CNC Machine Based on Laser Engraver using Arduino UNO

IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 09 | March 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-784X

CNC Machine based on LASER Engraver using Arduino UNO Mr. D. O. Shirsath Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering P.V.P.I.T. Budhgaon, Sangli, India

Ms. A. P. Sale UG Student Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering P.V.P.I.T. Budhgaon, Sangli, India

Ms. S. D. Sutar UG Student Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering P.V.P.I.T. Budhgaon, Sangli, India

Ms. P. A. Shriram UG Student Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering P.V.P.I.T. Budhgaon, Sangli, India

Ms. P. D. Patil Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering P.V.P.I.T. Budhgaon, Sangli, India

Abstract Now a day’s technology is increased in rapid growth the usage and implementation of CNC system in industries and colleges but at greater cost. According to our idea on fabrication of compact and cheap cost CNC Engraver is introduced to reduce complexity, cost and man power. This paper discuss the design and implementation of two dimensional CNC router which can engrave 2D & Gray scaled images or pictures with help of high watt burning laser module on surface which can be a paper, wood, leather, plastic, foam.

Keywords: Arduino ATmega328, CNC, G-Code ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.

INTRODUCTION

The CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of computers to control machine tools. Tools that can be controlled in this manner include lathes, mills, routers and grinders.

On the surface, it may look like a normal PC controls the machines, but the computer's unique software and control console are what really sets the system apart for use in CNC machining. Under CNC Machining, machine tools function through numerical control. A computer program is customized for an object and the machines are programmed with CNC machining language (called G-code) that essentially controls all features like feed rate, coordination, location and speeds. With CNC machining, the computer can control exact positioning and velocity. CNC machining is used in manufacturing both metal and plastic parts.

Inspiring from this CNC technology and revolutionary change in the world of digital electronics & Microcontroller, we are presenting here an idea of “Arduino Based CNC Machine Controller”. The idea behind this project is to make a small Two Axis CNC router which can engrave 2D and Gray scaled images or pictures with help of high watt burning laser module on surface which can be a paper, wood, leather, plastic, foam etc. It uses two stepper motors as linear actuators on each axis X, Y. While engraving, the proper synchronization of all this axis i.e. stepper motors, is most challenging task.

As proposed idea, the machine will be built within a miniature structure. Entire structure will be built from wooden or aluminum sections. To keep a lowest weight as possible, aluminum will be preferred. The X, Y actuators will be made with high torque industrial stepper motors & Timing Belt – Pulley combinations. The stepper motors will be driven by A3967 based micro stepping stepper motor drivers. It drives & controls the operations of stepper motor by using STEP-DIR algorithm. It provides high current play on each coil of stepper motor. It controls the stepper by giving supply voltage directly to the coils of the stepper motors (Bipolar Logic). The high watt Ultraviolet Laser diode is used to engrave objects which has ultimate burning power. The brain behind the system will be AVR ATMEGA 328 Based control unit with Arduino programming structure. Arduino is today’s most popular open source hardware prototyping platform. Arduino will receive the G-Code over serial port from the G-code interpreter & sender utility tool running on PC and will give the actuation commands to the stepper motor controller. The G-code parser program is loaded into the Arduino microcontroller.

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CNC Machine based on LASER Engraver using Arduino UNO (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 113)

II. RELATED WORK From this module we describes the design of a small two dimensional CNC router, monitoring and controlling system based on stepper motor using Arduino. Some of the previous systems used three dimensional CNC machines to design, milling and drilling etc.[1]. In old paper CNC machines was suitable for designing metallic and non-metallic materials using three axis. The biggest drawback of these systems was complexity, costly and high weight of model. To overcome these problems we proposed an idea of desiging two axis CNC router which has low weight as compared to previous one because of two axis and wooden material with compact size. In our system we have to give instructions through the software which is installed in laptop and it contains G code to CNC router via Microcontroller Arduino then signals applied to stepper motor driver and according to changes in position and location as per the commands laser starts to engrave the images on given object, and laser module is operated by laser driver. The object may be all non- Metallic materials like wood, foam, plastic, rubber, paper.

III. THEORY Arduino Uno

Fig. 1: Arduino Uno

The arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328, It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog input, a 16 MHZ crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. The Uno differ from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB to serial driver chip.�UNO� means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of arduino 1.0. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards and reference model for Arduino platform. The Arduino Uno can power via the USB connection or with external power supply. External power can come either from an AC to DC adapter or battery.

Features of Arduino 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V Input Voltage 7-9 V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 8 (of which 4 are broken out onto pins) DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB used by bootloader) SRAM 2 KB

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CNC Machine based on LASER Engraver using Arduino UNO (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 113)

9) EEPROM 1KB 10) Clock Speed 16 MHz Stepper Motor

Fig. 2: Stepper Motor

Stepper Motor Specifications Table – 1 Stepper Motor Specifications Size NEMA 17 Drive system Bipolar Step angle 1.8° full Phase/Windings 4/2 Voltage & Current 12V at 400 mA Weight 0.24 kg (0.5 lbs.)

Max continuous power 5W Leads 18 in Motor height 1.5 in.

Bearings Ball

IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Fig. 3: Block Diagram

The basic block diagram of proposed system is as shown in figure3.The arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy to use hardware and software. In this paper engraving is done by the CNC machine module and CNC machine understand only G-code language. G-code stands for Gerberic code. It is the programming language which includes set of commands on which CNC machine operate. Command gives path, position and direction for engraving given image. Image may be consist of logo, nameplates, shapes, and letters.

In this paper G-codes are generated by the software “LX Easy Tool code”. In that software according to customer requirements we can insert the image for engraving-code .Engraving means burning process on given object which is done by LASER module according to command given by G-code.

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CNC Machine based on LASER Engraver using Arduino UNO (IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 09 / 113)

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS As show in figure 3, G-code is given to Atmega328 controller from the Laptop. In this, we are using two stepper motors to control two axis, since we require two stepper drivers for operating stepper motors. One is for X axis and second for Y axis. Laser module is kept constant at the Y axis.

Steps for Procedure to Design    

Put the image which is to be engraving into the software.

Software generates G code for relative image. Then it is send to Micro controller-ATMEGA328.

The arduino can be programmed with arduino software (IDE).

Stepper motor drivers, laser driver will move according to the signals specification and laser starts to engrave on the object.

Fig. 4: Steps for Procedure to Design

Software Implementation The part of software programming is through Arduino Uno software (IDE). It is easy to write code and upload it to the board.C and C++ language are used for programming in Arduino.

VI. CONCLUSION By using Arduino uno and G code it is possible to engrave any shape on any non-metallic surface with LASER. VII. FUTURE SCOPE Using high wattage LASER module we can engrave the tools in three dimension.

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

http://www.brighthubengineering.com/manufacturing-technology/55787-what-is-the-cnc-machine-how-cnc-machine-works/ http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/eng/mae/courses/460-564/Course-Notes/CNC%20notes.pdf http://www.engr.uvic.ca/~mech410/CAM_references/CNC_Computer_Numerical_Control_Programmig_Basics.pdf https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Robotics/A3967.pdf www.arduino.cc http://www.adafruit.com/products/1438 http://www.instructables.com

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