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S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

Design and Analysis of Triangular Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber with Elliptical Air Hole S.Geerthana Assistant Professor K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology,Trichy, India. keerthu2205@gmail.com

Abstract— Photonic precious stone filaments (PCFs) are a standout amongst the most energizing late advancements in fiber optics. In this paper the modular properties of record guided photonic gem filaments (PCFs) of delicate glass material has been researched. The examination is done to get the complex successful refractive record for Triangular cross section with curved air gaps. Filaments are examined by shifting the pitch size, shape and course of action of air openings with same outline and working parameters. A full – vector Finite Element Method is utilized to reenact and break down the modular properties of the planned PCF. Numerical examination demonstrates that estimation of chromatic scattering for triangular cross section PCF is - 2348.604697 ps/nm-km and greatest birefringence of 0.03278 separately.

Keywords— Birefringence, Effective file, Scattering, Triangular grid PCF. I. INTRODUCTION

Photonics, the innovation of photons guarantees to be the new century's main thrust in the progression of information technology, such as computing and correspondences.

Photonic precious stones have pulled in a lot of consideration in the optics group for late years. Photonic-precious stone filaments (PCFs) are the most particular optical light aides with appealing and adaptable innovation [1]. Photonic precious stone fiber (PCF) with silica– air microstructures has gotten expanding consideration from 1995. Because of its superb adaptability, it has accomplished novel properties like scattering control, high birefringence, less imprisonment misfortune, controlled powerful territory and high nonlinearity by fluctuating the air gap size and pitch separate. The PCF has offered answer for the improvement of correspondence frameworks and increment of date rate exchange, were considered as the real worries in the correspondence field [2]. Photonic precious stones filaments are produced using extraordinary occasional structures incorporating two media with various dielectric constants. In the least complex PCF sort, called file managing PCFs, light is bound to a strong center with higher refractive record encompassed by a shut pack of air openings in normal example, while in photonic band crevice (PBG-PCFs) at a low-list empty center light is guided by photonic band hole impact. Every structure will manage light in restricted phantom locale with a limited data transmission [3]. There are a few parameters to outline the fiber: breadth (d), air opening shape (round or curved or square), cross section pitch and the sort of grid (rectangular, hexagonal, and circular) [4]. Exceedingly birefringent Fibers with low chromatic scattering are of outrageous enthusiasm for some photonic applications, as Supercontinum era, Raman enhancement, four wave blending and so forth.

Critically, with their exceptional and remarkable components in light-controlling, PCFs are observed to be completely novel in numerous applications in the field of photonics. All around developed innovation is currently created in media transmission and flag handling applications, metrology, instrumentation, restorative surgery and imaging spectroscopy [5].

In this paper, we proposed a photonic gem fiber with triangular cross section structures with three rings of curved air gaps. The modular properties, for example, scattering, birefringence, viable record and the viable zone of the triangular-grid PCF is researched. In [7], the high level description is transformed into software binaries and partitioned into Software and Hardware. The software sits in Microprocessor and hardware in Custom Hardware. An 34 © 2016, IJARIDEA All Rights Reserved

S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

estimator is designed to estimate the partitioned hardware. It improves performance, energy and power for many benchmarks. The single chip Microprocessor/FPGA is more attractive for its performance. Many works are reported in Source Level Partitioning. There are few works in Binary Level Partitioning. Christo Ananth et al. [6] proposed a system, this fully automatic vehicle is equipped by micro controller, motor driving mechanism and battery. The power stored in the battery is used to drive the DC motor that causes the movement to AGV. The speed of rotation of DC motor i.e., velocity of AGV is controlled by the microprocessor controller. Christo Ananth et al. [8] discussed about Improved Particle Swarm Optimization.

The fuzzy filter based on particle swarm optimization is used to remove the high density image impulse noise, which occur during the transmission, data acquisition and processing.

The proposed system has a fuzzy filter which has the parallel fuzzy inference mechanism, fuzzy mean process, and a fuzzy composition process.

II. DESIGN GUIDELINE OF THE PROPOSED PCFS

The outlined PCF comprises of a strong center with a variety of air gaps running along the length of the fiber going about as the cladding. In this sort of PCF the refractive record of cladding is lower than the center list. The wafer picked is delicate glass and the air opening structures the cladding. For the circular cells the length of significant hub (an) is 0.8 µm, and minor pivot (b) is 0.4µm. The working wavelength is differed from 1 µm to 2 µm. As per their cross section structures, the photonic precious stone filaments might be ordered into two unique sorts; triangular grid and square grid. Here triangular cross section design of PCF is considered.

Fig.1 Cross Section of Triangular Lattice PCF

Fig.2 Field Distribution of Triangular Lattice PCF

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S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Finite Element method (FEM) with perfectly matched layers (PML) boundary condition is used to estimate the modal properties of the proposed PCFs. Birefringence can be defined as the maximum difference in refractive index shown by the material.

Fig.3 Birefringence versus wavelength

The birefringence increments directly with the wavelength. The birefringence is specifically corresponding to the working wavelength Îť according to the hypothetical thought. At shorter wavelength district the imprisonment of air opening on mode field is feeble and more vitality streams out of center into the cladding, consequently it brings about low birefringence esteem. At bigger wavelength area, the center imprisonment is expanded and it brings about high birefringence esteem [9]. From Fig.3, it can be watched that triangular-grid structure PCF gains more birefringence.We watched that the higher birefringence esteem for triangular cross section is because of its little center size and solid control of light into the center. In this manner the greatest estimation of birefringence for triangular cross section is 0.03278 individually. The gathering speed scattering is characterized as the change in heartbeat width per unit separation of engendering. It implies that scattering causes a short beat of light to reach out in time as an aftereffect of various recurrence parts of the beat meandering at various speeds. Chromatic scattering is brought about by consolidated impacts of material and waveguide scattering.

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S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

Fig.4 Dispersion versus wavelength

For the planned PCFs, scattering increments directly with the expansion of wavelength. In this way from figure 6, it is watched that triangular grid PCF offers higher scattering qualities contrast with square cross section in wide wavelength run. Square cross section PCF demonstrates more negative scattering esteem for short wavelength. At lower wavelength, the light is completely kept in the center and connects exclusively with the material and the scattering is completely commanded by the material scattering.

Fig.5 Effective Area versus wavelength

From Fig.5 above, it can be watched that triangular-grid structure PCF demonstrates bigger effective.Thus the most extreme estimation of viable region for triangular cross section is 4.17154 m 4 separately. Due to the spreading of optical field towards the cladding locale, the successful region increments with the expansion in the wavelength [13]. In triangular grid PCF the center zone is little and the light is very much limited into the center locale.

The refractive record can be utilized to evaluate the expansion in the wavenumber brought about by the medium. The viable refractive list neff has the closely resembling significance for light proliferation in a waveguide. The compelling refractive record is found to have an esteem to some degree between the refractive lists of center and cladding. The powerful refractive list depends on the wavelength as well as on the mode in which the light proliferates. Consequently it is called as modular file. The viable record might be a mind boggling amount. The fanciful part portrays pick up or loss of the fiber all things considered.

It portrays that the powerful record bit by bit diminishes with the expansion of wavelength and viable list of square cross section PCF is more prominent than triangular grid. The viable record of the lower arrange mode is called as the space filling mode (SFM). The SFM is essentially situated in the delicate glass parts of the cladding and spreading further into the openings as the wavelength is expanded.

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S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

Fig.6 Effective Index versus wavelength

IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have hypothetically broke down the modular properties of the outlined triangular grid PCFs with circular air openings. The execution of the outlined PCFs is portrayed by utilizing Finite Element (FEM) Method. From the reproduction comes about it is found that the birefringence estimation of triangular cross section PCF is 0.03278, making it a potential possibility for optical correspondence and detecting applications. The powerful zone of the planned triangular cross section PCF is 4.17154 m 4,making the fiber better for high power administration.

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[2] Jan Sporik, Miloslav Filka, Vladimír Tejkal, Pavel Reichert,” Principle of photonic crystal fibers” elekmorevue VOL. 2, NO. 2, JUNE 2011 [3] Anders bjarklev, Jes broeng, Araceli, “Photonic crystal fibers” Kulwear academic publisher, second edition, 2003 [4] Ana M. R. Pinto and Manuel Lopez-Amo, “Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications”, Journal of Sensors, Article ID 598178, 21 pages, Volume 2012.

[5] Dr. Miroslav Drami canin, Dr. Bruno Viana, “Design Of Pure Silica Hexagonal-Lattice Microstructured Fiber With Ultra-Low And Flattened Chromatic Dispersion Using Elliptical Air-holes in the Core Region” Agencija Format,ISBN: 978-86-7306-116-0, August 2012.

[6] Christo Ananth, M.A.Fathima, M.Gnana Soundarya, M.L.Jothi Alphonsa Sundari, B.Gayathri, Praghash.K, "Fully Automatic Vehicle for Multipurpose Applications", International Journal Of Advanced Research in Biology, Engineering, Science and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 1,Special Issue 2 - November 2015, pp.8-12.

[7] Sangeetha, Dr.M.,"Control Construct Estimation For Partitioned Binaries In Codesign System.",International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA],Volume 1,Issue 1,October 2016,pp:22-27.

[8] Christo Ananth, Vivek.T, Selvakumar.S., Sakthi Kannan.S., Sankara Narayanan.D, “Impulse Noise Removal using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE), Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2014,pp 366-370 [9] M. Samiul Habib ; M. Selim Habib ; S. M. A. Razzak ; M. A. Goffar Khan ; Y. Namihira ; M. A. Hossain, “Design of highly birefringent holey fibers with near-zero ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion and ultralow confinement loss”, J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. vol.12 no.1 ,June 2013.

[10] Archana Mahur, Yogendra Kumar Katiyar, ” A new design of square lattice photonic crystal fiber is made by borosilicate material with circular and square air holes to minimize dispersion “, International Journal of Modern Communication Technologies & Research (IJMCTR), ISSN: 2321-0850, Volume-2, Issue-10, October 2014 .

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S.Geerthana et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Innovative Discoveries in Engineering and Applications[IJARIDEA] Vol.1, Issue 2,27 December 2016, pg. 34-39

[11] Tianyu Yang, Erlei Wang, Haiming Jiang, Zhijia Hu, and Kang Xie, ”High birefringence photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity and low confinement loss” Optics Express ,Vol. 23, Issue 7, pp. 83298337(2015) [12] Md Nafiz Amin and Mohammad Faisal ”Highly nonlinear polarization- maintaining photonic crystal fiber with nanoscale GaP strips ” Applied Optics ,Vol. 55,Issue 35, pp. 10030-10037,(2016) [13] Eun Kim, Bok Hyeon Kim, Chung Ghiu Lee, Sejin Lee, Kyunghwan Oh,3 and Chul-Sik Kee1,4, “Elliptical defected core photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence and negative flattened dispersion”, Optical Society of America, 2012.

[14] Sagor Biswas, Ragib Shakil Rafi, Md. Abdullah Al-Amin, Sabbir Alam “Analysis of the Effect of Air Hole Diameter and Lattice Pitch in Optical Properties for Hexagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber “Optics and Photonics Journal, 5(7):227-233 · July 2015

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