HEALTH OCTOBER 2021
Keeping up the
COVID FIGHT
CONTENTS
GUSTAVO FRING Pexels
3 Don’t give in to Covid fatigue 4 Long-term effects of Covid 6 Immune-boosting tips during Covid recovery 8 Small children spread virus 9 All about antibodies 12 Recovery for fitness lovers 14 The reality of grief 17 T-cell immunity 19 Safe hotel stays 20 Covid conflict at work
Editor’s note IT WAS just under two years when Covid hit us. It has drastically changed the way we do life. The pandemic has transformed nearly every aspect of our world. Our friends, family, colleagues, and communities have had their lives changed in critical ways that promise to have much longer-lasting effects. Living through a global pandemic has driven dramatic shifts in our jobs, eating habits, childcare and even our collective sense of time. Now that we have all been playing safe. We can not deny that some people are experiencing a type of burnout that experts call Covid-19 fatigue. Covid-19 fatigue and/or burnout implies a person has reached his or her capacity to cope and is experiencing various mental, emotional and physical symptoms as a result of the constant exposure to pandemic stressors, including social distancing, isolation from family/ friends.
If you are experiencing general feelings of stress and social isolation and have been for months, you are not alone.The world is eager for the pandemic to subside and for life to return to “normal”. However, with increased symptoms of fatigue and burnout, it is critical that one’s adherence to safety protocols does not go by the wayside. Rather than giving up on the progress made, experts stress that finding ways to do the things we want and see the people we wish, within reason, will be the key to a safe summer. In this health issue, we talk about all things covid – recovery, diet and why you should not be tired of covid protocols. What we’ve learnt – and what we keep learning – is how to be safe, minimize the spread of the virus and enable ourselves to feel some sense of normalcy. Growing weary of doing that may set us back. Choose health, always.
Viwe
CONTACT US PUBLISHER Vasantha Angamuthu vasantha@africannewsagency.com HEALTH EDITOR Viwe Ndongeni-Ntlebi viwe.ndongeni@inl.co.za LIFESTYLE EXECUTIVE EDITOR Nelandri Narianan nelandri.narianan@inl.co.za DESIGN Juanita Minshull juanita.minshull@inl.co.za PRODUCTION Renata Ford renata.ford@inl.co.za BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Keshni Odayan keshni.odayan@inl.co.za SALES Charl Reineke charl.reineke@inl.co.za ENQUIRIES info@anapublishing.com
Commit to good habits While many are suffering from pandemic fatigue, experts are urging us to keep up with coronavirus precautions and seek mental health support if necessary Viwe Ndongeni-Ntlebi WE’VE been living with the coronavirus for months, and the spread of Covid-19 is still going strong in many areas around South Africa and the world. As the pandemic wears on, it’s understandable that some people are getting tired of taking coronavirus precautions Trying to adhere to anything extra is always a challenge. John Hopkins Medicine and Psychologist Carisa Parrish says you can add extra steps to your routine for a few days, but sustained behavior change is hard.
DON’T stop taking precautions. | MARCELO CHAGAS Pexels
“Especially when no one around you is sick, and you just don’t feel like wearing a mask or saying no to things you like to do. But the fact is, the precautions work,” she says. “Right now, most people are still removed from the consequences of getting Covid-19,” Parrish explains. “The risk might not feel real to them if they don’t know anyone who’s sick with Covid-19. ” “Unfortunately, some people get a bit of a thrill from doing something risky and escaping consequences.” However, she says, accepting this
new reality and staying committed to good habits can prevent Covid19. Gweneth Francis, a Piedmont infectious disease physician says: “it’s been so long since we’ve been able to do normal things, like go out to eat without the fear of Covid-19 or have playdates without the fear of our kids getting sick. We’re having to wear a mask and do things we haven’t done before.” Francis says the following are signs of pandemic fatigue, collectively and individually: • A decline in compliance with mask-wearing and social distancing. • Having anxiety if you even briefly pass by someone who isn’t wearing a mask. • Feeling tired even after getting enough sleep. • Lack of motivation or feeling like you don’t have a sense of purpose. • Snapping at loved ones. • Feeling depressed and isolated. Francis recommends taking some time to reflect on your mental health. Given what we’ve experienced, it is normal to need mental health support right now. Getting support can help you find healthy ways to cope with stress, anxiety, fear and depression. “Consider if you need to reach out to your physician, a counsellor or a loved one to help you through,” she says. The most important thing is not to give up. The coronavirus pandemic isn’t going away anytime soon. Preventive practices are needed until there is some kind of “normality”, which could be months away.
Long-term Covid-19 and the effects on
HEART HEALTH
VIWE NDONGENI-NTLEBI
MEDICAL professionals have been studying the long-term effects of Covid-19 on the heart. | ASHKAN FOROUZANI Unsplash
MEDIA mogul Shona Ferguson’s death left the nation shocked but also sparked a conversation on the long-term effects of Covid-19. When news broke that Shona had died from Covid-19-related complications, some social media users who had been affected by the effects of Covid-19 months after they had tested negative spoke out. Politician Mbali Ntuli is one of the people who sparked the conversation. “Last year I had a very bad case of Covid. It affected my heart. Went for a check-up this week and the doctor says my heart has gotten worse as an after-effect of Covid and may require a pacemaker. Going to see another specialist for more tests but I have to say I’m quite numb,” she tweeted. Many people responded to Ntuli with well-wishes while others shared how Covid left them with similar effects. “Thinking of you. I am in the same boat. Had a defibrillator implanted in June after Covid messed up my heart in January. I battle with a 19% ejection fraction as a result. Good luck to you… hope you get all the help you need,” one responded. Another said: “I had Covid last year and I had a heart attack. I no longer sweat way I’m used too and I always having abdominal pains but when I go to the doctors they see nothing.” What was evident in the conversation on social media was
MEDIA mogul Shona Ferguson, pictured here with wife Connie, paased away from Covid-19related complications. | SUPPLIED
just how the symptoms of long Covid disrupted people’s day-to-day lives. Covid-19 has many potential sequelae, secondary conditions directly resulting from the infection. One of the concerning ones which may affect the heart is myocarditis, which is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle and is commonly associated with a viral infection, according to the American Heart Association. The Mayo Clinic indicates that common symptoms of myocarditis can include chest pain and shortness of breath, as well as arrhythmias and fatigue. In more severe cases, myocarditis can lead to heart failure, a heart attack, stroke and even sudden cardiac arrest. While the connection between
Covid-19 and myocarditis has not been identified, several theories are being studied and point to either the virus itself or potentially the immune response to the virus. While there isn’t enough data in South Africa about the condition,
other countries have been exploring how the virus may affect the heart. A study published in September last year by Siripanthong and colleagues in Heart Rhythm indicates that the virus can enter heart tissue through the ACE2 receptor. In the latter, a review article by Tschöpe and colleagues, published in Nature a month later, argues that the adaptive immune system’s response to a Sars-CoV-2 infection can result in inflammation to the heart muscle. Both theories, however, need further evaluation in relation to Covid-19. While studies on this continue, it is important to note that the evidence to suggest that myocarditis develops after Covid-19 and its incidence need to be further investigated.
A BOOST FOR YOUR BODY The food we put in our bodies affects how we feel and the way our bodies function. Here are four immune-boosting nutrition tips for diabetic and obese patients feeling the impact of Covid-19. Viwe Ndongeni-Ntlebi
FRESH fruit and vegetables are essential. | JOSEFIN Unsplash
IF THERE was ever a time that made us pay attention to our health, it has been during the pandemic. While the virus has been brutal to most people, diabetic and obese people have proven to be a part of the group whose immune system is easily compromised, making them vulnerable to contracting Covid-19 Registered dietician Omy Naidoo says the impact of Covid-19 is greater for people who are diabetic and obese. “People who have diabetes and are obese are more likely to have serious complications from Covid19. In general, people with diabetes are more likely to have more severe symptoms and complications when infected with any virus. On the other hand, obesity has emerged as a strong and independent risk factor for severe infection and death due to Covid-19,” says Naidoo. According to the World Health Organization, obesity significantly increases the chances of severe outcomes for Covid-19 patients, and extra healthy nutritional measures need to be taken for people with diabetes. Healthy diets play an important role in our overall health and immunity. The food we put into our bodies directly affects the way that we feel and the way our bodies function. This is as true during an illness as it is before or after. “Those recovering from the coronavirus should eat a variety of fresh and unprocessed foods every day, to get the vitamins,
minerals, dietary fibre, protein and antioxidants that their body needs. They should also drink enough water, and avoid sugar, fat and salt, to significantly lower their risk of diabetes and obesity,” adds Naidoo. Eating a healthy, balanced diet with a variety of different foods will ensure you get all the essential nutrients and energy you need through the day. If someone has been exposed to or contracted the virus, healthy nutrition is essential for recovery in boosting their immune system. Four immune-boosting nutrition tips for diabetics and obese people recovering from Covid-19: Proteins Protein is an important nutrient for cell growth and regeneration. It is the building block of life and is required by our body for faster recovery. When suffering from Covid-19, it is recommended to eat a high protein diet. Taking 75-100g of protein is essential every day. Add more foods like lentils, legumes, milk and milk products, soy, nuts, seeds, red meat, chicken, fish, and eggs. Vitamins and minerals Fresh fruits and vegetables are loaded with immune boosters, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. These can be an excellent addition to your diet for faster recovery and strengthening your immune system. Aim for at least five portions of fruits and vegetables in a day. Citrus fruits are packed with vitamin C, which helps in the formation of antibodies and fights infection, while green and root vegetables help to strengthen the immune system. Also, spend some time outdoors to get sufficient amounts of vitamin D from sunlight. Less sugar and salt When cooking and preparing
STAY hydrated with coconut water. | TIJANA DRNDARSKI Unsplash
food, limit the amount of salt and high-sodium condiments (like soy sauce and fish sauce). Limit your daily salt intake to less than 5g (about one teaspoon), and use iodised salt. Avoid foods (like snacks) that are high in salt and sugar. Limit your intake of soft drinks or sodas, and other drinks that are high in sugar (like fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates and syrups, flavoured milk and yoghurt drinks). Choose fresh fruits instead of sweet snacks like biscuits, cake and chocolate. Fluids Water is an essential element
for life, as it carries nutrients in the blood, regulates body temperature, and flushes out toxins from the body. Besides, an infection can dehydrate the body. Try to drink at least two to three litres of water every day. You can also consume herbal teas, coconut water, milk, and fresh juice. Avoid packed juice, caffeine, and fizzy drinks. Navigating the pandemic is hard and demanding at the same time. Amid these difficulties and changes, it is all the more important to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
VIWE NDONGENI-NTLEBI
A STUDY indicates that younger children may be more likely to transmit Covid-19 than older children. Early studies suggested children do not contribute much to the spread of coronavirus. But a new study, published in Jama Pediatrics indicates younger children may put caregivers and older children at risk of contracting the virus. Many children don’t have any symptoms. Those that do get sick tend to experience milder symptoms such as low-grade fever, fatigue and cough. Some children have had severe complications, but this has been less common. Children with underlying health conditions may be at increased risk for severe illness. The new study examined 6 280 households between June 1 and December 31, 2020, that reported a paediatric Covid-19 case. Older children were more likely to be involved in the initial case, and 27% of the 6 280 households reported a secondary infection involving another member. Data revealed that children aged 0 to 3, although less likely to bring the infection into the house, were more likely to spread the virus to another member than those aged 14 to 17. Children aged 4 to 8 also had increased odds in spreading the virus, as did those aged 9 to 13, but the greatest risk was among the younger children. “Differential infectivity of paediatric age groups has implications for infection prevention controls within households and schools/childcare to minimise risk of household secondary transmission,” the researchers, who were supported by Public Health Ontario, wrote. “Although children do not appear to transmit infection as frequently as adults, caregivers should be aware of the risk of transmission while caring for sick
Small spreaders A new study indicates that younger children may put caregivers and older children at risk of contracting the virus
IT’S challenging to isolate sick children from their caregivers.
children in the household setting.” Researchers said it’s “challenging, often impossible” to isolate from sick children, and as such caregivers should implement other infection control measures like wearing masks, washing hands and keeping them separate from siblings. While most children get mild symptoms, the Harvard Medical School notes that potentially severe and dangerous complications can occur in children. Called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), it can lead to life-threatening problems with the heart and other organs. In this condition, different body parts, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes or gastrointestinal organs, can become inflamed.
Symptoms of MIS-C can include: • Fever lasting more than a couple of days • Rash • “Bloodshot eyes” • Stomach ache • Vomiting and/or diarrhoea • Large, swollen lymph node in the neck • Neck pain • Red, cracked lips • Tongue redder than usual and looking like a strawberry • Swollen hands and/or feet • Irritability and/or unusual sleepiness or weakness Many conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of MIS-C. Your doctor will want to know if your child has been around someone who has tested positive for the virus.
The effect of antibodies:
a measure of protection from reinfection A NEW study has found that most patients with mild Covid19 infections produce antibodies that persist and protect them from reinfection for up to six months. The findings of the Michigan Medicine study were published in the journal Microbiology Spectrum. Researchers analysed nearly 130 subjects with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 illness between three and six months after initial infection. Three patients were hospitalised while the rest were treated as outpatients and experienced mild infection, with symptoms including headaches, chills and loss of taste or smell. The results revealed about 90% of participants produced spike and nucleocapsid antibody responses, and all but one had persistent antibody levels at follow up. “Previously, there was a lot of concern that only those with severe Covid-19 produced strong antibody responses to infection,” said Charles Schuler, MD, lead author of the paper and clinical assistant professor of allergy and immunology at Michigan Medicine. “We’re showing that people with mild bouts of Covid-19 did really well after their infection, made antibodies, and kept them.” The prospective study’s participants were either Michigan Medicine healthcare workers or patients with a high risk of exposure to Covid-19. Most took part in the same research team’s previous study, which found that Covid antibody tests are effective at predicting prior infection. During the observation period, none of the subjects who produced antibodies were re-infected,
compared to 15 antibody-negative patients. Schuler's team also found that the antibodies’ ability to neutralise Covid-19 did not differ significantly from the first visit, which occurred three months after infection, to the second visit at the six-month mark. “While some studies have suggested antibodies against Covid-19 wane over time, these findings provide strong prospective evidence for longer-term immunity for those who produce an immune response to mild infection,” said James Baker jr MD, senior author of the paper and founding director of the Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center at Michigan Medicine. “To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study that demonstrates such a risk reduction for clinical reinfection in this specific type of population.” The team of researchers is now analysing samples of this subject group taken up to a
STEVE NOMAX Unsplash
year after infection to further evaluate antibody responses. Meanwhile, they concluded that individuals with Covid-19 can delay vaccination for 90 days after infection ends. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend those treated with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma wait 90 days after receiving treatment before getting vaccinated, and others should wait until they have recovered from Covid-19 and “have met the criteria to discontinue isolation”. A study in Kentucky found unvaccinated people who already had Covid-19 were 2.34 times more likely than fully vaccinated people to be infected again, suggesting “vaccination provides additional protection against reinfection”. The research was conducted between March 2020 and February 2021, months before the highly transmissible Delta variant became the dominant strain in the US. Schuler said, remaining unvaccinated comes with “a high price” for immunity. “These results are encouraging for those who have already run the gauntlet of Covid-19 infection,” he said. “However, I do not recommend citing this study as a reason not to be vaccinated for those never previously infected. Vaccination decreases infectiousness, the risk of hospitalisation and deaths from Covid-19, without having the actual infection. Achieving natural immunity by deferring vaccination in favour of infection is not worth the discomfort, risk to yourself and risk to others.” | ASIAN NEWS
GET BACK TO FULL FITNESS Whether it’s building up from yogic breathing and a slow jog, or stocking up on Vitamin C, these tips are bound to help SIDDHI JAIN
GET back into your exercise regime with a light jog. | MENTATDGT Pexels
GETTING back to your fitness routine after a brush with Covid19 can be hard, but experts say that starting slow with adequate nutrition is the key to cracking post-Covid fitness. Whether that’s building up from yogic breathing exercises and a slow jog, or stocking up on Vitamin C, these tips are bound to help. Ankit Jha, Founder, Doctor’s Choice, and an avid fitness practitioner, suggests: Practising yoga every day heals Covid distress The immune system must need to be strong to fight any form of the disease, be it Covid or lethal cancer. Yoga has been a natural healer for ages dating back to ancient times until the present day. Practising yoga and Pranayama self-heals the Covid-distressed body to the extent of strengthening all the internal parts of the body, thereby increasing immunity and taking away fatigue caused due to Covid. Kapalbhati, an old breathing technique that can be instrumental in early recovery, has perceived benefits that include clearing of the sinuses and lungs of allergens, increased metabolism, weight loss, improved circulation, and increased oxygen supply. The natural healing process is the best to treat the deficiencies. Most efficiently Kapalbhati alone improves deficiency of bones,
blood, chemicals, nutrients, micronutrients, iron, protein, vitamins, Vitamin D and B-12. A walk or slow jog can do wonders in building stamina Healing from any form of the disease is a gradual process and not achieved in a day or two. It can take a while, similarly for people infected with the coronavirus. Extreme fatigue, joint pain, and breathlessness would go away slowly and steadily with lowintensity exercises. Walks or slow jogging can be highly beneficial for a speedy recovery. Walking out in fresh air and under warm sunlight not only improves physical health by challenging the body but also lifts your mood and reduces the stress level. Short walks while deep breathing in open air keeps the lungs safe and increases their capacity. Gradually with time keep challenging your body by setting new goals to achieve better results. More calisthenics exercises post-Covid recovery Calisthenics is a form of physical activity that doesn’t need free weights or resistance bands to strength-train a body. Using one’s body weight to hit each muscle for a full workout is what calisthenics is all about. Calisthenics, or bodyweight exercises, is a remarkable process of getting into the right physical and mental shape yet again for postCovid recovery. Just by using the weight of your body and the power of gravity, one can get an honest-to-goodness great workout. Add more protein to your diet for the body’s faster recovery Covid infection in human bodies has worked intensely to mount an immune response significantly in recent times. Hence a healthy diet to keep immunity and energy levels in check has got to be of utmost importance.
PRACTISING yoga self-heals the Covid-distressed body. | ALE ROMO PHOTOGRAPHY Unsplash
Protein builds our immunity which benefits the immune cells which are necessary to stave off external viruses or infections. Protein in any form, food or dietary supplements, is principal to protecting our bodies against muscle loss, be it when we are physically active or inactive. Protein keeps our body cells healthy and helps in creating new ones, increases stamina, carries oxygen into the blood, regulates DNA and RNA, supports muscle contractions, and forms antibodies that fight off infections. Doctor’s Choice Lean Pro is highprotein shake that supports a lean body and helps you manage weight. Post-Covid, continue your consumption of Vitamin C
SARS-CoV-2 infection caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) dreadfully leaving people to die of breathlessness. Vitamin C played a potential role in improving inflammation and vascular injury in patients with Covid-19 as per studies. Humans require more vitamin C in states of oxidative stress and vitamin C supplementation has been evaluated in numerous disease states profoundly. Vitamin C plays a key role in preserving physical tissue barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. Adequate intake of vitamin C prevents damage to biomolecules in our body such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Everybody hurts... Dealing with grief has been a reality for most during the pandemic but each person mourns in their own way and that should be respected Viwe Ndongeni-Ntlebi
REAL housewives of Atlanta star NeNe Leakes continued to work when husband Gregg Leakes was on his deathbead. | BANG SHOWBIZ
AMID the pandemic, dealing with grief is a reality and for many people saying their last goodbyes and dealing with loss is a process that must be managed. The mourning period is amplified when you are a public figure and have to remain in the spotlight during this difficult time. It was on social media platforms that Real Housewives of Atlanta star Nene Leakes was judged when she decided to continue working during her husband Gregg’s last days and also after he died. She continued working at her restaurant, The Linnethia Lounge, where she said Gregg was on his death bed. He was diagnosed with colon cancer in 2018. When racing driver Gugu Zulu died, his wife, Letsego, continued her fitness regime. She received backlash for posting images of herself in a training bra and gym tights, instead of black clothes. Actress and producer Connie Ferguson has also done things her own way and is leaning on Bible Scriptures to deal with the passing of her husband, Shona. She is also active on social media, which some have frowned upon. Grief can be experienced before the loved one dies, which may be common with a loved one who had a terminal illness or has been sick for a while. Anticipatory grief is the deep sadness that is often felt during the last days of life. It is often experienced by the loved ones of someone who is nearing death, and the person who is dying.
A 2010 study, “A comparison of spousal anticipatory grief and conventional grief”, found 40% of widows found the grief before death to be more stressful than after death. Furthermore, when compared with conventional grief, anticipatory grief was unexpectedly associated with higher intensities of anger, loss of emotional control, and atypical grief responses. Life-coach and wellness educator Yvette Ratshikhopha says: “Everyone embodies grief in different ways, some may react with shock, anger, sadness, numbness and anxiety and others may respond with relief and confusion. Others may retreat into isolation, others may continue and others may reach outwards. “Others may have a spiritual response where they lean into their faith and beliefs, others may feel disconnected from their faith due to grief or loss.” Durban counselling psychologist Rakhi Beekrum says: “Where we once logged on to social media for entertainment to catch up with family and friends, or to de-stress after a long day, logging on to social media is currently very depressing,” She notes that “the funeral notices, tributes and messages of condolence makes the reality of Covid-19 difficult to ignore. By this time, everyone knows someone who either survived or lost their lives to the pandemic”. Beekrum suggests sharing that grief with others online can provide some solace amid physical distancing in times of Covid. “They may seek comfort from the tributes, prayers and words of comfort from others,” she says. How should we view people who choose to grieve on social media? “They should be viewed with less judgement and with more compassion,” Ratshikhopha says. “Everyone is allowed to grieve in a way that serves them. Some people do not have support in
BE CONSIDERATE with yourself and others when grieving. | ALEXANDRU ACEA Unsplash
their home environments and find it easier to outlet on social media, others have a community of people they engage with regularly and find solace in their digital community, and some find it easier to share or express themselves with people who they are not close to. “Whatever the reason, as long as they are not harming anyone then people need to let others grieve in their own way and understand that we all deal with grief differently. “Grief is not linear, it does not have one approach. We should try to be more compassionate with ourselves and others who are grieving. We should also get professional support when we see that we are struggling or overwhelmed, there is nothing wrong with reaching out for help.” Vivian Warby, a grief, death and transformational counsellor, agrees that grief isn’t a linear process. “There aren’t strictly different stages we can tick off and then
move on from. “Someone once described grief as carrying a backpack that never comes off. In the beginning, it is tough and heavy but, as time goes on, you build the muscles to carry it and so, it is not as painful as in the beginning.” In a situation when someone develops a terminal disease or is dying, you may find those around the beloved person begin the grief process from the first diagnosis. “You may mourn what the diagnosis may mean, then the loss of the person you once knew as their health deteriorates, and then the loss of the life you knew with them as perhaps you become their caregiver. And finally the ultimate loss –when they die, although this may be accompanied with some sort of relief if your loved one was suffering. “People have their own ways of grieving. Some we are taught culturally, and others we make up
DON’T try to grieve alone. | LIZA SUMMER Pexels
as we go along. We do what we have to, to get by. “The old five stages of grief we’ve been taught has stuck because it gives us some sort of hook to grab on to in the wild forest of grief. “Knowing that we will get to the stage of true acceptance and ultimate freedom from pain is a path that can keep us going. “As psychiatrist, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross says: ‘It's not a map but it provides some scaffolding for this unknown world.’” Warby urges anyone who is not coping to seek professional help. For those who are dealing with the loss of a loved one, the South African Depression and Anxiety Group suggests: Get support Support from others is important in the healing process. It’s
important to express your feelings with people you trust when you’re grieving. Accept support; don’t try to grieve alone, no matter how strong and self-sufficient you are. Sometimes people want to help but don’t know how to – tell them what you need. Take care of yourself The stress of a loss can deplete your energy and emotional reserves very quickly, so look after your physical and emotional needs. Face your feelings You may be able to suppress your grief for a while but you can’t avoid it. Healing means facing your feelings and acknowledging your pain. Unresolved grief can also lead to depression, anxiety, substance abuse and health problems. Express your feelings In whatever way makes sense
for you, express your feelings. Write about your loss in a journal; write a letter saying the things you never got to say; make a scrapbook or photo album; get involved in a cause or organisation that was important to him or her; or allow yourself alone time to mourn in your own way. Keeping your pain bottled up doesn’t help you heal. Plan ahead for the “empty chair” Anniversaries, holidays and favourite music can reawaken memories and feelings. Be prepared for an emotional thump, and know that it’s normal. For grief counselling, contact Sadag’s 24-hour hotline 0800 456 789. This article first appeared in Saturday Insider, September 11, 2021
INTERNAL BATTLE
How Covid-19 vaccines produce T-cell immunity that lasts and works against virus variants Dewald Schoeman and Burtram C. Fielding OVER the past year or so, ordinary people have learnt a lot about viruses, vaccines and the immune system. We have all had to digest a lot of complex specialist knowledge about how safe and effective Covid-19 vaccines are. But one important – and positive – aspect of the vaccines hasn’t been well communicated. The statistics about Covid-19 vaccine efficacy have only focused on one aspect of immunity: antibodies. But there’s another aspect too: T-cells, a key part of our immune systems. And the good news is that the current vaccines stimulate your T-cells to fight against both the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its emerging variants in the long term. Let’s recap how the immune system works. The immune system protects us from various infectious diseases, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. To do this, it first determines what type of infectious agent, or pathogen, is causing the infection. Then it mounts an appropriate response. Crucially, at the same time it produces memory cells that can recognise the same pathogen in future. That sets the immune system up to fight potential reinfections. If the immune system determines that an antiviral response is needed, it launches a combination of two kinds
of immunity. One is mediated by antibodies and the other is mediated by T-cells, or cellmediated. The antibodies bind to viruses and neutralise them, preventing them from infecting cells. T-cells kill cells that have already been infected by the virus. While both kinds of immunity are important in fighting viruses, cell-mediated immunity is far more effective at eradicating viruses and more durable. This is important in the continuing fight against Covid. A powerful weapon Research has already established that cell-mediated immunity is a powerful weapon against human coronaviruses, the family including SARS-CoV-2. A 2016 study showed T-cell immunity against the SARScoronavirus persisted for up to 11 years. It provided complete, effective, and lasting protection against SARS. Our own recent research argues that a greater focus should be placed on the development of vaccines that are capable of
producing antibodies, but would predominantly elicit a cellmediated immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. And, though most people don’t know it, the existing Covid-19 vaccines offer a resilient cellmediated immune response. It’s not about antibodies The immune system is generally quite effective at eradicating most pathogens. But not everyone’s immune system is equally effective at dealing with the same pathogen; sometimes it needs a little help. Vaccines train the immune system to recognise and respond to a particular pathogen, without first having to be infected by it. Traditionally, most vaccines contain only a small part of the pathogen. This prepares the immune system by mimicking the natural infection. The current Covid-19 vaccines used in South Africa contain small portions of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein - this coronavirus was responsible for the initial Covid-
19 outbreak and spread during the early stages of the pandemic. But, as the pandemic progressed, the virus mutated. Mutations in the spike protein confer certain selective advantages to the virus. Some of these mutations have made the virus easier to transmit, or helped it to escape the immune system. The emergence of variants has raised concerns over the effectiveness of the existing Covid19 vaccines. During the course of the pandemic, news reports and press releases have informed on the efficacy and effectiveness of various Covid-19 vaccines against emerging variants. But reports have focused almost exclusively on the ability of the vaccine-induced antibodies, and how effective they are at neutralising the variants. A resilient cell-mediated immune response This focus on antibodies means that any news of decreasing antibody efficacy against emerging variants is seized upon as evidence that vaccines may not work well in the long term. This can foster a lack of trust from the public in
VACCINE hesitancy is a major hurdle in fighting the pandemic. | CDC Unsplash
the science behind the design of Covid-19 vaccines. And this lack of trust could contribute to vaccine hesitancy. After all, some might argue, why take a vaccine that appears less effective against each emerging variant? In fact, several recent papers have demonstrated that while SARS-CoV-2 variants could escape neutralising antibodies, the cellmediated immune response induced by most currently used Covid-19 vaccines is very resilient and remained effective. While antibodies induced by the vaccine were able to bind to the variants, they were less capable of neutralising them. The T-cells, on the other hand, were largely as responsive to the variants as they were to the wild-type virus. They were still able to recognise and respond effectively to the variants, conferring resilient protection against the disease. To date, only Johnson & Johnson has released a media statement that includes statistics about both kinds of immune responses induced by its vaccine. Research shows antibody levels
produced from different vaccines decrease over time and, although immunity varies from person to person, immunity from the Pfizer and the J&J vaccines typically last for at least six months. Build public trust Vaccine hesitancy is a major hurdle in fighting the pandemic. A recent survey showed that only 72% of South Africans were willing to be vaccinated against Covid-19. The idea that “the vaccine will be ineffective” was one of the most common reasons people gave for vaccine hesitancy. Hesitancy isn’t surprising if people hear only about how part of the immune response becomes less effective against emerging variants. Public trust in the vaccine relies on people understanding the complete efficacy of the vaccineinduced immune response and communicating the statistics about both kinds of responses to the variants. The existing Covid-19 vaccines offer a resilient cell-mediated immune response. Knowing this can help people make an informed decision about vaccination. | THE CONVERSATION
DO NOT touch any high-touch points and wash and snaitis if you do. | ANDREA PIACQUADIO Pexels
Covid safety at hotels Guests also have a responsibility to adopt new methods to protect themselves while on holiday CHECKING into a hotel used to be effortless and thrilling. However, with the third wave of the virus, many travellers are on edge when staying at a hotel. For some, like me, there’s constant paranoia. “What if I touch something? Is this person too close to me? Did they really sanitise this room?” are just some of the questions that I ask when I check into a property. Of course, the tourism industry is doing everything in its power to ensure guest safety. That said, guests also have a responsibility to adopt new methods to ensure their safety. For example, in the past, staff would bring your luggage to your room. They would stack it neatly in the designated area and be on their way. While that still takes place in most hotels, it’s advisable to carry your own for your safety and
CLINTON MOODLEY others. Also, bring a pen and avoid buffets if on offer (it is acceptable if the staff is dishing up for you or it’s individually wrapped). Do not touch any high-touch points, and wash and sanitise if you do. And always wear a mask in all public spaces and common areas, regardless of your vaccine status. Sharmila Ragunanan, group marketing executive for Dream Hotels & Resorts, points out that hotels take extra precautions to safeguard guests. “Hotels are going above and beyond to maximise guest safety. “This means training staff to practise good hand hygiene, perform temperature screenings and affording guests the option to request limited or no housekeeping
services during their stay,” she said. Jeanneret Momberg, chief executive of Visit Stellenbosch, said Stellenbosch was the first destination in sub-Saharan Africa to be awarded the prestigious Safe Travels Stamp by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) "This stamp is there to provide travellers with peace of mind that their safety is the leading priority. “The Visit Stellenbosch team continues to work hard behind the scenes to ensure that all our members are fully compliant with Covid health and safety protocols,” she said. Travel Savvy owner Jennifer Morris told IOL Travel that if the accommodation doesn’t follow the rules, they do not deserve to host guests. “Furthermore, flagrant disregard of Covid-safety regulations should be reported to the Labour Department," she advised.
Vaxxer and anti-vaxxer conflict could create a
WORKPLACE WARZONE DEVAN MOONSAMY Opinion
SOUTH Africa continues to move forward with more and more people being vaccinated. As much as there are strides being made in achieving the herd immunity status, there is also resistance from anti-vaxxers. Whether it’s talking to a colleague while waiting for a meeting to begin or even a social distance catch-up session at the office, the topic of vaccinations make sits way into conversations.
THE topic of vaccinations is sure to make its way into the conversation. | CHERRYDECK Unsplash
The reality is that companies might soon make it a requirement for employees to be vaccinated at work, especially for those returning to the office. What is left to be seen is how this will go down with those resisting the Covid-19 vaccine and how companies will accommodate those who refuse to be vaccinated. While that decision has company chief executives puzzling around policy change, the staff on the ground might be at the forefront of a conflict around the vaccine conversation.
Vaxxers and anti-vaxxers will clash as the difference in opinions will potentially cause tension in the workplace. Before we head into heated debates, colleagues leaving WhatsApp groups due to differences in opinions, and even giving each other the cold shoulder, we should look at ways to handle the conflict that can arise due to this discussion. An organisation’s first step to handle this situation would be to take a decision on whether or not vaccinations should be made mandatory for staff in the private
sector. Once we establish whether we want to make it mandatory for staff returning to work to be vaccinated, we can then work on a policy to give a guideline to our staff. Once we have a stand on vaccinations and the business, we must then circulate the policy to our staff. They should understand what the organisation has decided and why this decision has been made. In the event that staff members start debating the pros and cons of vaccinations, we should have a contingency plan in place. That means HR should be aware of how to handle conflict that arises from this. Managers and supervisors must also receive training in how to manage conflict that could possibly arise from the difference in opinions. As an organisation, we must make it clear to everyone that there will be zero tolerance of vulgarity, rudeness and disrespect to colleagues around the difference of opinion. Whether someone is for the vaccine or against it, they should be respectful of the views of the other. The workplace should not become a boxing ring to debate the vaccine. Just as we all come from different walks of life, our views and opinions are influenced by this and should be accepted. Managing conflict caused by difference of opinions around the vaccine can be done by sitting staff down and understanding what allowed the topic to escalate. The important point to remember is that conflict in the workplace can grow and create a hostile working environment if not addressed. Conflict can have an impact on productivity. Conflict in the workplace can arise from many unresolved issues. To ensure a smooth flow of work, try to address the unresolved conflict. Policies and procedures should be clear and reiterated, and even with staff working remotely
THE topic of the vaccine can lead to heated debates. | IVAN SAMKOV Pexels
and in the office, respect for colleagues must always be upheld. This is a whole new chapter for us to work with as we navigate the new normal of being vaccinated. We should have help lines available for staff to feel comfortable to ask questions and address their concerns around the vaccine. Encourage your staff to seek knowledge to enhance their opinion and perhaps also educate themselves on the need to be vaccinated. Explain to staff that making vaccination mandatory is not to
force people to get vaccinated but rather to enable them to take a step into ensuring they are protected against this deadly virus.
Devan Moonsamy is the chief executive of ICHAF Training Institute, a TVET College. He is the author of Racism, Classism, Sexism, And The Other ISMs That Divide Us, and My Leadership Legacy Journal, available from the ICHAF Training Institute • The views expressed here are not necessarily those of IOL
