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2020 DATE: 02ND DEC. 2020
The Contribution of Building Materials in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) SUBMITTED BY; ABHISHEK ANAND 5TH YEAR
A/2896/2016 SEC: B
WORD COUNT : 8500+ GUIDE : AR. GAURAV SHOREY DISSERTATION COORDINATOR: PROF. PRABHJOT SINGH SUGGA.
NINTH SEMESTER 2020
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DECLARATION
Signature of candidate
Name: Abhishek Anand Roll No.: A/2896/2016 Year and Section: 5th year Section B Date: 25TH Nov. 2020
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Certificate
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ABSTRACT
A total of 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets were introduced in the United Nations general assembly that covers many Agenda, such as ecological, economic and cultural growth of nations and all these must be achieved by 2030. This study aims to understand the connection between building materials and the Sustainable Development Goals and to try to figure out how building materials will help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. A systematic framework was designed based on a Literature review, Case studies, and some pilot studies , which will cover the answer to the research question In what ways building materials play an essential role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? This research shows that Building Materials are one of the essential contributors to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets. There are a total of five frameworks in this research and 1st three frameworks are designed based on individual case study materials and the fourth one is a common framework on case study materials (Earthen Materials, Bamboo and Hempcrete) and 5th one is the overall Building material framework shows that every SDG's are interconnected to each other and Some Goals like 9,11,13 15 are directly and Goals like 1,3,4,6,7,8,12,14 and 17 are indirectly contributing to SDGs and Goals like 2,5,10 and 16 are not contributing toward SDGs. Additionally, this research has presented possible analysis criteria in what ways they are contributing, Contribution Names, Contribution Types, Grades, and Types of Building materials. This study will help motivate some future researchers toward sustainability.
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LIST OF TABLES 1. A General Framework Showing Contribution of E.M to SDGs……………………………31 & 32 2. A General Framework Showing Contribution of Bamboo to SDGs……………………….37 & 38 3. A General Framework Showing Contribution of Hempcrete to SDGs…………………....40 & 41 4. A Common Framework (Earthen Materials, Bamboo and Hempcrete.) ..................................49 5. A framework demonstrates the performance rating among all types of building materials to the achievements of SDGs………………………………………………………………………………50 & 51
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LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Research Framework……………………………………………………………………………..10 Fig. 2. Shows how green building can achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)............19 Fig. 3. Shows vernacular hut in Bihar made up of mud, grass and bamboo……………………....21 Fig. 4. Shows A vernacular Mud House………………………………………………………………..22 Fig. 5. The forest products value chain………………………………………………………………....24 Fig. 6. Shows significant decline in Earthen houses…………………………………………………..25 Fig. 7. Shows population below poverty line…………………………………………………………..26 Fig. 8. Showing Earthen blocks………………………………………………………………………....30 Fig. 9. Showing Straw……………………………………………………………………………………..30 Fig. 10. Showing Bamboo as a structure……………………………………………………………….34 Fig. 11. Showing Bamboo growing area in India………………………………...…………………...35 Fig. 12. Splitting Bamboo cane………………………………………………………………………….36 Fig. 13. Splitting of knife frame………………………………………………………………………….36 Fig. 14. a. Retted Stalk of Hemp Without Bast Fibers; b. Process hemp shivs along with bast fibres; c. hemp shivs for making high-density hemp concrete; d. hemp bast fibres……………….39 Fig. 15. Goal wise score of India………………………………………...……………………………...45 Fig. 16. Research Methodology………………………………………………………………………….47
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CHAPTERLIZATION) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..…..11-13 1.1 CONTEXT 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 1.3 AIM 1.4 OBJECTIVE 1.5 SCOPE 1.5 LIMITATION
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………..14-26 2.1 CONTEXT 2.2 CRITICS AND ARGUMENTS 2.3 BODY 2.3.1 The Connection between Construction Industry and Sustainable Development Goals. 2.3.2 The correlation between Building materials and SDGs. 2.3.3 Vernacular architecture: building material types, techniques. 2.3.4 The Contribution of Raw Materials to SDGs. 2.3.5 Sustainable Housing in India: Past, Present and Future 2.4 METHODS 2.5 CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY………………………………………………………………………………27-41 BUILDING MATERIALS; TYPES, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
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3.1 EARTHEN MATERIALS 3.2 BAMBOO 3.3 HEMPCRETE
CHAPTER 4 PILOT STUDY (NITI Aayog) …………………………………..……………………….….42-45 4.1 ANNUAL REPORT 2019-2020 4.2 INDIA VNR 2020
CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………….46&47 5.1 Literature review 5.2 Case study and Pilot Study 5.3 Final Analysis
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS………………………………………………….....................48-51 6.1 Building materials common grading table. 6.2 Different Building materials Contribution towards SDGs. 6.3 Positive and Negative contributions
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….53 7.1 Further Research
CHAPTER 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………….…54 CHAPTER 8 OTHER REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………55 &56
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Fig. 1. Research Framework
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1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXT The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have set a vision for a future global society based on sustainability principles (UN General Assembly, 2015). The SDG agenda consists of 17 SDGs including 169 targets to be completed by 2030, covering environmental, social and economic development elements, including criteria and a benchmark for regional and national government. In bringing many life-changing 'zero's to the world, many nations have committed to ambitious transformation, such as zero hunger, poverty, AIDS, and violence against women and girls. Therefore, all targets and goals must be fulfilled by 2030. Due to the COVID-19 impact, most developing countries face significant problems like hunger, lack of adequate access to clean water, lack of income source majorly in informal settlements, and GDP growth rate is drastically slowing down. So, it is visible that most of the countries would not achieve all Goals and targets by 2030. Currently, renewable energy sources account for just 17 percent of consumption. And preparation to reduce the worst impacts of weather transition on the environment, the government commission on climate change cautions that this must be 85 percent by 2050.
SDGs have become a challenge for all countries as the achievement of these goals and targets requires the establishment of an advanced and determined system at a country level; thus, it will increase the demand for technology, innovation, and resources to build such a system
(Bebbington & Unerman, 2015).
Major raw material processing and the consumption of natural economy and financial developments will be linked to the predicted growth of cities and large cities in the upcoming years. Hence, this may lead to serious environmental issues. It will increase the need for sustainable building materials for constructing new buildings and infrastructure to achieve the overall sustainable development Goals (SDGs). In general, the extensive urban facilities face problems like consuming more unsustainable resources and becoming significantly less, not more durable. Most of them have been built such that they have an infinite supply of new materials and inexhaustible energy sources. There are many factors involved in creating truly
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sustainable buildings for achieving the SDG throughout our urban buildings, the conservation of the natural resources available increases the energy output, upgrades industry and infrastructure. And therefore, by keeping their actual buildings and developing cities truly sustainable, sustainable development goals (SDGs) can be achieved. Moreover, the research aims to explore alternative ideas about which building materials are more useful and how to develop cities, villages, towns and regions towards cleaner and healthier environments.
RESEARCH QUESTION? 1. In what ways building materials play an essential role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? AIM ● Understand the correlation between building materials and SDGs. ● This study aims to understand how building materials could help achieve sustainable development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.
OBJECTIVE ● To study Sustainability, SDGs, building materials types. ● To determine the use of building materials directly and indirectly in supporting the SDGs. ● To analyse the association between building materials and SDGs. ● To analyse the major issues faced by building materials in achieving its sustainable development goals and targets. ● To study and investigate the natural resources (mainly focusing on Goal no 7) and its conservation in the future.
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SCOPE ● The study covers three particular goals (7,9,11), 23 targets, and its 32 indicators. It also covers the link between the construction industry, building materials, and sustainable development goals (SDGs). ● The study focuses on possible implications and contributions to sustainable development goals and targets. ● The study utilizes aggregate data available from internet sources regarding SDGs and their targets. LIMITATIONS ● The study has some limitations in which findings need to be interpreted as the fundamental research is available from the internet. ● This study did not examine the entire SDGs and its targets and did not cover the impact of COVID-19 in achieving their plan by 2030. ● The result of this study is not generalizable because of its time constraint.
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Literature Review Section 2.3.1 The Connection between Construction Industry and Sustainable Development Goals. Section 2.3.2 covers the correlation between Building materials and SDGs. Section 2.3.3 Vernacular architecture: building material types, techniques. Section 2.3.4 The Contribution of Raw Materials to SDGs Section 2.3.5 Building materials; Contribution, achievement of (SDGs) and their targets.
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2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 CONTEXT Although, considering my research question, in what ways building materials play an essential role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? This research is on three crucial Goals of SDGs (Goal no 7, 9, and 11), directly connected to my research question through Energy Efficiency, Innovative Building Design of infrastructure development, and technology.
During the last 50 years, buildings in general and broad urban buildings, in particular, have become significantly less not more durable and much more resource consumptive (Storey 1999). Moreover, more than 32% of global energies are being occupied by the Building industry in its lifetime and currently, humans are consuming much more non-renewable resources like fossil fuel in large quantities; it is unsustainable and very harmful for the environment. So, that needs to change to consume renewable sources, which are becoming cheaper day by day.
New prospects are provided by the UN 2030 Plan and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to focus on its most important contributions, such as Goals 6, 7 and 11. All researchers concentrate on implementing the agenda by 2030 and continuously talk about sustainable urban buildings and self-sustainable designs that contribute to liveable societies and urban populations. But, very few of them focus on how to achieve these goals and targets, particular in the least developed, landlocked countries.
2.2 CRITICS AND ARGUMENTS Although all UN members have accepted SDGs agendas and now, it is in the implementation phase. Still, at that time, it received a lot of critics like;
●
too expensive
●
covered too much ground
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expected to have more than 7% GDP growth
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very hard to achieve any of them
●
Profoundly contradictory
●
It would be hard to create accountability around any of them and much more just after the SDGs were introduced in 2015. For achieving the goals, one needs to focus on the ground reality of implementation of SDGs in the least developing countries, where the GDP growth rate is less than 3%, and solutions may be found and analyse the use of implementation.
2.3 BODY By enhancing research, industrial diversification, doubling energy efficiency, etc., some of the goals can be directly achieved by supporting domestic technology development. About half of the energy is consumed by the construction industry; about 80 percent comes from non-renewable sources such as coal, oil and natural gas. According to the Government Commission on Climate Change, renewable energy demand needs to be 85 percent by 2050 to reduce the worst environmental change.
Furthermore, the main body of the literature review is categorized into five sections:
Section 2.3.1 The Connection between Construction Industry and Sustainable Development Goals. Section 2.3.2 covers the correlation between Building materials and SDGs. Section 2.3.3 Vernacular architecture: building material types, techniques. Section 2.3.4 The Contribution of Raw Materials to SDGs Section 2.3.5 Building materials; Contribution, achievement of (SDGs) and their targets.
2.3.1 The Connection between Construction Industry and Sustainable Development Goals, According to the author, Buildings have a remarkable influence on the climate and health. Throughout the lifetime of buildings, the construction industry constantly uses a huge amount of energy including resources; the structure's development, development, operation and
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repair have a wide range of consequences. The construction industry occupies almost 35% of global energy and the environmental effect of the building and construction sectors is huge. It accounts for the benefit of 40% of the natural resources extracted in industrialized countries, the consumption of 70% of the electrical power and 12% of potable water, and the production of 45–
65% of the waste placed to landfills (Castro-Lacouture, Sefair, Flórez, & Medaglia, 2009; Franzoni, 2011; Pulselli, Simoncini, Pulselli, & Bastianoni, 2007). Those who are also accountable to several Greenhouse gases, accountable for more than 30% used during the process of service as well as an estimated 18 percent generated during its use shipment of material.
It seems there is a considerable amount of energy occupied by the construction industry, and most of it is coming from non-renewable sources, which leads to significant environmental change. In the coming years, the construction industry would expand much more because most highly populated countries are currently in the developing phase, and need proper settlement, industrialization, health care facilities, water supply, and education. So, construction industries need to shift from non-renewable energy sources to renewable sources as soon as possible.
Although, many questions need to be considered like how the construction industry can minimize non-renewable resources of energy? How to reduce the effect on climate change, health, and wellbeing through renewable sources of energy? The world green building council’s shows how green buildings can achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Apart from targets 7,9 and 11, there are several priorities and they have a huge effect on green buildings that could engage positively in achieving sustainable development goals.
However, few types of research being done regarding the interlinkage between the building industry and SDGs. Di Foggia (2018) studied the link between energy-efficient measures in buildings (EEMs) and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study majorly connects the link between energy-efficiency in buildings with SDGs 11 and 13. The major findings of the course are that if efficient energy-efficient policies and methods can be enforced, they can minimize
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construction costs and also contribute to climate change, sustainable society, health and wellbeing, as well as the environment.
Fig. 2. Shows how green building can achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adapted from WGBC (2019).
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2.3.2 The correlation between Building materials and SDGs. Building materials are generally referred to as materials used for construction purposes like sand, clay, cement, wood etc. It is defined as one metal and the other non-metals are two different types of materials. Some resources, such as clay, sand, and wood, are derived from nature. And most construction materials, such as steel, cement, brick, concrete, iron, etc., are produced by human beings.
Biodegradable and non-durable (for example, leaves and animal hides) were the first construction materials. Afterwards, with the industrial revolution accompanied by machinery and large-scale industrial manufacturing, many new building construction materials (such as metal and concrete) were discovered and with ongoing research, numerous building materials are available in the market to satisfy the need of creating modern architectural designs (Silva, Khan, & Han, 2018). However, several environmental issues related to climate change and global warming have followed the advancement of the building materials industry. In order to minimize the negative impacts of building on the environment, construction materials have become part of the concept of sustainable growth, which has become another important part of the design process.
After the Brundtland Report in 1987, many new building materials were introduced in the construction industry till now just to cater to the Sustainable Development Goals, and the demand for new sustainable building materials are increasing rapidly in the past few years. The UN agenda of sustainable development goals creates a significant opportunity to build materials to reveal its importance to the environment and society. According to Secher, Collin, and Linnet (2018), building materials have a significant impact (direct and indirect) on achieving a variety of goals and targets within sustainable development goals (SDGs) and these necessary goals include SDG3, SDG6, SDG7, SDG8, SDG9, SDG11, and SDG12. However, more research is needed because this topic is very vast and their link should briefly be addressed to fill the remaining gap between them.
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2.3.3 Vernacular architecture: building material types, techniques and SDGs.
The term vernacular originates from the word 'vernacular' in Latin and it is generally translated to ndigenous. Sustainable construction came along when the people understood that to have the natural resources in front of them, they have to develop necessary structures. That was seen as a total contrast to background and tools, including technologies and processes that influence the capacity available from generation to generation, such as local native skills. Hemp, wood, gravels, grass, mud and others are the vernacular construction materials that have been in use generations. And these materials are also considered as sustainable materials and directly helps to acheive Sustainable development goals (SDGs). Adobe design (sun-dried mud walling); Rammed Earth Design; Timber - framed design; are numerous vernacular construction design techniques that were used.
Fig. 3.
Shows vernacular hut in Bihar made up of mud, grass and bamboo.
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Bihar had been a land of thirty different tribes on the plateau of Chota Nagpur and Bihar had an agrarian community before British colonization in 1870, and the huts were made of mud walls, and the traditional construction was the Chad roofs. Jharkhand’s infrastructure has reacted to active family relationships through creating community courtyards, together with a thermally
responsive building. Until 1960, these structures accounted for 48 percent of the total house development, according to data available. Building Materials
Fig. 4. Shows A vernacular Mud House. A structure made from natural materials, known also as Mud House as well as a short-lived structure, which is made up of mud, straw, bamboo, thatch, or stick. It needs regular maintenance and replacement, as it is not made for durability. The functional limitations of the available building materials determine the basic shape that can be of simple beauty. The advantage of a Clay House is that construction materials are cheap and easily available and relatively little 21
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labour is required. Sustainable choices for better electricity, climate and thermal efficiency of buildings are seen as the application of vernacular techniques and materials to buildings. Vernacular architecture has significant characteristics such as resilience and flexibility, hence the need to choose building materials in the nearest environment that are vernacular building materials and follow green buildings with their corresponding strategies and techniques, such
Vernacular architecture principles respect nature and are climate-conscious, user-friendly, and respect the culture and tradition of the community at large and most importantly contextually (Kofi Agyekum, Ernest Kissi, James Cofie Danku, 2020;). Buildings, huts, and habitats are normally built from such materials that are easily available around them and they have certain regular practice in the olden times, like preservation of groundwater in sandy regions through the help of gravels and some other stones that actually contribute to one of the most environmentally friendly structures. Many activities have been converted into the wind towers commonly used in green buildings, such as sprinkling water on porous mud floors to provide a satisfactory indoor atmosphere both in the day and night time and these instances indicate that local architecture provided a more friendly environment for indigenes to operate in and out of their buildings. (R. Ganguly,2019) 2.3.4 The Contribution of Raw Materials to SDGs.
The framework for the UN SDGs does not provide an explicit raw material SDG. However, natural resources are also necessary for the achievement of Sustainable development goals and it can contribute to those Sustainable development goals directly or indirectly. As the 'European Strategic Long-Term Vision for a Stable, Modern, Efficient and Climate-Neutral Economy' emphasizes, raw materials are important enablers of carbon-neutral solutions in all sectors of the economy, and there are different stages of system requirements and for supply chain, which vary based on the products in which can be very challenging given the number the raw materials (Mancini, L. and Vidal Legaz, V. (n.d.). 22
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Tree logs should be sent to the sawmill where they are debarked and graded before being cut and afterwards panels are transformed into multiple customised items to be sold for use in woodworking as well as to produce a variety of equipment and products required on wood. And the whole wooden panel would be used for a particular product after its use.
Fig. 5. The forest products value chain (Source: WWF, 2012)
Through the use of specific natural resources, materials would have a powerful impact on the energy necessities during the product consumption process, and the use of aluminium in cars for example, as they are lighter than other alternative materials, will minimise the need for electricity, which may also be necessary to take into account the related power requirements throughout the production process of materials, such as the production process. Raw materials are widely used for clean energy components and similar technologies, including such as batteries for power storage, in different applications, like infrastructure
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facilities, equipment, and end-use applications. Many metals and resources are required. These include copper, cobalt, cadmium, tellurium, and rare earth elements (REEs) (Blagoeva et al., 2016). [Indicator UN 9.4.1]
Raw materials are essential for the development of sustainable and resilient urban infrastructure, including adequate housing and public 32 transport networks, among other things [Indicator UN 11.1.1; 11.2.1; 11.6.2] [Indicator EUROSTAT 11.30].
2.3.5 Sustainable Housing in India: Past, Present and Future The modern buildings materials in India are transforming towards the use of concrete and fire bricks. That results in decline of interest towards sustainable building materials such as earthen materials. An emerging construction pattern dependent upon prominent wall materials throughout developed and developing countries like India is seen here: Clearly, In rural India, throughout the past four decades, a large reduction in earthen houses in preference of burnt brick buildings has been reported.. Most of the houses were designed in India from the ground up until 1971. But then high-rise buildings were introduced in Urban areas and decline of earthen building materials were started rapidly.
Fig. 6. Shows significant decline in Earthen houses.
(Yask Kulshreshtha, 2020)
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So, until 2001, The common wall building material in rural areas was mud or unburnt brick, then replaced by fired brick and these fire bricks are now widely utilised material for walling purposes in urban India, although concrete is becoming incredibly popular because of the increase in the number of high-rise projects.
A significant decrease in construction of earthen dwellings suggests that industrial products seem to be unable to compete with local and conventional materials and processes. The feasibility about using ground as a construction material to create modern housing was also acknowledged by many studies and academics. Companies, including the (IDFC) - Regional Development Project, have proposed promoting mud construction to the Indian government, and also some writers agree that earthen buildings are expected to come again. In addition, earthen buildings were believed to be up to 30-40% economical over reinforced concrete. Moreover, the consumer price of cement is likely to increase due to the rise in price of petrol and therefore transport costs.
The earthen houses were named sustainable because they were recyclable and reusable because the materials used during the construction era came from the same area. Limited transport and simple processing techniques were therefore necessary, making the earth an economical, user-friendly material and earth houses, especially those that are unsterilized, disintegrate and can be reused many times in nature as examples of typical earthen houses constructed with ancestral materials
(Yask Kulshreshtha, 2020).
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Fig 7. Shows population below poverty line.
METHODS After visiting these documents, the implications of research works are based on case studies, extracting information from relevant kinds of literature on this topic, systematic examination, Analysing targets, and Identifying implications and future direction. To fully understand the SDGs, it is also essential to consider the AAAA – Addis Ababa Action Agenda (United Nations, 2015a) that focused mainly on the theme Finance for Development and the COP21, Paris Agreement (United Nation, 2015), that focused on Climate Change. Some gaps need to be considered; they’re very few methodologies that explore the relationship between industries and the 2030 agenda and direct visible connection between them.
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CONCLUSIONS Although, The initial conclusion is crucial as this review is just based on a secondary source of study only, and it does not make sense to address it. However, it has taken so many years to develop the concept of SDGs, which is transformed into a global agenda. It is about having a new attitude towards each other and towards nature, which is about considering that all must be represented, and above all, no one must be left behind. These researches help both architects and connected officials to extract information under social science, particularly considering its professional specialization.
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Case Study Earthen Materials Bamboo Hempcrete
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3; CASE STUDY India has been always recognized because of its rich history and culture and its contribution towards the same. A common aspect that seems to be distinctive if Indian building heritage is taken into account is the construction technique and structural stability that ensures its survival even to date, despite experiencing calamities, man-made disasters, and negligence (Rupsha Chakraborty, 2019). India is currently experiencing a surge as a result of the recent progress in the process of construction materials. At the same period, due to all the huge disparity in production and improvement of construction materials, and also the need for energy-efficient and cost-effective construction techniques, new and innovative resources however have generated possibilities to arise and this helps India to achieve the Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and 11 (Sustainable cities and communities) of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Types of Green building materials chosen for Case Study ● Earthen Materials ● Bamboo ● Hempcrete
3.1 Earthen Materials Since ancient times, the soil was used in several unique societies around the globe mostly as construction material. Industrialized construction processes and the production of materials, such as concrete, have replaced earthen construction. Today, earthen building is connected with poverty, and much of this form of construction is in developing countries. The continuous increase in the energy cost of some building materials (cement and ceramic bricks) and environmental issues are promoting the use of sustainable materials, such as the earthen materials known by their abundance and low-cost production. (Elisabete R. Teixeira, 2020.)
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Fig. 8. Showing Earthen blocks ●
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Fig. 9. Showing Straw.
For building purposes, earthen materials such as rocks, adobe, and rammed earth have been used for years.
●
Straw, grass and several other fibrous products, respectively, are applied to the soil for good strength and durability.
●
In some remote villages of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand etc., The structures constructed with fibrous products and rammed earth can be seen.
3.1.1 Advantages of Earthen Materials and its Health Benefits The major advantages of Earthen materials are; ● they are reusable and “if one can break it down” the mud can go back to nature. And if anyone wants to rebuild the structure, he can reuse it and he doesn’t have to look for anything new. ● Clay houses are naturally cool in summers and they don’t require installing Air Conditioners to reduce the temperature but Anyone can install fans and Air Conditioners to maintain the temperature that suits him. ● These materials are local and easily available for construction. These were considered good for health by the Earthen Houses. The main factor behind that will be soil because the toxins can be absorbed by the soil. But as residents of these mud houses
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complain that the flooring can be unhealthy throughout the heavy rain and if a user enters through muddy feet, the whole living room becomes muddy as well as the surface becomes an infectious that can be dangerous to inhabitants.
3.1.2 Thermal Performance, Durability and Construction cost As Earthen buildings absorb heat during the day time and keep the interior cold and they release the heat at night and warms the interiors. This is due to its high specific heat capacity which allows to reduce the thermal mass of the mud houses. In some climates, this function may have a beneficial effect on the thermal efficiency of buildings. Typical mud homes often adapted over period through serious understanding and found their important features including such thermal characteristics and earthen construction style. In recent times, the traditional building materials have been replaced by new materials like metals and layers of asbestos. These materials are extremely thermal conductive and also have poor thermal inertia, leading to excessive heat of the summer and freezing winter. The main fear about the construction of earthen houses is durability and they suffer serious degradation due to rain and regular plastering needed. For two main purposes, earthen building materials are typically stabilized. One of them is to improve the soil durability and strength, which are sometimes insufficient for building construction. The other is to improve the resilience of the material to water-induced erosion and its longevity. Building without having a foundation might lead to insufficient precipitation protection, leading to structural failure resulting to its collapse. The quality of traditional earthen buildings was considered weak in the time of flooding. The buildings, however, were found to be earthquake resistant in some instances, such as in Namchi and Bhuj. Throughout the country, earthen materials continue to be environmentally conscious and gradually selected for their dream homes as cost-effective and energy-saving eco-friendly building materials. Construction costs are purely dependent on transport conditions, the availability of workers, designers and construction engineers. A cob house construction in 2016 was built with an investment of Rs 630/m2 and the wattle and daub houses in Delhi were reported to be built for 31
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Rs1000-2000/m2 with major expenditure being the cost of timber and labour for timber construction (Yask Kulshreshtha, 2020). However, relative to typical 'Pucca' buildings, they are considered to be inferior in performance.
3.1.3 Earthen Materials contribution in achieving SDGs. Although there are 17 SDGs ranging from ending poverty to fostering peaceful and equitable communities and these comprehensive goals need to be accomplished by 2030.
Earthen
Materials can contribute significantly to SDGs like Goals 3,7,,9, and 11(directly connected), and Goals 4,6,8,10,12,13,15 and 17 are somewhat indirectly connected and indeed they have already contributed to SDGs.
TABLE 1 A General Framework Showing Contribution of E.M to SDGs. Goals no.
Goals Name
Contribution Name
Contributions Type
In what ways B.M are contributing to SDGs ?.
1.
No Poverty.
Invisible
No Contribution
-------------------------------
2.
Zero Hunger.
Invisible
No Contribution
-------------------------------
3.
Good Health and Well-being.
Visible
4.
Quality Education.
5.
Directly
E.M helps in reducing toxin in indoor conditions.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure with low construction cost.
Gender Equality.
Invisible
No Contribution
6.
Clean water and Sanitation.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure.
7.
Affordable and Clean Energy.
Visible
Directly
low or negative carbon lifecycle.
8.
Decent work and Economic Growth.
Allowing
Indirectly
Helps in creating jobs due to the workforce.
9.
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.
Visible
Directly
By creating efficient design and motivating to use E.M as a
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building material. Indirectly
By building better infrastructure, no one will leave behind.
Visible
Directly
By reducing carbon footprint.
Responsible Consumption and Production.
Allowing
Indirectly
E.M are renewable and recyclable which helps in reducing the consumption and production.
13.
Climate action.
Allowing
Indirectly
By reducing carbon footprint
14.
Life below water.
Invisible
No Contribution
15.
Life on Land.
Allowing
Indirectly
16.
Peace, Justice and Strong Institution.
Invisible
No Contribution
17.
Partnerships for the Goals.
Allowing
Indirectly
10.
Reduced Inequalities.
Allowing
11.
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
12.
-------------------------------
minimising damages and designing in such a way that can enhance biodiversity.. -------------------------------
By creating partnerships with recognised industries.
In the above framework, All the 17 Goals are mentioned here and tries to explain how these Sustainable Development Goals are connected to each other and also tries to figure out their contribution types, names etc. E.M can help in reducing toxins so they can indirectly contribute to Goal no 3. By reducing carbon footprint, they can help in achieving Goals like 7, 11 and 13. By minimising damages they can achieve Goal 13 and by reducing the consumption and production by using E.M they can achieve goal no 12 respectively... These 4 Goals are visible and directly connected to SDGs. ● Goal 3 - Good Health and Well-being. There is much evidence that says the way buildings were designed plays an important role that can affect the health of the occupants. Earthen materials have many feathers like they can absorb toxins. On average, Indians spend 70% of their time living indoors due to its weather conditions and some researchers found that there are two to five times more toxins indoors. So, Earthen materials help in reducing the toxins from indoors and helps the occupants in their health and wellbeing.
● Goal 7- Affordable and Clean Energy. 33
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Earthen materials can help in the preservation of energy and they are locally available so they don’t require much transportation which provides an additional advantage of generating no carbon emissions. Due to its nature, occupants don't require much energy for living and also play an important role in limiting the effect on the earth. ● Goal 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Earthen materials are not just making a structure, they should be built in a way which means they are efficient and adaptable. And a huge motivation for technology and innovation is also required for structures that push the boundaries on sustainability, including such net zero emission structures. ● Goal 11 - Sustainable cities and communities By 2030, almost 60percent of the total population of the world would live in the cities, which is why maintaining that they will be sustainable and that is important. The pillars of settlements are houses, and earthen materials are therefore essential to long-term survival.
3.2 Bamboo As a building material, bamboo seems to have a good specific strength, but light weight is becoming one of the commonly utilized construction materials in the world and is also called the
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poor man's timber in India. The most plentiful bamboo is found in India with a 14-million-hectare bamboo forest field, India has a huge resource for bamboo. Fig 10. Showing Bamboo as a structure. https://www.modlar.com/news/145/bamboo-as-aconstruction-material/ India holds the biggest region on earth and the 2nd largest bamboo reserves, although its factories lack access to raw materials. The country's bamboo industry is still at a nascent level, which is 4% of the global bamboo economy. Major consumers of bamboo in the country include the paper industry, construction sector, handicrafts and small and cottage industries (APN, GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, CANSA).
3.2.1 Bamboo Resources in India In terms of available resources, India is the world's second largest bamboo producing country after China (Forest Survey of India [FSI], 2011). Nationwide, India holds 37.8 percent of the overall bamboo nature reserve, although twenty % nature reserves are bamboo. In India there are 125 indigenous and 11 exotic species of bamboo belonging to 23 genera (FSI, 201) Bamboos are present in almost all parts of the world except Kashmir, where there is no natural bamboo. Bamboos are amongst the world's leading plants due to a distinctive rhizomedependent mechanism and its growth becomes significantly faster than just about any other plant species. They are sustainable and highly flexible, multi-purpose tools. It is also used as a genuinely excellent green building material and is twice as strong as concrete and marginally stronger than
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steel. excellent green building material and is twice as strong as concrete and marginally stronger More than 50% of principle genera are found in Eastern India that is approximately fifty-eight species of bamboo belonging to 10 genera are distributed in the north-eastern states alone (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2003); (APN, GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, CANSA)
Fig. 11. Showing Bamboo growing area in India Source: National Bamboo Mission
3.2.2 Bamboo as a Construction Material, Growth and its Shapes A frame structure method that's also similar to a certain methodology used in the usual construction and maintenance of timber frames is being used to build bamboo. Mostly in presence with bamboo, flooring, partitions and roofing are intertwined and sometimes depend on one another for structural integrity, going to be crucial in infrastructure development and helps in employment creation.
Different methods working with Bamboo. ●
Splitting
Using a sharp knife, the splitting of bamboo can be performed as halves or quarter pieces and set them apart. There will, however, be four or eight segments that could be collected and used as canes, strips and battens. This can be removed to create string and rope up until the age of 18 months.
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Fig. 12. Splitting Bamboo cane
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Fig. 13. Splitting of knife frame
Shaping Everyone is familiar with the circular form of bamboo, but they can acquire the shape if they are grown in square boxes. ●
Bending
If heated above 150 degrees Celsius just after the fresh cut, it can be bent. Even after cooling and drying off, it will maintain its shape and scale.
Different Growing desired shapes of bamboo. ●
square cross-section - It is possible to obtain a square cross-section by compressing the rising bamboo stalk within a square section.
●
arch shapes - Through compacting its expansion of the bamboo into the desired form, bamboo arc forms can sometimes be created. To get the same form, this will cost less than it would with standard timber.
●
curved and flat- Via conventional techniques such as heat and pressure application, curved and flat bamboo forms are achieved.
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3.2.3 Carbon Footprint, Thermal performance- Bamboo The very first solution is to cut the carbon footprint much more than possible throughout the fight against climate change. If carbon footprint will be minimized, it doesn't only help the environment it also reduces the cost of living. Along with its rapid development, its capacity to extract carbon from the atmosphere is unparalleled by bamboo. Bamboo consumes quite enough as four times more carbon than a comparable set of hardwood trees and emits 35% higher oxygen. A simple method of reducing impact on the environment is to plant bamboo. This is an advantage throughout the building industry because of its sustainable characteristics, durability and cylindrical shape structure. As such a thermal insulation, owing to the combination of cavities, it would have a favourable thermal performance, however when several Bamboos are arranged together put a wall, the contact surfaces throughout the joins allow heat transfer thanks to its curved shapes.
3.2.4 It’s Contribution towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Bamboo is considered as one of the fast-growing grasses in the world and they are flexible, resilient and easy to chop. One can utilize the bamboo by 100% and bamboo doesn’t generate any wastes. They are renewable, recyclable and they can be used as much as 10,000 different ways including infrastructure. Bamboo can help in achieving many Sustainable Development Goals like 3,7,8,9,11,12,13,15 and 17. And Goals like 7, 9, 11 and 12 can be achieved directly. TABLE 2 A General Framework Showing Contribution of Bamboo to SDGs.
Goals no.
Goals Name
Contribution Name
Contributions Type
How ?
1.
No Poverty.
Invisible
No Contribution
-------------------------------
2.
Zero Hunger.
Invisible
No
-------------------------------
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Contribution 3.
Good Health and Well-being.
Allowing
Indirectly
Enhancing the Medical Infrastructure
4.
Quality Education.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure with the use of Bamboo structures, furniture...
5.
Gender Equality.
Invisible
No Contribution
6.
Clean water and Sanitation.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure.
7.
Affordable and Clean Energy.
Visible
Directly
low or negative carbon lifecycle.
8.
Decent work and Economic Growth.
Allowing
Indirectly
Helps in creating jobs due to the workforce.
9.
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.
Visible
Directly
By creating efficient design and motivating to use bamboo as a building material.
10.
Reduced Inequalities.
Allowing
Indirectly
By building better infrastructure, no one will leave behind.
11.
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
Visible
Directly
By reducing carbon footprint
12.
Responsible Consumption and Production.
Visible
Directly
Bamboos are renewable and recyclable which helps in reducing the consumption and production.
13.
Climate action.
Allowing
Indirectly
By reducing carbon footprint
14.
Life below water.
Invisible
No Contribution
15.
Life on Land.
Allowing
Indirectly
16.
Peace, Justice and Strong Institution.
Invisible
No Contribution
17.
Partnerships for the Goals.
Allowing
Indirectly
-------------------------------
-------------------------------
minimising damages and designing in such a way that can enhance biodiversity... -------------------------------
By creating partnerships with recognised industries.
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In the above framework, all 17 Sustainable Development Goals try to figure out their contribution types, names and they are contributing to SDGs. Bamboo can help in achieving Goal no 3 by enhancing the medical infrastructure. By reducing carbon footprint, they can help in achieving Goals like 7, 11 and 13. By creating partnerships they can achieve Goal 17, by reducing the consumption and production they can achieve goal no 12 and they can also help in achieving Goal no 8 by creating Jobs.
3.3 Hempcrete
Fig. 14. a. Retted Stalk of Hemp Without Bast Fibbers; b. Process hemp shivs along with bast fibres; c. hemp shivs for making high-density hemp concrete; d. hemp bast fibres. (Tarun jami, 2018)
Hempcrete is a lime-based binder consisting of hemp shives. Hemp is generally named as plants that are widely used for industrial purposes like textile, food, plastic paper etc. Hemp is referred to as carbon negative for its agricultural roots and use of lime as well as other industrial waste as mineral binders. A study finds that hemp, which fulfils the role of preventing insect activity, was present in the lime and plaster of Ellora caves, over 1500 years old Hemp has some extraordinary qualities and researchers discovered that the mixtures contained at least 10% hemp
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fibres, which made it bind better, make it insect resistant and also helped to regulate the humidity inside the cave (SINGH et al, 2017). 3.3.1 Properties of Hempcrete
The hemp is majorly divided into two parts. ● Bast Bast fibres are normally extracted from the hemp straw's retting process and woven into textiles, belts, ropes, etc.
● Hurd And so far, the Hurd plant has been used as insulation and bedding for animals etc. While, it is also referred to as shivs that are used for purposes of cellulose. Hemp is among the most commonly known and utilized researched material particles in building construction production and hemp is one of the most thoroughly investigated bio-based concrete.
3.3.2 Carbon Footprint and thermal performance The structures are much more concrete, metal and some other materials in modern days, which they've been produced or cultivated for decades. Concrete output produces CO2, which is the material commonly used in construction. A potential alternative replacement. Normally, hemp sequesters carbon both within the plant themselves and through sequestering carbon throughout the ground. The quantity of sequestered carbon depends on the characteristics of hemp, when and how it has been produced, and how it has been extracted. It is considered as hemp preserves an approximate 325kilograms of carbon per metric ton of composite hemp. The hempcrete's thermal conductivity indicate that the scale of a heating plant can also be decreased, reducing the resulting energy consumption and carbon emissions, which may be between 50% and 80% lower than in buildings of traditional concrete blocks structure heated to 41
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the very same U-value as the hempcrete structure. Standard 12-inch-thick walls just provide necessary R-value (~2.5/in.).
3.3.3 Hemp Contribution towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Hemp is considered to be a sustainable, non-toxic, green yet low-energy material that during development requires no chemicals and much less irrigation and fertilizers and pesticides than cotton. If, building Industry built their structures with hemp material, definitely hemp will become one of the most eligible sustainable materials for the environment. However, these Goals can be directly and indirectly achieved by the using of hemp as a building material. TABLE 3 A General Framework Showing Contribution of Hempcrete to SDGs.
Goals no.
Goals Name
Contribution Name
Contributions Type
How ?
1.
No Poverty.
Invisible
No Contribution
-------------------------------
2.
Zero Hunger.
Invisible
No Contribution
-------------------------------
3.
Good Health and Well-being.
Allowing
Indirectly
Enhancing the Medical Infrastructure
4.
Quality Education.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure.
5.
Gender Equality.
Invisible
No Contribution
6.
Clean water and Sanitation.
Allowing
Indirectly
Advancing the infrastructure.
7.
Affordable and Clean Energy.
Visible
Directly
low or negative carbon lifecycle.
8.
Decent work and Economic Growth.
Allowing
Indirectly
Helps in creating jobs due to the workforce.
9.
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.
Visible
Directly
By creating efficient design and motivating to use bamboo as a building material.
-------------------------------
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10.
Reduced Inequalities.
Allowing
11.
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
Visible
12.
Responsible Consumption and Production.
13.
Indirectly Directly
By reducing carbon footprint
Allowing
Indirectly
It can reduce consumption because hemp is highly renewable and biodegradable.
Climate action.
Allowing
Indirectly
By reducing carbon footprint
14.
Life below water.
Invisible
No Contribution
15.
Life on Land.
Allowing
Indirectly
16.
Peace, Justice and Strong Institution.
Invisible
No Contribution
17.
Partnerships for the Goals.
Allowing
Indirectly
-------------------------------
minimising damages and designing in such a way that can enhance biodiversity. -------------------------------
By creating partnerships with recognised industries.
In the above framework, almost each and every goal is contributing directly or indirectly to SDGs. Hempcrete can help in achieving Goal no 3 and 4 by enhancing the medical, school infrastructure. By reducing carbon footprint, they can help in achieving Goals like 7, 11 and 13. By creating partnerships they can achieve Goal 17, by reducing the consumption and production they can achieve goal no 12 and they can also help in achieving Goal no 8 by creating Jobs.
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Pilot Study NITI Aayog
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4; PILOT STUDY (NITI Aayog) The National Institution for Transforming India, also named NITI Aayog, was established on January 1 , 2015, through a resolution of the Union Cabinet. NITI Aayog is the Govt of India's premier 'Think Tank' policy, which offers all these spatial as well as strategy input data. NITI Aayog also ensures excellent expert advice to the Centre and State governments when getting ready strategic and long-term programs and policies also for Indian government. India reiterates its adherence to the ideals and goals set out in the SDG system. NITI Aayog, the premier think tank of the Government of India headed by the Prime Minister of India and the nodal body mandated to oversee the progress of the 2030 Agenda, has been spearheading the movement for SDG localization, in collaboration with subnational constituents and the civil society, in the journey of the nation to fulfil its commitments of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas with Sabka Vishwas’(INDIA VNR, 2020).
4.1 ANNUAL REPORT 2019-2020
This specific analysis focuses on the outcomes of SDGs in India and only covers the SDG India Index's 2019-2020 Annual Report. This annual report research carries a framework that evaluates their position within each United nation sustainable development goals and the results on the basis of 0-100 of each state / central territory, and that of the nation as whole and, while 100 means achieving the goal and 1 represents the very worst performance. There are only 13 goals and 62 indicators are listed in the 2018 Annual Report, while the new edition contains all 17 goals. Compared with the previous one, the current version is more refined and the indicators used in the 2019 index are taken from the National Indicator System of the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. In this edition they have covered almost all Goals and targets of UN Sustainable Development Goals.
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4.1.1 Current Situation: India The collective rating of India becomes 60, as per the index's 19 edition, that is an improvement over the score of 57 throughout 2018. The maximum score was obtained by SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) which is 88 and the poorest score was obtained with SDG 2 (nutrition and zero hunger) which was 35. The improvement of Goal no 6(clean water and sanitation) is also seen as the success of JAL JEEVAN MISSION AND SWACHH BHARAT MISSION.
Fig. 16. Goal wise score of India
NITI Aayog Annual
Report 19)
There are total 5SDGs which score more than 65 and they are 6,7,9,15 and 16 respectively. The main reason behind these successes is due to universal electrification under the Subhagya scheme and clean cooking Gas under Ujjwala scheme, and the Pradhan Mantri Gram sadak yojana and Ease of doing business globally contributed to SDG 9.
4.1.2 State-wise score of the country
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Kerala ranked first among the nations, with a score of 70. With 69, Himachal Pradesh came second. Within several union territories, Chandigarh secured the top spot with a score of 70 while Puducherry ranked second with 66. Delhi rated as fifth amongst other nine Union Territories with a rating of 61. Bihar ranked last among all the states and there are not any such improvements seen from the past 1 year. The biggest improvement was achieved by Uttar Pradesh, In 2018 report, Uttar Pradesh secured last rank and In 2019 reports it jumps in rank from 29th to 23rd. There are a total 8 states which scored more than 65 and considered to be Front Runner and rest 20 states are lagging behind and they are considered as performers.
4.1.3 Union Territories There are a total 8 union territories in this country in which Chandigarh secured first rank, Pondicherry secured 2nd rank. Jammu and Kashmir ranked last among all the union territories. There are a total 2 union territories which are able to score more than 65 and considered to be as Front Runner and rest 6 union territories are lagging behind and they are considered as performers.
4.1.5 Progress of Sustainable Development Goals. After achieving the progress on Sustainable Development Goals NITI Aayog formed indexes on Innovation, School Education, Water Management, Health and Energy for the growth and prosperity for India. And these Indexes create an extensive framework for betterment of the environment of 29states and seven union territories. Delhi is considered as one of the most innovative UT’s in India and also secured top rank among all the states and UT’s of India. And to evaluate the performance of the school education sector SEQI (School Education Quality Index) was formed and focuses on learning outcomes, access outcomes infrastructure & facilities for outcomes. And In 2017, the State Health Index was formed in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family welfare to measure the performance of state and union territories. In addition, State Energy Index were formed to compare the energy accessibility, affordability and reliability. 47
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5; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Fig. 16. Research Methodology
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The entire analysis, as described earlier, is focused on secondary sources of study and purely based on sustainability and their principals. And the approach proposed is composed of 3 phases.
5.1 Literature review The complete database is used for the analysis at this point, as the literature is taken from Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus, and some Google websites are also used for comparison. The key focus of literature is on understanding the relationship between the architecture, construction industry and SDGs, understanding the association between building materials and SDGs and building materials, and contributing and achieving (SDGs) and their goals.
5.2 Case study and Pilot Study After reviewing all the related literature, the approach was adopted at this point and based primarily on the parameters of types of building materials and their contribution to sustainability. And it also concentrated on materials analysis, advantages, cost of construction and thermal efficiency. On the other hand, with the aid of the NITI Aayog research, a pilot study on India's current situation regarding SDGs was conducted.
5.3 Final Analysis A theoretical framework for understanding building materials and SDGs was proposed at this point, and a link framework between building materials and SDGs will be built on a Grade basis. A Comparison between Earthen materials, Bamboo and Hempcrete were done according to their thermal performance, Life Span, Cost of Construction and Carbon Emission. And there will be consideration of the final conclusion ...
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6. Analysis and Findings A common grading table was formed for analysing the contribution of building materials in Sustainable Development Goals. There are two tables to analyse the research work one is based on case studies and the second one is covering all different types of building materials to help in to achieve the SDGs. 6.1 Building materials common grading tool.
TABLE 4 A Common Framework (Earthen Materials, Bamboo and Hempcrete.) Although, 17 Goals with 169 detailed targets need to be achieved by 2030. It is really difficult to figure out each and every Goals and targets with these three Building materials. However, this is the general framework to identify which SDGs and Targets are achievable by these three materials and also try to figure out the ways how they are contributing to each other.
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6.2 Different Building materials Contribution towards SDGs. Different types of building materials are available and they are involved in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals directly and indirectly. And the importance of construction materials for achieving the agenda 2030 has been clearly reflected in various objectives. For certain targets, however, it will be very difficult to note the effect of building materials on the aim unless we take a closer look at each target. However, since all 17 goals are intertwined with each other, it is very difficult to figure out the precise dimensions of achieving these goals. Moreover, even though it remains a challenge, it
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explains the value of applying SDGs as an indivisible whole. This is the proposed method for understanding the effect of building materials on both of these SDGs. TABLE 5
A framework demonstrates the performance rating among all types of building
materials to the achievements of SDGs.
No.
Sustainable Development Goals SDGs.
B.M Contributio Contrib n Name ution Grades B
Contribution Types
Types of Building Materials
Allowing
Minimal Contribution
All types of Building Materials.
1.
No Poverty.
2.
Zero Hunger.
x
Invisible
No Contribution
------------
3.
Good Health and Well-being.
B+
Strengthening
Somewhat Contribution
Promoting the Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Materials.
4.
Quality Education.
B+
Strengthening
Somewhat Contribution
Promoting the Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Materials.
5.
Gender Equality.
x
Invisible
No Contribution
------------
6.
Clean water and Sanitation.
A
Visible
Direct Contribution
Energy Efficient, Low carbon Building Materials.
7.
Affordable and Clean Energy.
A
Visible
Direct Contribution
Energy Efficient, Low carbon Building Materials.
8.
Decent work and Economic Growth.
B+
Strengthening
Somewhat Contribution
Promoting the Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Materials.
9.
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.
A+
Clearly Visible
Direct - Direct Contributing to SDGs
Vernacular, Green, Environmental Friendly Building Materials.
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10.
Reduced Inequalities.
x
Invisible
No Contribution
------------
11.
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
A+
Clearly Visible
Direct - Direct Contributing to SDGs
Vernacular, Green, Environmental Friendly Building Materials.
12.
Responsible Consumption and Production.
A
Visible
Direct Contribution
Energy Efficient, Low carbon Building Materials.
13.
Climate action.
A+
Clearly Visible
Direct - Direct Contributing to SDGs
Vernacular, Green, Environmental Friendly Building Materials.
14.
Life below water.
B
Allowing
Minimal Contribution
All types of Building Materials.
15.
Life on Land.
A+
Clearly Visible
Direct - Direct Contributing to SDGs
Vernacular, Green, Environmental Friendly Building Materials.
16.
Peace, Justice and Strong Institution.
x
Invisible
No Contribution
------------
17.
Partnerships for the Goals.
B
Allowing
Minimal Contribution
All types of Building Materials.
There are few authors who have proposed the framework for understanding the Contribution of building materials towards SDGs. And they reformed the points according to their Typology and interaction between them. The system has effectively achieved their intention to provide consistent results while defining variables, hypotheses, including interventions which could be used to determine and evaluate the feasibility of building materials and for the building sector to achieve sustainable growth. 6.2.1 Direct - Direct Contribution towards SDGs. In the above framework, A+ shows the direct-direct contribution towards SDGs and they directly participate in achievement of Goals 9,11,13 and 15. The achievement of the SDGs listed is clearly relevant to the use of Green, vernacular, environmentally friendly, incredibly low energy Building
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materials in the construction for structures with different infrastructural facilities are produced, developed, reliable and locally made throughout the world. 6.2.2 Direct Contribution towards SDGs. A indicates the direct contribution of SDGs in the above framework and they are specifically interested in the achievement of Goals 6,7 and 12. The achievement of the SDGs mentioned is clearly applicable to the use of Energy Efficient, Low Carbon Building materials. 6.2.3 Somewhat Contribution towards SDGs. B+ refers to the somewhat contribution of the SDGs in the above-mentioned framework and it is contributing in achieving Goals 3,4and 8. The achievement of the above-mentioned SDGs is applicable in Promoting the Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Materials. 6.2.4 Minimal Contribution towards SDGs. B applies to the Minimal contribution of the SDGs to the above-mentioned system and leads to the achievement of Goals 1, 14 and 17. All types of Building materials are important to achievement of these Goals. 6.2.5 No Contribution towards SDGs. X relates to the no contribution of the SDGs to the scheme referred to above and contributes to the achievement of Goals 2, 5, 10 and 16. 6.3 Positive and Negative contributions Almost, all building materials have direct positive contribution and seen as a visible, clearly visible contribution. The achievement of the above-mentioned Sustainable development goals is directly related to use of renewable, natural, regional, environment - friendly, energy-efficient, and low-energy solutions. The given frameworks show that these alternate solutions, environmentally sustainable and responsible building materials are the most prominent types of building materials that play a major role in achieving the SDGs.
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There are no such negative contributions but, applying local building materials produces barriers in some instances like the extraction of local materials from a particular geographical area to create low-cost housing end up to provide some housing to the poor peoples of the region.
7; CONCLUSION This research shows In what ways Building materials can contribute to SDGs and investigated some Building Materials in terms of their thermal performance, construction, availability, etc. This research paper adopts some analysis criteria such as types of contribution, names, Grades and Building Materials types. Although, not each and every linkage between building materials and SDGs were classified on the basis of these analysis criteria. However, the analysis framework is designed to give an overview of how these sustainable materials lead to the achieving for different Goals and targets for Sustainable Development Goals. Based on the case studies, building materials such as Earthen Materials, Bamboo and Hempcrete are the one most important and sustainable Building materials that can take the responsibility for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Although, framework gave some reliable results, the analytical literature review indicates that construction materials vary significantly in their effect on the climate.
There seems to be a lack of information on that subject and further analysis is required. It is proposed that it will help the system with the Sustainable Development Goals and its strategies into a practical framework to be implemented in reality and positively contribute to the decisionmaking process. Furthermore, another advantage of the proposed solution would be that the study directly or indirectly helps planners, project managers, government leaders, experts and infrastructure investors to demonstrate a clear knowledge about the sustainable building materials and SDGs.
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7.1 FURTHER RESEARCH This research paper ends with some positive analysis and the information obtained provides useful views mostly on opportunities as well as challenges that affect building materials to encourage sustainability and leads to a classification of further various outcomes that require additional study within the subject.
8; BIBLIOGRAPHY Giles-Corti, B., Lowe, M., & Arundel, J. (2019). Achieving the SDGs: Evaluating indicators to be used to benchmark and monitor progress towards creating healthy and sustainable cities. Health Policy, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.03. 001 Mancini, L. and Vidal Legaz, V. (n.d.). Mapping the Role of Raw Materials in Sustainable Development Goals A preliminary analysis of links, monitoring indicators, and related policy initiatives. [online] Available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC112892/sustainable_development_goals_report_jrc11 2892.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2020] Mohamed A.B. Omer, Takafumi Noguchi, A conceptual framework for understanding the contribution of building materials in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Sustainable Cities and Society,Volume 52,2020,101869,ISSN 2210-6707, Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670719313009 Petrovic´, E. K., Vale, B., & Zari, M. P. (2017). Materials for a healthy, ecological and sustainable built environmentprinciples for evaluation. Woodhead Publishing https://doi. Org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100707-5.00001-0. Y. Kulshreshtha, 2020, The potential and current status of earthen material for low-cost housing in rural India/ Construction and Building Materials 247 (2020) 118615. Available at; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061820306206?via%3Dihub
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9; OTHER REFERENCES Alawneh, R., Mohamed Ghazali, F. E., Ali, H., & Asif, M. (2018). Assessing the contribution of water and energy efficiency in green buildings to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Jordan. Building and Environment, 146(September), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.043 APN, GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, CANSA. Bamboo: Green Construction Material. Available at; https://www.apn-gcr.org/archive-resources/files/original/1654f846a58279adea4aeb44a881321b.pdf. Bebbington, J., & Unerman, J. (2015). Achieving the United Nations SDGs: An enabling role for accounting research. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. https:// doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-05-2017-2929 Retrieved from. Castro-Lacouture, D., Sefair, J. A., Flórez, L., & Medaglia, A. L. (2009). Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based green building rating system in Colombia. Building and Environment, 44(6), 1162– 1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Buildenv.2008.08.009. Chansomask, S. and Vale, B. (2008). SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURE AS SUSTAINABILITY. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284878994. EC – European Commission, 2018c. A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. Available; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0773 Elisabete R. Teixeira, 2020. Mechanical and Thermal Performance Characterization of Compressed Earth Blocks. Available at; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342067473_Mechanical_and_Thermal_Performance_Characterisation_o f_Compressed_Earth_Blocks. FSI (2011). State of Forest Report. Forest Survey India, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Accessed from http://www.fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=sb_16
Globescan (2017). Report: Slow progress toward sustainable development goals-a practical guide for construction and property companies.Vol. 2017Toronto, ON, Canada: Nonprofit business advisor https://doi.org/10.1002/nba.30313. Goubran S. 2019. On the Role of Construction in Achieving teh SDGs. J Sustain Res. 2019;1:e190020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20190020 Invidiata, A., Lavagna, M., & Ghisi, E. (2018). Selecting design strategies using multicriteria decision making to improve the sustainability of buildings. Building and Environment, 139(April), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.041 ] R. Ganguly, Role of solar passive techniques in vernacular houses in West-Bengal in India, Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research 2 (12) (2015) 1045–1050 Available http://www.krishisanskriti.org/jbaer.html . Accessed 20 August 2019
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Kofi Agyekum, Ernest Kissi, James Cofie Danku, Professionals’ views of vernacular building materials and techniques for green building delivery in Ghana,Scientific African,Volume 8,2020,e00424,ISSN 24682276,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00424.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246822762030 1629) Ng, W. Y., & Chau, C. K. (2015). New life of the building materials-recycle, reuse and recovery. Energy Procedia, 75, 2884–2891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015. 07.581 Nußholz, J. L. K., Nygaard Rasmussen, F., & Milios, L. (2019). Circular building materials: Carbon saving potential and the role of business model innovation and public policy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141(August 2018), 308–316. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.036. Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Gonçalves, L. (2019). Urban Resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50(May), 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019. 101625. Rupsha chakraborty, 2019. Ancient Construction Techniques of India: https://worldarchitecture.org/profiles/fzghm/rupsha-chakraborty-profile-pages.html
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Storey, john (2001). Sustainable cities need sustainable buildings. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242221407_Sustainable_cities_need_sustainable_buildings [Accessed 16 Sep. 2020] Subhikya, 2020. The Story of the Mud Houses of Bihar. Available at: https://blog.aaobihar.com/the-story-of-mudhouses-of-bihar/ Tarun jami, 2018, Hemp Concrete – A Traditional and Novel Green Building Material. Available at; ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/324647603_Hemp_Concrete__A_Traditional_and_Novel_Green_Building_Material Umar, U. A., Khamidi, M. F., Hwang, B.-G. G., Ng, W. J., Rajendran, S., Gambatese, J. A., … Taylor, P. A. (2009). Determine the level of green building public awareness : Application and strategies. Building and Environment, 846(June), 7. https://doi.org/ 10.13140/2.1.5095.6480 United Nation-UN (2015). United nations-Resolution adopted by The General assembly on 25 September 2015transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development, Vol. 16301 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398014-0173-7.2. United Nation-UN (1992). United Nations-Sustainable development- Conference on Environment & development Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992 https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11671-008-9208-3. Vinay Jain, 2020. Bamboo as a Building Material- its Uses and advantages in Construction Works. Available at; https://theconstructor.org/building/bamboo-as-a-building-material-usesadvantages/14838/#:~:text=%20Bamboo%20as%20a%20Building%20Material%20%201,of%20bearing%20heavy %20load%20bamboos%20are...%20More%20 Zou, P. X. W., Wagle, D., & Alam, M. (2019). Strategies for minimizing building energy performance gaps between the design intent and the reality. Energy and Buildings, 191, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.013.
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