topic 3. Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment Topic 4. Coupling Desalination and Renewable Energy Topic 5. Emerging Technologies, Emerging Issues and Emerging Contaminants Topic 6. Membrane Science Topic 7. Environment and Sustainability Topic 8. Governance, Finance, and Project Delivery

Topic 9. Thermal Desalination Topic 10. Pre-Treatment and Post Treatment Topic 11. Plant Operations and Digitization Topic 12. Brine management and resource recovery The Committee will act to improve the quality of written papers to ensure each meets the IDA's long held paper standards, and work with the publications committee to make papers more widely accessible after the conference. IDA is preparing to have all papers searchable via Google and have started work to make this a reality.

IDA has also streamlined the submission and review process with a new software package to aid members and delegates. For 2022, the Technical Program Committee will determine whether an abstract will become a platform or poster session at the first submission. Authors will no longer have to wait until later in the process and after going to the length of preparing a full paper to know their position at the congress. We look forward to reading your Extended Best wishes, Abstract (due 15 February 2022) and to Dr. Mike Dixon, Co-Chair of the Technical welcoming you in Sydney! Sessions

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

BOOK YOUR EXHIBITION SPACE! The IDA World Congress Exhibition is located in the center of Congress activity, bordered by four technical program theaters, the Outback theater, two coffee break areas, and the lunchroom to guarantee maximum networking opportunities.

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

EXHIBITORS TO DATE

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

MARKETING SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES Secure visibility for your company at the world's largest congress on desalination and water reuse with new advertising opportunities. Enjoy the advantages of advertising in the different communication platforms that IDA has developed for the IDA 2022 World Congress and boost your company's reputation. Professionals worldwide will learn more about your company, services, and products in the different online and offline formats.

IDA offers companies in the sector different formats and resources to advertise. For more information, don't hesitate to get in touch with sponsorships@idadesal.org

Sponsors of the IDA World Congress enjoy global renown and influence among esteemed delegates from both the public and private sectors. Sponsors establish themselves as the pioneers in the field and foster connections with potential clients and partners. Our Sponsorship Program includes diverse and unique opportunities to promote your company during the World Congress Week, and many packages include strategically located exhibition space. To learn more, please contact us at: sponsorships@idadesal.org

MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

NOMINATION PERIOD OPENS FOR IDA 2022 INDUSTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS IDA is delighted to announce the opening of the Industrial & Sustainability Awards nomination period. The awards will be presented at the IDA 2022 World Congress Gala dinner. Those who challenge themselves to innovate and meet the increasing demands for municipal and industrial water needs will be acknowledged for their exceptional contributions to the Desalination and Water Reuse Sectors.

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

The Awards are open to IDA members and non-members. To nominate, an IDA member must submit an email to awards@idadesal. org on or before the deadline of 30 July 2022 with the following information. 1. The name of the nominee 2. The specific Award 3. How the nominee exemplifies the spirit of the award (250-500 words).

Below is the list of awards for the Desalination and Water Reuse Sector. Descriptions can be found here.

INDUSTRY AWARDS 01. Best Public Private Partnership 02. Most Innovative Utility in a Least Developed Country 03. Best Private Company (Latin America and Caribbean Region) 04. Best Private Company (Asia-Pacific Region)

07. Best Disruptive Technology 08. The Most Progressive Disruptive Policy in Water Reuse 09. Best Performing Company in Water Reuse

SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS 10. The Best Nature-based Solution Technology 11. The Most Resilient City 12. Most Innovative Water Energy Nexus Project

05. Best Private Company (MENA Region)

13. Best SDG 6 Implementor

06. Most Innovative Company

14. Best Corporate Social Responsibility Project

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

IDA WORLD CONGRESS LEADERS SUMMIT IDA presents the 2022 IDA World Congress Leaders Summit - an exceptional one-day event held on Tuesday, October 11th in parallel with the Technical Program. This is an exclusive opportunity to interact with peers from across the sector. Special registration required. More details about the program will follow.

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSORS Titanium Sponsor

Gold Sponsor

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Silver Sponsors

Bronze Sponsors

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IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

IDA WC 2022 INNOVATION FORUM MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2022 2:30PM - 5:30PM INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER SYDNEY (ICC SYDNEY)

The IDA Innovation Forum, new to the World Congress, is specifically designed to introduce new and innovative solutions from Universities, Research Centers, Technology Developers, and start-up companies to major organizations in the water and energy sectors, venture capitalists, developers, and private investors.

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

Who can submit? The submissions are open to individuals, companies and organizations. The proposal should emphasize innovative energy reduction and environmental considerations, building a sustainable future with financial resilience and innovation. Submit here.

Forum Award Sponsorship offers the unique opportunity to showcase your organization as a contributor to innovation in our industry. Your logo will be displayed on Innovation Forum branding, the Word Congress website and in the Final Program.

Innovation Forum Travel Support Sponsor Selection process: The winners will be The Innovation Forum sponsorship offers selected by an international, cross-sector a unique opportunity to support leading panel of judges. innovators in their need for travel support to attend and pitch their technology if they Sponsorship: A grand prize will be are one of the eight teams shortlisted. awarded to the winning proposal.

To learn more about these special Become a Sponsor of the Innovation sponsor packages, please contact Forum! sponsorships@idadesal.org Innovation Forum Award Sponsor Support innovation by sponsoring this impressive award! The Innovation

IDA WORLD CONGRESS 2022

REGISTER TODAY FOR THE IDA-SWCC DTRI INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON OCEAN BRINE MINING MARCH 21-23, 2022, LE MERIDIEN HOTEL, AL KHOBAR, SAUDI ARABIA Join us to discuss the latest technologies and experience in Mining of Brine Concentration for extraction of valuable minerals. Jointly organized by the IDA and DTRI of SWCC, under the patronage of the Minister of Environment, Water, and Agriculture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, this specialty conference is a forum for technical experts, scientists, applied researchers, practitioners, and innovators. The aim is to share their latest technologies and experience in brine concentration extraction of valuable minerals. Brine mining is trailblazing a new desalination industry path of Zero Discharge & Cost (ZD&C) desalination.

This landmark event aims to capture a new industry trend of turning brine generated by desalination plants from a waste product into a sustainable and valuable alternative source of minerals currently obtained by terrestrial mining. The conference will provide a unique forum to experts and innovators in this new and promising field to share their knowledge and experience on leading-edge technologies that convert cost-effectively brine into mineral products and extract rare metals of strategic importance for advanced industries, including lithium, cesium, rubidium, barium.

IDA-SWCC DTRI

THANKS TO OUR SPONSORS Bronze sponsors

For more information about how to become a sponsor, please contact sponsorships@idadesal.org.

DOWNLOAD THE BROCHURE WITH THE PRELIMINARY PROGRAM

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IDA-SWCC DTRI

IDA-SWCC DTRI INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION MAY 30-JUNE 1, 2022, RITZ-CARLTON HOTEL IN JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Held under the patronage of the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, this Specialty Conference will include presentations by renowned international keynote speakers that will provide an overview of the latest developments in crucial desalination industry topic areas, recent scientific and technological breakthroughs, and

new trends aiming to break the cost and energy barriers of desalination. The conference will include a site visit to the Shoaiba Desalination Plant and Magnesium Enrichment Facility. The preliminary conference program can now be viewed at idadesal.org and we welcome you to register today.

Scan this QR code with your smartphone

IDA-SWCC DTRI

THANKS TO OUR SPONSORS Platinum sponsor

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ORGANIZED BY

IDA-SWCC DTRI

IDA WELCOMES NEW CORPORATE MEMBER

Lantania The Lantania Group builds large transport, water and energy infrastructures. It develops sustainable solutions that improve quality of life and promote a cleaner and healthier world. Lantania has a portfolio of work in progress of over 400 million euros and assets of over 125 million euros. The maintenance of the runways of the Adolfo Suárez-Madrid Barajas Airport, the electrification of the first section of the high-speed train to Extremadura, the urbanisation of the Central Breakwater of the Port of Bilbao expansion or the construction of a solar plant in the City of Justice in Valencia are some of Lantania’s outstanding projects. The company has offices in Colombia, Morocco and Bulgaria.

IDA CORPORATE MEMBERS share their news on the IDA website! Discover updates about the water community, here

IDA 2023 INTERNATIONAL WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING CONFERENCE IN SEVILLE, SPAIN OCTOBER 2023

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Become an

IDA Member Today!

As the world is faced with a rapidly increasing demand for fresh water, our sector stands on the threshold of unprecedented growth, poised between the reality of future climate change and the immediate need for sustainable water solutions. More than ever before is a network of global connections needed, so stakeholders are ready to ﬁght water scarcity with sustainable water solutions.

Membership Beneﬁts: • Voting privileges for IDA Board of Directors election and constitutional changes each term • Ability to run for IDA Board of Directors after one year of membership • Participation in Board Committees and activities • If under 35, you are eligible to apply for IDA’s YLP Program, IDA Fellowship Program, and the Channabasappa Scholarship • Discounted registration to all IDA events and various partner events • Free registration to all IDA Webinars • Discounted registration to all IDA Academy Training events (note: does not include events where IDA Academy is a supporting partner) • Access to the IDA Directory of Manuscripts • Access to IDA Membership Database and social networking portal • Subscription to IDA Global Connections quarterly publication • Complimentary Copy of IDA Water Security Handbook. Produced with GWI

Established in 1973, IDA is a non-proﬁt 501 (c) (6) organization, bringing together people, ideas, and knowledge to advance sustainable water solutions. We are a UN recognized non-governmental organization (NGO) and partner of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization WASAG – Global Framework on water scarcity in agriculture. For more information on membership, please contact membership@idadesal.org or view www.idadesal.org.

In 2019, the IDA established the IDA Sustainable Water Resources Foundation, a US non-proﬁt 501 (c) (3) organization that promotes creative solutions to the world’s most pressing water challenges. SWRF supports innovation by advocating clean energy solutions, organizing educational programs and projects concerning the nexus of water, energy, food, and the environment. To learn more, visit www.idaswrf.org.

IDA WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS

IDA EVENTS/PARTNER EVENTS

MEBRANE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE February 21-25, 2022 Las Vegas, NV, USA

INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON DESALINATION BRINE MINING March 21-23, 2022 Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia

IDA BUSINESS FORUM - SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL WATER WEEK April 17- 21, 2022 Singapore

GLOBAL WATER SUMMIT May 16-18, 2022 Madrid, Spain

INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION May 30- June 1, 2022 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

EDS DESALINATION FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: CLEAN WATER AND ENERGY June 22-23, 2022 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

CARIBDA 2022 BIENNIAL CONFERENCE & EXPO June 28-July 1, 2022 Oranjestad, Aruba

IDA 2022 WORLD CONGRESS October 9-13, 2022 Sydney, Australia

XIII AEDYR CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL November 15-17, 2022 Cordoba, Spain

Check IDA Events here

IDA Global Connections offers companies an outstanding opportunity to show their support for the IDA and advanced water treatment industry that we serve, while reaching approximately 10,000 industry professionals around the world. IDA offers a variety of sponsorship opportunities. For details, please visit www.idadesal.org or contact sponsorships@idadesal.org. DOWNLOAD DE THE MEDIA KIT HERE!

Ms. Shannon McCarthy Secretary General

Karen A. Zilinek Deputy Secretary General

Alessandra Michelangeli Project Coordinator

Cristina Mauleón Social Media and Marketing

Connecting People and Ideas to Water Solutions

Address P.O. Box 387 Topsfield, MA 01983 USA Phone +1-978-774-0959

IDA Global Connections - Winter 2022

Articles inside

IDA EVENTS / PARTNERS EVENTS

IDA WELCOMES NEW CORPORATE MEMBER

SPECIALTY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION IN DESALINATION

SPECIALTY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OCEAN BRINE MINING

IDA 2022 WORLD CONGRESS

IDA ESSENTIALS #4

IDA BOARD ELECTION

MARKET ANALYSIS

IDA MENTOR PROGRAM

WATER POLICY VEWPOINT

PPF SPOTLIGHT

INDUSTRIAL WATER

RESEARCH CORNER

IDA FAVORITE PAPERS

COVER STORY

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY GENERAL