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“Inspired by a great soul Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM”
Monthly Educational Magazine
Don’t strangle her future. Save the Girl Child.
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If text books or information, novels memories, we at Igniting Minds call magazine ”experiences”. An experience that has so much to learn from, so much to cherish about. An experience that shall not only meet you once or twice but bent upon saying a Hi every month. An experience that you would love to have in your school bags, study desks and always with you to travel new heights. This sixty odd pages of shear experience is made for you to have dialogs with, have a travel together to far of lands, even beyond our planet. An experience that we take huge pleasure and responsibility handing over to you - Igniting Minds.
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Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
Ltd.
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contents
Exciting new stuff this month
06 07
Calendar of Events Calendar of Birthdays
08
A leader, teacher, president and a legend APJ Abdul Kalam.
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LIFE SKILLS
Make your dreams come true!
16
SUCCESS STORY
IRA SINGHAL
ENGLISH
18
24
PARENTING
CAREER AWARENESS
HANDWRITING 4
22
20
IGNITING MINDS
Oct 2015
27 AWARDS
31 OPERATION POLO
46
35
EARTHQUAKE VEDIC MATHEMATICS 39 50 TECHNOLOGY 42 52 56 STAR
EGYPT SPORTS CURRENT AFFAIRS BRAIN GYM
OF THE MONTH
!
us t i s i V
44 Dr. SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
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Sunday
Events Calendar
Monday
04
Tuesday
05
Wednesday Thursday
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*World Smile Day
*World Habitat Day (housing) 06
* World Day for Decent Work 07
*National Voluntary Blood Donation Day, *International Day of Older Persons.
Friday
02
Saturday
* International Day of the Girl Child,
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*Old Farmers Day
* World Toy Camera Day 18
* International Artists Day 25
* Evaluate Your Life Day 19
*National Mincemeat Day 26
*Brandied Fruit Day
* Maharishi Valmiki Jayanti
*International Day for Disaster Reduction
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*Indian Air force Day
08
* Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti
*World Card Making
03
6
* World Animal Day
13
14
* World Maths Day
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28
23
*Mulligan Day, *Sweetest Day.
*World Mental Health Day *Indian National Postal Day *Sheetla Saras Mela
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*World Development Information Day
Oct 2015
* International Animation day
* Cat Day
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* World Food Day *TV Talk Show Host Day
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09
21
* Azad hind day, *Global Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Day
* Dussehra (Maha * International Day of Navami) Rural Women 22 15
* World Egg Day
10
20
*Checklist Day
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*World Savings Day
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Birthday Calendar * Shyamji Krishna Varma (1857 - 1930),
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*Neil deGrasse Tyson (Astrophysicist 1958)
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*Richard Dedekind (Mathematician 1831 - 1916)
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* Vladimir Putin (President of Russia 07 1957)
01
*Milkha Singh *Sivaji Ganesan (Track and field athlete (1928 - 2001) 08 - 1935)
* Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948), *Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904 - 1966)
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03
09
*Gurcharan Das (Author 1943)
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* Guru ram das (1534 -1581)
*S. S. Rajamouli (Film director 1973)
* Jaya Prakash Narayan (1902 - 1979), *Amitabh Bachchan (1942)
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18
*Shivraj Patil (Indian Politician-1935),
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19
*Lala Har Dayal (1884 - 1939)
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14
* Gautam Gambhir(Cricketer-1981)
* Pablo Picasso (Painter 1881-1973)
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*Vaikunthbhai Mehta (Political leader 18911964) 26
*V.S. Achyutanandan, *Navjot Sidhu, *Virender Sehwag
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* Alfred Nobel (Chemist 1833-1896)
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28
* K. R. Narayanan (1920 - 2005
* Indra Nooyi (Executive 1955)
* Deepak Chopra (Author – 1947)
* William Shakespear 29 (Poet 1564 – 1616)
* Naveen Patnaik *Bhairon Singh Shekhawat(1923 – 1910) (CM Orissa 1946)
*Diego Maradona (Footballer 1960)
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17
*Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, (1910-1995)
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* A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931 - 2015)
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* Maharaja Gulab Singh (Prince 1792)
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*Brinda Karat (Politician, 1947)
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*R.K. Laxman (Cartoonist 1921-2015)
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*Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1875 - 1950)
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Cover Story
Dr.A P J ABDUL KALAM
alam Dr. A. P. J. AbdulwaK s born on 15
y, sident in India’s histor the most popular Pre at is now Tamil wh in all coastal town sm a in 31 19 er tob Oc t before he was engineer and scientis Nadu. An aerospace tional office, Kalam try’s highest constitu un co the to ed int po ap mme. One of the India’s missile progra was closely linked to even after his term larity, which continued reasons for his popu of interactions 07, was the thousands 20 in d de en t en sid as Pre students over the l children and college he has had with schoo le man’ are some of ent’ and ‘India’s missi years. ‘People’s Presid els attached to him. the more common lab
ent of India .
as the 11th Presid w am al K ul bd A en de ir Jainulab
Avul Pak
October 15, 1931 - July 27, 2015
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Childhood & Early Life A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born to Jainulabdeen and Ashiamma on October 15, 1931. He came from a family whose financial conditions weren’t sound enough. As a means to support his family’s meagre income, Kalam took up odd jobs in his childhood but never gave up on his education. He graduated from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli in 1954 but not satisfied with his degree, he left for Madras later next year to study aerospace engineering. He enrolled at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT).
Career After graduating from MIT, Kalam took up the position of chief scientist at the Aeronautical Development Establishment of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). However, the profile didn’t appeal Kalam much who shifted to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle. His years at the ISRO were the most crucial
ones, as they left a lasting impact on him. Kalam lead many projects and turned out to be successful each time. In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme. A milestone was achieved when locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space, using the SLV rocket. Upon watching the raving success of Kalam, the government agreed for initiation of an advanced missile program under his directorship. He played a pivotal role in developing missiles under the missions Agni and Prithvi. Kalam was the Chief Executive of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P)
which researched in simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one by one. From 1992 until 1999, Kalam was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation. It was during this time that Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator for Pokhran II nuclear tests, after which he was fondly called the “Missile Man of India”. Kalam succeeded K. R. Narayan to serve as the 11th President of India from 2002 until 2007. It was a highly one-sided contest. With his appointment, Kalam became the first scientist and first ever bachelor to occupy the Rastrapati Bhawan. During his tenure as a President, Kalam was both appreciated and criticised. The latter was mostly due to his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 mercy petitioners. In addition to all the profiles that Dr Kalam held, he authored numerous influential and inspirational books. Amongst all his books, “India 2020” was the widely read and appreciated one. It forecast an action plan which advocated India turning into a knowledge superpower and as one of the developed nations of the world by the year 2020. His other books include, “Ignited Minds”, “Mission India”, “Inspiring Thoughts” and “The Luminous Sparks”. In 2011, he launched his mission for the youth of the nation called the “What Can I Give Movement” with the main aim to defeat corruption in India. After completing his term as President, Dr Kalam served as visiting professor in various esteemed institutes and universities of India, such as Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and Indore. He also served as Chancellor of Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), JSS University (Mysore).
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We shall not see another APJ Abdul Kalam like our late president: DD Podhigai telecast an interview with Mr P M Nair retired IAS officer who was the secretary to Dr Kalam Sir when he was the President. These points he spoke in voice choked with emotion. Mr Nair authored a book titled “Kalam Effect” .
1. Dr Kalam used to receive costly gifts whenever he went as it is customary for many nations to give gifts to the visiting Head of state. Refusing the gift would become an insult to the nation and an embarrassment for India. So, he received them and on his return, Dr Kalam asked the gifts to be photographed and then catalogued and handed over to the archives. Afterwards, he never even looked at them. He did not take even a pencil from the gifts received when he left Rashtrapathi Bhavan.
2. In 2002, the year Dr Kalam took over, the Ramadan month came in July-August. it was a regular practice for the President to host an iftar party. Dr Kalam asked Mr Nair why he should host a party to people who are already well fed and asked him to find out how much would be the cost. Mr Nair told it costs around Rs. 22 lakhs. Dr Kalam asked him to donate that amount to a few selected orphanages in the form of food, dresses and blankets. The selection of orphanages was left to a team in Rashtrapathi Bhavan and Dr Kalam had no role in it. After the selection was made, Dr Kalam asked Mr Nair to come inside his room and gave him a cheque for Rs 1 lakh. He said that he is giving some amount from his
personal savings and this should not be informed to anyone. Mr Nair was so shocked that he said “sir, I will go outside and tell everyone . People should know that here is a man who not only donated what he should have spent but he is giving his own money also”. Dr Kalam though he was a devout Muslim did not have Iftar parties in the years in which he was the President.
3. Dr Kalam did not like “yes sir” type of people. Once when the Chief Justice of India had come and on some point Dr Kalam expressed his view and asked Mr Nair, “Do you agree?”/ Mr Nair said “No sir, i do not agree with you”. The Chief Justice was shocked and could not believe his ears. It was impossible for a civil servant to disagree with the president and that too so openly. Mr Nair told him that the President would question him afterwards why he disagreed and if the reason was logical 99% he would change his mind.
4. Dr Kalam invited 50 of his relatives to come to Delhi and they all stayed in Rashtrapathi Bhavan. He organised a bus for them to go around the city which was paid for by him. No official car was used. All their stay and food was calculated as per the instructions of Dr Kalam and the bill came to Rs 2 lakhs which he paid. In the history of this country no one has done it. Now, wait for the climax, Dr Kalam’s elder brother stayed with him in his room for the entire one week as Dr Kalam wanted his brother to stay with him. When they left, Dr Kalam wanted to pay rent for that room also. Imagine a President of country paying rent for the room in which he is staying. This was any way not agreed by the staff who thought the honesty was getting too much to handle !!!.
5. When Kalam sir was to leave Rashtrapathi Bhavan at the end of the tenure, every staff member went and met him and paid their respects. Mr Nair went to him alone as his wife had fractured her leg and was bed ridden. Dr Kalam asked why his wife did not come. He replied that she was in bed due to an accident. next day, Nair saw lot of police men around his house and asked what had happened. They said that the President of India was coming to visit him in his house. He came and met his wife and chatted for some time. Mr Nair says that no president of any country would visit a civil servant’s house and that too on such a simple pretext.
S -Mr P.M -NLaateirDIA R. APJ Abdul on
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10 Rare Stories About Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Will Make Your Day!! #1. Once, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam rejected the suggestion to put broken glass on the wall of a building that needed protection. Why? Because broken glass would be harmful for birds!
Awards
Bharat ratna This happened when Dr. Kalam was with the Defence Research 1997 and Development Organisation (DRDO) and his team was bhushan Padma discussing options to secure the perimeter of a building that 1981 needed protection. Dr. Kalam reportedly said: “If we do vibhushan Padma that, birds will not be able to perch on the wall.”
1990 #2. When youngsters & teenagers requested Indira gandhi award a meeting with President Kalam, the for national integration President not only obliged and gave the 1997 kids his precious time, but he also listened IEEE-Honorary membership carefully to the ideas the kids had! 2011 As President, often Dr. Kalam’s office would hoover medal receive requests from youngsters for a 2009 meeting with the country’s first citizen. veera savarkar award Not only would Dr. Kalam meet the 1998 kids in his personal chambers at the ramanujam award Rashtrapati Bhavan, but he would 2000 also give them his precious time, von kuman wins award International “listen” to their ideas and provide 2009 feedback to the kids. On occasions, king charles ii medal the President would follow up with Bharat Ratna such kids asking about the status of 1997 the ideas they discussed! Padma Bhushan #3. Soon after it was declared 1981 that Dr. Kalam would be the next Padma Vibhushan President, he visited a modest school to 1990 deliver a speech. His security detail was Indira Gandhi Award for minimal, and he didn’t mind taking control National Integration of the situation when the power went off. 1997 Speaking to around 400 students, Dr. Kalam ensured IEEE Honorary Membership the power cut didn’t cause any interruption. He walked 2011 right in the middle of the crowd and asked the students to Hoover Medal surround him. He then spoke to 400 students with his bare 2009 voice and delivered, like always, an inspiring keynote. Veer Savarkar Award #4. President Kalam has given up all his life savings 1998 and salaries to a trust he founded named PURA Ramanujan Award (Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas). 2000 The government takes care of the President of India as well as of all International von Karman Wings Award the former presidents. Knowing this, Dr. Kalam during his tenure as 2009 President decided to give away all his wealth and life savings towards a King Charles II Medal fund that works towards providing urban amenities to rural population. 2007 Apparently, Dr. Kalam called up Dr. Verghese Kurien, the founder of Amul, and asked: “Now that I have become the President of India, the government
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is going to look after me till I am living; so what can I do with my savings and salary?”
#5. President Kalam is known to write his own thank you cards.As humble and generous the man is, President Kalam is known to sign his own thank you cards. One instance is when Quora user Naman Narain drew a sketch of Dr. Kalam and sent it to the President. To his surprise, the President sent him a thank you card, with a short handwritten message and personalised with his signature.
#6. Supposed to attend a college event as the Chief Guest, APJ once surprised the students of the event’s organising committee by visiting them late in the night. Once, Dr. Kalam was to be a Chief Guest at a college event. He wasn’t the President at the time, but held a significant office at the DRDO and was one of the key advisors to the government. Curious to see the kids prep up for a big event, Kalam decided to pay a visit to the venue. He came in a jeep, without any security, and talked to the students present at the venue. He said he wanted to meet the “real hardworking people”.
#7. Dr. Kalam is so humble he wouldn’t mind going to an event a little late for the sake of letting his fans take pictures with him! Dr. Kalam was the Chief Guest at an event at IIM Ahmedabad recentlxy. Prior to the event,
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he was lunching with a class of around sixty students. At the end of the lunch, the students wanted each a photo with the former President. Citing the delay, the event organiser tried to hush off the students; but to everyone’s surprise Dr. Kalam asked the organiser to calm down and said that he won’t leave the place until every person who wanted a picture with him got a picture!
#8. Once during an event, Dr. Kalam refused to sit on a chair that was designated for him – because the chair was larger in size than the other chairs! At a recent convocation of IITVaranasi, Dr. Kalam was the Chief Guest. There were five chairs on the stage, the centre one being for Dr. Kalam, the other four designated for the top university officials. Noticing his chair being bigger in size than the others, Dr. Kalam refused to sit on it and offered the Vice Chancellor to sit in stead. The VC couldn’t, obviously. No doubt, another chair was made available immediately for the Honourable former President!
#9. When a subordinate of President Kalam at DRDO couldn’t take his children to an exhibition due to work pressure, Kalam surprised his subordinate and took the children in stead! During a significant project of the DRDO, the work pressure was high. A scientist approached his boss – Dr. Kalam – and asked
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to leave early that day considering he had promised his children to take them to an exhibition. Kalam generously granted the permission, and the scientist got back to work. When he did, he lost the track of time and forgot to leave early. He reached home, feeling guilty, and looked for his kids, but could only find his wife. He asked for the kids, and to his surprise she told him: “your manager was here around 5:15 and he took the kids for the exhibition!” Apparently, Dr. Kalam had been observing the scientist and noticed that he might never realise he had to go home. Feeling for the kids, he decided to take the kids in his stead. If that’s not sweet, what is?
#10. When he was President, Dr. Kalam took to “Yahoo! Answers” and posted a question: “What should we do to free our planet from terrorism?” And when he did, people like Sri Sri Ravishankar, Kiran Bedi, Leander Paes and the who’s who of India and the world turned to Yahoo! to answer his question!
her
My Mot
s’ faith, Mother! nd, pilgrim sa en ld to one, My o g in , e es g er av m w l Sea e Street, al am Mosqu arms. Rameswar en’s caring e and toil— e like heav m to e as challeng m w fe li You co en h sw the war day , . I remember ore sunrise r the temple ef b teacher nea alk, hours y w tl in to sa es e il M s from th take lesson ool, Walking to aching sch the Arab te to ad, es il n m o Stati Ro Again s, to Railway ls il h city citizen y d le n p Climb sa ers to tem ap sp ew n tribute hool. Collect, dis , going to sc se ri n su r te af y at night. Few hours before stud e m ti s es n usi Evening, b g boy, n of a youn strength ai p into pious All this ed rm o sf an you tr es My Mother ing five tim er. g and bow n li ee n , My Moth k ly h n it o W lmighty A e th f , o th ce ng For the Gra ildren’s stre the most, ty is your ch ie p er needed g ev n o h ro w st h it w Your t es ur b . s shared yo faith in Him You alway gave with d an e, av g , s n te You alway and sisters when I was er brothers ber the day d el em y m m re f l o il I st to the envy n your lap you knew Sleeping o world only y m t, h ig n moon It was full knee ing on my y Mother! M h tears fall Mother! it w e k o w . idnight I My Mother When at m your child, f o n ai ai p p e th g the n You knew ly removin er d n te s, d g han me strength Your carin faith gave r u . o y , re is strength your ca and with H Your love, ar fe t Mother! u o y h M it , world w ent Day e em th g d ce Ju fa o at T n the gre eet again o We will m
lam in
- APJ Abdul Ka
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gs Of Fire.
Parents , Win memory of his
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Life Skills
Malini Krishnan
MAKE YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE !
All possible opportunities exist in the world. It’s a forest out there, with fruits and flowers and plants and trees beyond your imagination. Which one do you want to pick? Choose wisely.
Tips for goal setting
W
e all have dreams. We have a multitude of wishes. Most of us want a life that is at least a little if not very different from the one we’re living now. A better brighter reality. There’s a lot that we want, but unfortunately don’t always manage to achieve. Why so? Why don’t dreams turn into reality? To create the reality that we want, we first need to dream it. You can’t consciously create what you can’t imagine. The first and perhaps the most crucial step in achieving what you want is understanding what it is that you really want. Sounds simple to the extent of being silly does it?
Do you really know what you want Clearly? Most people have a vague abstract concept of what they want. I want to be successful, I want to be thin or I just want my child to stop troubling me! Are your goals similarly broad and undefined?
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The ultimate goal: Understanding through the metaphor of the forest, vague goals are like wanting to have a tree. Just a tree – without any details of what kind, by when or where. There is also a lack of clarity of what it is that you want to get out of the tree. Do you want shade? Or do you want the flowers? Do you want the fruits? The leaves? The view? So why do you want a tree? What is it that you want to get out of your goal? What is your ultimate goal?
It’s time now to clarify what is it that you really want. Is it financial security, independence, peace of mind, balance, good health, power, satisfaction, a sense of purpose, passion or something else?
Means to the end: Identifying your ultimate goal or motive will then help you identify the best tools to achieve it, will help you to choose the best path which reaches your destination. What will make you feel independent? What are you passionate about? What assets will make you feel financially secure? What is your definition of balance? What all would being healthy involve? These will be your tangible goals. Different goals will obviously require different approaches, different routes and different workmanship. You can’t deal with facts through philosophy or creativity through rules. You cannot tend to a rice field the same way you tend to a rose plant. None can thrive. Your tangible goals will help you focus and devise efficient and appropriate work plans to achieve them. Without them, you may just keep wandering around the forest, with a lot of trees within but just outside your reach. And even if you do grab one, it may not give you what you really wanted and leave you dissatisfied. Do you want to end up with a coconut when what you actually wanted were apples?
ct: a F m a Dre
only e w s ream In our d s that we e see fac know already
Dream is not that which you see while sleeping, it is something that does not let you sleep. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
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Communication Sk
ills
IF YOU SPEAK, YOU CAN SPEAK
F
ew Students are fluent in English, majority can’t Just Speak anything in English, and whereas everyone is reasonably good at English grammar. This Situation is not just in one school or in one college. This is the problem in every nonnative English Speaking country like India: With this, it must be understood that something important is missing in our learning of English. And that important thing which is missing is speaking. But not much serious attention has been paid towards this at any level in our education system. We all know that English is a borrowed language from English speaking countries, initially From England who ruled us for more than two centuries. English education in India was introduced by English government on the same model they were following that time in their country Since then, we have been following their materials and methods which will not meet our needs, because English is a foreign language to us, and for them it is the mother tongue. Children in English speaking countries learn speaking English at their homes, whereas our children do not have that opportunity. Therefore, our children definitely need different materials and methods for learning English.
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Normally, languages are learned from surroundings. Because we don’t have English speaking environment at our homes, our children are missing the natural advantage to learn English. The next opportunity is to learn in schools Most of the students are not successful in learning English in their school education for various reasons. One of the important reasons is Lack of English speaking environment in the schools. If the students fail to become fluent in English during their schooling, they have to suffer a lot later therefore, a little more attention should be paid to learn English during schooling.
Rules of English learning 1.Don’t focus too much on grammar. 2.Study and learn real-life expressions and repeat regularly. 3.Immerse yourself into English speaking through MSC (Mind talk, self talk and cross talk)
B.K.Reddy, Director, Hyderabad English club.
It is important to know that English can’t be studied like science or social. English has to be studied for the purpose of acquiring communication skills. This way, learning of English is similar to learning of swimming or cycling which means both mind and body. (speech organs) should work in co-ordination for learning English if you are confined to learning of vocabulary and grammar, you can never become fluent in English. Speaking is an essential activity in the process of learning a language, and English is not an exception in this regard.
The very important thing to become fluent in English is getting immersed into English speaking practice. This requires to be done in three stages i.e. Mind talk, self talk and cross talk. Mind talk is repeating the real-life English expressions in the mind or thinking in English about real-life situations. Self talk is speaking self practice. With self talk, your mind and body are connected which is important for fluency. Speaking a language is a neuromuscular skill. The more you do self-talk the more better you can speak in real life. Cross-talk is the result of the first two steps i.e. Mind-talk and self-talk. When you speak well in a few situations, you will get rid of fear and become confident. Over practice, English speaking becomes a habit. At this stage if you learn grammar, it will not affect your fluency because by then you know where to fix it in your fluency development. Wish you good luck for your speaking practice.
Rules of English learning The rule “Don’t focus too much on grammar” may look ridiculous, but this is a fact. The reason is that no language in the world is learned through grammar. English too can’t be learned through grammar. This fact is not properly understood in non-native English speaking countries. Therefore, we are still struggling to learn English through grammar. Any language in the world is learned naturally with real life expressions. In the process, the important thing is speaking. Only when you speak the expressions, you remember them easily and you can recollect effortlessly speaking English naturally by speaking, you will also learn vocabulary and grammar without learning them.
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Parenting
TELLING IT RIGHT TIPS FOR COMM UNICATION WIT H
I
CHILDREN
magine a scenario, where you are an athlete, a runner and you have a coach who is giving you some last minute instructions before the race starts. Which set of instructions are likely to help you?
“Be attentive to all those around you, there are superior runners here. Some have won many such races in the past. They are medalists. Be very attentive to the whistle. Don’t miss it.”
Sadia Saeed Raval
“OR” “You have practiced what you could, now enjoy the run. Run freely with your whole mind and body. Don’t worry. Give your best.” Maybe on scanning briefly we may find the second or sometimes even the first set of instructions appealing. However, we can truly answer which set of instructions is better, when we try to decipher the unsaid messages that underlie both these instructions.
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Let us analyze these messages: The first set of instructions says this is not a very favourable scenario, its one you have to be fearful of. There are people here better than you-you can be inadequate–you need to prove yourself. You are likely to pay less attention to the whistle-you are inattentive. What now does the second set of instructions say? Run as well as YOU can- YOU are adequate. How much better or worse others may be is inconsequential. Enjoy yourself-you have a right to have fun– you don’t have to prove yourself worthy in order to have fun. You don’t deserve to fret or worry. In the light of the above then, who is likely to enjoy what he is doing? Clearly the one who receives and believes the second set of instructions. Over a period of time only people who enjoy what they do and who feel adequate can continue to perform consistently and even improve. The ones who fear situations and feel the need to keep proving themselves worthy may run several races and may even win at times, but they would not be able to enjoy themselves. They may get exhausted trying to live up to heir own and others expectations, which may lead to disinterest or declining performance.
How does this apply to parents? Consider the above example in the context of being parents. We want our children to achieve, to do well, to get enough marks, to make a decent living, to excel at sports. We want all of this so that they are happy, fulfilled individuals in life. It is a competitive world after all and we do not want our children lagging behind. We love our children too much for that. And that’s only fair! Is it not? Unfortunately, even as the loving parents that we are, we often give children negative messages without even being conscious of it. On the face of it, these messages are for the well-being of children, for their betterment. However, unknowingly, the same messages may be steering children away from their sense of adequacy and creating low self-esteem in them.
What can be done? Try to be conscious of your words: The next time you feel like telling your child to attempt the whole answer paper, just before he leaves home for his math exam, remember you are actually telling him that you believe he may not be capable of attempting the whole paper. Instead smiling and asking him to enjoy his exam might help more. Or the other time that you are frustrated and tell him “you can NEVER get the 13 times table correct”, remember you are the one who is deciding that he will NEVER get it correct.
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Handwriting
Cursive g tin i r w d n Ha or ? e v i s r u Non-C By Y.Mallikarjuna Rao, Director, National Handwriting Acadamy.
W
hen you write any regional language in a country like India...... Let it be Telugu , Tamil, Hindi, kannada etc., you do not have the advantage of joining the letters to each other in a word.
Where as international / foreign language English can be done with the most convenient style called ‘’ cursive ‘’. In cursive style, writer keeps on joining all the letters to each other, irrespective of the number of letters in a word. The beauty of English language is.... it can be written without joining the letters to each other too, just like our regional languages Telugu, Tamil atc.
Here comes the huge confusion. Which is to be fallowed? Which style is more advantage us. Which is more appealing ?....etc. The answer is ... either of the styles. Because Handwriting is just a means of an effective communication. If it is legible most of the purpose is served. But when we go little deeper keen into both the styles, cursive style has got more advantages, both in writing and reading too. Firstly , it is faster to write and one can save a bit of time as all the letters are joined to each other. Where as non cursive writer lifts the hand for each and every letter in a word.
Secondly , cursive style is more appealing. A t a glance when you look at the cursive style, it gives an impression that the writer is more knowledgeable more intellectual etc., Thirdly , as the science of handwriting analysis – Graphology - says: as all the letters of a word are connected from first to last letter, the writer generally sticks to the goal, till it is achieved. It is recorded as the writer with cursive style is more ‘’persistant’’. Fourthly’ the communication is almost done very effectively through cursive style. At times, in non cursive writing, a single word may look like two or it may lead to a meaningless communication , if unwanted gap is happening among the letters, in the process of lifting the hand for every letter.
Legend - leg end Significant - sign if i cant
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Do you know
Dr.TessyThomas? First Women Scientist to head a Missile Project in India She is the Project Director for many Missile projects in Indian DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation). She was the Master mind and was responsible for success of 3,000 km range Agni-III missile project, Mission Agni IV project, 5,000 km range Agni-V in 2009, the missiles were successfully tested on 19 April 2012. We are all proud of our country, Agni-C is one of our greatest achivement. Agni-V missile is most powerful and Dangerous weapon that will make the world fear India. Once fired, It cannot be stopped, It travels faster than a Bullet and can carry 1000 kg of nuclear weapon and It has 5000 km Range. Agni-V missile can be configured to launch small satellite and can be used later to shoot down the enemy satellites in orbits. Missile is so powerfil and can be launched only on direct order of the Prime minister.
We salute Dr Tessy Thomas for her outstanding contribution in making India self-reliant in the field of missile technology.
Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
21
Success Story
IRA SINGHAL
S
C i v i l s 1 s t Ra n k e r
he was the topper of UPSC examinations who secured AIR 1.Ira Sin¬ghal got 920 marks in written Exam and 162 marks in the Interview section or personality test. Ira Singhal told that “I want to be an IAS officer. I want to do something for the benefit of physically challenged people” .
Ira Singhal was 32 years old in 2015, a general category candidate and also a physically challenged. Ira Singhal was shocked and surprised by her success in UPSC Civil service examinations. Ira Singhal had never allowed her disability to come in the way of pursuing her dreams. Ira Singhal is suffering from scoliosis or curvature of the spine is curved but this has never stopped or demotivated her. She told that”crazy desire to serve my country”. “I am both shocked and surprised at be¬coming the national topper. I just want to say to everyone who is reading this, please let your daughters study and work. Let your daughters go out in this world and make something of their lives.” The biggest issue with Ira Singhal was related with physical and medical point of view, Ira Singhal is not eligible to be an Indian Revenue Services Officer due to her health issue. Ira Singhal’s disabili¬ty means she was not eligible for any service of UPSC apart from IAS. She was not allowed to join any other service after giving CSE in UPSC including secretarial and clerical Posts. As we all know that getting into UPSC qualified candidates list is tough but ranking the best to become an IAS is tougher. So she had to obtain the best marks out of lakhs of candidates to get her dream Job of an IAS. But, she never give up. she fight against discrimination sys¬tem due to medical and physical issue, According to her this should not be in the system of UPSC Examinations as it is the highest exam of the country. And, while the phone started ringing continuously after the news of her result broke, the most special call was undoubtedly from that of a top official of the Department of Personnel and Training, who in 2010 had denied her posting,
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“It was a big disappointment, a major setback then. But I decided to fight back. It was tough initially as I had to undergo tests, submit medical certificates and prove that I am capable of doing jobs entrusted to me in the IRS. For two years, it was tough but then everyone realised that I am capable of working in spite of the disabilities. They realised I am no pushover,” Ira Singhal love to read books. Her other hobby was reading books. She vested St Ann’s Junior College and told the students “I read everything under the sun, I read a lot of fiction too. I have around 750 unread books with me. I have been buying and buying and hoping one day I will find time to read them,” She also told the students “While struggling through all the insecurities of life, just remember that this too shall pass”
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I donated all my savings to the Uttarkashi earthquake relief fund. I was in class III and about eight years old in 1991. I wanted to become a doctor, but my father did not let me take up Biology to study medicine due to physical constraints.
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I qualified in 2010, 2011 and 2013 for the civil services exams, I should have been given a service but the current government criteria didn’t allow me to get a service except in Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Foreign Service (IFS).
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I felt that with my background as an MBA, I should go for IFS.
I can speak Spanish and I have taught it also for some time, a bit of French and I am learning Italian, Portuguese and German.
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I gave up last year when I got through Indian Revenue Service (IRS), as I was getting this service for the past three times. But then a friend of mine really insisted that I should not give up and try for IAS.
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We are normally not paying attention to our studies. Our attention span is not more than three minutes. When we sit for more time, we are actually fooling ourselves into believing that we are studying.
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My single aim to help society and I’m not after power, money or success. I don’t lie to myself.
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IRS has little option of being in touch with people. You need a lot of work to be able to pick up minute details. It’s quite a James Bond type of work.
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We cannot handle everything by being aggressive. We need to be tactful and understand both points of view.
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I’m not scared that I will keep fighting if I am wrong, and I will not stop if I’m correct. I can live with multiple transfers.
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We should explore everything. I don’t drink, I don’t smoke, I don’t do anything that will harm you or society and I don’t lie. I do it because of my conviction, and not for anyone else’s approval.
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Preparation for civil services examination is all about smart study, more observation and analysis that actually gathering stuff and reading from 5,000 sources.
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People who look at clearing civil services as a matter of life and death need to move beyond it. It will be tough for them to clear it if they think like that. There is life beyond these examinations.
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My favourite author is Victoria Holt. These days I’m trying to read Agatha Christie. It is tougher to read course books, but I love reading other books.
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Students who think that they are not good at Mathematics, it is mostly because of your teacher. It is the only subject where only teachers matter.
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I realized that when I secured 99.6% in Mathematics in my CAT examination. It is the only subject where what you get what you expect.
Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
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Career Awareness
VITAL DETAILS OF
T
he Candidates applying for the examination should ensure that they ful fill all eligibility conditions for admission to examination. Their admission to all the stages of the examination will be purely provisional subject to satisfying the prescribed eligibility conditions. Mere issue of admission certificate to the candidate will not imply that his/ her candidature has been finally cleared by the Commission. Commission take up verification of eligibility conditions with reference to original documents only after the candidate has qualified for Interview/ Personality Test.
New Eligibility Criteria The government intends to raise the upper age limit and number of attempts of applicants of the UPSC Civil Service Examination with effect from 2015.
Eligibility Table
CIVILS
Category
Maximum Age
Attempt
General
32
6
OBC
32+3=35
9
SC/ST
32+5=37
As many as up to age limit
Physically disabled (Blind, Deaf-mute, Orthopedic)
32+10=42
if general then 9 OBC then 9 SC/ST- then up to age limit
J&K domicile
J&K domicile if general then 32+5=37 OBC then 32+5+3=40 SC/ST then 32+5+5=42 PH then 32+5+10=50
depending on above categories viz. Gen, OBC, SC/ST, Disabled
Disabled serviceman if general then 32+3=35 discharged from OBC then 32+3+3=38 duty SC/ST then 32+3+5=40
-do-
Ex-serviceman with if general then 32+5=37 five years duty* OBC then 32+5+3=40 specific condition on SC/ST then 32+5+5=42 page2 of notification
-do-
Academic Eligibility for IAS Exams
The candidate must hold a degree of any of Universities incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University Under Section-3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification.
List of Civil Services: Below is the list and descriptions of the list of services available through the civil service exams.
All India Services 1.Indian Administrative Service 2.Indian Police Service
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Group A Services 1.Indian Foreign Service 2.Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service 3.Indian Audit and Accounts Service 4.Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise)
5.Indian Defence Accounts Service 6.Indian Revenue Service (I.T.) 7.Indian Ordnance Factories Service (Assistant Works Manager, Administration) 8.Indian Postal Service 9.Indian Civil Accounts Service 10.Indian Railway Traffic Service 11.Indian Railway Accounts Service 12.Indian Railway Personnel Service 13.Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force 14.Indian Defence Estates Service 15.Indian Information Service (Junior Grade) 16.Indian Trade Service, Group ‘A’ (Gr. III) 17.Indian Corporate Law Service
Group - B Services 1.Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service (Section Officer’s Grade) 2.Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service 3.Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service 4.Pondicherry Civil Service 5.Pondicherry Police Service
Indian Forest Service Examination Indian Forest Service (IFS) is one of the Civil Services of India, the other two being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). Created in 1966, the IFS officers are recruited and trained by the Central government but their services are placed under state cadres, and they have to serve both under the state and Central governments.
Exam and selection process Prelims exam: All the applicants will have to take an objective type exam called the Preliminary Examination that is common to other Civil Services Examination. Generally the qualifying cut-off marks of Preliminary Exam required to sit for IFS main examination is greater than that required to sit for Civil Services Main Examination. The marks of Preliminary Exam is not counted in making final overall merit.
Mains exam: Around 1,400 candidates are
selected for the Main Examination which consists of six descriptive papers. Each candidate has to select two optional subjects (two papers each) from among the subjects allowed by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and has to take one General Studies paper and an English language paper.
Final interview: Around 230 candidates securing highest marks in the Main Examination are called for the interview conducted by UPSC board members. Interview or personality assessment is followed by a medical check-up and a physical test which requires all male candidates to complete a 25 km walk/run in less than 4 hours. For ladies the distance is reduced to 14 km. The test is usually conducted at the National Zoological Park in Delhi.
Procedure for Civil Service Examination The successive stages of examination are: • Preliminary Examination(400 MARKS) Paper - I: General Studies - Will be counted for qualifying to the Mains exam - 200 Marks - Two Hours Paper- II (CSAT): Aptitude test - Of qualifying nature, must score at least 33%. Marks not counted for going to mains. - 200 Marks - Two Hours
Syllabus of Paper I -(200 marks) Duration : Two hours • Current events of national and international importance. • History of India and Indian National Movement. • Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World. • Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc. • Economic and Social Development - Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc. • General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialisation General Science.
Syllabus for Paper II-(200 marks) Duration: Two hours • Comprehension • Interpersonal skills including communication skills; • Logical reasoning and analytical ability
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• Decision-making and problem solving • General mental ability • Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. - Class X level)
Main Examination (Written): Paper - I Language Candidate can take any Modern Indian language but this paper is of qualifying nature Paper - II English This paper is of qualifying nature Paper - III Essay Can be written in the medium or language of the candidate’s choice Paper-IV General Studies-I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society) Paper-V General Studies -II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations) Paper-VI General Studies -III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management) Paper-VIII Optional Subject - Paper 1 Paper-IX Optional Subject - Paper II Candidate is allowed to take up literature as an optional subject “without the conditionality of having to do his/her graduation in that language’s literature. Total (Written test) 1750 Marks Marks of English and Language will not be counted so total marks for Written exam will be 1750 Marks Only Interview/Personality Test - 275 marks Candidate can give preference of the language in which they may like to be interviewed. UPSC will make arrangement for the translators Grand Total 2025 Marks A candidate is allowed to use any one language from the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution or English as the medium of writing the examination.
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Optional subject : Agriculture, Management, Animal Husbandry & Vetinary Science, Mathematics, Anthropology, Mechanical Engineering, Botany,Medical Science, Chemistry, Philosophy, Civil Engineering, Physics, Commerce & Accountancy, Political Science & International Relations, Economics, Psychology Electrical Engineering, Public Administration, Geography, Sociology, Geology, Statistics, Indian History, Zoology, Law.
List of Optional Subjects (Literature) - CS (Main) - (Total 26) Arabic, Gujarati, Manipuri, Sanskrit, Assamese, Hindi, Nepali, Sindhi, Bengali, Kannada, Oriya, Tamil, Chinese, Kashmiri, Pali, Telugu, English, Konkani, Persian, Urdu, French, Marathi, Punjabi, German Malayalam, Russian.
Awards
Bharat Ratna F
irst president of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad ordered for establishing biggest ever civilian award Bharat Ratna on January 2, 1954. Concept of awarding this award posthumously was not there in the original statute declared in January 1954. That is why Mahatma Gandhi wasn’t awarded with this award to highlight his exceptional role in nation building. Provision to award posthumously was finally added in January 1966 statute of this prestigious award. Records till recently show that 12 subsequent posthumous awards was given ever out of which the one in 1992 awarded to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose posthumously was finally withdrawn after finding legal procedures. It was first ever case of award withdrawal since the award was established. The time period from 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980 saw this award getting suspended for a brief period. There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the late former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour. Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday on 18 April 1958
in a special ceremony. As of 2014, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations. The award was briefly suspended twice in its history. The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977 and past recipients were asked not to use the awards as a title. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi again became the Prime Minister. The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 when two PublicInterest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging “the constitutional validity” of the awards. The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court of India in December 1995 following the conclusion of the litigation.
Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
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Name
28
Year
Field of Contribution
Country
Shri Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
1954
Last Governor – General, Independence activist
India
Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan
1954
India’s 1st Vice President (1952 – 1962), Philosopher and India’s 2nd President (1962 – 1967)
India
Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1954
Physicist
India
Dr. Bhagwan Das
1955
Author, Independence activist, Kashi Vidya Peeth Founder
India
Dr. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
1955
Diwan of Mysore, Civil engineer
India
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
1955
Author, Independence activist, 1st Prime Minister
India
Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant
1957
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Independence activist, Home Minister
India
Dr. Dhondo Keshave Karve
1958
Educator, social reformer
India
Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy
1961
Chief Minister of West Bengal and a Physician
India
Shri Purushottam Das Tandon
1961
Educator, Independence activist
India
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
1962
Jurist, Independence activist, 1st President of India
India
Dr. Zakir Hussain
1963
Scholar, Independence activist, 3rd President of India
India
Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane
1963
Sanskrit scholar and Indologist
India
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri(Posthumous)
1966
2nd Prime Minister of India, Independence activist
India
IGNITING MINDS
Oct 2015
Smt. Indira Gandhi
1971
3rd Prime Minister of India
India
Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri
1975
4th President, Trade unionist
India
Shri.Kumaraswami Kamraj(Posthumous)
1976
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Independence activist
India
Mother Teresa
1980
Founder of Missionaries of Charity and a Catholic nun
India
Shri.Acharya Vinobha Bhave(Posthumous)
1983
Independence activist and a Social reformer
India
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1987
Independence activist, First non-citizen
Pakistan
Shri.Marudu Gopalan Ramachandran(Posthumous)
1988
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Film actor
India
Dr. Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar(Posthumous)
1990
Crusader against Untouchablity, Chief architect of Indian Constitution, Social Reformer, Dalit Icon, Historian, Economist, scholar, politician
India
Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
1990
2nd non – citizen and non – Indian recipient, Leader of Anti – Apartheid movement
South Africa
Shri Rajiv Gandhi (Posthumous)
1991
6th Prime Minister of India
India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Posthumous)
1991
Independence activist, 1st Home Minister
India
Shri Morarji Ranchhodji Desai
1991
4th Prime Minister and Independence activist
India
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad(Posthumous)
1992
1st Minister of Education and an Independence activist
India
Shri Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata
1992
Philanthropist and an Industrialist
India
Shri Satyajit Ray
1992
Filmmaker
India
Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
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30
Shri Gulzarilal Nanda
1997
Interim Prime Minister, Independence activist
India
Smt. Aruna Asaf Ali (Posthumous)
1997
Independence Activist
India
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
1997
Aeronautical Engineer and 11th President of India
India
Smt. Madurai Sanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi
1998
Carnatic Classical Singer
India
Shri Chidambaram Subramniam
1998
Minister of Agriculture and an Independence Activist
India
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan
1999
Politician, Independence Activist
India
Professor Amartya Sen
1999
Economist
India
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi (Posthumous)
1999
Chief Minister of Assam, Independence Activist
India
Pandit Ravi Shankar
1999
Sitar Player
India
Sushri Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar
2001
Playback Singer
India
Ustad Bismillah Khan
2001
Hindustani Classical Shehnai player
India
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi
2008
Hindustani Classical Singer
India
C.N.R Rao
2013
Scientist
India
Sachin R. Tendulkar
2013
Cricketer
India
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2014
Politician and Poet
India
Madan Mohan Malaviya(Posthumous)
2014
Educationist and Politician
India
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Oct 2015
History
Operation POLO 13th - 18 th September 1948 Jah in 1724 after the end of the Mughal Empire. The Nizam was a Muslim, but most of his subjects (85%) were Hindu. In 1798 the Royal state of Hyderabad was the first state to agree to British Protection under the policy of Subsidiary Alliance. In 1947 when the British left India, they gave princely states the choice to either join India or Pakistan or remain as independent states.
O
n 18th September 1948, Operation Polo was terminated after the Indian Army accepted the surrender of the Nizam of Hyderabad’s army.
Operation Polo was the name used to refer to the Hyderabad Police Action which was essentially a military operation under which the Indian armed forces encroached the State of Hyderabad and defeated the Nizam, obtaining the state of Hyderabad for the Indian Union.
Under the rule of Mir Usman Ali, the Hyderabad state was very prosperous and had its own army, railway and airline network, postal system and radio network. The Nizam wanted to keep Hyderabad independent, though the Indian union did not like the idea of having an independent and possibly hostile state in the middle of the country and decided to annex Hyderabad state and make it part of the Indian Union. Most other 565 princely states had either decided to join India or Pakistan by then. Initially, the Nizam of Hyderabad approached the British Government with a request to get the status of an independent constitutional monarchy under the British Commonwealth of Nations. The British did not agree to the Nizam’s request. The then Indian
This clash began after the Nizam of Hyderabad, Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII decided that the Princely State of Hyderabad will not join India nor Pakistan after Partition. The decision of the Nizam was supported by Pakistan. Being cautious of an opposing independent state in the middle of India, Sardar Patel, the then Deputy Prime Minister, made a decision to annex the state of Hyderabad to India and sent the Indian Army to Hyderabad for the same. Spread over most of the Deccan Plateau, the Hyderabad State was established by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf
Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
Razakars
31
Home Minister Sardar Patel requested the Nizam to join India, but he refused and instead declared Hyderabad an independent nation on 15th August 1947, the day Indian received Independence. Shocked by the idea on an independent Hyderabad right in the heart of India, Sardar Patel consulted with the Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten and he suggested Patel to resolve the challenge without having to resort to force. The Indian Government then offered Hyderabad a Standstill Agreement, which assured the state that no military action would be taken against it. Unlike the other princely states which acceded to either India or Pakistan, Hyderabad only promised India that it would not join Pakistan. Hyderabadi ambassadors accused India of economically isolating the state and the Indian on the other hand accused the Hyderabadis of importing firearms from Pakistan. In June 1948, Lord Mountbatten proposed the Heads of Agreement deal which gave Hyderabad the status of an autonomous dominion nation under India. The deal required the restriction of its armed forces and the adjourning of its voluntary forces. Hyderabad would be allowed to govern its territory, but only foreign affairs would be handled by the Indian Government. The deal was signed by India, but the Nizam refused to sign this saying that he either wanted complete independence or the status of a dominion under the British Commonwealth of Nations. While these negotiations were being carried out, communal riots between Hindus and Muslims had broken out in Hyderabad. The state was also busy arming itself and was receiving arms from Pakistan and the Portuguese administration in Goa. As soon as the Indian Government received information that Hyderabad was arming itself and
Nizam’s Army
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IGNITING MINDS
planning to ally with Pakistan, Sardar Patel described the idea of an Independent Hyderabad as “an ulcer in the heart of India which needed to be removed surgically”. This was when talks between India and Hyderabad broke down and India decided to annex Hyderabad. The battle between India and Hyderabad began on 13th September 1948 and ended on 18th September 1948 after which the Nizam’s army surrendered to the Indian Army and Hyderabad became a part of the Union of India. This war which lasted five days resulted in loss of life and casualties and it is estimated that 32 were killed and 97 injured on the Indian side and 490 killed and 122 wounded on the Hyderabadi side.
Indian Army Maj. Gen Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri( Left), Syed Ahmed El Edroos ( Nizam Army General)
Day 1, 13 September The first battle was fought at Naldurg Fort on the Solapur Secundarabad Highway between a defending force of the 1st Hyderabad Infantry and the attacking force of the 7th Brigade. Using speed and surprise, the 7th Brigade managed to secure a vital bridge on the Bori river intact, following which an assault was made on the Hyderabadi positions at Naldurg by the 2nd Sikh Infantry. The bridge and road secured, an armoured column of the 1st Armoured Brigade – part of the Smash force – moved into the town The first battle was fought at Naldurg Fort on the Solapur Secundarabad Highway between a defending force of the 1st Hyderabad Infantry and the attacking
Oct 2015
reach the town of Kodar by 0830 hours. Pressing on, the force reached Mungala by the afternoon. There were further incidents in Hospet – where the 1st Mysore assaulted and secured a sugar factory from units of Razakars and Pathans – and at Tungabhadra – where the 5/5 Gurkha attacked and secured a vital bridge from the Hyderabadi army.
Day 2, 14 September Indian Army Tanks force of the 7th Brigade. Using speed and surprise, the 7th Brigade managed to secure a vital bridge on the Bori river intact, following which an assault was made on the Hyderabadi positions at Naldurg by the 2nd Sikh Infantry. The bridge and road secured, an armoured column of the 1st Armoured Brigade – part of the Smash force – moved into the town of Jalkot, 8 km from Naldurg, at 0900 hours, paving the way for the Strike Force units under Lt. Col Ram Singh Commandant of 9 Dogra (a motorised battalion) to pass through. This armoured column reached the town of Umarge, 61 km inside Hyderabad by 1515 hours, where it quickly overpowered resistance from Razakar units defending the town. Meanwhile, another column consisting of a squadron of 3rd Cavalry, a troop from 18th King Edward’s Own Cavalry, a troop from 9 Para Field Regiment, 10 Field Company Engineers, 3/2 Punjab Regiment, 2/1 Gurkha Rifles, 1 Mewar Infantry, and ancillary units attacked the town of Tuljapur, about 34 km north-west of Naldurg. They reached Tuljapur at dawn, where they encountered resistance from a unit of the 1st Hyderabad Infantry and about 200 Razakars who fought for two hours before surrendering. Further advance towards the town of Lohara was stalled as the river had swollen. The first day on the Western front ended with the Indians inflicting heavy casualties on the Hyderabadis and capturing large tracts of territory. Amongst the captured defenders was a British mercenary who had been tasked with blowing up the bridge near Naldurg. In the East, forces led by Lt. Gen A.A. Rudra met with fierce resistance from two armoured car cavalry units of the Hyderabad State Forces. equipped with Humber armoured cars and Staghounds, namely the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, but managed to
The force that had camped at Umarge proceeded to the town of Rajasur, 48 km east. As aerial reconnaissance had shown well entrenched ambush positions set up along the way, the air strikes from squadrons of Tempests were called in. These air strikes effectively cleared the route and allowed the land forces to reach and secure Rajasur by the afternoon. The Assault force from the East was meanwhile slowed down by an anti-tank ditch and later came under heavy fire from hillside positions of the 1st Lancers and 5th Infantry 6 km from Suryapet. The positions were assaulted by the 2/5 Gurkha – veterans of the Burma Campaign – and was neutralised with the Hyderabadis taking severe casualties. At the same time, the 3/11 Gurkha Rifles and a squadron of 8th Cavalry attacked Osmanabad and took the town after heavy street combat with the Razakars who determinedly resisted the Indians. A force under the command of Maj. Gen. D.S. Brar was tasked with capturing the city of Aurangabad. The city was attacked by six columns of infantry and cavalry, resulting in the civil administration emerging in the afternoon and offering a surrender to the Indians.
Major Jayanthi Nath Choudari (Indian Army)
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KM Munshi( Right)
moved on to reach 15 kilometres beyond Zahirabad by nightfall in spite of sporadic resistance along the way. Most of the resistance was from Razakar units who ambushed the Indians as they passed through urban areas. The Razakars were able to use the terrain to their advantage until the Indians brought in their 75 mm guns.
Day 5, 17 September Day 3, 15 September Leaving a company of 3/11 Gurkhas to occupy the town of Jalna, the remainder of the force moved to Latur, and later to Mominabad where they faced action against the 3 Golconda Lancers who gave token resistance before surrendering. At the town of Surriapet, air strikes cleared most of the Hyderabadi defences, although some Razakar units still gave resistance to the 2/5 Gurkhas who occupied the town. The retreating Hyderabadi forces destroyed the bridge at Musi to delay the Indians but failed to offer covering fire, allowing the bridge to be quickly repaired. Another incident occurred at Narkatpalli where a Razakar unit was decimated by the Indians.
Day 4, 16 September The task force under Lt. Col. Ram Singh moved towards Zahirabad at dawn, but was slowed down by a minefield, which had to be cleared. On reaching the junction of the Bidar road with the Solapur-Hyderabad City Highway, the forces encountered gunfire from ambush positions. However, leaving some of the units to handle the ambush, the bulk of the force
In the early hours of 17 September, the Indian army entered Bidar. Meanwhile, forces led by the 1st Armoured regiment were at the town of Chityal about 60 km from Hyderabad, while another column took over the town of Hingoli. By the morning of the 5th day of hostilities, it had become clear that the Hyderabad army and the Razakars had been routed on all fronts and with extremely heavy casualties. At 5 pm on 17 September Nizam announced ceasefire thus ending the armed action. The events that followed the Police Action were very quick leading to a total charge in the political scenario. After the surrender of Hyderabad army, Mir Laik Ali, the Prime Minister and Kasim Razvi were arrested. On September 23rd 1948, the Nizam withdrew his complaint in the Security Council. The merger of Hyderabad dominions into the Indian Union was announced. Major General Chaudhari took over as Military Governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. In January 1950, M. K.Vellodi, a senior civil servant was made the Chief Minister of the state. The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan was designated ‘Raj Pramukh’. After the 1952 General Elections, the first popular ministry headed by B. Rama Krishna Rao took charge of the state.
1. Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao First elected Chief Minister of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, 2.Last Priminister of Hyderabad State Mir Laik Ali, 3. Syed Ahmed el Edroos ( Nizam Army Major General), 4. Kasim Razvi ( Razaakar cheif ), 5. M.K.Vellodi(mullath kadingi vellodi) center.
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Science
K David, HOD - Geology, Kakatiya University
Earthquakes
W
hen the stone is thrown into a pool, waves spread through the water in all directions, similarly, waves spread out through the Earth when there is a sudden localized disturbance of the rock. An Earthquake is such a disturbance, near the source of an Earthquake the shaking of the ground can be felt and the effects may be catastrophic, but further away the seismic waves became smaller until they can be detected only by delicate instruments called seismographs. – Holmas. Earthquakes, perhaps more than any other phenomenon demonstrate that Earth continues to be a dynamic planet, changing each day by internal tectonic forces. Most Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. As the plates move, those boundaries (spreading centers, sub-duction zones and transform faults) will be the sites of the most intense Earthquake activity. Earthquakes occur during sudden movements along faults. During long periods of slow deformation, elastic strain builds up between the rock bodies on opposite sides of a fault. Slip along the fault is prevented by friction until a threshold of strain is exceeded. Then the rocks snap past each other along the fault to release some of the stored energy. Every year more than 1,50,000 Earthquakes are recorded by the world wide not work of seismic station and are analyzed with the aid of computers at the Earthquake data centers.
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What causes Earthquakes? Earthquakes are vibrations of Earth, caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks that have been strained beyond their elastic limits and by volcanic eruptions. If a strained rock breaks, it then snap into a new position and, in the process of rebounding, generate vibrations called seismic waves. Surface waves cause the most damage during an Earthquake. Together with secondary effects from associated landslides, Tsunamis, and fires, they result in the loss of approximately 10,000 lives and 8,100 million each year.
The seismic waves:
aspect the ‘P’ waves are similar to sound waves. These waves travel with great velocity among other waves and arrive at the surface first. Thus, they are also called ‘Primary Waves’ or ‘P’ waves. They propagate at the rate of 5-6 km/ sec.
(B).Transverse waves (S-waves): Secondary Waves ( S-waves ) particles moving back and forth at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels. S-waves or secondary waves are also called as shear waves are like light waves in which the particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation or travel direction and are also termed transverse waves. The velocity at which transverse vibrations propagate is of the order of 3-4 km/ sec.
During the Earthquake, elastic or seismic waves are generated at the place of origin and these waves spread in all directions. Three types of seismic waves are generated by an Earthquake shock. It is now well established that during an Earthquake three well defined types of waves are produced. They are P, S, and L waves.
(C).Surface waves (L-waves): Surface waves are referred as ‘love’ waves or ‘L’ waves. Their journey is confined to surface layers of the Earth only. These waves are travel only in Earth’s outer layer and are similar to waves in water. They are characterized by the velocity that is smaller as compared with that of transverse and longitudinal waves and are rapidly extinguished with the increase in depth as well as in the distance from the epicenter. The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other waves.
Elastic – Rebound theory:
(A).Longitudinal waves (P-waves): Longitudinal waves are also termed as “Push and Pull” waves, compressional waves, are the fastest of the seismic waves. Primary Waves (P-waves) particles moving back and forth in the direction in which the wave travels. These are longitudinal waves in character i.e. the particles vibrate in the direction of propagation. In this
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Both ‘P’ and ‘S’ waves are sometimes referred as ’Body waves’ which travel through deeper Earth materials.
The origin of an Earthquake can be illustrated by a simple experiment. Bend a stick until it snaps. Energy is stored in the elastic bending and is released when the stick breaks, causing the fractured ends to vibrate and send out sound waves. Detailed studies of active faults show that this model, known as the elastic-rebound theory, applies
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Seismic shocks originating at a depth of about 50 km or less, below the Earth’s surface are generally known as ShallowFocus Earthquakes. If the point of origin of the shock is rather deep seated ranging from 50 to 250 km is known as Intermediate Focus Earthquake. If the point of origin of shock is at a depth between 250 to 720 km, such types of Earthquakes are known as Deep Focus Earthquakes. According to the origin of the Earthquake, Earthquakes are classified into three types. They are... (a). Tectonic Earthquakes, (b). Volcanic Earthquakes and (c). Submarine Earthquakes/ Tsunamis.
both in extent of damage and the intensity of the waves produced in comparison to those which are associated with faulting motions. A shock may be produced by any of the following mechanisms. i. Explosion of the volcano due to the release and expansion of gases and lava. ii. Faulting within the volcano resulting from the pressures in the chamber of molten rock magma. iii. Collapse of the centre of the volcano into the space formed by the extrusion of gases and molten magma matter.
(a). Tectonic Earthquake: Earthquakes are produced by sudden movements along faults and are mostly, therefore, of tectonic origin. The concept of possible mode of origin of tectonic Earthquakes is known as elastic rebound theory. Such Earthquakkes generally result from the sudden release of stresses, accumulated in the Earth’s crust. This causes the breaking of rocks and produces relative displacement of rocks, such displacement, or faulting causes Earthquakes within the Earth crust.
(b). Volcanic Earthquakes:
Usually Earthquakes associated with volcanoes are more localized
(c). Submarine Earthquakes/ Denudation Earthquakes/ Tsunamis: The submarine shocks often generate very large sea waves on the surface of the seas and destroy the coastal tracts. These submarine Earthquakes are also known as Tsunamis. Tsunami may be defined as ‘a series of giant’ seismic sea waves that are capable of causing great damage and destruction, not only around the places of their origin, but also in places located far away. The Tsunamis may be caused due to the following factors. i. The subsidence or up thrust of the Earth’s crust, resulting due to an Earthquake. ii. A large scale under sea
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landslide. iii. A submarine volcanic eruption of high magnitude. iv. A large meteor impact at sea and v. Due to submarine Earthquakes. The great impact of energy released by an Earthquake due to anyone of the above reason in deep water and coasts, a series of giant sea waves are generated with an amplitude of about 8 km, travel with high speed (750-1050k) with an average height of 50cms, by displacement of water due to sudden large scale changes of level of ocean floor. As the waves approach the coastline, the amplitude and speed are greatly reduced (amplitude 1.5-3.0 km and speed 50-320 km/hr) but the wave height increases enormously up to 30mts, sometimes in extreme cases it reaches to height of 65mts. Tsunamis are not always colossal waves, but a few of them definitely are destructive. The floating debris and the impact of water are responsible for the huge loss of life and property. Tsunami produces a series of rushing waves and the degree of destruction depends largely on the intensity of the Earthquake, the amount of water involved, and the configuration of the shore line.
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Distribution and Occurrence Earthquakes are neither random nor uniform in their geographical positions throughout the world. The great majority of quakes are confined to two principal belts which are the most prominent and dangerous to man. These are i) The circum-Pacific belt which is commonly referred to as “the ring of fire” because it largely girdles the Pacific by a nearly continuous series of young volcanoes and is also the site for much of the crustal unrest and tectonism in island arc systems and the West Coastal areas of the Western Hemisphere. ii) The second Earthquake belt extends from Spain on the West through the Mediterranean region into the Middle-East and the Himalayan Mountains. In India, most of the Earthquake occur in the fault-ridden South Central part of Peninsular India, the Koyna, Bharuch – Khutch belt in Western India and the Himalayan – Indo – Burman ranges in the North. The largest numbers of epicenter are located in the Himalayan belt.
Nepal Earthquakes
1934 Nepal–Bihar Earthquake The 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake or 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at around 2:13 PM (I.S.T.) (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5 km (5.9 mi) south of Mount Everest. The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320 km (200 mi)), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465 km (289 mi)). The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul’s Cathedral collapsed.
2015 Nepal earthquake The 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake), which killed more than 7,000 people and injured more than twice as many, occurred at 11:56 NST on 25 April, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8Mw or 8.1Ms and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter was the village of Barpak, Gorkha district, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).
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Mathematics
VEDIC MATHEMATICS By Adluru Narasimha Murthy M.Sc., M.Phil.
Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha Father of Vedic Mathematics
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edic mathematics is composed of sutras which have been formulated over many centuries by sages of India. the sutras which are in Sanskrit have been lost over the centuries due to neglect of future generations. due to dedicated efforts of a few enthusiasts it is being revived to its previous glory. The pioneer in this field was Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja, who compiled sixteen sutras and unleashed this wonderful science to the world. He wrote sixteen volumes encompassing some of the greatest Vedic sutras but all were lost and he finally wrote one book explaining the sixteen sutras before he passed away from this world. The ancient system of Vedic Mathematics was rediscovered from the Sanskrit texts known as the Vedas, between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1884-1960). At the beginning of the twentieth century, when there was a great interest in the Sanskrit texts in Europe, Bharati Krsna tells us some scholars ridiculed certain texts which were headed ‘Ganita Sutras’- which means mathematics. They could find no mathematics in the translation and dismissed the texts as rubbish. Bharati Krsna, who was himself a scholar of Sanskrit, Mathematics, History and Philosophy, studied these texts and after lengthy and careful investigation was able to reconstruct the mathematics of the Vedas. According to his research all of mathematics is based on sixteen Sutras, or word-formulae.
Bharati Krishna Tirthaji (1884 - 1960)
Bharati Krishna wrote sixteen volumes expounding the Vedic system but these were unaccountably lost and when the loss was confirmed in his final years he wrote a single book: Vedic Mathematics, currently available. It was published in 1965, five years after his death.
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The basis of ‘Vedic Mathematics’, are the 16 Sutras, which attribute a set of qualities to a number or a group of numbers. The ancient Hindu Scientists (Rishis) of Bharat in 16 Sutras (Phrases) and 120 words laid down simple steps for solving all Mathematical problems in easy to follow 2 or 3 steps. It is an ancient technqiue, whcih simplifies multiplicaiton, divisibility, complex numbers, squaring, cubing, square and cube roots. Even recurring decimals and auxiliary fractions can be handled by Vedic Mathematics. Experts suggest that it could be handy tool for those who need to solve Mathematical problems faster by the day. The subject was revived largely due to the efforts of Jagaduru Swami Bharathi Krshna Tirthaji of Govardhan peeth, Puri Jagannath (1884-1960). Having researched the subject for years, even his efforts would have gone in vain but for the enterprise of some disciples who took down notes durig his last days.
I. * Squares of Numbers ending in 5: To find the square of 25, its last digit is 5 and the ‘previous’ digit is 2. Hence ‘One more than the previous one’ that is, 2+1 =3. “To multiply the previous digit 2 by one more than itself, that is, by 3”. It becomes the L.H.S. of the result, that is, 2 x 3 = 6. The R.H.S. of the result is 52, that is 25. Thus, (25)2 = 2 x 3 / 52 = 625 in the same way (35)2 = 3 x (3+1) / 52 = 1225 (65)2 = 6 x (6 +1) / 52 = 4225 Apply this formula, to find the squares of the numbers 15, 45, 85 and verify the answers. * Now let us take three digit number whose last digit is 5. .. (165)2 = 16(16 +1) / 52 = 27225 And try to find the squares of the numbers 125, 175, 225, 375, 635, 745 and 915.
“All from 9 and the last from 10” formula: This formula can be very effectively applied in multiplication of numbers, which are nearer to bases like 10, 100, 1000 i.e. to the powers of 10. The numbers taken can be either less or more than the base considered.
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Numbers
Base
Number-Base
14
10
14 - 10
4
8
10
8 - 10
-2 (or2)
97
100
97 - 100
-03 (or03)
112
100
112 - 100
12
993
1000
993 - 1000
-007 (or 007)
1011
1000
1011 - 1000
011
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Deviation
Oct 2015
*. Now multiply 7 by 8 (or 7 x 8) Hint: Now the base is 10. Because it is nearer to both. the numbers. 7→-3 8 -2 The product or answer will have two parts, one on the left side and the other on the right. A vertical or a slant line i.e., a slash may be drawn for the demarcation of the two parts i.e., 7 -3 8 -2 ______________________ (7+8) -10 / (-3 x -2) = 6 ______________________ 56 is the answer. Note that cross subtract deviation 2 on the second row from the original number 7 in the first row i.e, 7-2=5. or the converse way of it ie.. 8-3 = 5. Or subtract the base 10 from the sum of the given numbers i.e. (7+8) -10 = 15-10 = 5
■ Let us practice the following problems using above method: a) Find 6 x 7. 6 -4 7-3 ______________________________ (6-3) or (7-4) or (-4 x -3) = 12 (6+7) -10 3/12 ______________________________ (1 carry over and to add 3). 3+1 / 2 = 42 is the answer,
■ Find 97 x 94. (Here base is 100 below). Hint : 97 -03 94 -06 ______________________________ (97-06) or -3 x -6 = 18. (94-03) ______________________________ 91/18 = 9118 is the required answer.
* Squares of numbers (base 100 below)
■ Find 16 x 14. (10 base problem) Hint : 16 + 6 14 + 4 _____________________________ 16 + 4 = 20 or 24 14 + 6 = 20 _____________________________ 16 x 14 = (20 +2) / 4 = 224.
■ Find 103 x 105.
(2 carry over and add to 20)
• Find (96)2. 96 - 4 (96)2 = (96-4) / (-4)2 = 9216.
( Base 100 above valid for 101 to 109)
Hint : 103 +3 105 + 5 _____________________________ 103 + 5 = 108 or 15 105 + 3 = 108 _____________________________ 103 x 105 = 10815.
• Find (91)2. 91 -9 (91)2 = 91-9 / (-9)2 = 8281 • Find (98)2. 98 -2 (98)2 = (98-2) / (-2)2 = 9604. * Squares of numbers (base 100 above) • Find (103)2. 103 +3 (103)2 = (103+3) / (3)2 = 10609. • Find (108)2.
■ Find 103 x 109.
108 +8 (108)2 = (108+8) / (8)2 = 11664.
Hint : 103 + 3 109 + 9 _____________________________ 103 + 9 = 112 3 x 9 = 27 109 + 3 = 112 _____________________________ 103 x 109 = 11227.
• Similarly, find the values of (102)2, (104)2, (105)2, (106)2 and (109)2. Then verify them.
■ Find 993 x 994.
(Base 1000 below valid for 991 to 999) Hint: 993 - 7 994 -6 _____________________________ 993-6 = 987 -6 x -7 = 42 994-7= 987 _____________________________ 993 x 994 = 987042
■ Find 1008 x 1007. (Base 1000 abvoe valid for 1001 to 1009) Hint: 1008 +8 1007 +7 _____________________________ 1008 + 7 = 1015 8 x 7 = 056. 1007 + 8 = 1015 _____________________________ 1008 x 1007 = 1015056.
• Find (93)2. 93 - 7 (93)2 = (93-7) / (-7)2 = 8649.
Improvised Method to Multiply (between 11 to 19) a) 16 x 14 = [ (16 + 14) – 10] x 10 +(6 x 4) = 200 + 24 = 224. b) 19 x 12 = [ (19 + 12) – 10] x 10 + (9 x 2 ) = 210 + 18 = 228 c) 11 x 16 = [ (11 + 16) – 10] x 10+ (1 x 6) = 170 + 6 = 176. think and understand then carefully d) 9 x 12 = ( 9 + 12) 10 – 100 + (-1) x (+2) = 210–100 -2 = 108. (Note that 9-10 = -1, 12 – 10 = + 2) e) 17 x 9 = (17+9) 10 – 100 + (+7) x (-1) = 260 – 100 – 7 = 153. (Note that 17-10 = +7, 9 – 10 = -1).
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Technology
Types of
Robots
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here are two possible ways how this could be done. First, you could divide robots into types by their application and second - by the way they move (or don’t). I acknowledge that there are other possible ways how to divide robots into types but in my opinion these two are the best. Also, I prefer to use both these classifications together. This way two questions about a robot would already be answered - “What it does?” and “How it does it?”
Types of Robots by Application Nowadays, robots do a lot of different tasks in many fields and the number of jobs entrusted to robots is growing steadily. That’s why in my opinion one of the best ways how to divide robots into types is a division by their application.There are:
Industrial Robots Industrial robots are robots used in an industrial manufacturing environment. Usually these are articulated arms specifically developed for such applications as welding, material handling, painting and others. If we judge purely by application this type
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could also include some automated guided vehicles and other robots.
Domestic or household Robots Robots used at home. This type of robots includes many quite different devices such as robotic vacuum cleaners, robotic pool cleaners, sweepers, gutter cleaners and other robots that can do different chores. Also, some surveillance and telepresence robots could be regarded as household robots if used in that environment.
Medical Robots Robots used in medicine and medical institutions. First and foremost - surgery robots. Also, some automated guided vehicles and maybe lifting aides.
Service Robots Robots that dont fall into other types by usage. These could be different data gathering robots, robots made to show off technologies, robots used for research, etc.
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Military Robots Robots used in military. This type of robots includes bomb disposal robots, different transportation robots, reconnaissance drones. Often robots initially created for military purposes can be used in law enforcement, search and rescue and other related fields.
Entertainment Robots These are robots used for entertainment. This is a very broad category. It starts with toy robots such as robosapien or the running alarm clock and ends with real heavyweights such as articulated robot arms used as motion simulators.
Space Robots Id like to single out robots used in space as a separate type. This type would include robots used on the International Space Station, Canadarm that was used in Shuttles, as well as Mars rovers and other robots used in space.
Hobby and competition Robots Robots that you create. Line followers, sumo-bots, robots made just for fun and robots made for competition.
more than one of these types. For example, there can be a deep sea exploration robot that can gather some valuable information that can be used for military purposes. Also, I have seen that a division into two types is used, accordingly - industrial and service robots. However, I can not see how a Mars exploration rover fits into one of these general types. Therefore I have used “service robots” in a narrower manner. In my version a term “service robots” serves as “others”. This is basically a type where robots that don’t fit into other types should fall in.
Types of Robots by locomotion and kinematics As you can understand, robot’s application alone does not provide enough information when talking about a specific robot. For example an industrial robot - usually, when talking about industrial robots we think of stationary robots in a work cell that do a specific task. That’s alright, but if there is an AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) in a factory? Its also a robotic device working in an industrial environment. So, I propose to use both these classifications together.
Now, as you can see there are examples that fit into
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Star of the Month
Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( September 5, 1888 - April 17, 1975 )
S
arvepalli Radhakrishnan was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the first Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962 and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967.
Radhakrishan was awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India, in 1954. Among the many other honors he received were the British Knight Bachelor in 1931 and the commonwealth Order of Merit (1963), but ceased to use the title “Sir” after India attained independence. His birthday is celebrated in India as Teachers’ Day on 5 September. He was also awarded the Templeton Prize in 1975 in recognition of the fact that “his accessible writings underscored his country’s religious heritage and sought to convey a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people”. One of India’s most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan built a bridge between the East and the West by showing how the philosophical systems of each tradition are comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India’s religious and philosophical literature for the Englishspeaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921– 1932) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at Oxford University (1936–1952).
Early Life Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888, at Tiruttani, forty miles to the north-east of Madras, in South India. He was born into a poor Brahmin family. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (landlord). His mother’s name was Sitamma. Radhakrishnan’s father found it very difficult to educate his son with his low income. He also had a large family to take care of.
School Education Radhakrishnan was a brilliant boy. His father did not want him to learn English or go to school. Instead he wanted him to become a priest. However, the talents of the boy were so outstanding that his father finally decided to send him to Primary Board High School at Tiruttani for
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primary education. After his initial schooling in Tiruttani, in 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheral Mission School in Tirupati for his high school.
Marriage When Radhakrishnan was 16 years old, he joined the Voorhee’s College in Vellore. At the same age, his parents got him married to Sivakamu, a distant cousin, at the age of 16. As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal. Sarvepalli Gopal went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakamu died in 1956. They were married for over 51 years.
College Education From Vellore he switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated from there in 1906 with a Master’s degree in Philosophy, being one of its most distinguished alumni. Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on “The Ethics of the Vedanta
and its Metaphysical Presuppositions”. He was afraid that this M.A. thesis would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. Alfred George Hogg. Instead, Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on having done most excellent work. Radhakrishnan’s thesis was published when he was only 20.
Philosophy Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks in to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academic course. Later on he felt deep interest in his subject and wrote many acclaimed works on philosophy, both Eastern and Western.
Political career When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952. He was elected as the second President of India (1962–1967).
Academic Career
Teacher’s Day
In April 1909, he was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. From then on, he was engaged in the serious study of Indian philosophy and religion, and was a teacher of Philosophy.
When he became President, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, 5 September. He replied,
In April 1909, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore, where he taught at its Maharaja’s College, Mysore. By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore’s philosophy to be the “genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit”. His second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920. In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Harris Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life.
“Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if 5 September is observed as Teachers’ Day.” His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers’ Day in India.
Charity Radhakrishnan along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and a few other Social Workers in the pre-independence era formed Krishnarpan Charity Trust.
In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours, and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India, the Earl of Willingdon, in April 1932. However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence, preferring instead his academic title of ‘Doctor’.
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Country
EGYPT Official Name: Arab Republic of Egypt
President: Gen. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2014) Prime Minister: Ibrahim Mehlib (2014) Government: Republic
Land area: 384,344 sq mi (995,451 sq km); total area: 386,662 sq mi (1,001,450 sq km) Population (2014 est.): 78,887,007 Capital and largest city (2011 est.): Cairo, 11.169 million Monetary unit: Egyptian pound Languages: Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes National name: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2012 est.)
E
gypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. Millennia-old monuments still sit along the fertile Nile River Valley, including the colossal Pyramids and Sphinx at Giza and the hieroglyph-lined Karnak Temple and Valley of the Kings tombs in Luxor. The capital, Cairo, is home to Ottoman landmarks such as Muhammad Ali Mosque.
Geography Egypt, at the northeast corner of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea, is bordered on the west by Libya, on the south by the Sudan, and on the east by the Red Sea and Israel. It is nearly one and one-half times the size of Texas. Egypt is divided into two unequal,
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extremely arid regions by the landscape’s dominant feature, the northward-flowing Nile River. The Nile starts 100 mi (161 km) south of the Mediterranean and fans out to a sea front of 155 mi between the cities of Alexandria and Port Said.
History Egyptian history dates back to about 4000 B.C., when the kingdoms of upper and lower Egypt, already highly sophisticated, were united. Egypt’s golden age coincided with the 18th and 19th dynasties (16th to 13th century B.C.), during which the empire was established. Persia conquered Egypt in 525 B.C., Alexander the Great subdued it in 332 B.C., and then the dynasty of the Ptolemies ruled the land until 30B.C., when Cleopatra, last of the line, committed suicide and Egypt became a Roman, then Byzantine, province. Arab caliphs ruled Egypt from 641 until 1517, when the Turks took it for their Ottoman Empire. Napoleon’s armies occupied the country from 1798 to 1801. In 1805, Mohammed Ali, leader of a band of Albanian soldiers, became pasha of Egypt. After completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, the French and British took increasing interest in Egypt. British troops occupied Egypt in 1882, and British resident agents became its actual administrators, though it remained under nominal Turkish sovereignty. In 1914, this fiction was ended, and Egypt became a protectorate of Britain.
Facts about Ancient Egypt! ■ Most Ancient Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs (rulers of Ancient Egypt) and their families. To date, over 130 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt.
■ The afterlife was incredibly important to the Egyptians. They believed that by preserving a dead person’s body - which they did throught the process of mummification - their soul would live on in the after-life forever.
■ The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. This incredible structure weighs as much as 16 Empire State buildings!
■ Both Egyptian men and women wore makeup. The eye-paint was usually green (made from copper) or black (made from lead). As well as offering protection from the sun, the Egyptians believed makeup had magical healing powers, too!
■ Unwrapped, the bandages of an Ancient Egyptian mummy could stretch for 1.6km. Yikes!
■ Ancient Egyptians believed in more than 2,000 deities! They had gods for everything from, dangers to chores! Each had different responsibilities and needed to be worshipped so that life could be kept in balance.
■ Cats were considered to be a sacred animal by the Ancient Egyptians. It’s thought that most families kept a cat as a pet, which they believed would bring the household good luck!
■ Love playing boardgames with your pals? Well, gang - so did the Ancient Egyptians! One popular game was ‘Senet’, which was played for over 2000 years! The game involved throwing sticks (in the same way we throw dice) to see how many squares to move your piece forward on the board. Oct 2015 IGNITING MINDS
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Hotspots in Egypt for the tourist in you! With a fascinating history that reaches back to the dawn of civilization, Egypt is considered the oldest travel destination on earth. The African nation’s awe-inspiring temples and pyramids have captured the imagination of travelers for thousands of years. Although most people come to Egypt to view its ancient monuments, natural attractions beckon travelers too. The Red Sea coast is known for its coral reefs and beach resorts. A trek through the Sahara can lead visitors to refreshing freshwater spring oasis. Since the revolution in 2011 and the ongoing counter-revolution, tourists have fled Egypt to a large extent. This has created an opportunity for unique experiences of places in Egypt to visit without the crowds. Finding yourself alone inside a pyramid is now a real possibility.
The Pyramids of Giza, situated in the immediate vicinity of the southwestern suburbs of Cairo are the undisputable top attractions in Egypt. The pyramids at Giza were built over the span of three generations – by Khufu, his second reigning son Khafre, and Menkaure. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is an aweinspiring 139 meters (455 feet) high making it the largest pyramid in Egypt, although nearby Khafre’s Pyramid appears to be larger as it is build at a higher elevation.
Giza Necropolis Although badly ruined, few sites in Egypt are more impressive than Karnak. It is the largest ancient religious site ever built, and represents the combined achievement of many generations of
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Egyptian builders. The Temple of Karnak actually consists of three main temples, smaller enclosed temples, and several outer temples located about 2.5 kilometers north of Luxor. One of most famous structures of Karnak is the Hypostyle Hall, a hall area of 5,000 m2 (50,000 sq ft) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows.
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The Valley of the Kings near Luxor is a valley where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the kings and privileged nobles of the New Kingdom. The valley contains 63 tombs and chambers, ranging in size from a simple pit to a complex tomb with over 120 chambers. The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues to the beliefs and funerary rituals of the period. All of the tombs seem have been opened and robbed in antiquity except for the famous tomb of Tutankhamun.
Valley of the Kings Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock-cut temples in southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser. The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses The Great in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari. The complex was relocated in its entirety in the 1960s, when the temples were threatened by submersion in Lake Nasser, due to the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Abu Simbel remains one of Egypt’s top tourist attractions.
Abu Simbel
Egyptian Museum
Home to at least 120,000 items of ancient Egyptian antiquities, the Egyptian Museum is one of Cairo’s top attraction. There are two main floors of the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor there is an extensive collection of papyrus and coins used in by the ancient Egyptians. On the first floor there are artifacts from the final two dynasties of Ancient Egypt and also many artifacts taken from the Valley of the Kings. Highlights include the objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamen and the Royal Mummy Room containing 27 royal mummies from pharaonic times.
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Sports
Hand Ball The origins of handball can be traced back to medieval times but it was in 1906 that the rules of modern handball were first created in Denmark. The game is hugely popular in Northern and Eastern Europe but is played around the world.
Basics of Handball The Playing Court: The court measures 20 meters (65’ 7”) by 40 meters (131’ 3”). The court is larger than a basketball court, but the length may be shortened when space is limited. The goal area line, or 6-meter line (19’ 8”), is the most important line. No one except the goalie is allowed to stand in the goal area. The goal opening is 2 meters by 3 meters. Players may jump into the area if the ball is released before landing in the area.
The Ball: Team handball is played with a 32-panel leather ball. For women, the ball is 54 to 56 centimeters and 325 to 400 grams. For men, it is 58 to 60 centimeters and 425 to 475 grams.
Number of Players: There are seven players on each team (six court players and one goalie). A maximum of 12 players
The governing body of the game is the International Handball Federation, who also organise the World Championships. It is believed that there are around 19 million handball players in the world today. Handball is traditionally played indoors but there have been variations such as field handball and beach handball (sometimes referred to as sandball) that have been played outdoors.
may dress and participate in a game for each team. Substitutes may enter the game at any time through own substitution area as long as the player they are replacing has left the court.
Uniform of the Players: Player numbers are 1 to 20. Uniform shirts and shorts are the same color. The goalkeeper must wear a different color shirt from teammates and opponents. No jewelry is allowed.
Referees: There are two referees, a court referee and a goal line referee. Referees have complete authority: Their decisions are final. The referees are assisted by a timer and a scorer.
Duration of the Game: For players 18 years and over, the game consists of 2, 30-minute halves with 10-minute half-time. For tournament and youth games 2, 15-minute or 2, 20- minute halves. This is running time except for injury or one team time-out per half. The teams change benches at half-time. The game ends in a tie unless the game demands awinner. (Tournament rules dictate that a winner must be determined.) Overtime consists of 2, 5-minute periods).
Passive Play: 50
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It is illegal to keep the ball in a team’s possession without making a recognizable attempt to attack and to try to score. In other words, a team cannot stall (free-throw awarded to the other team).
Throw-Off: A throw-off is taken by the team that wins the coin toss and chooses to start the game with the ball. Each team must be in its own half of the court with the defense 3 meters away from the ball. Following a whistle, the ball is passed from center court to a teammate and play begins. Throw-off is repeated after every goal scored and after halftime. Scoring: A goal is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line inside the goal. A goal may be scored from any throw (free-throw, throw-in, throw-off, goal-throw).
Referee Throw: A referee throw is awarded when . . . The ball touches anything above the court after a simultaneous infringement of the rules after simultaneous possession of the ball. The Referee throws the ball vertically between two opposing players. The jumping players may grab the ball or tap it to a teammate. All other players must be 3 meters away from the throw. The referee throw is always taken at center court.
Scoring
Playing The Ball A player is allowed . . . -To run with the ball for 3 steps -To hold the ball for 3 seconds -Unlimited dribble with 3 steps allowed before and after dribbling (no double-dribble).
A goal is scored in handball when the ball is thrown into the opponent’s goal.
A player is NOT allowed . . . To endanger an opponent with the ball. To pull, hit or punch the ball out of the hands of an opponent. To contact the ball below the knee. To dive on the floor for a rolling or stationary ball.
Defending the Opponent: A player is allowed to use the torso of the body to obstruct an opponent with or without the ball. However, using the outstretched arms or legs to obstruct, push, hold, trip or hit is NOT allowed. The attacking player is not allowed to charge into a defensive player.
Throw-In: A throw-in is awarded when ball goes out of bounds on the sideline or when the ball is last touched by a defensive player (excluding the goalie) and goes out of bounds over the endline. The throw-in is taken from the spot where the ball crossed the sideline, or if it crossed the endline, from the nearest corner. The thrower must place one foot on the sideline to execute the throw. All opposing players must stay 3 meters away from the ball.
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Current Affairs
Praveen Dixit appointed as Maharashtra DGP
Dixit, a 1977-batch IPS officer who was heading the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB)
INS Kochi, indigenously built largest warship, dedicated to the nation
It weighs over 7500 tonnes and is equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors including long-range surface-to-surface BrahMos missile.
Jayant Prasad appointed as Mathematician Jacob Director General of InstiTsimerman won 2015 SASTRA tute for Defence Studies and Ramanujan Prize Analyses
Prasad takes charge at IDSA at a special moment as 2015 marks the fiftieth year of existence of the think tank.
Tsimerman is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the University of Toronto. He primarily conducts research in Number Theory.
Strong Evidence of Liquid Water on Mars: NASA
India’s 1st dedicated satellite for astronomy research ASTROSAT launched
The researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where mysterious streaks are seen on the Red Planet using an imaging spectrometer on MRO.
The successful launch of 1513-kg ASTROSAT makes India a member of elite group of nations having their own space observatory after the US, Japan, Russia and Europe.
Union Government appointed four Brand Ambassadors for Google teamed up with Indian Mars OrbitDigital India Programme Railways to provide free Wi- er Mission Fi at 400 Stations (MOM): India’s Pride The brand ambassadors’ are two IIT-JEE toppers Satwat Jagwani and Krati Tiwari, Ankit Fadia (author & ethical hacker) and Pranav Mistry (computer scientist & author of 6th sense).
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The project will make Internet hotspots available to more than 10 million people just with the first 100 stations online. This will make it the largest Wi-Fi project in the country.
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The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) on 24 September 2015 successfully completed one year of the mission life around Mars with a large data set acquired by all five payloads of MOM.drugs.
Arvind Panagariya appointed as Sherpa for G-20 Summit Arvind Panagariya is an IndianAmerican economist and Professor of Economics at Columbia University.
Marathi-film Court picked as India’s Official entry to 88th Oscar Awards by Oscar Selection Jury The film directed by the first-time director Chaitanya Tamhanhe will represent India in the Best Foreign Language Film category.
Abdul Bari Siddiqui elected Bihar Cricket Association President BCA elections were held in accordance to a direction of the Apex Court, which had appointed former Patna High Court judge Dharampal Sinha as electoral officer-cum-observer for the polls.
Stuti Narain Kacker appointed Chairperson of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Women and Child Development Ministry appointed her as the chief of the child rights panel.
24th Vyaas Samman conferred on eminent Hindi writer Dr Kamal Kishore Goenka Goenka was awarded for his work ‘Premchand ki Kahaniyon ka Kaal Kramanusaar Adhyayan’, a critical analysis of the work by Hindi literature’s towering giant Munshi Premchand.
PV Chandran elected President of Indian Newspaper Society for 2015-16
Game of Thrones won 12 awards at 67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Chandran, who represents Grihalakshmi, a Malayalam magazine published by the Mathrubhumi group of publications as a whole-time director, will succeed Kiran B. Vadodaria.
Famous American fantasy drama television series, Game of Thrones, won an unprecedented 12 awards at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards.
Former Indian Cricket Captain Sourav Ganguly appointed President of Cricket Association of Bengal
Former CAB President Jagmohan Dalmiya’s son Abhishek was inducted into CAB as the jointsecretary.
Indian Coast Guard commissioned indigenously built vessels Apoorva & C-421 The induction of the vessels is expected to boost maritime security along the Arabian Sea coast.
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Cow declared as National Animal of Nepal
The declaration was made under the new secular constitution of Nepal unveiled by Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav at Kathmandu.
Four new isotopes discovered by researchers at Manipal University
H. M. Devaraja from the Manipal Centre of Natural Sciences at Manipal University claimed to have discovered four new atomic nuclei in a paper published in the journal Physics Letters B.
Sherif Ismail sworn in as Prime Minister of Egypt
Ismail is expected to be in office till the new government will take charge after the December 2015 elections to the Parliament.
Sahota is among the six novelists short-listed for the award. The winner of the prize will be announced on 13 October 2015.
Madhya Pradesh Government Malcolm Turnbull sworn launched M-Shiksha-Mitra in as 29th Prime Minister of mobile app for teachers Australia
Teachers can use Shiksha-Mitra mobile app to browse salary slip, funds sent to school under various heads, scholarships, different circulars and GPF statement easily.
National Tourism Awards 2013-14 presented
Godavari, Krishna Rivers formally linked at Ibrahimpatnam Ferry village in Andhra Pradesh
The state of Gujarat was awarded for the Best State/ UT for Comprehensive Tourism Development.
The two rivers were linked under the Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Scheme on Godavari River at Pattisam village in West Godavari District.
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British-Indian Sunjeev Sahota shortlisted for Man Booker Prize 2015
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Malcolm was the Minister for Communications from September 2013 to September 2015.
Hormusji N Cama elected as Chairman of Press Trust of India
Apart from him, Riyad Mathew was unanimously elected as the Vice Chairman of the PTI. He is the Director of Malayala Manorama and is a Senior Assistant Editor of the Malayala Manorama.
Rakesh Sharma appointed as President conferred Gandhi MD and CEO of Canara Bank Peace Prize on ISRO Prior to this appointment, Sharma was the MD and CEO of Lakshmi Vilas Bank since March 2014.
NASA and ISRO jointly working on NISAR mission
NISAR satellite will be the first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequency optimized for studying hazards and global environmental change.
Telangana Language Day observed to commemorate birth anniversary of Kaloji Narayana Rao
ISRO’s Chairman AS Kiran Kumar received the award on behalf of the organisation. It was awarded for its contribution in development of space technology and satellitebased services in India.
Richie Richardson appointed to Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees
Javagal Srinath is the only Indian in the seven member elite panel of the ICC.
BCCI President Jagmohan Dalmiya passed away
Leander Paes, Martina Hingis won US Open Mixed Doubles Title 2015
This fourth seeded Indo-Swiss pair defeated unseeded Americans Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Sam Querrey 6-4, 3-6, 10-7 in finals.
Dalmiya was involved with the BCCI for more than three decades and had started his journey as its treasurer in 1983 before becoming its secretary.
Sania Mirza-Martina Hingis won 2015 US Open Women’s Doubles title For Sania-Hingis duo, the title was the second Grand Slam in a row as they won their maiden title in July 2015 at the Wimbledon in England.
Telangana Government on 7 September 2015 decided to observe poet Kaloji Narayana Rao’s 100th birth anniversary as Telangana language Day.
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Brain Gym 1. Friends ! can you tell what is common in all these six persons?
2. Spokes
3. Scrabble
CLUE 1. A Person or thing that is strongly disliked. 2. A movable barrier in a fence r wall. 3.Belonging to me. 4.Give dinner to, Host for dinner. 5.The Cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one. 6.Thin in thickness or diameter.
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4. Looking at the change of patterns, tell, what comes in Blank -
5. Find Eight Differences in Both the Pictures.
6. Maths Square
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Fill each square with a number, one through nine listed below Horizontal squares should add to totals on Right. Vertical squares should add to totals on bottom. Diagonal squares through center should add to total in upper and lower right. There may be more
8
26 6
than one solution
Numbers used:
1
1,1,1,1,2,3,5,6,6,6,8,8,9,9,9,9
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22 14
17
24
26
23
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Famous Quotes by A.P.J.Abdul Kalam ORDER YOUR COPY
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