International Journal of Engineering, Management & Sciences (IJEMS) ISSN-2348 –3733, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2015
Developing a Carbon Emission Calculating Model for Tea Estates PathiranaHasanthiShyamaAmarasinghe
Abstract— Incessant increase of greenhouse gasses boost the
global warming and it threatened to the environment and human health. Identify the human activities related to greenhouse gas emissions and address the society accordingly is a requirement. The importance of the initial measurement of GHG emissions is highlighted by the UNEP which states that, “companies will need to be able to measure their impacts if they are to manage them”. The main focus of this study is to develop a Carbon emission measuring frame work to facilitate tea estates. It will play a significant role in establishing the baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions for an estate in order to allow meaningful emission reductions to be made. The basis of this was to identify all carbon emission activities of an estate define the calculating formulas and make a model with them to calculate the total CO2 emissions. The developed model has been implemented in one real tea estate to determine its effectiveness and ability to establish a CO2 footprint for an estate. Here some of emission sources are yet to be included, such as the emissions embedded in chemicals, fertilizers and waste. In addition, its need calculate the sequestration of Carbon dioxide from the surrounding trees. Anyway the designed model provides a good way for find out the CO2footprint for tea estates. Index Terms— Carbon emission of Estate , Greenhouse gasses, Scope one ,two & three emissions, Carbon model.
I. INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse gasses primarily Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrogen Dioxide secretion from human activities has become an environmental issue. Among others incessant increase of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have raised dramatically, leading to various adverse impacts. This call for greater attention and precautionary measures to be put in place, governments, business entities and consumers would be affected by the extent to which such precautionary measures are incorporated in their decision-making process. Business entities need to consider such issues as trading in carbon allowances (or permits), investing in low-carbon dioxide (CO2) emission technologies, counting the costs of carbon regularity compliance, and passing on the increased cost of carbon regulation to consumers through higher prices. Ranathunga , J., Balachandran, K DEFRA (2001b) argues as the largest source of current direct and indirect emissions, in addition to their pivotal role in projected emissions (UNEP, 2000), the corporate sector has a Manuscript received May 13, 2015. Pathirana HasanthiShyama Amarasinghe, University of Colombo, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka ,
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significant role to play in reducing the carbon intensity of this growth (DEFRA, 2001c; Eyre, 2001). Critically, most greenhouse gases are raise due to industrial activities and transportation. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000. The SRES contains "scenarios" of future changes in emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide. This aims to secure carbon reduction through a combination of fiscal measures, regulation, voluntary agreements and advisory policies (DEFRA, 2000). The importance of the initial measurement of GHG emissions is highlighted by the UNEP which states that, “companies will need to be able to measure their impacts if they are to manage them”. Carbon foot print calculation and Carbon auditing would help to measuring monitoring and reporting the carbon emission at corporate level leading to mitigation of significant emissions. Carbon Foot Print measures the total set of Green House Gas emission caused directly and indirectly by a person, an organization an event or a product in a given time and is measured in tones of CO2 equivalent (CO2-e). Trend of Carbon reporting by global companies has increased. Corporate companies in different business sectors report their carbon emissions and they aware their customers how much they involved to increase or decrease for the global Greenhouse gas inventory. Measuring and auditing of carbon emissions give a chance for the companies to reduce their carbon foot print in a cost-effective manner. Well-developed carbon measurement model, will provide the necessary framework to report their CO2emissions. It would benefit through numerous efficiency, effectiveness and cost saving improvements to the estate and in the meanwhile it would help to save the clean air. On a more regional scale there are efforts being made to reduce CO emissions..Melican has recently undertaken 2 extensive research on tea's carbon footprint, and in his final analysis, he has found that tea has the potential to be an environmental saint rather than sinner when we measure its carbon footprint by a number of criteria. Tea processing is one of energy intensive food processing industry which is consumed both thermal energy and electrical energy. Thermal energy is derived from firewood, coal, leco (coal), briquetted fuel and furnace oil. Withering, processing, rolling, fermentation, drying, sifting and packing are the processes use by estates to manufacturing tea which
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