IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 09 | March 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-784X
Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group Ashish S. Yeolekar PG Student Department of Civil Engineering LDRP Institute of Technology and Research Center India
Parth Patel Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering LDRP Institute of Technology and Research Center India
Abstract Adequate shelter for all people is one of the crucial challenges faced by the developing countries like India. In India by 2013, shortage of 30 million homes with almost 99% of the shortfall coming from families earning less than 2 lakhs rupees per year (EWS & LIG segment).According to census 2011 India has 65 million of slum population and by 2017 it will outreach 104 million. The country had a population of 1210.98 million, out of which 377.10(31.16%) lives in Urban areas. This growing concentration of people in urban areas has led to problems of land shortage, housing shortfall and has also several basic amenities such as water, power and open spaces of towns and cities. Urbanization has resulted in people increasingly living in slums and squatter settlements and has deteriorated the housing conditions of the economically weaker section of society. This is primarily due to skyrocketing prices of land and real estate in urban areas that have forced the poor and economically weaker section of the society to occupy the marginal lands typified by poor housing stock, congestion and obsolescence. Considering these factors there currently exists a wide gap between the demand and supply of housing (both in terms of quantity and quality) in urban areas. Hence, it has become a necessity for developing country like India to adopt cost effective, innovative housing for the construction of houses for enabling the people to construct houses at affordable cost. Our project aims to reduce the cost of building by replacing ordinary material with latest one and suggest new methodology which will reduce cost as well as do not affect the strength of the structure. Keywords: Affordable, Affordable Housing, Low Cost Housing, LIG, EWS ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.
INTRODUCTION
This thesis project is done for Lower Income Group therefore we have considered a 1 LIG Unit. Generally in a Building Construction Masonry work and Plaster work are one of the major items so we focus on that to reduce the cost. A cost of the same unit by using AAC Blocks, Fly ash bricks, Hollow Plinth Block, CSEB Blocks instead of normal bricks in masonry will be optimize. We also provide a suitable technique for construction which will reduce the time of construction. In this procedure for low cost housing cost optimization will be done in two ways by using latest and conventional material and also by a latest technique for construction. We ensure that also that it will not affect the strength and quality of the construction. II. DATA COLLECTION
Sr. No 1 2 3 4
Table - 1 Material Rates Types of Material Market Rate per Brick/Block(in Rs) Normal Brick 4.5 to 5 Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks 75 to 80 Fly Ash bricks 5.5. to 6 Hollow concrete blocks 19 to 25
III. ANALYSIS Cost Reduction by Brickwork
First take a wall having 10 sq. m of area and 1 cum volume. Considering the first class brick size of 190*90*90 mm Material required for it No of bricks required: 1cum/ (0.200*0.100*0.100) = 500 no s of brick will be required. Considering 5 % of wastage so no of brick required will be 525 nos. Assuming 10*10*10mm binding mortar. Now for mortar cement and sand assuming 1:4 mortar proportion
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Fig. 1: Normal Brick
Cement For 1 cu.m of brick work 0.33 cu.m of mortar will required. So total cement required will be 0.33/5 = 0.066 cum So for 0.066 cum of brick work 0.066/0.035 = 1.88 bags Considering 2 bags of cement. Sand: for 0.33 cum of work sand required will be 0.33*4/5=0.264 cu.m. Considering 0.27 cum of sand. Material Bricks Cement Sand Sundries
Table - 2 Material Cost Cost in Rs. Required Quantity 5 per nos 525 nos 300 Per bag 2 Bag 900 Per Cum 0.27 Cum
Labour Mason Labour
Total Cost Table - 3 Labour cost No of required Per day Rate 1 400 3 250 Total Cost
Total Cost in Rs. 2625 600 243 50 1450
Total Rate 400 750 50 1200
Total Cost of Brick Work Table – 4 Total Cost Particular Material Cost Labour cost Total W&E, Scaffolding charges 0.15% Profit 15% Total Cost Total Cost per sq.m
Cost in Rs 3518 1200 4718 7 708 5433 543.3
For AAC Blocks AAC block have 0.630x0.250x0.150 m dimension and its market price is around 75 to 80 Rs per Block. No of blocks required will be 1cum/0.640x0.260x0.160= 35.18 taking 40 Cement and sand required Total mortar will be 0.19cum So cement required will be 1.2 bags Sand required will be 0.16 cum So total cost using AAC block will be
Fig. 2: A.A.C Block
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Material AAC blocks Cement Sand Sundries
Table - 6 Material Rate Cost in Rs. Required Quantity 75 per nos 40 nos 300 Per bag 1.2 Bag 900 Per Cum 0.16 Cum
Labour Mason Labour
Total Cost Table - 7 Labour Rate No of required Per day Rate 1 400 3 250 Total Cost
Total Cost in Rs. 2625 600 243 50 1450
Total Rate 400 750 50 1200
But here AAC Block are much lighter than Bricks so there will be 25% reduction in labour cost so total labour cost will be Table - 8 Total Cost Particular Material Cost Labour cost Total W&E, Scaffolding charges 0.15% Profit 15% Total Cost Total Cost per sq. m
Cost in Rs 3554 900 4454 7 668 5129 512.9
For Fly Ash Bricks Fly ash bricks have 0.230x0.115x0.90m dimensions and market price is around 5.5 to 6 rs per brick No of bricks required will be 1 cum/0.240x0.125x0.100= 333.33 taking 350 Total mortar will be- 1.5 bags So cement required will be: 1.5 bags Sand required will be: 0.180 cum
Fig. 3: Fly ash Brick
Material Fly ash Bricks Cement Sand Sundries
Labour Mason Labour Sundries
Table - 8 Material Rate Cost in Rs Required Quantity 5.5 per nos 350 nos 300 Per bag 1.5 Bag 900 Per Cum 0.180 Cum Total Cost Table – 9 Cost of Fly Ash brick No of required Per day Rate 1 400 3 250 Total Cost
Total Cost in Rs 1925 400 162 50 2587
Total Rate 400 750 50 1200
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Table – 10 Total Cost Particular Material Cost Labour cost Total W & E, Scaffolding charges 0.15% Profit 15% Total Cost Total Cost per sq. m
Cost in Rs 2587 1200 3787 6 567 4360 436
For CSEB Blocks CSEB blocks have 0.295*0.140*0.90 m of dimension and its market price is around 3.5 to 4 rs per block No of bricks required will be 1 cum/0.305*0.160*0.100 =205 taking 220 Total mortar will be 0.24cum So cement required will be: 1.5 bags Sand required will be: 0.2cum
Fig. 4: CSEB Blocks
Material CSEB Blocks Cement Sand Sundries
Labour Mason Labour Sundries
Table - 11 Material cost Cost in Rs. Required Quantity 3.5 per nos 220 nos 300 Per bag 1.5 Bag 900 Per Cum 0.180 Cum Total Cost Table – 12 Labour Cost No of required Per day Rate 1 400 3 250 Total Cost
Total Cost in Rs. 770 450 180 50 1450
Total Rate 400 750 50 1200
Cost of CSEB Block Table – 13 Total Cost Particular Material Cost Labour cost Total W&E, Scaffolding charges 0.15% Profit 15% Total Cost Total Cost per sq.m
Cost in Rs 1450 1200 2650 4 398 3052 305.2
For Hollow Concrete Block Hollow concrete block have 400*200*100 m of dimension and its market price is around 19 to 25 rs per block No of bricks required will be 1 cum/0.410*210*110 =106 taking120 Total mortar will be 0.16cum So cement required will be: 1 bag Sand required will be: 0.14 cu m
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Fig. 5: Hollow Concrete Block
Material Hollow Blocks Cement Sand Sundries
Labour Mason Labour Sundries
Table - 14 Material cost Cost in Rs. Required Quantity 20 per nos 120 nos 300 Per bag 1 Bags 900 Per Cum 0.14 Cum Total Cost Table - 15 Labour cost No of required Per day Rate 1 400 3 250 Total Cost
Total Cost in Rs. 2400 300 126 50 2876
Total Rate 400 750 50 1200
Cost of Hollow Concrete Block Table - 16 Total cost Particular Material Cost Labour cost Total W&E, Scaffolding charges 0.15% Profit 15% Total Cost Total Cost per sq.m
Cost in Rs 2876 1200 4076 6 600 4693 469.3
Now for cost reduction in brick work we have selected following material Table shows the material we have selected and their size, market price etc. Type of Brick Normal Block A.A.C Block C.S.E.B Block Fly ash Brick Hollow Concrete Blocks
Table - 5 Market Rate of materials Size of Brick in mm Nos of required 190x90x90 525 625x240x150 63 295x140x90 250 400x200x100 350 400x200x100 118
Price per Brick/Block 4.5 to 5 75 to 80 3.5 to 4 5.5 to 6 19 to 26
So total cost of brickwork using different material will be in per sq. m Types of Brick/ Block Normal Brick A.A.C Block C.S.E.B Block Fly ash Block Hollow Concrete Blocks
Table -17 Cost of Brickwork per m3 Total cost of Brickwork Dry Density per sq. m kg/m3 540 to 560 1800-2000 490 to 520 600-800 300 to 350 1500-1700 420 to 450 1700-2000 460 to 490 1700-2000
Compressive Strength kg/sq. m 3.5 3-4 7.5-10 3.98 1.25
Cost Reduction in Plaster Using Gupsum plaster instead of internal conventional plaster
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Gupsum plaster Vs Internal Plaster Comparison Table - 19 Cost of Plaster Particular Brick Solution Thickness (mm) 20-22 Material Cost per sq.m 119-129 Labor Cost Per Sq.m 99-119 Total cost 220-250 Net Saving 25-30/- Rs per sq.m
Cement + P.O.P 21-22 130-145 120-135 250-280
LIG Unit Mascon Details
Fig. 6: Mascon Unit
Total cost for a 1 LIG unit of 45 sqm2 area is considered. No 1
2
3 a
b 4 S
Table - 20 Unit cost breakup Units Qty. Per unit
Description Concrete Slabs & stairs (125mm thick) Internal Wall (100mm thick) External Wall (150mm thick) Reinforcing Steel Slabs & Stairs Internal walls External Walls Morficon Formwork Equipment Slabs & stair Internal walls External Walls Labour Slabs, stairs & all walls Concrete Finishers Internal wall faces & celling (3mm) skim coat External wall faces (6mm) plaster Total Cost
Unit cost
Total Cost
M3 M3 M3
8 8 7
3500 3800 3500
28,000 30,400 24500
Kg Kg Kg
1000 500 500
48 48 48
48,000 24,000 24,000
M2 M2 M2
50 20 70
70 70 70
3500 1400 4900
M2
140
70
9800
M2 M2
140 140
75 90
10500 12600 Rs. 2,21,600
IV. CONCLUSION As discussed above in this paper cost optimization in affordable housing is must. In a country like India where housing need is much higher than supply for the lower income group. In a developing country where construction is so much cost based and need of this projects are very high so cost optimization is very important. By using Cost effective material and Technique we can reduce the cost of construction. This Paper also suggests different ways to reduce the cost of construction.
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Cost Optimization by Providing Affordable Housing for Lower Income Group (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 057)
Among the all suggested material C.S.E.B are the most economical for the construction as there cost per block is much less and its made from locally available material. The material which has the lowest density will have the lightest weight. AAC Block has the light weight compared to other. Lightest material will reduced the reinforcement cost. AAC block have 66% lesser dead load than normal brick so the overall cost of construction will be much lesser using. AAC block so it might turn to the cheapest material of construction. Using flyash bricks there is also reduction in reinforcement as they are 27% lighter than normal bricks. AAC, CSEB blocks will have lesser carpet area than normal bricks their dimension are larger than normal bricks. Using different materials as suggested for brick work and for plaster the optimum saving in cost will be about 10 to 12 % of building. The Currently used material in construction of affordable houses is R.C.C. Even though cost of construction is not very low. RCC use as it is easier to construct and construction time is also very less. The cost depends upon the number of repetition of the formwork system. Apart from these materials Mason/mivan technology for formwork also reduce the cost 50 to 60% per unit cost of construction and time of construction. By using mascon/mivan technology speed of construction is 4days per floor so total construction period also be reduced in compare to normal construction techniques. For future study apart from Lower income Group same can be optimized for other categories like EWS (Economically weaker Section) and MIG (Medium income Group). Also, individual sites should be considered for cost optimization. A detailed risk analysis using large enough data sample can be carried out. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to express my deep sense of graduate to my internal guide Lecturer Mr.Parth Patel and to our Head of department Asst. prof. Mrs Ankita J Parikh of LDRP-Institute of Technology and Research for their able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the project work, in time. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and extend my heartiest thanks to Prof. Dr Gargi Rajpara( Principal) for lighting the very first ray of hope in pursuing a career in Infrastructure Engineering ever since my college time and till now. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]
Bevan et al.(2001), "Planning and affordable rural housing the limits to rational policy" Best and Shucksmith,( 2006) " Planning and affordable rural housing the limits to rational policy" Gabriel et al (2005), p6"Housing Affordability Literature Review and Affordable Housing Program Audit" Urban Research Centre University of Western Sydney [4] John Sturzaker, June (2009) Planning and affordable rural housing the limits to rational policy [5] Richards (2008), Housing Affordability Literature Review and Affordable Housing Program Audit [6] Robinson and Coward,( 2003). Planning and affordable rural housing the limits to rational policy [7] Shucksmith, (1981). Planning and affordable rular housing the limits to rational policy [8] Atul Thakur | TNN | Nov 25, 2008, 01.04 AM IST33% of Indians live in less space than US prisoners, [9] HimadriMayank Assistant Vice President, Research and REIS, Affordable Housing in India An Inclusive Approach to Sheltering the Bottom of the Pyramid [10] Mascon Construction System Limited, Canada [11] www.mivan.in
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