IGNITING MINDS ` 125/-
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Volume.01 | Issue.02 | December 2015
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THE FOREST MAN OF INDIA AHIMSA SILK
RNI No: TELENG/2015/65077
ENRICH YOUR ENGLISH
HOW TO BE BECOME AN
ASTRONAUT?
FINDING YOUR
STRENGTHS
Aung San Suu Kyi
A jouney from house arrest to a million hearts “Inspired by a great soul Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM”
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RIGHT POSITION FOR RIGHT WRITING Monthly Educational Magazine
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Greetings Readers! Change is the only constant, said “Heraclitus”, a Greek philosopher. Yes, we do believe that change is the only constant and nothing stays still. Our start happened a month ago, and we are slowly acclimatizing to the change that is for good, and to stay. It has been humbling the way we have been appreciated by all of you. This is what fuelled a series of improvements and changes we have adopted this month. Without the critical acclaim and positivity of the comments that poured in, we wouldn't have advanced and are constantly on the go. We have new stuff lined up for you this month, to end the year on a productive note. We as a team are more than delighted to let you all know that we are just a tap away, be it on your smart phones or a PC. Just click install "IGNITING MINDS" app on Android and tickle your IQ by soaking in the information available on our “facebook/ignitingmindsmagazine” page on Facebook! Hope we enrich your experience this time too and we promise to never let you down.Keep us posted about how this month’s edition affected you and help us grow.
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Dec 2015
IGNITING MINDS
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WHAT’S INSIDE Cover Story
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi, AC is a Burmese opposition politician and chairperson of the National League for Democracy in Burma.
Optimal nutrition for your child
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Life Skills
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Padma Shri
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Padma Awards were instituted in 1954 to be awarded to citizens of India in recognition of their distinguished contribution......
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Career Awareness
Right positions for Right Writing
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Padma Shri Jadav “Molai” Payeng (born 1963) is a Mishing tribe environmental activist...
Awards
Handwriting
Just like Walking, swimming and cycling, handwriting is also a skill which does .....
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The Forest man of India
Communication Skills Enrich your English Importance of English language needs no explanation....
The growing age of a child is very crucial....
Success Story
What is Communication? Communications styles and each has his or her own unique characteristics of.....
Health & Nutrition
Astronaut How to become an Astronaut?
15 IGNITING MINDS
An astronaut is someone who is given training by........
Dec 2015
26
Sociology Fundamental of Sociology
30 History The war fought between July 28, 1914, and November 11, 1918, was known at the time as the Great War, the War to End War, and (in the United States) the European War........
Science Ahimsa Silk
Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan was a largely self-taught pure mathematician. Hindered by poverty and ill-health, his highly.....
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Country
Myanmar
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Mathematics
Slightly smaller than Texas, Myanmar occupies the Thailand/ Cambodia portion of the Indochinese peninsula.
Classification of decimal numbers
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Sports Tennis
38 Computer Programming Before starting our next article on Go Programming, let’s have a small recap, in last magazine we have introduced Google’s Go Language........
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Pride of India
World War I
Silks fall into two main types, the mulberry and the non-mulberry silks. The classification is based on the kind of silkworms that are used as raw.......
Aristotle said “Man is a social animal”. Man always lives in the company of other people.....
40 Dec 2015
Tennis is a sport that originated in England around the 19th century and is now played in a host of countries....
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Parenting
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Current Affairs
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Brain Gym
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IGNITING MINDS
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Sunday
Events Calendar 06
* Violin Day
* Miners’ Day
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Monday
*International Civil Aviation Day, *Armed Force Flag Day,
Tuesday
07
*World AIDS Day
01
* Pretend To Be A Time Traveler Day
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Wednesday
* International day for the abolition of slavery, *World Computer Literacy Day.
Thursday
02
* International Anti-Corruption Day
09
* World Disability Day
Friday
03
* Human Rights day
10
* Indian Navy Day
04
Saturday
14
11
* International Mountain Day
*National Energy Conservation Day
* International Human Solidarity Day 20
*Forefathers’ Day
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22
* Day Of Reconciliation
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23
* Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day)
*International Day * National Consumer Against Violence Day 17 Against Sex Workers 24
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* International Migrants Day
* Christmas Day
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*St. Stephen’s Day, *Thank You Note Day *National Maritime 05 Day
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* Superman Day
* Goa’s Liberation Day
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* Visit The Zoo Day
* Crossword Puzzle Day *National Card Playing 28 Day 21
*International Tea Day
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* Tick Tock Day
*Bacon Day
*Make Up Your Mind Day
Birthday Calendar * Savitri (Film actress 06 1933-1981)
* Manohar Parrikar * Yamini Krishnamurthy (Minister of Defence 13 (Dancer 1940) 1955) 20
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*B.K.S. Iyengar (Yoga 14 Teacher 1918-2014)
Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy (Politician 1972) 21
01
08
*Dharmendra (Film actress 1935)
* Bapu (Film director 1933-2014) 15
*Srinivasa Ramanujan (Mathematician 1887-1920) 22
* B.Nagi Reddy (Movie producer 1912-2004)
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* Sonia Gandhi (President of Indian Nation09 al Congress 1946)
* Kundurti Anjaneyulu 16 (Poet 1922-1988)
* Charan Singh (Former * Ramana Maharshi Prime Minister of India (Philosopher 23 1902 -1987) 30 1879-1950)
*Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Former President of 03 India 1884-1963)
* C. Rajagopalachari ( Independence 10 activist 1878-1972)
* Jayasudha (Actor 1958)
*Medha Patkar (Social activist 1954)
* R.Venkata Raman (Former President of 04 India – 1910-2009)
*Sheikh Abdullah (Indian statesman 05 1905-1982)
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* Pranab Mukherjee (President of India)
* Rajnikanth (Film actress 1950) 12
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* Mohammed Rafi (Singer 1924-1980)
* Salman Khan
27 (Film actor 1965)
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*Dhirubhai Ambani (Tycoon 1932-2002)
*Rajesh Khanna (Actor 1942)
* Kongara Jaggayya (Film actor 1926-2004)
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* Madan Mohan Malaviya (Indian Politician 1861-1946), * Atal Behari Vajpayee * Steven Spielberg (Former Prime Minister of India 1924) (Director 1946)
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* Pratibha Patil (Former President of 19 India 1934)
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*Baba Amte (Social 26 activist 1914-2008)
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Cover Story
i y K u u S n a S Aung Famous as: Political Leader (Freedom Fighter) of Myanmar
A
ung San SuuKyi was born on June 19, 1945 in Yangon, Myanmar, a country traditionally known as Burma. Aung San SuuKyi was two years old when her father, General Aung San, then the de facto prime minister of what would shortly become independent Burma, was assassinated in 1947. She attended schools in Burma until 1960, when her mother, KhinKyi, was appointed ambassador to India. After further study in India, she obtained a bachelor's degree from the University of Oxford in 1969, where she met and married, British scholar in Bhutanese studies, Michael Aris in 1972. She and Aris have two children and lived a rather quiet life in England, the United States, and India until 1988, when she returned to Burma to nurse her dying mother, leaving her husband and sons behind. There the mass slaughter of protesters against the brutal and unresponsive rule of military strongman U Ne Win, which led her to speak out against him and to begin a nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights in that country. Her life took a dramatic turn.
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Political Ideology: National League for Democracy Born: June 19, 1945 (age 70), Yangon, Myanmar (Burma) Spouse: Michael Aris (m. 1972–1999) Children: Alexander Aris, Kim Aris Education: Methodist English High School Burma, St Hugh’s College Oxford Awards: 1990 - Rafto Prize 1990 - Sakharov Prize 1991 - Nobel Peace Prize 1992 - Jawaharlal Nehru Award 1992 - International Simón Bolívar Prize 2005 - Olof Palme Prize 2011 - Wallenberg Medal 2012 - Congressional Gold Medal 2012 - Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Return to Burma In 1962, dictator U Ne Win staged and carried out a coup d'état in Burma, which spurred intermittent protests over his policies for the subsequent decades. By 1988, he had resigned his post of party chairman, essentially leaving the country in the hands of a military junta, but stayed behind the scenes to orchestrate various violent responses to the continuing protests and other events. SuuKyi returned to Burma in 1988, amidst the slaughter of protesters rallying against U Ne Win and his iron-fisted rule. She began speaking out against him, with democracy and human rights at the fore of her struggle. It did not take long for the junta to notice her efforts, and in July of 1989, the military government of Burma—which was renamed the "Union of Myanmar" in 1989— placed SuuKyi under house arrest and cut off any communication she might have with the outside world.
Aris died in London in early 1999. Prior to his death, the military junta denied him a visa to visit SuuKyi in Myanmar, and SuuKyi, anticipating that she would not be allowed to reenter the country if she left, remained in Myanmar. The junta once again placed SuuKyi under house arrest from September 2000 to May 2002, ostensibly for having violated restrictions by attempting to travel outside Yangon. Following clashes between the NLD and pro-government demonstrators in 2003, the government returned her to house arrest. Calls for her release continued throughout the international community in the face of her sentence’s annual renewal, and in 2009 a United Nations body declared her detention illegal under Myanmar’s own law. In 2008 the conditions of her house arrest were somewhat loosened, allowing her to receive some magazines as well as letters from her children, who were both living abroad.
Though the Union military told SuuKyi that if she agreed to leave the country, they would free her, she refused to do so, insisting that her struggle would continue until the junta released the country to civilian government and political prisoners were freed. In 1990, an election was held, and the party with which SuuKyi is affiliated—the National League for Democracy— won more than 80 percent of the parliamentary seats. The junta, though, predictably ignored the election results. Twenty years later, they formally annulled the results. The news that SuuKyi was being given the Nobel Prize in 1991 set off intense vilification of her by the government, and, since she was still being detained, her son, Alexander Aris, accepted the award in her place. SuuKyi was freed from house arrest in July 1995, although restrictions were placed on her ability to travel outside Yangon. The following year she attended the NLD party congress, but the military government continued to harass both her and her party. In 1998 she announced the formation of a representative committee that she declared was the country’s legitimate ruling parliament. Michael
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Arrest and Elections In May 2009, shortly before her most recent sentence was to be completed, SuuKyi was charged with an actual crime—allowing an intruder to spend two nights at her home, a violation of her terms of house arrest. The intruder, an American named John Yettaw, had swum to her house to warn her allegedly after having a vision of an attempt on her life. He was also subsequently imprisoned, returning to the United States in August 2009. In August she was convicted and sentenced to three years in prison, though the sentence was immediately reduced to 18 months, and she was allowed to serve it while remaining under house arrest. At the time of her conviction, the belief was widespread both within and outside Myanmar that this latest ruling was designed to prevent SuuKyi from participating in multiparty parliamentary elections (the first since 1990) scheduled for 2010. That suspicion became reality through a series of new election laws enacted in March 2010: one prohibited individuals from any participation in elections if they had been convicted of a crime (as she had been in 2009), and another disqualified anyone who was (or had been) married to a foreign national from running for office. In support of SuuKyi, the NLD refused to reregister under those new laws (as was required) and was disbanded. The government parties faced little opposition in the November 7, 2010 election and easily won an overwhelming majority of legislative seats amid widespread allegations of voter fraud. SuuKyi was released from house arrest six days after the election and vowed to continue her opposition to military rule.
It een ve b eone a h t m mus for so io d har to rad ed That same year, the United Nations declared that SuuKyi's y r ve isten s call detention was illegal, under Myanmar law. In August, i l nly name e!!!! I m eat o however, SuuKyi went to trial, and was convicted and o s t heir iz t obel Pr of the e n e wh t a N edge e to b e ut m ec coll n at th my na help b e oftewaiting. I cant he stag , a lled y ot ca o run t llect m o ! t to c medals
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sentenced to three years in prison. The sentence was reduced to 18 months, however, and she was allowed to serve it as a continuation of her house arrest. Those within Myanmar and the concerned international community believed that the ruling was simply brought down to prevent SuuKyi from participating in the multiparty parliamentary elections scheduled for the following year (the first since 1990). These fears were realized when a series of new election laws were put in place in March 2010: One law prohibited convicted criminals from participating in elections, and another barred anyone married to a foreign national from running for office. (SuuKyi's husband was English.) In November 2011, the NLD announced that it would re-register as a political party, and in January 2012, SuuKyi formally registered to run for a seat in parliament. On April 1, 2012, following a gruelling and exhausting campaign, the NLD announced that SuuKyi had won her election. A news broadcast on state-run MRTV confirmed her victory, and on May 2, 2012, SuuKyi took her oath and took office. In late May and early June 2012 SuuKyi visited Thailand, her first trip outside Myanmar since 1988. Later in June she travelled to Europe, making stopovers in several countries. Highlights of that journey included giving the acceptance speech for her Nobel Prize in Oslo, Norway, and being invited to address the British Parliament in London.SuuKyi maintained a high international profileas she worked toward greater political liberalization in Myanmar. Although some progress was achieved, no changes were made to the constitutional provision banning a candidate from running for the presidency whose spouse or children are foreign nationals. With SuuKyi having won reelection as leader of her party in 2013, the country again held parliamentary elections on November 8, 2015, in what has been viewed as the most open voting process in decades. Less than a week later, on November 13, the NLD was officially able to declare victory, winning 378 seats so far in a 664-seat parliament. The party will thus be able to select the next president and one of two vice presidents. Outside observers are cautiously optimistic, citing the military's ability to still be a major influence on the country's politics due to constitutional stipulations.
Books Aung San Suu Kyi’s published works include: 1. Burma and India: Some Aspects of Intellectual Life Under Colonialism 2. In the footsteps of Gandhi 1990 3. Freedom from Fear 1991 4. Letters from Burma 1991 5. The Voice of Hope 1997
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Life Skills
Malini Krishnan Malini Krishnan Inner Space Inner Space
FINDING YOUR STRENGTHS – HOW TO START? – HOW TO START?
E
veryone wants to know what their strengths are – what they are veryone wants to know what their strengths are – what they are good at, what situations they can pull off well and what helps them good at, what situations they can pull off well and what helps them cope better with life. cope better with life. ‘Strengths’ of every person are unique. Even if two people have the same ‘Strengths’ of every person are unique. Even if two people have the same strength, for example, good communication skills, the way each person strength, for example, good communication skills, the way each person showcase their skills would be very different. showcase their skills would be very different. Sometimes, it is this unique characteristic traitthat help you identify Sometimes, it is this unique characteristic traitthat help you identify what your strengths are. You probably think – ‘God, he’s so effective what your strengths are. You probably think – ‘God, he’s so effective with customers’, or, ‘She’s so good with conversation!’ when you notice with customers’, or, ‘She’s so good with conversation!’ when you notice others. others. Then you think, ‘I wouldn’t have thought of this in this Then you think, ‘I wouldn’t have thought of this in this situation’ situation’ The next thought is, ‘I don’t have enough The next thought is, ‘I don’t have enough communication skills. I can’t handle this well’ communication skills. I can’t handle this well’ Hmm…so communication gets stricken off your list. Hmm…so communication gets stricken off your Maybe this happens in other areas too. list. ‘He has a better dressing sense than me’ Maybe this happens in other areas too. ‘She keeps more fit than me’ ‘He has a better dressing sense than me’ ‘She’s so much better at managing time’ ‘She keeps more fit than me’ All your talents are overshadowed by your negativity ‘She’s so much better at managing time’ that you start feeling you are good for nothing. For some of All your talents are overshadowed by your negativity that you start you, so many areas get stricken off that there is hardly anything you feeling you are good for nothing. For some of you, so many areas are able to feel good about. Gradually, sub-consciously perhaps, get stricken off that there is hardly anything you are able to feel you begin to believe, ‘probably there is nothing so special about good about. Gradually, sub-consciously perhaps, you begin to me’ believe, ‘probably there is nothing so special about me’ This belief is excruciating, since, it lowers your hope and selfThis belief is excruciating, since, it lowers your hope and selfesteem. esteem. However, it is just not possible that there is truly nothing However, it is just not possible that there is truly nothing special about you. You have spent a number of years in the special about you. You have spent a number of years in the world, have lived a variety of experiences and have dealt world, have lived a variety of experiences and have dealt with many different situations. with many different situations. Surely, there’s something about you that made you grow all Surely, there’s something about you that made you grow all these these years. years. You surely have done some things right! You surely have done some things right!
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Saving Some Focus for ‘What You do Right’ Life teaches us to be aware of our mistakes. As children, parents have corrected you when you erred. In school, you were made to stand outside the classroom when you forgot your book As you grew up, at every stage, you were reminded again and again to be aware of what went wrong, or where you fell short. You were also reminded that if you are not cognizant of your mistakes, you would miss out on something – a seat in a college, a good first job, a promotion, an attractive partner, a comfortable life and the list is endless.
And this was done with reason – To have a good life, you must know what not to do again But then, to have a good life, you must also know what to do again, and yet again!! To be aware of what you did right is also as important as to be aware of what you didn’t!
This gives you some clues about what you possibly can repeat in a similar situation right? Maybe you could try using the same tone, or create similar peace while going to bed. It may not necessarily work the second time..maybe it’ll work the fifth time, then the eighth time. However, once you begin saving some focus for little things that you did right, without discounting them as ‘too little’ or ‘inconsequential’, you’d gradually begin discovering what you did right – the beginning point of discovering your unique skills…. your strengths.
A Small Exercise to Get you Started with Finding your Strengths: Think of one thing in the last two-three days that went right. Maybe one difficult customer calmed down on talking to you Maybe you were able to focus a little better on work despite the usual distractions Maybe you woke up on time after long Wait! Don’t think, ‘this happens once in a way, why give it any value?’ It deserves some thought because, life is not only about ‘chance’ Think, was anything different in the way you spoke with this customer? Your tone? Maybe you were calm yourself, which calmed him down. Maybe you went to bed slightly more peacefully than usual and so had a sound sleep.
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My Strength is my HUNGER!!
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Communication Skills
Enrich your
B.K.Reddy, Director, Hyderabad English club
English I
mportance of English language needs no explanation in the present times. English fluency is considered as a measure of one’s knowledge, intelligence and personality. If your English is not good, you are bound to be underrated in every aspect.
Language Acquisition Mother tongue
English
L→S→ R→ W
R→ W
I am not sure if this is a coincidence, but I just realized "read" rhyms with "lead". Also,"read" rhyms with “lead” !!!
Most of the people, in the later part of life, repent for having not learnt English during their school days. Their knowledge and intelligence is of sheer waste without good command in English. Their oral or written presentations look ineffective. They feel shy to participate in debates, and avoid public speaking. No other thing in life causes so much of damage as poor English does. You are fortunate enough to understand the importance of English during schooling. Don’t give yourself a chance to repent for anything in future. Therefore, act right away to improve your English. We all are proficient in our mother tongue because we learn in the right order, i.e.listening,speaking,reading, and writing. One can become fluent in a language just by listening and speaking. Listening gives enough support for speaking, but without speaking practice you can’t become fluent. Speaking is the essential activity in learning a foreign language. You can’t learn a foreign language without speaking and so is English. In Countries like India, most of the students have problem with English because speaking is missing in our course of study. All our studies are centered on only reading and writing. As a result, we know some English but can’t speak. There is a wrong impression that by learning grammar and vocabulary, one can become fluent in English. It is never so. Learning to speak English is similar to learning swimming, cycling or playing a musical instrument. You can’t learn all those things from books. To learn them, you have to physically involve yourself into those activities. Similarly to learn English, you have to get involved in lot of English speaking. Learning English seem to be a tough task initially. Don’t look at it from the angle of academic scoring. It is even more than that. “Know and speak“ is the master secret of learning English language. If you don’t have anybody around you who speak in English, speak with yourself. Speaking is the only way to enrich your English. Just begin and there is no turning back.
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Handwriting
Right positions for Right Writing By Y.Mallikarjuna Rao, Director, National Handwriting Acadamy.
Just like Walking, swimming and cycling, handwriting is also a skill, which does not happen by birth. Handwriting skill doesn’t over straight start with the practice of letters. The very first and major step to get acquainted with the standard handwriting can be achieved by implementing the following instructions:
Right Slant
1
Left Slant
♦ Keep your spine straight while writing. ♦ Always hold your writing instrument leaving an inch space from its tip. More the distance from tip, less the pressure on paper and closer you hold, more the pressure observed on paper. ♦ Hiding writing instrument with three fingers-Thumb, index finger and middle finger is always advisable. Holding with 3 fingers using equal amount of pressure from 360 degree of the writing instrument is called ‘TRIPOD GRASP’.
Pencil Position Left Hand
→
Pencil is held near large knuckle. →
→
Right Hand
First Finger rests on top → of the pencil.
1.Sheet Position : for Right Hander (Dextral), 2.Sheet Position : for Left Hander (Sinistral) ♦ Maintain 25 to 30 cm distance from the paper. This distance is always proportionate to the distance you leave from pen’s tip and the place where you hold the writing instrument. More the distance from instrument’s tip more is the distance from paper to the eyes.
♦ Do not press too hand on the Writing Instrument as it resnits in heavy pressure lrads to two disadvantages. One, it affects the speed of handwriting and two, it results in strain to the hand.
♦ While writing a sentence, do not twist at wrist to reach the letters on your right side. Instead, move the hand till elbow along with the letters till the end of the page. So that, the hand is found parallel to the paper, all through the page.
♦ Paper position: Paper should always be kept in slanted direction. The Right handed writer slants the paper towards left cut left handed in might slant.
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Parenting
Preserving The Parent Child Relation Sadia Saeed Raval Inner Space
A fundamental requirement of childhood and your greatest influence over your child is your relationship with him/her. As parents, we are naturally concerned about our children. We want them to have a bright future and be self-sufficient. Anything that we see as taking the child away from this prospect worries us. We worry, fret and tend to spend considerable time and energy correcting the child. “Don’t do this, it’s bad for you”, “Why don’t you listen to me?”, “I’m saying this for your good and nobody else’s!!” are some of the statements you would probably connect with. At times, we happen to spend all our time with the child in correcting him/her. We consider it our duty to mould them right. Hence, many of us would be constantly on the lookout for the negative behavior, be it disinterest in studies, lack of social interaction, excessive viewing of television, argumentativeness or aggression. Such behavior frustrates us and we chide in and scold our children or maybe even manhandle at times. However, still our child continues to engage in the negative behavior and act cranky most of the times. Therefore, it is wise to retrospect as to whether the current approach you are using is effective? What is going wrong? Think about it. Such circumstances
g Cookin and y bb eat ho I love is a gr d n T! A I my E V LO she is r o f e r my mo piration!! ins he are "T Moms ooks" Best C
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suggest that something is amiss in a fundamental requirement of childhood and your greatest influence over your child – your relationship with him/her. Many a time, the continual bickering and verbal battles surrounding your child’s negative behaviors almost leave nothing else to be discussed. You internally sense that your relationship with the child is suffering. Expressions of love have perhaps gone down and there are no cracking jokes over dinner. Happy moments between you and your child are scarce and short-lived. If this sounds similar to what you experience, you need to pause and consciously work on your relationship with your child.
Why does the Parent-Child Relationship Matter? Well, the parent-child relationship, or for that matter any relationship is most often the reason why we choose to obey or comply. For example, you’re more likely to obey your superior at work if you like him/her. Alternatively, you naturally gravitate towards those elders in the family whom you are fond of. You may at times even seek guidance from them. This equation is no different for your child. He/she too will wish to pay heed to what you say if he feels affection around you. This is a prime reason why psychotherapy with all, child or adult, begins by establishing a firm, positive relationship with the client. This relationship overrides all behavioral problems. It’s like we want to say in therapy “No behavior or problem is more important than you believing in the relationship you share with me (the therapist)” While in counseling sessions with children, we often see that children, no matter how stubborn, angry or oppositional, eventually come around to listening to their therapists. This is because of the relationship we share with them. We take special care to see that any measure we take to modify the child’s behavior does not harm the therapeutic relationship. In fact, that is one of the first things we are taught while studying psychology. Probably, it will do you good by strengthening your
How to go about strengthening the Parent-Child Relationship? Put your child’s negative behavior in perspective Tell yourself that the child’s problem is but one problem, it is a part of his life and not his life itself. We often focus excessively on the problem, making it larger than what it actually is. If today he is aggressive and hits other children, it is definitely cause for concern; however, be sure not the make it the most important thing about him or his life. This does more harm than good and ultimately affects the child’s self esteem. Maximize conversation, put a check on evaluation We have a tendency to evaluate and correct several of our child’s behaviors. Check your conversations for messages about how what your child did was not correct and what he should have done instead. Chances are the messages will sound like, “that’s not the way you behave”, “you always do something stupid!” or “why did you do that?” Minimize evaluation. Children need conversation too. Think about it like this. You could adopt such an approach with your children too. Focus on Feelings This is a wonderful approach if executed well. When your child engages in negative behavior, focus on how they feel about it. “Oh, you must have been boiling with anger when you picked that fight. How did you feel when you were so angry?” This will not only help in teaching the child to identify his feelings, it will also convey to the child that you understand. You understand his feelings, therefore, you understand him. Unconditional Positive Regard This means, like your child for what he is. He/she, no matter how small or how ‘wrong’ is fighting his/her own battle. He tries each day to accomplish something, he tries each day to feel good…he tries. We try. Aren’t we all caught up in our own struggles? Your child is one among us. Recognize your child for what he is. Convey to him/her that no matter what he/she does, he/she is still worthy of your love. Work towards this. Work towards strengthening your relationship with your child.
relationship with your child.
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Health & Nutritions
What is carbohydrates and ideal requirement for all childhood ages? What are carbohydrates and ideal requirement for children aged upto 18? The growing age of a child is very crucial. Children aged between 10-18 needs special care and mothers should strictly keep track of eating habits of their children. You cannot see your child indulge in junk foods. As a mother you should know the ideal requirement of your kid’s carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate contains hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in equal proportion, which helps in the formation of water in our body. A child body needs 50% to 60% of carbohydrate above 2 years of age. ■ Children from 4 to 8 years needs 17 to 20 gm. of carbohydrates ■ Children from 10 to 18 years need 22 to 31 gm. of carbohydrates in a day All carbohydrate foods are not recommended. As per the health care professionals, parents should know what are good carbs and bad carbs for your kids. Just follow the below mentioned chart which help in maintaining required amount of carbs/day for your child’s health.
GOOD CARBS Children need more of complex carbs, which are more nutritious, as it contains fiber, calcium, protein and iron. Foods like brown rice, vegetables, whole wheat bread, fruits and dairy products that are low fat. If you include these food items on the child’s platter,the risk of heart diseases and weight gain can be lowered.
BAD CARBS Food that comes under simple carbs is bad carbs. Candy, cookies, sugary foods, desserts, soda and cake are named as bad carbs. You can include these food items on the child’s plate, but in small portion. They do not have essential nutrients and are rich in high calories and sugar.
N O I T I R T U N L IDEA OUR CHILD FOR Y
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What is protein? How much protein a child need per day? Proteins are the large molecules that consist of amino acids that help our body to function well. For children, proteins are very much necessary. But, you should also have the idea of the protein rich food for your kids. Without protein, bone growth is suppressed which is directly proportional to the body growth of the child.
Ideal Requirement Ages 1 to 3 - 1.1 gm. of protein/kg
GOOD FAT Vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, catfish, salmon, walnuts and flaxseed.
BAD FAT Saturated fats are bad which contains poultry, red meat and high fat diary. Also bakery products including white bread contain trans fat, which is very dangerous for kids.
Ages 4 to 8 - 0.9 gm. of protein/kg Ages 9 to 13 - 0.9 gm. of protein/kg Ages 14 to 18 - 0.8 gm. of protein/kg
GOOD PROTEIN
BAD PROTEIN
Good quality protein includes, Milk, Curd, buttermilk, low fat paneer, tofu and also pulses like moong, chana etc. Also rice+ dal is a great combination of good quality protein. White meat, turkey, chicken and have them without skin.
Too many egg yolk is not good for your child as it increases fat content and risk of cholesterol increases in later age. Also Red meat is not good
Now, that you know the detailed food pattern that is to be followed under carbohydrates, proteins and fats, taking good care of your child during his or her growing age is a duty to be never missed. Healthy diet and exercise are important part of your kid’s life so inculcate both the things in your kid’s upbringing to have a better future.
So, you should include good protein in your child’s plate to make him stay fit and healthy.
What is fat?How much fat a child need?
Our body needs “good fat” for good functioning and prevention from diseases. Fat is good, but for kids you should know how much fat you need. It gives us energy and fulfills our body’s requirements.
Mukta Agrawal Senior Nutritionist ‘‘INLIFE Healthcare”
Age 1 to 3- 30 % - 35% Age 4 to 18- 25% - 35% Dec 2015
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Success Story
v a d a J g n e y Pa
A I D N I F O N A M T S E R O F E TH
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Name
Jadav Payeng (Molai)
Born
1963 (age 52) Assam, India
Occupation
Forester
wife
Binita Payeng
Awards
Padma Shri (2015)
P
adma Shri Jadav “Molai� Payeng (born 1963) is a Mishing tribe environmental activist and forestry worker from Jorhat, India. Over the course of several decades, he planted and tended trees on a sandbar of the riverBrahmaputra turning it into a forest reserve. The forest, called Molai forest after him, is located near Kokilamukh of Jorhat, Assam,India. It encompasses an area of about 1,360 acres / 550 hectares. In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India.
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Career In 1979, Payeng, then 16, encountered a large number of snakes that had died due to excessive heat after floods washed them onto the treeless sandbar. That is when he planted around 20 bamboo seedlings on the sandbar. He started working on the forest in 1979 when the social forestry division of Golaghat district launched a scheme of tree plantation on 200 hectares at ArunaChapori situated at a distance of 5 km from Kokilamukh in Jorhat district. Molai was one of the labourers who worked in that project which was completed after five years. He chose to stay back after the completion of the project even after other workers left. He not only looked after the plants, but continued to plant more trees on his own, in an effort to transform the area into a forest. The forest, which came to be known as Molai forest, now houses Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros, and over 100 deer and rabbits. Molai forest is also home to apes and several varieties of birds, including a large number of vultures. There are several thousand trees, including valcol, arjun (Terminaliaarjuna), ejar (Lagerstroemia speciosa), goldmohur (Delonixregia), koroi (Albiziaprocera), moj (Archidendronbigeminum) and himolu (Bombaxceiba). Bamboo covers an area of over 300 hectares. A herd of around 100 elephants regularly visits the forest every year and generally stay for around six months. They have given birth to 10 calves in the forest in recent years. The authorities knew his efforts in 2008, when forest department officials went to the area in search of a herd of 115 elephants that had retreated into the forest after damaging property in the village of ArunaChapori, which is about 1.5 km from the forest. The officials were surprised to see such a large and dense forest and since then the department has regularly visited the site. A few years back, poachers tried to kill the rhinos staying in the forest but failed in their attempt due to Molai, who alerted department officials. Officials promptly seized various articles used by the poachers to trap the animals. Molai is ready to manage the forest in a better way and to go to other places of the state to start a similar venture. Now his aim is to spread his forest to another sand bar inside of Brahmaputra.
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Great!!! y I wish ever as half human was ayeng is in sP intrested a friends in the r u nature!!! O have some nice city would e flying! tim
Personal life Jadav Payeng belongs to a tribe called “Mishing” in Assam, India. He lives in a small hut in the forest. Binita, his wife, and his 3 children (two sons and a daughter) accompany him. He has cattle and buffalo on his farm and sells the milk for his livelihood, which is his only source of income. In a recent interview he revealed that he lost around 100 of his cows and buffaloes to the tigers in the forest, but blames the people who carry out large scale encroachment and destruction of forests as the root cause of the plight of wild animals.
Country wisdom Payeng’s story of afforestation brims with country wisdom that needed no alarming statistics about the ill effects of deforestation, shrinking animal habitats and providing sanctuaries for natural wealth to survive, but only homespun instinct. His story is not without hardship. The year he began to plant his trees was the one marked by major floods in Assam. It was 1979 and he was a teen. As the floods rose, he saw hundreds of dead snakes washed on the river bank. He realised the top soil cover was being washed away, trees were uprooted and animals rendered homeless or dead. “I realised how nature and the eco¬system continue to get damaged,” remembers Payeng. Around the time, he also observed the flow of migratory birds was gradually declining to the forest areas and wet-lands near his home and this disturbed him. His village elders told him that with de¬cline in forest cover and deforestation, animals lost their homes. The solution was to build new homes or forests for the animals they said.
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Honours Jadav Payeng was honoured at a public function arranged by the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University on 22 April 2012 for his remarkable achievement. He shared his experience of creating a forest in an interactive session, where Magsaysay Award winner Rajendra Singh and JNU vice-chancellor Sudhir Kumar Sopory were present. Sopory named Jadav Payeng as “Forest Man of India”. In the month of October 2013, he was honoured at Indian Institute of Forest Managementduring their annual event Coalescence. In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India.
Union Minister of State for Environment, Forests and Climate Change Shri Prakash Javadekar felicitated “Forest Man of India” Jadav Payeng on the occasion of World Day to Combat Desertification (WDCD), 17th June 2014
President Pranab Mukherjee presents the Padma Shri Award to Jadav Payeng,
In popular culture Payeng has been the subject of a number of documentaries in the recent years. A locally made film documentary, produced by Jitu Kalita in 2012 The Molai Forest, was screened at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Jitu Kalita, who lives near Payeng’s house, has also been featured and given recognition for good reporting by projecting the life of Payeng through his documentary. The 2013 film documentary Foresting life, directed by the Indian documentary filmmaker Aarti Shrivastava, celebrates the life and work of Jadav Payeng in the Molai forest. These are also the focus of William Douglas McMaster’s 2013 film documentary Forest Man. With 8,327 USD pledged on its Kickstarter campaign, the film was brought to completion and taken to a number of film festivals. It was awarded the Best Documentary prize at the Emerging Filmmaker Showcase in the American Pavilion at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
Thank you P yang, Now I have such a big playground to play around !!!
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Awards
Padma Shri
P
adma Awards were instituted in 1954 to be awarded to citizens of India in recognition of their distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity including the Arts, Education, Industry, Literature, Science, Sports, Medicine, Social Service and Public Affairs. It has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India. The selection criteria have been criticized in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have been left out in order to favor certain individuals. On its obverse, the words “Padma”, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and “Shri”, a Sanskrit-derived honorific equivalent to ‘Mr.’ or ‘Ms.’, appear in Devanagari above and below a lotus flower. The geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished bronze. All embossing is in white gold.
List of Padma Awards Winners 2015 These awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at Rashtrapati Bhawan usually around March/ April every year. This year the President of India has approved conferment of Padma Awards to 104 persons as per the list below. The list comprises of 9 Padma Vibhushan, 20 Padma Bhushan and 75 Padma Shri Awardees. 17 of the awardees are women and the list also includes 17 persons from the category of foreigners, NRIs, PIOs and 4 Posthumous awardees.
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Padma Shri: 1. Dr. Manjula Anagani - Medicine - Telangana 2. Shri S. Arunan - Science and Engineering - Karnataka 3. Ms. Kanyakumari Avasarala Art - Tamil Nadu 4. Dr. Bettina Sharada Baumer Literature and Education - Jammu and Kashmir 5. Shri Naresh Bedi - Art - Delhi 6. Shri Ashok Bhagat - Social Work - Jharkhand 7. Shri Sanjay Leela Bhansali - Art Maharashtra 8. Dr. Lakshmi Nandan Bora Literature and Education - Assam 9. Dr. Gyan Chaturvedi - Literature and Education - Madhya Pradesh 10. Prof. (Dr.) Yogesh Kumar Chawla - Medicine - Chandigarh
11. Smt. Jayakumari Chikkala Medicine - Delhi
35. Dr.Tejas Patel - Medicine Gujarat
58. Dr.Nikhil Tandon - Medicine - Delhi
12. Shri Bibek Debroy - Literature and Education - Delhi
36. Shri Jadav Molai Peyang - Assam
59. Shri H. Thegtse Rinpoche Social Work - Arunachal Pradesh
13. Dr. Sarungbam Bimola Kumari Devi - Medicine - Manipur 14. Dr. Ashok Gulati - Public Affairs - Delhi 15. Dr. Randeep Guleria - Medicine - Delhi 16. Dr. K. P. Haridas - Medicine Kerala 17. Shri Rahul Jain - Art - Delhi 18. Shri Ravindra Jain - Art Maharashtra 19. Dr. Sunil Jogi - Literature and Education - Delhi
37. Smt. Bimla Poddar - Uttar Pradesh 38. Dr. N. Prabhakar - Science and Engineering - Delhi 39. Dr. Prahalada - Science and Engineering - Maharashtra 40. Dr. Narendra Prasad - Medicine - Bihar
60. Dr.Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi - Medicine - Gujarat 61. Shri Huang Baosheng (Foreigner) - China 62. Prof. Jacques Blamont (Foreigner) - Science and Engineering - France
41. Shri Ram Bahadur Rai Literature and Education - Delhi
63. Late Shri Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin (Posthumous) Maharashtra
42. Ms. Mithali Raj - Sports Telangana
64. Shri Jean-Claude Carriere (Foreigner) - Literature and Education - France
43. Shri P. V. Rajaraman - Civil
21. Dr. Prafulla Kar - Art - Odisha
44. Prof. J. S. Rajput - Literature and Education - Uttar Pradesh
65. Dr. Nandrajan “Raj� Chetty (NRI/PIO) - Trade and Industry USA
22. Ms. Saba Anjum - Sports Chhattisgarh
45. Shri Kota Srinivasa Rao - Art Andhra Pradesh
66. Shri George L. Hart (Foreigner) - USA
23. Smt. Ushakiran Khan - Literature and Education - Bihar
46. Prof. Bimal Roy - Literature and Education - West Bengal
67. Jagat Guru Amrta Suryananda Maha Raja (NRI/PIO) - Portugal
24. Dr. Rajesh Kotecha - Medicine Rajasthan
47. Shri Shekhar Sen - Art Maharashtra
25. Prof. Alka Kriplani - Medicine Delhi
48. Shri Gunvant Shah - Literature and Education - Gujarat
68. Late Shri Meetha Lal Mehta (Posthumous) - Social Work Rajasthan
26. Dr. Harsh Kumar - Medicine Delhi
49. Shri Brahmdev Sharma (Bhaiji) - Literature and Education - Delhi
27. Shri Narayana Purushothama Mallaya - Literature and Education - Kerala
50. Shri Manu Sharma - Literature and Education - Uttar Pradesh
20. Shri Prasoon Joshi - Art Maharashtra
28. Shri Lambert Mascarenhas Literature and Education - Goa 29. Dr. (Mrs.) Janak Palta McGilligan - Social Work - Madhya Pradesh 30. Shri Veerendra Raj Mehta Social Work - Delhi
Service - Tamil Nadu
51. Prof. Yog Raj Sharma - Medicine - Delhi 52. Shri Vasant Shastri - Science and Engineering - Karnataka 53. Shri S. K. Shivkumar - Science and Engineering - Karnataka
31. Shri Tarak Mehta - Art - Gujarat
54. Ms. P. V. Sindhu - Sports Telangana
32. Shri Neil Herbert Nongkynrih Art - Meghalaya
55. Shri Sardara Singh - Sports Haryana
33. Shri Chewang Norphel - Jammu and Kashmir
56. Ms. Arunima Sinha - Sports Uttar Pradesh
34. Shri T. V. Mohandas Pai - Trade and Industry - Karnataka
57. Shri Mahesh Raj Soni - Art Rajasthan
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69. Ms. Tripti Mukherjee (NRI/ PIO) - Art - USA 70. Dr. Dattatreyudu Nori (NRI/ PIO) - Medicine - USA 71. Dr. Raghu Rama Pillarisetti (NRI/PIO) - Medicine - USA 6 72. Dr. Saumitra Rawat (NRI/PIO) - Medicine - UK 73. Prof. Annette Schmiedchen (Foreigner) - Literature and Education - Germany 74. Late Shri Pran Kumar Sharma alias Pran (Posthumous) - Art Delhi 75. Late Shri R. Vasudevan (Posthumous) - Civil Service Tamil Nadu
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Career Awareness
How to become an
Astronaut? A
n astronaut is someone who is given training by the spaceflight program to work as a pilot or as his team in a spacecraft. They travel to space where they conduct experiments or repair/replace parts of satellites.
Qualifying exam Aspirants who wish to become astronauts’ needs to have a bachelor’s degree in biological science, engineering, mathematics or physical science from a recognized university. They then need to obtain any one of the following degrees from renowned institutes like IISC or IIT. Candidates can go for: ■ PhD (Astrophysics). ■ PhD (Geophysics). ■ PhD (Metaphysics). After graduation, the candidates can appear for the entrance exam, which is held by the NASA for the recruitment of scientists, astronauts etc. Candidates can also find employment in ISRO. There are many openings in ISRO, which are conducted for the recruitment of scientists and engineers. In order to join the ISRO, the candidates need to clear the ‘Joint Entrance Exam’ set by the IIT’s.
Who is eligible to apply? Citizenship: Candidates who wish to join ISRO need to be citizens of India Age limit: Candidate should be at least 21 years at the time of joining. The age limit is flexible for candidates belonging to the SC/ST category
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Qualification: Graduates from a recognized board or university.
How to prepare for exam and interview Candidates need to pass the screening test first. They should submit the application online. Next they need to undergo tests in professional and psychological aptitude assessment, which includes behavioral and logical skills. After that they will go through a Medical evaluation. The final stage is an interview where the candidate will be judged before he/she is selected. The candidates should remember that only 2 or 3 people out of scores of candidates would be chosen at the end. So, they need to be prepared for the toughest competition.
Difference between Astronomer and Astronaut Astronomer and Astronaut are related job profiles in matters associated with space and universe. Astronomers are space scientists, who carry out research on content, motion, and matter of celestial bodies, planets, etc. Applying principles of physics and mathematics carries out the studies. Those who are trained to command, pilot and travel in space are simply referred to as Astronaut. They are professional space travelers who are responsible to carry out certain space missions. Both the jobs require high educational qualifications and expertise in the work area. By gaining experience in the profile, both the professionals can move in to high-grade positions with increased responsibility.
Astronomer and Opportunities Since the job of Astronomer includes a lot of research, most of the firms prefer doctorate degree holders for the position of the same. The candidate has to pursue graduation and post graduation in astronomy in order to obtain higher studies in the area. They should possess sound knowledge in areas of Physics, astronomy, and mathematics. Upon completion of the course, the candidates can find opportunities in academics, observatories, planetariums, museums and with most reputed organizations like National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), VSSC, etc.
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Astronaut and Opportunities Those who have completed bachelor’s degree in any of the areas of biological science, engineering, mathematics or physical science are eligible to apply for the post of astronaut. Those who possess doctorate degree in any of the areas of astrophysics Graduates from geophysics or metaphysics are also eligible to apply for the position. Most of the reputed organizations such as ISRO, NASA, etc. carry out entrance exams for the selection of candidates for the position of Astronaut.
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Key difference between Astronaut and Cosmonaut Both Astronauts and Cosmonaut are the professionals who work in the same field. Even though they work in the same field, their work nature is dissimilar. Astronauts are those people who are trained in piloting a spacecraft or servicing the same. Cosmonauts are the individuals who carry out their work outside the earth’s environment.
Astronaut Course and Career opportunities Astronauts are the professionals who are trained to be a part of the space flight. They are properly trained in piloting the spacecrafts. In short, the astronauts should be very skillful in commanding the spaceflights and also should serve like a crew member. They will have enough knowledge about the life in space and the human relationship with space. It is a very rigorous process to become a successful astronaut. The first requirement is to pursue a proper course and they should have relevant work experience. However they should have at least a bachelor’s degree in engineering, mathematics or physical sciences to enter in this field. The professionals from all sorts of backgrounds such as scientists, teachers, private citizens, military persons, etc. can become an Astronaut after acquiring the formal training. They should also fulfill the physical requirements. Candidates should have the particular height, eyesight, medical fitness, etc. as prescribed by the concerned organizations. Those satisfying these requirements will be given rigorous training which is for duration of two years.
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Cosmonaut Course and Career opportunities Cosmonauts are also the part of spaceflights who perform their duty outside the earth’s atmosphere. They are said to be the Russian Astronauts. The cosmonauts play a vital role the space exploration. They were the pioneers who helped construct the manned spacecraft possible and also the first to have human stay for more than one day in space. They help to learn more about the human life in space. To become a cosmonaut, the interested candidates need very crucial training about the space exploration and related issues. They should have a formal educational background along with experience to enter in this field. They should also satisfy the physical requirements. Usually the candidates with a doctorate degree in concerned area become the cosmonauts. They may require
several years of training and practice to be a part of the spaceflight. However an organization will select the individuals to move to the space after evaluating them through rigorous tests and crucial training process.
Key differentiators between Astronaut and Cosmonaut ■ Astronauts are the part of the spaceflight who performs the piloting of spacecrafts and serve as a crew member whereas Cosmonauts are those people who perform outside the Earth’s atmosphere. ■ Individuals from all sorts of background such as teachers, scientists, military persons, etc. can become Astronauts after acquiring the concerned rigorous training whereas those interested to become Cosmonauts should complete their education in the related field and training process. Although Astronaut and Cosmonaut are the people who play the significant role in a spacecraft, their job nature and profile are different in certain aspects.
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History
World War I
World War I
Summary
Casualties
The war fought between July 28, 1914, and November 11, 1918, was known at the time as the Great War, the War to End War, and (in the United States) the European War. Only when the world went to war again in the 1930s and ’40s did the earlier conflict become known as the First World War. Its casualty totals were unprecedented, soaring into the millions. World War I is known for the extensive system of trenches from which men of both sides fought. Lethal new technologies were unleashed, and for the first time a major war was fought not only on land and on sea but below the sea and in the skies as well. The two sides were known as the Allies or Entente—consisting primarily of France, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, and later the United States—and the Central Powers, primarily comprised of Austria-Hungary (the Habsburg Empire), Germany, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). A number of smaller nations aligned themselves with one side or the other. In the Pacific Japan, seeing a chance to seize German colonies, threw in with the Allies. The Allies were the victors, as the entry of the United States into the war in 1917 added an additional weight of men and materiel the Central Powers could not hope to match. The war resulted in a dramatically changed geo-political landscape, including the destruction of three empires: Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian. New borders were drawn at its conclusion and resentments, especially on the part of Germany, left festering in Europe. Ironically, decisions made after the fighting ceased led the War to End War to be a significant cause of the Second World War. As John Keegan wrote in The First World War (Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), “The First World War was a tragic and unnecessary conflict … the train of events that led to its outbreak might have been broken at any point during the five weeks of crisis that preceded the first clash of arms, had prudence or common goodwill found a voice.”
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In terms of sheer numbers of lives lost or disrupted, the Great War was the most destructive war in history until it was overshadowed by its offspring, the Second World War: an estimated 10 million military deaths from all causes, plus 20 million more crippled or severely wounded. Estimates of civilian casualties are harder to make; they died from shells, bombs, disease, hunger, and accidents such as explosions in munitions factories; in some cases, they were executed as spies or as “object lessons.” Additionally, as Neil M. Heyman in World War I (Greenwood Press, 1997) wrote, “Not physically hurt but scarred nonetheless were 5 million widowed women, 9 million orphaned children, and 10 million individuals torn from their homes to become refugees.” None of this takes into account the deaths in the Russian Civil War or the Third Balkan War, both of which directly resulted from World War I, nor the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 that killed 50 million people
worldwide, which was spread in part by conditions at the front and by soldiers returning home. The highest national military casualty totals—killed, wounded, and missing/taken prisoner—in round numbers (sources disagree on casualty totals), were: ■ Russia: 9,150,000 ■ Germany: 7,143,000 ■ Austria-Hungary: 7,000,000 ■ France, 6,161,000 ■ Britain & Commonwealth: 3,190,000 ■ Italy: 2,197,000 ■ Turkey (Ottoman Empire): 975,000 ■ Romania: 536,000 ■ Serbia: 331,000 ■ USA: 323,000 ■ Bulgaria: 267,000
Cause Prime Minister of Germany Otto von Bismarck had prophesied that when war again came to Europe it would be over “some damn foolish thing in the Balkans.” Indeed, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Habsburg throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife, Sophie, by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the match that lit the fuse—but it didn’t create the powder keg. The outbreak of war between European nations was the result of several factors: Concern over other countries’ military expansion, leading to an arms race and entangling alliances Fear of losing economic and/or diplomatic status Long-standing ethnic differences and rising nationalism in the Balkans French resentment of territorial losses in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War The influence exerted by military leaders Following their 1871 victory in the Franco-Prussian War, the German states unified into a single nation. Its leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II, eldest grandson of Britain’s Queen Victoria, envisioned an Imperial Navy that could rival Great Britain’s large and renowned fleet. This would increase German influence in the world and likely allow the country to expand its colonial holdings. Britain, fearful of losing its dominance of the seas, accelerated its naval design and construction to stay ahead of the Kaiser’s shipbuilding program. Russia was rebuilding and modernizing its large army and had begun a program of industrialization. Germany and Austria-Hungary saw the threat posed by Russia’s large population and, hence, its ability to raise a massive army. They formed an alliance for self-protection against the Russian bear. France, still stinging over the loss of Alsace and part of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian war, made an agreement allying itself with Russia in any war with Germany or Austria-Hungary. Britain, after finding itself friendless during the Second Boer War in South Africa (1899–1902) allied
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itself with France and worked to improve relations with the United States of America. Russia, with many ethnic groups inside its vast expanse, made an alliance with Serbia in the Balkans. The old Ottoman Empire was crumbling; “The Sick Man of Europe” was the phrase used to describe the once-powerful state. As its ability to exert control over its holdings in the Balkans weakened, ethnic and regional groups broke away and formed new states. Rising nationalism led to the First and Second Balkan Wars, 1912 and 1913. As a result of those wars, Serbia increased its size and began pushing for a union of all South Slavic peoples. Serbian nationalism led 19-year-old GavriloPrincip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Habsburg throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife, Sophie. Austria-Hungary, urged on by Germany, sent a list of demands to Serbia in response; the demands were such that Serbia was certain to reject them. When it did, the Habsburg Empire declared war on Serbia on July 28, exactly one month after the archduke’s assassination. Russia came in on the side of the Serbs, Germany on the side of the Habsburgs, and the entangling alliances between the nations of Europe pulled one after another into the war. Although diplomats throughout Europe strove to settle matters without warfare right up to the time the shooting started, the influence military leaders enjoyed in many nations won out—along with desires to capture new lands or reclaim old ones.
Combat German military planners were ready when the declarations of war began flying across Europe. They intended to hold off the Russians in the east, swiftly knock France out of the war through a maneuver known as the Schliefffen Plan, and then throw their full force, along with Austria-Hungary, against the Russians. Despite casualties in the hundreds of thousands, the battle was a stalemate, but it stopped the German drive on Paris. Both sides began digging a network of trenches. The First Battle of the Marne was a window onto how the rest of the war would be fought: extensive trench works against which large numbers of men would be hurled, suffering extremely high casualties for little if any territorial gains. The centuries-old method of massed charges to break through enemy positions did not work when the men faced machine guns, barbed wire, and drastically more effective artillery than in the past. The next four years would see battles in which millions of artillery shells
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were fired and millions of men were killed or mutilated. Click here to read about some of the costliest battles of the First World War. Deadly new weapons were responsible for the unprecedented carnage.
New Weapons of World War I Among the lethal technological developments that were used for the first time (or in some cases used for the first time in a major conflict) during the Great War were the machine gun, poison gas, flamethrowers, tanks and aircraft. Artillery
increased dramatically in size, range and killing power compared to its 19th-century counterparts. In the war at sea, submarines could strike unseen from beneath the waves, using torpedoes to send combat and merchant ships to the bottom.
The armistice A series of peace treaties were signed between the combatant nations, but the most significant was the Treaty of Versailles, signed on July 28, 1919, five years after Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia. Germany had hoped Woodrow Wilson would be a moderating factor that would allow for more generous peace terms, but the nations that had lost millions of young men to the weapons of the Central Powers were in no mood to be forgiving. As a result of the various treaties, the Ottoman Empire was dismantled. Austria-Hungary was broken into separate nations and forced to cede lands to successor states such as Czechoslovakia. Bulgaria was limited to a 20,000-man army, denied any aircraft or submarines and ordered to pay reparations over a 35-year period. Germany was restricted to a standing army of just 100,000 men, denied possession of certain weapons such as tanks, forced to pay reparations to its former enemies and give up all of its overseas colonies as well as some of its territories in Europe. In the coming years Germans would brood over the harsh terms and seek not only to overturn them but to inflict punishment on the nations that demanded them. All combatant nations had concealed from their people the true extent of casualties during the war, but in Germany, where Hindenburg and Ludendorff were given control over virtually all aspects of civilian life as well as over the military, any negative reports about what was happening at the front were considered “defeatist” and were prohibited. Accordingly, much of the population believed it when they were told Germany was winning the war. The country’s sudden capitulation left them shocked and bewildered. Hindenburg claimed that the German soldier had been winning the war but was “stabbed in the back” by civilians who overthrew the monarchy. The popular old soldier was elected president of Germany, and his “stabbed in the back” myth was used to great effect by a rising political star, Adolf Hitler.
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Science
Dr. G. Shivakumar Assistant professor (PT), Department of Zoology.
a s m i h A k l i S
Do you know how many varieties of silks are present in India? Silks fall into two main types, the mulberry and the non-mulberry silks. The classification is based on the kind of silkworms that are used as raw materials for silk production. Almost all the varieties of mulberry silks are derived from the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori. The non-mulberry silks often called the ‘Wild Silks’ are derived from the silkworms which are not domesticated. ‘Wild Silks’ generally come in natural colours cream, beige, brown and gold. They are not only user-friendly but also healthy owing to their porous texture and thermal properties. Tribal communities and economically disadvantaged sections of the society are the primary rearers of these silkworms.
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History of silk Silk was discovered by Xilingji (Hsi-ling-chi), wife of China’s 3rd Emperor, Huangdi (Hoang-Ti), in 2640 B.C. While making tea, Xilingji accidentally dropped a silkworm cocoon into a cup of hot water and found that the silk fiber could be loosened and unwound. Later sericulture spread throughout China, and silk became a precious commodity, highly sought after by other countries. Wild silk threads have been found and identified from two Indus River sites, Harappa and Chanhu-daro, dating to c. 2450-2000 BCE. This is roughly the same period as the earliest evidence of silk use in China, which is generally thought to have had the oldest silk industry in the world. The specimens of threads from Harappa appear on Scanning electron microscope analysis to be from two different species of silk moth, Antheraea mylitta and A. assamensis, while the silk from Chanhu-daro may be from a Philosamia species, (Eri silk), and this silk appears to have been reeled.”New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization.”
Hatching 3 - 4 days
Egg
1. Moult 21/2 - 3 days Egg Laying
2. Moult 3 - 4 days
3. Moult 4 days Mating Native of Assam and named after Assamese word “Muga” which indicates the amber (brown) colour of cocoon. It belongs to same family as Tussar. It is popular for its natural golden colour, glossy fine textures and durability. Muga silk is produced by A. assama, which is an endemic species prevalent in the Brahmaputra valley and adjoining hills. Muga silkworm is a polyphagous insect, which feeds on leaves of Som, Soalu and other plants, which grows abundantly In Brahmapautra valley. The white or brick – red eri silk (endi, errandi) is produced by Philosamia ricini, B. a domesticated multivoltine silkworm. Its primary food plant is Ricinus communis (Caster oil plant). It is widespread in Assam and also practiced in Bihar, West Bengal, Manipur, Orissa and Tripura. Among the non-mulberry varieties, eri has the disadvantage of higher production costs because it is made from domesticated silkworms. The word ‘Tasar’’ was apparently derived from Sanskrit word “Trasara’’ which means, “shuttle” used in handlooms and also termed a “tussah”, “tasar” or “tussora”. Tasar silk is of two types viz., tropical and temperate.
4. Final Moult 6 - 8 days Silkworm feeding on Mulberry Leaves Emergence Form Cocoon
Silkworm life cycle Spinning Silk filament
Pupa
Cocoon Shell Cut open
Cocoon China is the largest producer of tasar silk in the world followed by India. China produces only temperate tasar silk, while India has the distinction of producing both tropical and temperate varieties. India is the only country where tropical tasar silk is produced. Its primary food plants are Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna plant) and T. tomentosa.
The Life cycle of a silkworm? Life cycle of the silkworm consists of four stages i.e. adult, egg, larva, and pupa. The duration of life cycle is six to eight weeks depending upon racial characteristics and climatic conditions. Multi-voltine races found in tropical areas have the shortest life cycle with the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages lasting for 9-12 days, 20-24 days, 10-12 days and 3-6 days, respectively. Seven to eight generations are produced in multi-voltine races. In uni-voltine races, the egg period of activated egg may last for 11-14 days; the larval period, 24-28 days; the pupal period, 12-15 days and the adult stage, 6-10 days. In nature, uni-voltine races produce only one generation during the spring and the second generation of eggs goes through a period of rest or hibernation till the next spring. In case of bi-voltine races, however, the second generation eggs do not hibernate and hatch within 11-12 days and produce second generation normally
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during summer and it is the third generation eggs which undergo hibernation and hatches in the next spring, and thus producing two generations in one year.
What kind of substance is Silk? Silk is an organic substance produced by modified salivary glands of these silkworms intended to protect them during the immovable stage of pupa from the predators and unfavorable environmental conditions. Silk filament is the combination of two proteins- one is filamentous fibroin, which is extruded from spinneret and enveloped by the gum like sticky natured second protein sericin.
Do you know ahimsa silk? The Hindi word “ahimsa” means Non-violence. It is used to describe this innovation because the fabric is manufactured in a process where silkworms are not killed. For this reason, the product is also known as peace silk. Ahimsa silk is extracted after the silkworm has completed metamorphosis and emerged from the cocoon. Considering the increased awareness of animal protectionism around the world. Kusuma Rajaiah, basically a Technocraft in Handloom Technology and having 40 years practical experience in this industry is aware of all these facts and struggled for several years to create an alternative silk fabric where there is no killing, no cruelty and at the same time the fabric value is totally protected. That struggle paved the way to invent Ahimsa Silk. He conducted research in the field and invented the technique of getting silk yarn from cocoons without killing the silk worms, for the first time in the World in the year 1991. After prolonged research the Ahimsa silk is made marketable in the year 2001. In the production of regular silk, the cocoons are immersed in boiling water to kill the worms and spool the silk yarn. With ahimsa silk, however, cocoons are left alone for seven to 10 days. Once the worms mature, they are allowed to pierce the cocoons and fly away as moths. Only then does the manufacture of peace silk begin. Each cocoon is checked individually to ensure that the moth has escaped before the silk thread is spun. Spinning takes around two months and weaving another month. In other words, shipments can be ready three months after the moths escape. They can produce up to 2,000 meters per month. Ahimsa silk is promoted as having the popular properties of regular silk. Even though it is slightly less lustrous, it is even softer to the touch. Currently, it remains a niche product due to its higher price range. While normal silk fabric of the 8gsm vary is price with that ahimsa of the same quality. “People are becoming more environmentally aware and compassionate to animals. “Though ahimsa silk may not replace regular silk, we are confident it will be adopted by those who are concerned about animals”.
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Inside view of a Muga cocoon. World famous expensive, Assam Muga silk garments are produced from the threads of these cocoons.A few days later,Muga butterflies or moths will fly away from this
How do you know the original silk fiber among others fibres? It is very simple test to find original silk fiber among the other fibers that is burning test. Pick out the a fiber from the cloths which we want to test it and set fire. If it burn completely with powder of ash and smell like buring leaves it is not a silk fiber, original silk is a protein usually burns readily, ash is easily crumbled and it smell like burning feather or hair.
Some are intresting Facts: ♦ A silkworm multiplies it weight 10,000 times from time it is hatched until about 1 month later when it has enough energy stored to start spinning its cocoon.
♦ The fluffy white cocoon spun by a silkworm is one long continuous silk filament that when unwound is usually between 600 and 900 meters long or as long as 1,600 yards. That’s pretty long.
♦ Four to eight of the silk filaments are twisted together to obtain one strand of silk thread. No wonder silk is so expensive!
♦ The silkworms from the Bombyx mori moth, which produces the finest and purest silk, are fed a diet that consists only of chopped mulberry leaves. The silkworms are fed every half hour around the clock. No wonder they multiply their weight by 10,000 times in a month.
♦ It takes around 30,000 silkworms to produce 12 pounds of raw silk.
♦ Sleeping on a silk pillowcase is said to cause a delay in a person getting wrinkles because of the essential amino acids in silk bedding.
♦ Based on 1 kilometer (2/3 of
♦ The finest silk comes from the silkworms produced by the Bombyx mori moth. The moth cannot fly nor can it see. Its only job is to lay eggs. One moth will lay approximately 500 eggs over a 4-6 day period. Soon after that the moth dies.
♦ Those 500 eggs the Bombyx mori moth lays are very tiny, about as big as the point of a pin. They don’t weigh much either, only about 5 grams or a little under 2 ounces.
mile) per cocoon, ten unraveled cocoons could theoretically extend vertically to the height of Mount Everest.
♦ Silk is cool in the summer and warm in the winter. It’s a naturally self adjusting fabric.
♦ Silk bedding is recommended for people who suffer from dust mite allergies. Silk is naturally hypoallergenic.
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Mathematics
CLASSIFICATION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
By Adluru Narasimha Murthy M.Sc.M.Phil.
DIGITS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Complex Numbers (C) Real Numbers (R)
Imaginary Numbers
Rational Numbers(Q)
Irrational Numbers
(terminating & non-terminating with recurring)
(non-terminating with non-recurring)
Proper Fractions Intergers (Z)
Fractions
Improper Fractions Mixed Fractions
Whole Numbers (W) (+) Positive Integers Zero (0)
(-) Negative Integers Even Numbers Odd Numbers
Natural Numbers
Prime Numbers composite Numbers
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R
Q = Rational Numbers N = Natural Numbers
C. This symbol
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∩
Q
∩
Z
∩
W
∩
∩
N
R = Real Numbers W = Whole Numbers ∩
C= Complex Numbers Z = Integers
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is called sub set
NUMBERS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISIBILITY 1. Odd Numbers (1, 3, 5, 7,………………………..) 2. Even Numbers (2, 4, 6, 8,…………………….) 3. Prime Numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,……………..) 4. Relative Prime Numbers (The G.C.D. for the Numbers 8 and 25 is 1). That means, the factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and the factor of 25 are 1, 5, 25. ‘1’ is the only common factor. 5. Twin Prime Numbers (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13) are called Twin Prime Numbers, because the difference between two Prime Numbers must be 2. 6. Composite Numbers: 9, 10, 12, 15….......... (Not primes) are called Composite Numbers. 7. Inverse Numbers : is the inverse number for the selected number 3. 8. Opposite Number : - 5 is the opposite number of 5 selected. 9. Imaginary Numbers : −1 (i) is calld imaginary number and i = called imaginary numbers.
−1 is also called ‘iota’. −25,
-36 are also
∴ 5 + −4 = 5 + 2 −1 + 2i ). 10. Conjugate complex Numbers : (5-2i) is a Conjugate Complex Number of (5+2i) (
2 6 11. Perfect Numbers : 6, 28, 496................ are called Perfect Numbers. 3 3 ∴ 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 and 1, 2, 3, 6 are the 1 factors of 6 And similarly for 28, the factors are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and their sum 1+ 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 12. Amstrong Numbers: 13 + 53 + 33 = 153. All powers are same but bases are different. 13. Factorial Numbers : 6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720. ∴ 6! = 720. 14. Confusion Number : The confusion number is 2. Because 2 + 2 = 4, 2 x 2 = 4, 22 = 4. (Also called amicable number) 15. Nice Numbers : Let us take 6. 6 is a nice number. Because 1, 2, 3, 6 are the factors of 6. Exactly four factors of a Number including 1 and itself.
16. Palindrome Numbers: 1234321, 134707431, the reverse of these numbers are same. (Like MADAM, LEVEL in English words). 17. Harshad Numbers: 24/6=4 (Divisible). The sum of digits in Numerator = 2+4=6 the Denominator is also 6. 18. Powerful Number : 33 + 44 + 33 + 55 = 3435. Hence each power is equal to its base. 19. Complementary Numbers: 7 (10) Number.
⇒ 10-7=3, that means, Base Number – Main Number = Complementary
20. Friendly Numbers or pair of Amicable Numbers: Let us take 220 and 284 (smallest pair). The factors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110, 220 Adding these 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 20 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 110 = 284. And factors of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71, 142, 284. Adding these 1 + 2 + 4 + 71 + 142 = 220. (We can find more and more numbers like this pattern).
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Computer Programming
Welcome back!!
B
efore starting our next article on Go Programming, let’s have a small recap, in last magazine we have introduced Google’s Go Language and tried a simple program to display messages, if you have not tried as suggested in last article we recommend to give a try to know how it works.
This time let’s look at the statements given in last program, before that we would like to give you a small idea on how computer understands the statements given by a programmer, a program is a set of instructions given to a computer, as computer does not understand human readable language, it requires a translator to convert statements given in human readable language to machine understandable language which is termed as a compiler. While writing program we can add some documentation to the lines written in a program which will be ignored by compiler as the statements are only to give information and indicated using // (two forward slashes) for a single line (see example) Example 1 // program starts here package main import "fmt" Rajesh Thiruvaskur Senior Architect at Centrica Informatics
func main() { fmt.Println("Hello, World ") } // program Ends here
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In Example 1
In Example 2, look at fmt.Println(“ 5 + 2 = “,5+2),
Given above you can notice “// program starts here” this statement is termed as comment line and is ignored by compiler during converting above statements to machine understandable language. Next statement given in Example 1 is “Package main” this is the first statement and is called package declaration every Go program should start with package declaration, a package is termed as a Go library, we can create our own library too, but for now let’s use language provided library.
here double quotes given only for “ 5 + 2 = “ after that a comma is given then 5+2 is given, look at the result of the program in above box, the values given in braces are displayed as it given but values given outside double quotes are got calculated and displayed their sum as we used a plus symbol, so values given in double quotes will get displayed as given and is termed as a string, the values given outside are called literals in this case numeric literals and comma is separator.
After this statement we have “Import “fmt”” statement, this statement identifies which code from main library we are going to use in our program, as main contains lot of other codes too. Remember we are enclosing fmt in double quotes, look at the program again. The “fmt” is the short form of “format” and contains instructions related to standard output and input, where a programmer can display a message on screen or accept an input from user by using this code. Up to this we have referenced library and code which is needed in our program, a program is a set of instructions given to the computer, in Go Program every instruction should be given in a group and we call it as a function, in Example 1 “function main()” is indicated that this is a main function and instructions given in main() function are run one by one in a sequential manner, the body of main() function is identified by using curly braces “{ }”. In given example we called fmt.Println() which is known as Print Line given in braces i.e. whatever is given in ( ) with using double quotes “ “ will be displayed on standard output. Let’s examine second example.
Example 2: // program starts here package main import "fmt" func main() { fmt.Println(" 5 + 2 =",5+2) }
Now for a world saving assignment. Write a code to call me. When run, the program should say “I am vengeance. I am the night. I am Batman.”
// program Ends here
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Sociology
A
ristotle said“Man is a social animal.”Man always lives in the company of other people. He has learnt speech, reading, writing and behaviourfrom the society.Man needs society for living, working and enjoying his life.Society is a dynamic entity and has its own political, economic, cultural and religious ideologies according to which it provides opportunities to individualsfor development.Hence, society is essential for human life to continue.August Comte, the father of sociology, saw society as a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function. Emile Durkheim, the founding father of the modern sociology, treated society as a reality in its own right. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that without society human life would be “nasty, brutish and short.”
fundamentals of a
Society The term “society”has multiple meanings.For example:we view society as a social unit, such as Indian Society, Russian Society, American Society, etc.,and also associate the term with secondary associations such asAgricultural Society of India, All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society, Aeronautical Society of India,etc. In a wider context,we can say that any society is formed due to a sense of belongingness (a “we feeling” ) which existsamongstthe members of such a society. Thus all the members live together with a sense of oneness in a society.
What is a society?
The term society is the most fundamental concept in sociology.Society can be definedas a group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectationsand believe that they constitute a unified and distinct entity. It is the mutual interactions and interrelations of individuals and groups. Different sociologists have different viewpoints regarding the concept of society. Maclver argued that, “We may see the people but cannot see society or social structure, but only its external aspects.” Similarly
I am not sure about being a social animal, but my friends say i am Party Animal! ;)
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Reuter wrote, “Just as life is not a thing but a process of living, so society is not a thing but a process of associating.” Thus, simply put, society is a fellow feeling, co-operation,friendship and sympathy among two or more persons who live together with common feelings, bonds and aspirations.
Origin The word “society”is derived from the Latin word socius, which means companionship, associate, friendshipor business partner.According to George Simmel, it is this element of sociability, which defines the true essence of society. Definitions on society by various sociologists ■ Adam Smith: Society is an artificial device of Natural Economy. ■ Allen Ginsberg: society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or modes of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. ■ F.H. Giddings: Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together. ■ C.H. Cooley: Society is a complex set of forms or processes, each of which is living and growing by interaction with the other, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest. ■ Morris Ginsberg: Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. ■ Lapiere: Society refers not to group of people, but to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction, which arise among and between them.
Characteristics of a society.
11. It is an organization of persons which guarantees security to the members of their individuality and existence. 12. It is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of the action in terms of means– end relationship intrinsic or symbolic. 13. Society involves both likeness and difference. 14. Society is cooperation crossed by conflict, i.e. society is based on cooperation, but because of internal differences, there is conflict also among its members. 15.In a society everyone has a particular role to perform as per their class and education, i.e. division of labor. Thus we can conclude that human beings cannot live in isolation or exist for a long period without being a part of the society. Interaction between individuals is the essence of any society. It is the shared beliefs and values which bind people together in a society.
1. Web of social relationship. 2. Exchange of gestures which involves the use of symbols. 3. It is a self-sufficient social system. 4. It is an ever changing complex system. 5. It preserves culture and also transmits it to the future generations. Thus it’s the store and centre of human culture. 6. It is the largest group in which individuals have relationships. 7. It has norms of interaction which the members of the society maintain themselves. 8. In a society all members depend upon each other. 9. Permanency is an important characteristic of society. Society continues to exist even after the death of individual members. 10. It is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of human behavior and of liberties.
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Pride of India
Srinivasa Ramanujan
S
rinivasa Ramanujan was a largely self-taught pure mathematician. Hindered by poverty and ill-health, his highly original work has considerably enriched number theory and, more recently, physics. Born: 22 December 1887 Erode, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu) Died: 26 April 1920 (aged 32) Chetput, Madras, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu) Residence: Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu Fields: Mathematics
Beginnings Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 8, 1820 in the town of Erode, in Tamil Nadu, in the south east of India. His father was K. Srinivasa Iyengar, an accounting clerk for a clothing merchant. His mother was Komalatammal, who earned a small amount of money each month as a singer at the local temple. His family were Brahmins, the Hindu caste of priests and scholars. His mother ensured the boy was in tune with Brahmin traditions and culture. Although his family were high caste, they were very poor. Ramanujan’s parents moved around a lot, and he attended a variety of different elementary schools. By the age of 10, he was the top student, not just in his school, but in his district.
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Early Mathematics Ramanujan moved on to high school at the age of 10: the Kumbakonam Town High School. With access to mathematical books in the school’s library, he quickly found his vocation. By the time he was 12, he had begun serious self-study of mathematics, working through arithmetic and geometric series and cubic equations. He discovered his own method of solving quartic equations. As Ramanujan’s mathematical knowledge developed, his main source of inspiration and expertise became Synopsis of elementary results in pure mathematics by George S. Carr. This book presented a very large number of mathematical results – over 4000 theorems – but generally showed little working, cramming into its pages as many results as possible. 2478
∫
x
o
cos x cos nxdx = c (p, p−n) πp 2
2
When p and n are either both odd or both even, and n is not greater then p. Entry 2478 from Carr’sSynopsis of elementary results in pure mathematics With little other guidance, Ramanujan came to believe this was how mathematics was done, so he himself learned to show little working. Also, he could afford only a small amount of paper, doing most of his work on slate with chalk, transferring a minimal amount of his working and his result to paper. His memory for mathematical formulas and constants seems to have been boundless: he amazed classmates with his ability to recite the values of irrational numbers like π, e, and √2 to as many decimal places as they asked for.
An Apparently Bright Future Fizzles Out In 1904 Ramanujan left high school; his future looked promising: he had won the school’s mathematics prize and, more importantly, a scholarship allowing him to study at the Government Arts College in the town of Kumbakonam. Obsessed with mathematics, Ramanujan failed his non-mathematical exams and lost his scholarship. In 1905 he traveled to Madras and enrolled at Pachaiyappa’s College, but again failed his non-mathematical exams.
The Discovery of Ramanujan as a Mathematician of Genius
Even though (or some might say because) he had very little formal mathematical education he was able to discover new theorems. He also independently discovered results originally discovered by some of the greatest mathematicians in history, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss and Leonhard Euler. Ill-health was Ramanujan’s constant companion – as it would be for much of his short life. By 1910 he realized he must find work to stay alive. In the city of Madras he found some students who needed mathematics tutoring and he also walked around the city offering to do accounting work for businesses. And then a piece of luck came his way. Ramanujan tried to find work at the government revenue department, and there he met an official whose name was Ramaswamy Aiyer. Ramanujan did not have a resume to show Ramaswamy Aiyer; all he had was his notebooks – the results of his mathematical work. Ramanujan’s good fortune was that Ramaswamy Aiyer was a mathematician. He had only recently founded the Indian Mathematical Society, and his jaw dropped when he saw Ramanujan’s work.
The Hungry Years At the beginning of 1907, at the age of 19, with minimal funds and a stomach all too often groaning with hunger, Ramanujan continued on the path he had chosen: total devotion to mathematics. The mathematics he was doing was highly original and very advanced.
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Country
MYANMAR National name: Pyidaungsu Myanmar Naingngandau Government: Military regime. President: Lt. Gen. Thein Sein (2011) Vice President: Vice President Sai Mouk Kham (2011) Land area: 253,954 sq mi (657,741 sq km) Population: 53.26 million (2013) Capital and largest city: Rangoon, 4.457 million Other large cities: Mandalay, 1.063 million; Nay Pyi Taw 1.06 million Currency: Burmese kyat Languages: Burmese, minority languages Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Islam 4%, Animist 1%, other 2%
Geography Slightly smaller than Texas, Myanmar occupies the Thailand/Cambodia portion of the Indochinese peninsula. India lies to the northwest and China to the northeast. Bangladesh, Laos, and Thailand are also neighbors. The Bay of Bengal touches the southwest coast. The fertile delta of the Irrawaddy River in the south contains a network of interconnecting canals and nine principal river mouths.
History The ethnic origins of modern Myanmar (known historically as Burma) are a mixture of Indo-Aryans, who began pushing into the area around 700 B.C., and the Mongolian invaders under Kublai Khan who penetrated the region in the 13th century.
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Anawrahta (1044–1077) was the first great unifier of Myanmar. In 1612, the British East India Company sent agents to Burma, but the Burmese doggedly resisted efforts of British, Dutch, and Portuguese traders to establish posts along the Bay of Bengal. Through the Anglo-Burmese War in 1824–1826 and two subsequent wars, the British East India Company expanded to the whole of Burma. By 1886, Burma was annexed to India, then became a separate colony in 1937.
Facts about Myanmar ■ Myanmar has a rich topography. Except for a desert it has almost every habitat right from its northern snow capped Alpine mountains to the tropical forests in the south. ■ This is probably one of the few countries in the world where your health is judged by how overweight you are. Plumpness is regarded as a sign of health. ■ Rice is more than a staple diet in Myanmar. It is served with every single meal and will be on your plate with a side dish of fish, curry, chicken and fish/ noodle soup. Green tea also is an accompaniment of every Burmese meal. ■ Betel nut is vastly popular in the country and people will chew on it right through all their waking hours. ■ Boxing is a sport that is played right across Myanmar. However it is played via very different rules and is very violent. In this form of boxing, the one who draws blood first is the victor. ■ There is a widespread superstition around cutting hair in this country. No one cuts their hair on a Monday, Friday or their Birthday. That sure cuts out a lot of business days for barber shops. ■ Myanmar has over 135 ethnic tribes and “Barma” is the largest one. Around 68 percent of the population is Barmese. ■ During the British rule, it was the richest South East Asian country. ■ Myanmar is home to one of three largest World War II cemeteries- the Taukkyan cemetery. ■ It is a little known fact that wine-making is a popular industry in this country. There is Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Late Wine and Inle Valley White Wine amongst a horde of other wines.
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1. Aung San Suu Kyi
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Aung San Suu Kyi, AC is a Burmese opposition politician and chairperson of the National League for Democracy in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% of the seats in Parliament.
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Famous Celebrities 3.King Alaungpaya
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Alaungpaya was the founder of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. By the time of his death from illness during his campaign in Siam, this former chief of a small village in Upper Burma had unified Burma, subdued Manipur, conqueredLan Na and driven out the French and the British who had given help to the Mon Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. He also foundedYangon in 1755.
4.Ba Maw Ba Maw was a Burmese political leader, active during the interwar and World War II period.
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2.General Aung San (13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Myanmar revolutionary, nationalist, founder of the Tatmadaw, and is considered Father of the Nation of modernday Myanmar who served as 5th Premier of British Crown Colony of Burma from 1946 to 1947. He was the founder of the Communist Party of Burma.
5.Maung Maung : Dr. Maung Maung was the 7th President of the Union of Myanmar, and a wellknown writer.
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Tourist Attractions Taung Kalat Built atop an extinct volcano plug, the Buddhist monastery of Taung Kalat is one of the most breathtaking sites in Burma. To reach the monastery, visitors must climb the 777 steps to the summit. Along the way are a multitude of Macaque monkeys expecting treats. From the top of Taung Kalat, one can enjoy a panoramic view. One can see the ancient city of Bagan and the massive solitary conical peak of Mount Popa, the volcano that actually caused the creation of the volcanic plug.
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Shwedagon Pagoda The Shwedagon or Greater Dragon Pagoda is considered the most sacred site in Buddhism in Myanmar because it contains a strand of Buddha’s hair and other religious relics. The 2,500-year-old pagoda is located on Singuttara Hill in Yangon, the largest city in Myanmar. Over the centuries, the pagoda has grown from 8 meters to 99 meters (26 feet to 366 feet). The origins of Shwedagon are lost in antiquity but it is estimated that the Pagoda was first built by the Mon during the Bagan period, sometime between the 6th and 10th century AD. It is covered in gold leaf; the stupa is covered in 4,531 diamonds. Numerous temples, statues and stupas can be found at this unforgettable site. Pagoda visitors are expected to follow a dress code (trousers preferred, T-shirts with elbow-length sleeves) and enter the temple barefooted.
Bagan: Travelers with a passion for Buddhist temples, pagodas and stupas should have a field day in
Bagan, since it contains more of these than any other place in the world. The most popular destination in Myanmar, Bagan was the capital of the First Burmese Empire from the 9th to the 13th centuries. The site that Marco Polo once described as the “gilded city” was home to around Buddhist 13,000 temples in its 11th-century heyday. Thousands of temples, stupas and pagodas remain, including the famous Ananda temple with its sparkling gold spires.
Shwenandaw Monastery Shwenandaw Monastery is an historic Buddhist monastery in the city of Mandalay. Known as the Golden Palace, this important building is located in central Myanmar. It was originally part of the Mandalay Palace complex as the royal apartment of a king, but his son moved it outside the palace after his death believing it was haunted by the king’s spirit. It later became a monastery. At one time, the building was covered in gold but the gold is mostly inside now. The exterior is covered with ornate teak carvings representing Buddhist myths. Ornate carvings made from other materials such as stone can be found throughout the structure.
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Sports
s i n n e T
s e l Ru
T
ennis is a sport that originated in England around the 19th century and is now played in a host of countries around the world. There are four major tournaments known as the ‘majors’ that include Wimbledon, US Open, French Open and Australian tournament.
Object Of The Game The game of tennis played on a rectangular court with a net running across the centre. The aim is to hit the ball over the net landing the ball within the margins of the court and in a way that results in your opponent being unable to return the ball. You win a point every time your opponent is unable to return the ball within the court.
Players & Equipment A tennis match can be played by either one player on each side – a singles match – or two players on each side – a doubles match. The rectangular shaped court has a base line (at the back), service areas (two spaces just over the net in which a successful serve must land in) and two tram lines down either side. A singles match will mean you use the inner side tram line and a doubles match will mean you use the outer tram line. A court can be played on four main surfaces including grass, clay, hard surface and carpet. Each tournament will choose one surface type and stick without throughout. All that is required in terms of equipment is a stringed racket each and a tennis ball.
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Scoring
point they win the game, if they lose it goes back to deuce.
You need to score four points to win a game of tennis. The points are known as 15 (1 point), 30 (two points), 40 (three points) and the fourth would result in the winning point and the end of that game. If the scores went to 40-40 this would be known as deuce. When a game reaches deuce the player must then win by two clear points.
■ To win the set a player must
Winning The Game To win the game you must win a certain amount of sets (best of three for women’s matches and best of 5 sets for men’s matches). Winning a set is simply the first player to reach 6 games but have to be clear by at least 2 games. If your opponent wins 5 games you must win the set 7-5. If the set goes to 6-6 then a tie break is played and it’s simply the first player to 7 points.
win 6 games by 2 or more. The opening sets will go to a tie break if its ends up 6-6 where players play first to 7 points. The final set will not have a tie break and requires players to win by two games with no limits.
■ If a player touches the net, distracts his opponent or impedes in anyway then they automatically lose the point.
■ The ball can hit any part of the
Rules of Tennis ■ The game starts with a coin toss to determine which player must
line for the point to be called in, outside the line and the ball is out.
■ The balls in a tennis match
serve first and which side they want to serve from.
■ The server must then serve each point from alternative sides on the base line. At no point must the server’s feet move in front of the baseline on the court prior to hitting their serve.
are changed for new balls every 6 games.
■ If the server fails to get their first serve in they may take advantage of a second serve. If they again fail to get their second serve in then a double fault will be called and the point lost.
■ If the server clips the net but the ball goes in the service area still then let is called and they get to take that serve again without penalty. If the ball hits the net and fails to go in the service area then out is called and they lose that serve.
■ The receiver may stand where they wish upon receipt of the serve. If the ball is struck without the serve bouncing then the server will receive the point.
■ Once a serve has been made the amount of shots between the players can be unlimited. The point is won by hitting the ball so the opponent fails to return it in the scoring areas. ■ Points are awarded in scores of 15, 30 and 40. 15 represent 1 point, 30 = 2 and 40 = 3. You
■ need 4 points to win a game. If a game lands on 40-40 it’s known as deuce. From deuce a player needs to win 2 consecutive points to win the game. After winning one point from deuce they player is on advantage. If the player wins the next
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Current Affairs
Sunil Kanoria appointed as President of ASSOCHAM
Sunil Kanoria was on 25 November 2015 appointed as the President of The Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). Kanoria has succeeded Rana Kapoor, Yes Bank Managing Director and CEO.
Telangana Government declared 231 mandals as drought-hit
The state government has submitted the list of drought-prone mandals and urged it to provide an immediate assistance of 1000 crore rupees to mitigate the situation.
China building world’s largest animal cloning factory
International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed
International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women was observed across the world on 25 November 2015. The day is observed to raise awareness about violence against women and discuss solutions that would work for women community.
10th East Asia Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The year’s summit held under the theme Our People, Our Community, Our Vision. It was the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the East Asia Summit.
Mauricio Macri won the Presidential election of Argentina
Japan conducted its first dedicated commercial satellite launch
Japanese H-IIA rocket launched the Canadian communication satellite Telstar 12V into the orbit, which was the first mission of Japan that carried a commercial satellite as its primary payload.
Conservative opposition candidate Mauricio Macri won the presidential election of Argentina with over 51.5 percent of vote in the fourth week of November 2015.
13th ASEAN-India Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ASEAN Leaders encouraged India to work with ASEAN to realise the vision and goals outlined in the ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together.
Chinese scientists in third week of November 2015 unveiled their plan to develop the world’s largest animal cloning factory. It will be created to save critically endangered species from extinction.
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India-Singapore signed 10 agreements on mutual co-operation
Prime Minister Narendra Modi was on a two-day visit to Singapore from 23 November to 24 November 2015.
Kuldip Nayar honoured with Ramnath Goenka Lifetime Achievement Award
Delhi Government approved Jan Lokpal Bill, 2015
Michael Keating appointed as Special Representative for Somalia and Head of UNSOM Keating will succeed Nicholas Kay, who will complete his assignment in December 2015. Kay was associated with UNSOM for over the past two and a half years.
The Delhi Cabinet headed by Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on 18 November 2015 approved the Delhi Jan Lokpal Bill, 2015.
Urban Development Minister launched portal for small traders’ e-lala Urban Development Minister Venkaiah Naidu on 23 November 2015 inaugurated ‘e-lala’, an e-commerce portal of Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT) in New Delhi.
Kuldip Nayar, a veteran journalist, columnist and author was honoured with Ramnath Goenka Lifetime Achievement Award on 23 November 2015. He was awarded for his contribution to journalism.
Technology Acquisition & Prithvi Raj Singh elected to Development Fund under Board of Governors of World National Manufacturing Policy Water Council Joint Statement on enhanced launched
Malaysia-India Strategic Partnership released
Union Government on 18 November 2015 launched the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund (TADF) under the National Manufacturing Policy, 2011. The TADF was launched by Minister of State for Commerce & Industry Nirmala Sitharaman.
He founded the Jal Bhagirathi Foundation in partnership with eminent water conservationaist Rajendra Singh.
World Economic Forum released Global Gender Gap Report 2015
The Prime Minister of Malaysia Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 23 November 2015 released the Joint Statement on enhanced MalaysiaIndia Strategic Partnership during Narendra Modi’s official visit to Malaysia.
World Economic Forum (WEF) on 19 November 2015 released the Global Gender Gap Report 2015. It ranked 145 economies according to how well they are leveraging their female talent pool, based on economic, educational, health-based and political indicators.
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VHP leader Ashok Singhal died
Singhal served as the international working president of the Hindu organisation for over 20 years.
Children’s book writer Kamala Laxman died Widow of legendary cartoonist R.K. Laxman, Kamala was commissioned by the India Book House in the 1970s to write children stories.
India’s GSAT-15 communication satellite launched successfully
Abraham M Keita from Libe- Union Government signed ria won the 2015 InternaLoan Agreement with Asian tional Children’s Peace Prize Development Bank
He was awarded for his extraordinary and peaceful fight for justice for child victims of physical or sexual violence, and for successfully campaigning for the Liberian parliament to adopt the Children’s Law.
Union Government launched E-Pathshala, Saransh, Shaala Siddhi Portals
These portals were launched during the edNEXT, the National Conference on ICT in School Education that was held at New Delhi.
Grand Alliance won the 2015 Assembly Elections of Bihar with two-thirds majority
Election Commission of India on 8 November 2015 announced the results of the 2015 Assembly elections of Bihar. The elections were held in 5 phases between 12 October and 5 November 2015 for 243 assembly seats.
The launch took place from Kourou in French Guyana in South America and GSAT-15 is the 10th communication satellite.
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The loan represents the third tranche, which is also the last tranche of the 800 million US dollars financing facility under the Rural Connectivity Investment Program.
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India Juniors won 8th Men’s Junior Asia hockey cup by defeating Pakistan
India’s junior men’s hockey team on 22 November 2015 lifted the 8th Men’s Junior Asia hockey cup. In the finals played at the Wisma Belia Hockey Stadium in Kuantan, Malaysia, India defeated arch rivals Pakistan 6-2.
Shiva Thapa ranked World No 2 in boxing Shiva Thapa was on 3 November 2015 ranked number 2 in the latest international rankings in the 56 kilogram category. He moved up by 5 places compared to previous rankings.
Xuerui Li defeated Saina Nehwal to clinch Women’s Singles title at China Open Superseries Chinese shuttler Xuerui Li on 15 November 2015 won the 700000 US dollar Women’s Singles final of China Open Superseries Premier Badminton tournament. In the final played at Fuzhou, Li defeated India’s ace shuttler Saina Nehwal 21-12, 21-15.
Nico Rosberg beat Lewis Hamilton to win Brazilian Grand Prix With the win, Rosberg reserved his place as runner-up in 2015 Formula One world championship.
Jitu Rai won silver in 13th Asian Shooting Championship
2015 Paragliding World Cup concluded The 2015 Paragliding World Cup (PWC) was held in Bir village of Himachal Pradesh between 24 October and 31 October 2015. It was for the first time India hosted a PWC and it is the biggest aero sport event held in India so far.
NTPC named official partner for HWL Final National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) in third week of November 2015 was named as the official partner for the Hockey World League (HWL) final. HWL will be held in Raipur from 27 November to 6 December 2015.
Jitu Rai bagged the Silver by finishing second behind Korea’s Park Daehun in the finals of the men’s 50 metre pistol event.
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Brain Gym 1. Friends ! can you tell what is common in all these six persons?
2. Spokes
3. Scrabble
CLUE 1. Fearless and daring. 2. Cause to cease operating. 3. A person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible. 4. The prevailing psychological state. 5. Anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking. 6. State or condition.
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November Brain Gym Answers 1. All are scientists.
2.
3. 1.SEAT, 2.SAFE, 3.EAST, 4.SET, 5.EAT, 6.FAT, 7.SEA, 8.AS. 4. Pattern Number 2. 5.1.Distant cloud is missing. 2. Less branches on nearer tree. 3. Missing eyes of distant tree. 4. Bigger bush is not laughing. 5. Closer bush is missing. 6. Different eyes of the monkeys. 7. Tail is smaller. 8. Less fingers.
5. Find Eight Differences in Both the Pictures. 4. Looking at the change of patterns, tell, what comes in Blank - Change to ‘Guess the next pattern...’
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