Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Scrub

Abstract: Cosmetics are defined as the products used for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing, promoting attractiveness or alternating the appearance. The aim of study is to formulate and evaluate a face scrub with incorporation of the sapodilla as an active ingredient. For the purpose of enhancing skin beauty, several skin conditions are developed, such as skin protection, sunscreen, anti-acne, and anti-wrinkle products. Despite the enormous health benefits of synthetic substances, which once more cause environmental destruction, demand for herbal items and cosmetics is rising daily. Due to their dual functionality as medications and cosmetics, herbal cosmetics are in high demand nowadays. The name itself indicates that herbal cosmetics are natural and they do not contain any chemicals. Natural ingredients have no side effects, making them the safest and greatest products to use on a daily basis. A facial scrub is a cosmetic or a beauty product used to exfoliate and clean the skin on the face and body. Blackheads, whiteheads, sebum, and skin cells can all be removed by using face scrubs. In this face scrub, sapodilla is used as an active ingredient. The other ingredients like carbopol, methyl paraben, triethanolamine, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulphate were added into this face scrub gel. The prepared face scrub were evaluated for various parameters such as organoleptic properties, pH, irritability, washability, grittiness, extrudability, foamability, spreadability and found to be satisfactory outcome. The prepared formulation works well as a scrub that encourages healthy and radiant skin.

Keywords: Face scrub, Skin, Cosmetics, Sapodilla, Antioxidant.

I. INTRODUCTION

The body’s largest organ is the skin. It acts as a key organ of protection for other body parts. The skin serves as a barrier to protect the inside from external dangers like the corrosive effects of the sun, wind, and pollution as well as dirt and germs that are present in daily air [1] – [2]. Yeast and bacteria, among other microorganisms, are supported by the skin’s natural ecology and cannot be eradicated by cleansing. The health of a person can also be determined by their skin, another sensory organ. It is made up of substances like amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, among others, thus skin needs a balanced diet to be shiny, clear, and healthy [3] – [4]. Cosmetics are defined as the products used for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing, promoting attractiveness or alternating the appearance [5]. Cosmetics come in a variety of forms and are used worldwide to enhance beauty. For the purpose of enhancing skin beauty, several skin conditions are developed, such as skin protection, sunscreen, anti-acne, and anti-wrinkle products [6]. Some people have natural beauty, while others have it artificially enhanced. The usage of cosmetics and herbal products has substantially expanded in the current climate [7] Despite the enormous health benefits of synthetic substances, which once more cause environmental destruction, demand for herbal items and cosmetics is rising daily. Since the dawn of humankind and civilization, beauty and cosmetics have been a part of life [8]. Due to their dual functionality as medications and cosmetics, herbal cosmetics are in high demand nowadays. Skin care products play a significant role in boosting people’s confidence. Although it was always believed that women were the main consumers of skin care products, today’s males are just as concerned with how they look [9]. Products that are used to cleanse and enhance the skin are known as herbal cosmetics. Men have rough skin, and when they don’t take proper care, the skin darkens from excessive sun exposure. The main benefit of using a herbal cosmetic is that it is pure and has no negative side effects on the human body [10]. The name itself indicates that herbal cosmetics are natural and they do not contain any chemicals. A facial scrub is a cosmetic or a beauty product used to exfoliate and clean the skin on the face and body. Blackheads, whiteheads, sebum, and skin cells can all be removed with the help of facial scrubs. It also supports keeping skin looking good [11]. There are many different sorts of cosmetics, and each has a specific function for the skin. There are many reasons why skin gets non glowing and dull, and these can all be efficiently treated by using scrubs. There are three different varieties of skin, including dry skin, oily skin, and sensitive skin [12]. Because dead skin cells are removed via routine usage of scrubs, new skin cells are exposed, resulting in skin that is radiant, smooth, soft, and healthy [13]. Face scrubs exfoliate the skin, clear out clogs and oil from pores, keep skin supple, and quicken cell turnover [14] – [15]. The mild abrasive agent is key ingredient of face scrub. It is recommended to gently massage the skin after applying scrub to help enhance blood flow and increase oxygenation of the skin’s surface. Scrub can be applied straight to the skin or with a small cosmetic pad [16] – [17].

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538

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By eliminating the top layer of skin cells and promoting cell development in the sub-epidermal layer, herbal exfoliants reduce the effects of ageing and counteract environmental assault [18]. Age causes a significant slowdown in cell turnover. The majority of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin on the face stay there for a longer period of time, which tends to highlight fine wrinkles and can give the complexion a lifeless, dull appearance. Dry skin, wrinkles, and dark spots are the second most common skin problems nowadays, behind acne and pimples.

Scrubbing is utilised to treat every skin condition, regardless of the type of skin [19]. The skin’s surface needs to be cleaned frequently in order to remove grime, sebum, and other secretions, dead cells, crusts, and makeup that has been applied in order to stay healthy and attractive [20].

Oily skin, sensitive skin, and dry skin are the three different types of skin. Use the face scrub, which has hydrating and moisturising components, if you have dry skin. A gentle scrub should be used if the person has sensitive skin. And the individual with oily skin should use an exfoliation that helps to manage oiliness while preventing breakouts, dullness, and pimples [21] Face scrubs should be used twice or three times a week, depending on the kind of skin. But it’s advised to use face washes once a week for beginners. Only one or two times per week should those with dry or sensitive skin exfoliate. Salicylic acid and dermatologist-grade 4% glycolic and polyhydroxy acid complex products are sometimes advised for usage by those with acne-prone skin. This gives skin a smoother appearance while helping to exfoliate the skin and eliminate acne [22].

A. Ideal properties of a face scrub

1) It should be Non- sticky and mild abrasive

2) It should be Non-toxic

3) It must removes dirt and dead skin.

4) It should Non-irritant

5) It must contain small gritty particles [23].

B. Merits of scrub

1) To maintain pristine skin: To expose clean skin, scrub away dirt, sweat to reveal clean skin. Unfortunately, the containers of cleaning milk, face wash, and facial cleansers can’t get rid of all the dust that builds up in your skin’s pores. This is effectively accomplished via scrubbing.

2) Eliminates skin flakes: Patches of dry skin result from flaky skin. It permits the accumulation of dead cells over time. One can easily treat flaky skin by exfoliating it.

3) Enhances skin shine: Skin may even appear more radiant after exfoliation.

4) Helps to remove dead cell: Skin looks drab and weary because of dead cells. With a soft scrub, remove them.

5) Get rid of acne scars: Exfoliation aids in the removal of acne scars.

6) For smooth skin: Being more attractive starts with having smooth skin. A skin will become soft and well-nourished in addition to appearing completely smooth after the scrub.

7) Improving skin’s texture: Skin will be cleaner, smoother, and have a better texture after a good scrub [24].

C. Demerits of scrub

1) Skin irritation, including redness and inflammation, can be brought on by harsh rubbing movements and chemicals. A person with sensitive skin may potentially experience allergic responses to the chemicals found in synthetic scrubs.

2) Over scrubbing can leave pores open, exposing the skin to both UV radiation and pollution. A skin may becomes more vulnerable to infections and tanning as a result [25].

D. Difference between face wash and face scrub

1) Face wash: The face wash is creamy and usually smooth. Most doctors advise using merely a face wash and not a scrub if you have sensitive skin. A face wash uses chemicals, like soap, to remove the oil and grime from your face.

2) Face scrub: Face scrub typically contain some kind of grit that is used to remove dead skin cells. Scrubs for the face might aggravate skin irritation and make it simpler to itch. Face scrub uses exfoliants like walnut shells or microbeads to remove the oil and grime from your face.

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538

Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

E. Selection of scrub based on skin type

1) For oily skin: When their skin pores are clogged by additional sebum oil, people with oily skin typically struggle with acne issues. Therefore requires a face scrub that not only gets rid of the skin’s dead cells but also has anti-pimple capabilities. The anti-acne properties of salicylic acid are well established. One should purchase a face wash with salicylic acid or other anti-acne chemicals if one have an oily skin.

2) For dry skin: Any face cleanser with components designed to remove dead skin cells can be used by those with dry skin. One such chemical that eliminates flaky skin and dead skin cells quickly is glycolic acid. It is a well-known excellent exfoliant. Seek for a face scrub that contains glycolic acid and improves a skin by hydrating it.

3) For sensitive skin: While choosing skincare products, people with sensitive skin should be more cautious. A face scrub that is both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory is best if one have sensitive skin. Both bacterial and fungal resistance are present in propylene glycol. Yogurt and turmeric are both organic substances with anti-inflammatory properties. Sugar scrubs are thought to be excellent for sensitive skin. Dead skin cells can easily be removed with the help of sugar, a natural skin exfoliator.

4) For combination skin: Choosing a face scrub might be challenging because combination skin is a mix of dry and oily skin. However, according to specialists, persons with combination skin should use a facial scrub to remove extra oil from the skin without drying it out [26]

II. HERBALINGREDIENTUSEDINFACESCRUB

A.

Sapodilla

Since a few decades ago, there has been a greater emphasis on finding new chemical molecules (NCMs) that are sourced from nature and have biological activity. Of these NCMs, 28% were found between 1981 and 2002 and are of natural origin [27]. Since ancient times, the natural world has been a source of therapeutic agents, and an astounding number of contemporary medications have been separated from it, frequently as a result of its traditional medical applications. Lipid peroxidation is primarily caused by free radicals; highly reactive free radicals and oxygen species are found in biological systems from a range of sources [28]. Oxidative stress is caused by a severe imbalance between the generation of free radicals and the antioxidant defence system. Antioxidants work by either inhibiting enzymes or by chelating trace elements to prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species [29] – [30]. An external source of antioxidants, especially those that are naturally occurring, can be very helpful in preventing oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals in addition to the internal antioxidant system that already exists in the human body. Plants include a variety of phytochemicals, such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids [31]. UV rays cause the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin. Skin pigmentation is accumulated on melanocytes by the ROS process. The epidermal phenylalanine hydroxylase is thus accelerated by ROS (PAH; EC 1.14.16.1). The rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of L-tyrosine is PAH. The first substrate for tyrosinase is L-tyrosine [32]. By acting as both a monophenolase and a diphenolase, tyrosinase catalyses the hydroxylation of l-tyrosine to l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and the oxidation of LDOPA to dihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (DOPAquinone) [33]. Through the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, several skin-whitening products stop skin hyperpigmentation. Because of this, tyrosinase inhibitors have been added to skin-whitening creams to stop pigmentation issues. Tyrosinase inhibitors that are sold commercially have been used to treat hyperpigmentation include kojic acid and alpha-arbutin. The sapodilla also shows an antityrosinase activity [34]. The search for naturally occurring antioxidants with plant origin is the focus of current study. Antioxidants have been shown to protect against oxidative damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS); any may delay the onset of disease, cancer, and old age. By interacting with free radicals, chelating, catalytic metals, and serving as an oxygen scavenger, it can obstruct the oxidation process [35] – [36]. Consumer interest has grown in natural antioxidants, notably those found in fruits, vegetables, and drinks. Dietary antioxidants shield body cells from the oxidative damage to a target molecule brought on by free radical oxidation by reactive oxygen species [37] – [38]. Nature has blessed us with a wonderful flora and wildlife that have made our lives more beautiful. One of nature’s wonders, Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, also known as Sapodilla, chickoo, or sapota, is a member of the Sapotaceae family, which includes about 65 genera and 800 species [39]. The fruit has several names naseberry (British West Indies), chicku (India), chicopote, chickozapote (Mexico), dilly (Bahamas), kauki (Southeast Asia), mispu, mispel, mispelboon (Suriname), muyozapot (El Salvador), nispero (Puerto Rico), sapitija, sapodilla plum, sapodilla (Dutch West Indies), sapota, sapote (Cuba), sapoti or sapotilha (Brazil), sapotille and sapotillier (French West Indies). One of the more well-known names in America is Sapodilla. The Latin word zapotilla, which meaning little sapote, is the source of the name sapodilla The plant may grow to a height of 30 metres and is well adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions, from dry chilly subtropical to wet tropical.