Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
Fabrication of ceramic matrix composite by using microwave energy Harpreet Singh1, Mandeep Singh2, Ranjit Singh3, Shavinder Singh4 1,2,3,4
Lovely Professional University, India.
Abstract— Nowadays, ceramic matrix composites are being extensively used for industries and household purposes. However, these ceramic composites materials are substantially resistant to biodegradation. In this experimental study the specimen of silicon carbide with varying percentage of titanium carbide (TiC) has been fabricated by using microwave sintering. Different samples having TiC 5%, 10%, 15% (wt%) were prepared by die pressing. Then sample were heated in microwave furnace at different range of temperatures i.e. 1150°C, 1250°C and 1350°. It was found that with increase in the weight percentage (wt %) of TiC, the porosity was maximum in 1150°C and minimum porosity achieved maximum temperature 1350°C. The maximum hardness was achieved in 1350°C when 15 wt % of TiC. Density was also increased with respect to the increase in temperature and TiC wt %. Keywords— Ceramic Matrix Composite; Hardness; Microwave Heating; SiC; TiC. I. INTRODUCTION
Ceramic matrix composite (CMC's) were developed to overcome essential brittleness and many reliability of massive and uniform ceramic, with a view to introduce ceramic in structural part used in various environments, such as rocket and jet engines, gas turbines for power plants, heat shield for space vehicles etc[3,8]. It is generally admitted that the use of CMS's in advanced engine can be operated and eventually the elimination of the cooling fluids, both resulting in an increase of yield. There is a wide spectrum of CMS's depending on the chemical composition of the matrix and reinforcement [12]. Non-oxide CMS's are by far those which have been the most studied [11]. Among the various non-oxide ceramics that found commercial applications, silicon carbide (SiC) is the leader. Silicon Carbide is the main concoction compound of carbon and silicon. Attractive properties, such as good specific strength and Young’s modulus as a function of temperature, the specific stiffness, corrosion and erosion resistance made SiC an attractive alternative to the hard metal compositions [7]. SiC has turned a special attention as advanced ceramic material recently since it offers superior properties such as high hardness, low bulk density, high oxidation resistance, thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance [9]. Furthermore, it is an important ceramic used in structural applications, such as automotive engines, cutting tools, heat exchange and mechanical seals [2,10]. Additionally, it is used in bulk form as refractory products, as electric heating elements and resistors, as igniters for gas appliances, as ceramic burners, as mechanical seal faces, as radiation sensors, as low-weight high-strength mirrors, as high power and high temperature semiconductor devices, as radiation resistant semiconductors and as light-weight armors [2, 13]. Silicon Carbide is the base material another material is Titanium Carbide Titanium carbide is a to a great degree hard obstinate earthenware material, like tungsten carbide. This experiment using two additives yttrium oxide and aluminum oxide both have great heat conductivity.PVA is a colorless, water-soluble synthetic resin employed principally in the treating of powder. For making pellets in laboratory scale processing normally we make 25 % PVA solution in distilled water (2.5gm PVA in 98 ml water). Christo Ananth et al.[4] discussed about E-plane and H-plane patterns which forms the basis of Microwave Engineering principles. 1 © 2016, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved
Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The development of composite material is based on formulation in the binary SiC-TiC system with small amount of sintering aids. As a major raw material black and white high purity SiC powder of different grades (CDH Central drug (P) house, size grain size 68 micron meter) are used. TiC powder used in Titanium (NANOSHEL Chandigarh, size 25 micron meter). Aluminum oxide is used manufactured by NICE chemicals (P) ltd, grain size 90 micron meter. Yttrium oxide are used LOBA Chemie, size 95 micron meter, chemical formula Y2O3 and PVA are used LOBA Chemie, chemical formula: (C2H4O)n. A.
Sample Preparation
Three different powder batches having different nominal ceramic composites were prepared as follows: A (5% TiC- 89% SiC- 3.6% Al2O3- 2.4% Y2O3), B (10% TiC- 84% SiC3.6% Al2O3- 2.4% Y2O3), C (15% TiC- 79% SiC- 3.6% Al2O3- 2.4% Y2O3). The constituent material we had used is SiC, TiC, Al2O3 and Y2O3 with specified weight percentage of the total weight of the specimen. After that the ball mill was used to mix the powder at rotational speed of 65 RPM for 5 hours. The constituent particles are in powder form which was moisturized by a solution of PVA 2.5% in 98ml distilled water for making green specimen. Pellets were made by dry pressing in a hydraulic pressing at a load of 3.5 MPa with a 25 % pump speed and dwell time of 90 seconds. A high carbon, steel die (10 mm diameter) was used. The pellet thickness was 5 mm. Green compaction performed in LALCO Industries Manufacturers of Diesel Engine Spare Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar, Phagwara 144401. Specimen after compaction and drying process has been shown in Fig.1 and 2 respectively.
Fig.1 Green specimen of the SiC and TiC (W%- 10%).
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Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8 Fig.2 After removing in muffle furnace for reduce the moisture of green specimen, the temperature of the muffle furnace was 500°C
Sintering of the pellets was sintered in a microwave vacuum furnace (Omicron Scientific Equipment Company) with heating element at 11500C, 12500C and 13500C. At each sintering temperature, the holding times for different batches were 10 minute. An intermediate soaking period of one hour at 5000C was provided for binder removal by muffle furnace. Sintering performed in Omicron Scientific Equipment’s Company 309, Vardhman Sudarshan Plaza, Plot No. 4, M.L.U. Sector 5,Dwarka, New Delhi 110075. Specimen after microwave sintering at 13500C has been shown Fig.3.After sintering the specimen was subjected to different test to find out the mechanical properties of the ceramic composite.
Specimen
Fig.3 Microwave sintering the green specimen at 1350°C
B.
Density
To measure the density, firstly we had find the mass and the volume by using the weighing machine and Vernier caliper and micrometer to measure the diameter and length of the cylinder respectively. It is then assessed from the recipe given underneath. [4-6] Density (g/cm3) = (1) 3 Unit of the density = g/cm C. Porosity
Porosity begins from the voids, which are made inside of the mass. These pores are of two sorts; open and shut pores. The open or also called obvious porosity measures the portion of void volume to the material volume. The open pores are normally interconnected so they give sections through which gasses can pass. [1] The accompanying technique was utilized as a part of deciding the porosity. The specimens were kept in the broiler at 1100C for 3h to get steady weight W1. The specimens was then suspended in refined water and bubbled on a hot plate for 30 minutes. In the wake of bubbling while still in boiling hot water, the water was dislodged with cool water, the weight W2 was measured on an advanced offset depended on the tripod stand. The test example was expelled from the water and additional water wiped off from the surface by softly blotching the specimen with wet towel and the weight W3 of the absorbed specimen suspended air was measured. The obvious porosity of the example was resolved from the relationship. [5] Pa= Apparent porosity W1= Weight in air W2= Weight of the sample W3= Weight of the cold water 3 © 2016, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved
Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
Pa= (W3 --W1)/ (W3--W2) D. Vicker Hardness Test
It is the standard technique for measuring the hardness of metals, especially those with greatly hard surfaces: the surface is subjected to a standard weight for a standard period of time by method for a pyramid-formed precious stone. The Vickers hardness test system comprises of indenting the test material with a precious stone indenter, as a right pyramid with a square base and a point of 136 degrees between inverse confronts subjected to a heap of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is regularly petitioned 10 to 15 seconds. The two diagonals of the space left in the surface of the material after evacuation of the heap are measured utilizing a magnifying instrument and their normal computed. The range of the slanting surface of the space is ascertained. The Vickers hardness is the remainder acquired by partitioning the kgf stack by the square mm range of space. [5] HV= 1.854 (2) F= load in kgf d= Arithmetic mean of the two diagonal, diameter and length in mm. HV= Vicker Hardness. E. Microstructural Examination
The selected sintered samples were viewed in optical microscopic. The images were taken using optical microscope using image analysis software. Magnification of 500X was used while procuring the image. The sample were placed on a slide and then viewed through the monitor screen. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The study of mechanical properties of the ceramic composite are mainly depend on density, Apparent Porosity, Vickers Hardness and microstructure. The microstructure developed for various TiC additions. A. Density
From the density result it can be seen that the presence of SiC material has some effect on the density of the CMCs. Density of SiC powder were measured to vary 1.66 to 1.93 g/cc and those for the TiC powder were around 4.93 g/cc. Results for the density of the SiC- TiC with varying percentage (5%, 10%, 15%) and temperature is shown in the Fig.4
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Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
Fig.4 Density for SiC- TiC composite with varying wt % of TiC at different temperature
B. Apparent Porosity
Porous ceramics have turn out to be progressively vital in industry as of late because of their various applications and uses including distinctive materials like metals, pottery, polymers, composites, semiconductors and biomaterials [14]. The porosity decreased as the weight fraction of TiC % particles and temperature increased.
Fig.5 Apparent Porosity for SiC- TiC composite with varying wt % of TiC at different temperature
C. Vicker Hardness
Measure of hardness, is to watch the investigated material's ability to restrict plastic deformity from a standard source. The Vickers test can be used for all metals and has one of the amplest scales among hardness tests. The Vicker hardness value increased as the weight fraction of the TiC % particles and temperature increased. Because the aluminum oxide and yttrium oxide react with the help of PVA when increase the temperature. TiC particles are occupy the particle gap because particles size is very small compare to the SiC. Fig.6 depicts the value for microhardness. 5 Š 2016, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved
Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
Fig.6 Micro hardness for SiC- TiC composite with varying wt % of TiC at different temperature
D. Microstructure
Fig.7 Shows the microstructure of SiC reinforced with TiC. The structure revels the brittle ceramic phase which is dark in color.
Fig.7 Microstructure was observed at 1150°C
Micrograph the microstructure of the reinforced tin tailing reveals that there are some discontinuous and a reasonably uniform distribution of TiC 15% particles. In Fig.8, Bright particles are SiC and dark particles are TiC.
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Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
Fig.8 Microstructure was observed at 1350°C
IV. CONCLUSION
Therefore we conclude from the result that the variation in the density, porosity and hardness occurs with the change in the sintering temperature and percentage of TiC. From the graph we observe that the increase in the sintering temperature the hardness and density of the material is increasing significantly similar phenomenon we have observed from the literature survey. The increase in the sintering temperature possibly increase the material atomic kinetics which helps in homogenous distribution of the added material, this may be the reason for increasing the density and hardness of the samples. Secondly, we have seen the same observation with the increase in the TiC percentage, The increase in the percentage of the TiC decreases the intermolecular voids decreases that we see from the micrographs and even observed from the literature survey that the increase in the percentage of the TiC the Density increases, TiC is a very small size particle compared to SiC so it occupies the intermolecular space in between the SiC molecules. The porosity and density have inverse relation like we have seen in the literature review and observed from the micrographs that the intermolecular voids are decreasing that simply signifies the porosity of the material decreasing with the addition of the TiC and increase in the sintering temperature. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
[6]
[7] [8]
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Harpreet Singh et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 1-8
[9] S. Prochazka, Hot Pressed Silicon Carbide, US Patent 3853566, 1974. [10] W. van Rijswijk, A.R. Raffray, “Effects of Carbon as a Sintering Aid in Silicon Carbide”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 73/1 (1990) 148-149. [11] J.B. Wachtman, Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1996. [12] A.W. Weimer, “Carbide, Nitride and Boride MaterialsSynthesis and Processing”, Springer, New York, 1997.Hill Book Company, New York, 1984. [13] R.W. Williams, B.N. Juterbock, C.R. Peters, T.J. Whalen, “Forming and sintering behavior of B- and Cdoped - and -SiC”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 67/4 (1984)62-64. [14] Muhammad SyamilJunid, “The Fabrication of Porous Ceramic,” Proceedings of 2008 student conference on research and development, Technical University of Malaysia, May 2008. [15] S. Abdul Gaffar, O. Anwar Beg, E. Keshava Reddy, V. Ramachandra Prasad, "Mixed Convection Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Flow And Thermal Convectionof Non-Newtonian Tangenthyperbolic Fluid From Non-Iosthermal Wedgewith Biot Number Effects.", International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA], Volume 1,Issue 1,October 2016,pp:7-11
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