India Spain Dialogue by Indian Embassy Madrid

ORGANISED BY

IN COLLABORATION WITH

The contents of this publication have been edited on the basis of audio recordings made during the V India-Spain Tribune, except for the texts in Chapter 4 (Round Table II: Knowledge Society), which are a summary of the presentations based on notes taken during the session.

CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4.

programmE of the v India-spain tribune

INTRODUCTION

OPENING SESSION

ROUND TABLE I: ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY

5. ROUND TABLE II: THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

6. ROUND TABLE III: MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES

7. ROUND TABLE IV: COOPERATION ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM

8. CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS

9. PROFILES 10. PARALLEL ACTIVITIES

67 73

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE

MADRID, October 14th and 15th, 2010

PROGRAMME

Wednesday, October 13th, 2010

National Museum of Anthropology (68, Alfonso XII Street · 28014 Madrid)

19.00 pm Opening of the exhibition «Kerala-Bengala: Miradas cruzadas» by Subhrajit Basu.

19.30 pm «NavaRasa» music and dance show by Ravid Prasad and Mónica de la Fuente.

THURSday, October 14th, 2010

Institute for Training and Local Government Studies Hall (5, Almagro Street · 28010 Madrid)

9.30 am Registration of participants 10.00 am ChairPERSONS of the TRIBUNE Elena Pisonero Partner and Senior Advisor, KPMG Spain. Ambassador Sudhir T. Devare Director General of the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), India.

Opening session Patricia Lázaro Councillor for Institutional Coordination, City Council of Madrid. Antonio Escámez President of the Spain-India Council Foundation. Luis Felipe Fernández de la Peña Director General of North America, Asia and Pacific in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Government of Spain. Ambassador Jayant Prasad Special Secretary (Public Diplomacy), Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Cristina Garmendia Minister for Science and Innovation, Government of Spain.

10.30 am - 11.00 am Coffee break 11.00 am - 13.00 pm 11.00 am - 12.00 am

Round table I: Energy Strategies for the XXI Century P resident of the round table José Eugenio Salarich Director General for International Economic and Energy Affairs. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Government of Spain. Indian speaker Ambassador Shyam Saran Former Special Envoy of the Prime Minister of India for Nuclear Agreement between India and the United States and Climate Change. Spanish speakers Gonzalo Escribano Professor at the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED). Jaime Segarra Culilla, Director of nuclear energy at General Electric and Representative of the Spanish Nuclear Forum. 12.00 am - 13.00 pm Open Symposium to speakers and attendees 13.00 pm - 15.30 pm Transfer and lunch at the IE - Instituto de Empresa Business School (27, María de Molina Street · 28006 Madrid)

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

16.00 pm - 17.30 pm Round table II: THE Knowledge Society 16.00 pm - 16.30 pm Presidents of the round table Santiago Iñiguez de Ozoño Dean of the IE - Instituto de Empresa Business School. José Manuel Martínez Sierra Coordinator of International Affairs, Ministry of Education, Government of Spain. Indian speaker Dr. Narendra Jadhav Member of the Planning Comission, Government of India. Spanish speaker Rafael Argullol i Murgadas Professor at the Pompeu Fabra University. 16.30 pm - 17.30 pm Open Symposium to speakers and attendees

Viernes, 15 de octubre de 2010

Institute for Training and Local Government Studies Hall (5, Almagro Street · 28010 Madrid)

9.30 am - 11.00 am 9.30 am - 10.15 am

Round table III: Major Global Economic and Geopolitical Challenges President of the round table Federico Steinberg Professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid and Researcher at the Elcano Royal Institute. Indian speaker Dr. Shankar Acharya Member of the Board of Governors and Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors of Kotak Mahindra Bank and Former Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India. Spanish speaker Santiago Fernández de Lis Director of Analistas Financieros Internacionales S.A. (AFI). 10.15 am - 11.00 am Open Symposium to speakers and attendees 11.00 am - 11.30 am Coffee break 11.30 am - 13.00 pm Round table IV: Cooperation on security and terrorism 11.30 am - 12.15 pm President of the round table Fernando Reinares Principal Researcher of International Terrorism at the Elcano Royal Institute and Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at the King Juan Carlos University. Indian speaker Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar Former Director of the United Service Institution of India. Spanish speaker Javier Zaragoza Chief Prosecutor of the High Court of Spain. 12.15 pm - 13.00 pm Open Symposium to speakers and attendees 13.00 pm - 13.30 pm CONCLUSIONS remarks By the chairpersons of the Tribune Elena Pisonero and Ambassador Sudhir T. Devare.

13.30 pm - 14.00 pm

Closing remarks Sujata Mehta Ambassador of India to Spain. Jesús Sanz Director General of Casa Asia. Guillermo Rodríguez Director of Casa de la India. Manuel de la Cámara Deputy Director of Continental Asia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Government of Spain.

INTRODUCTION

The India-Spain Tribune is a forum for Indo-Spanish civil society dialogue organized by Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the Indian Council of World Affairs, in close collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs and Cooperation of the Government of Spain and the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India. Relations between both countries are growing fast, especially with regard to their commercial and business exchanges. This growth should also be reflected in the intensification of academic, cultural, and scientific-technological collaborations, as well as in the creation of institutional networks that facilitate and channel these relations.In this sense, the India-Spain Tribune is singularly important as a means of promoting dialogue and collaboration between India and Spain. At the I India-Spain Tribune held in Barcelona in December 2005, an MoU between Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the Indian Council of World Affairs was signed to formalise the continuation of the Tribune as a dialogue platform between the civil societies of Spain and India. Subsequent Tribunes held in October 2006 (New Delhi), October 2007 (Valladolid) and October 2008 (New Delhi) have gradually consolidated this initiative. Thus, the Tribune is a forum where diplomats, businesspeople, economists, academics, journalists, voluntary workers, cultural managers and other social agents can meet with the objective of strengthening relations between both countries in the areas of economy, education and society. To help achieve this, the Tribune is structured around four round table sessions that provide a platform to debate specific topics of mutual interest to India and Spain. In this fifth edition of the India-Spain Tribune, held for the first time in Madrid on the 14th and 15th of October 2010, the subjects dealt with during the round table sessions were: energy strategies for the 21st century, the knowledge society, major global and economic geopolitical challenges and cooperation on security and terrorism. This publication reports on the inaugural session, the presentations made during these four round table sessions, the conclusions and the closing words of the Tribune. With this publication, the organisers fulfil their commitment to provide this information in English and Spanish so that it can be disseminated in both India and Spain.

OPENING SESSION

CHAIRPERSONS

ELENA PISONERO AMBASSADOR SUDHIR T. DEVARE PARTICIPANTS

PATRICIA LÁZARO ANTONIO ESCÁMEZ LUIS FELIPE DE LA PEÑA AMBASSADOR JAYANT PRASAD CRISTINA GARMENDIA

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Elena Pisonero Partner and SENIOR ADVISOR, KMPG Spain. Madam Minister for Science and Innovation, Ambassador Devare and members of the Indian delegation, authorities, ladies and gentlemen: India is a crucial player in the transformation of the world in which we live and this is a task which cannot be left only in the hands of governments. Rather, it involves all of us, hence the importance of public diplomacy of which the India-Spain Tribune is a clear example. Both Casa Asia, a consortium which brings together diverse interests, as well as the Indian Council of World Affairs, on behalf of India, and Casa de la India, offer civil society this debating forum in order to get to know and understand each other better, to identify the shared challenges and to be able to face the world as allies and friends. The agenda we have today is no more than a selection of 4 crucial topics which are the subjects for the 4 roundtables which we are going to discuss in this Tribune. Firstly, I would like to thank the Madrid Town Council which has placed this magnificent building at our disposal (and which is also a member of Casa Asia), to the Spain-India Council Foundation (we will later have the opportunity to listen to its President), to the Business Institute and the Elcano Royal Institute which have all ably participated. This evening we will be in the Business Institute and let me also thank Casa de la India for its support. We have yet another example that between all of us we can build relations based on understanding and friendship - and here I also have to thank especially Ambassador Mehta who, over the last 3 years, has honoured us with her friendship but, above all, with a special interest which goes beyond that of her charm, diplomacy and good offices. She has made a personal effort to achieve a serious and deep basis to our relations and to establish the foundations of a relationship which, between all of us, we can continue to foster. Therefore, thank you very much Ambassador, and without further ado I call upon my partner and Co-Chair of the India-Spain Tribune, Ambassador Devare, who has recently taken on the leadership of the Indian Council of World Affairs, to speak.

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

AMBASSADOR Sudhir T. Devare Director General OF THE Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), India. Honourable Minister, Madam Cristina Garmendia, Minister of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain, Madam Elena Pisonero, it is a matter of great privilege and pleasure for me and the members of the Indian Council of World Affairs delegation to be in this beautiful city of Madrid to participate in the V India-Spain Tribune from the 13th to the 15th of October. May I thank Casa Asia for welcoming us and for the marvellous hospitality they have extended to us. This is the 5th meeting of the India-Spain Tribune and in a sense it is the continuation of a dialogue between two major institutions in Spain and India. Casa Asia is a leading organisation engaged in promoting close understanding and friendship between Spain and the countries of Asia. The Indian Council of World Affairs is, on the other hand, also a similar institution which for over six decades has been actively working towards developing greater awareness and interest in India in foreign affairs and building understanding and friendly relations with other countries of the world. India looks to Spain with much interest, curiosity and admiration. Historically, we have had interaction going back hundreds of years. There are several common cultural characteristics and a large number of common words in Hindi and Spanish are found. In modern times we are vibrant democracies, fast growing economies and societies in search of sustainable development and a peaceful social and economic transformation. The progress of Spain in infrastructures, renewable energies, tourism and the development of human resources has been impressive. The excellence which Spain has shown in sports such as tennis, with Rafa Nadal, who is a household name and your victory in the football World Cup are greatly admired in India. The Tribune began as a civil society dialogue in the form of a India-Spain Seminar launched in 2005 with the support of both Foreign Ministries and related cultural institutions. Both sides agreed on the desirability of such a forum in which opinion makers participated and since then the Tribune format has been gradually evolving.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

The agenda for this meeting and the format are somewhat more concrete than in the past, in the sense that they are more oriented towards the current salient themes of our bilateral ties such as infrastructures, renewable energy, greater economic cooperation and major thematic issues of global concerns such as terrorism and also the evolving global financial architectures. The Spanish expertise and experience in infrastructural development such as roads, railways and port construction and also renewable energies will be of immense benefit for India. The same can be said of tourism where Spain is one of the world leaders. We have to learn from the Spanish experience. The Co-Chair, Madam Pisonero, has made a notable contribution to the evolution of the agenda and we would like to thank her sincerely for this. It is our hope that the Tribune in its present incarnation will attain a stronger and more durable personality. I should like to add that the experts from India who attend the Tribune here in Madrid are among Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foremost authorities regarding these subjects and we believe the same is true of our hosts as well and of course I must thank them for organising such a large and distinguished gathering. It is a fact that India-Spain bilateral relations are still not as intense as we would have wished. It is for this reason that we attach much importance to a forum like this Tribune because it allows knowledgeable and committed participants to explore each otherÂ´s priorities and perspectives in an open and informal manner which will strengthen the existing bilateral relation itself. The themes chosen for the sessions over today and tomorrow are extremely pertinent and important and the debates about these subjects will complement the debates between the governments and economic actors on both sides, which we hope will generate more synergy. Both Spain and India, though located in different political settings, are faced with the challenges of threats and international terrorism and, therefore, the need to have positive, constructive and forward-looking discussions on these subjects today and tomorrow. In the period since the last Tribune meeting, bilateral ties have received a fillip from visits at the highest level in both countries. Last year the Crown Prince of Asturias visited India and met our leaders. Earlier, in 2009, our President paid a state visit to Spain, the first since India became independent and these visits were accompanied by several other important visits on both sides, such as government delegations, artists and leading business persons. I am delighted that the Minister for Science and Innovation is planning to go to India in less than two weeks. This summer the city of Madrid held a major business meeting and as we develop the habit of regular and diverse exchanges the bilateral relationship will get stronger and broader. I should add that as we try to give the Tribune a more purposeful persona we do not undermine or undervalue the intellectual and cultural aspects. In fact, the last two Tribunes were mainly devoted to culture and education. There has been a steady stream of Spanish cultural personalities who have visited India and performed and presented their art in our country. Our hosts Casa Asia has made a notable contribution in this process and has hosted many diverse and sometimes little-known Indian artists and performers here in Spain.

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

The study of the Spanish language in India is also picking up. And in this, the Cervantes Institute in Delhi plays a notable role. In Spain, a recent initiative by a group of scholars to create the nucleus of Indian studies and to develop a Masters level programme in this field will have a lasting impact as it comes to fruition. The contribution of Casa de la India in this process is very significant and worthy of special mention. I commend the efforts of this unique institution in collaboration between Spain and India in the process of fostering cooperation across the wide spectrum of bilateral activities and also in this session. Both our countries are endowed with rich knowledge assets and discussions here on the knowledge society are therefore most topical and timely. We should be able to identify possibilities of engaging with each other in this very important area. While I do not wish to place an unreasonable burden of expectation on the Tribune, it is my hope and I think it is shared with my Co-Chairwoman that the propositions that we may explore and the ideas we may exchange will contribute concretely to enhancing bilateral cooperation and will help our collective efforts to increase the presence of India in Spain and of Spain in India. I would like to invite all of you to India at the earliest to see how SpainÂ´s footprint in India is also growing. Thank you very much.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Patricia Lรกzaro Councillor at the Department of Institutional Coordination, CITY Council OF Madrid. Minister for Science and Innovation, Madam President of the Delegation of the V India-Spain Tribune, Ambassadors, members of the Indian delegation, authorities, ladies and gentlemen: in the name of the Lord Mayor and myself, allow me to extend to you a warm welcome and to express how satisfied we are to be holding the V India-Spain Tribune in Madrid. It is also especially satisfying that the Tribune is being held in this Institute for Training and Studies of the local government of Madrid which is the principal training centre of our Town Council. Last June, Madrid hosted the Global Indian Business Meeting, a meeting promoted, like this Tribune, by Casa Asia in which, together with other institutions, Madrid Town Council had the honour to participate. The holding, only a few months later, of this V Tribune confirms the gradual coming together between Spain and India, two countries different in size and with very distinct population sizes, but both important in the global context. Traditionally, Spain has orientated the greater part of its foreign projection towards two special areas: Europe, to which we belong and which is the closest area to us, and Latin America to which we are united by strong relations of over five centuries and where Spanish multinational companies are today among the principal international investors. Less attention was paid to the Asian continent and particularly India. Fortunately, in recent years this deficit has been corrected, at the same time that in Spanish society itself great interest in India has arisen. We are very aware of its growing economic, diplomatic and cultural importance in the 21st century world and committed to an intensification of relations at all levels, relations which, at the highest institutional level, reached a milestone with

the visit of the President of India last year. Further proof, apart from this interest aroused by India in Spain, was the creation in 2009 of the Spain-India Council Foundation, a body made up of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation together with companies and institutions, among which is also to be found the Madrid Town Council. The discussions of this V Tribune will enrich our perspectives regarding the major issues on the global agenda: energy, climate change, the knowledge society, financial reform and the fight against terrorism. They are all decisive issues for the future of our countries in a world defined by the complexity and existence of numerous challenges to stability and governability. If we admire something of India it is not only because of its extraordinary historical and cultural wealth but also its capacity to manage this formidable heritage within a democratic system and institutions. The universal nature of the values which inspire this form of government offers our two countries a common political language. Values, incidentally, which are subject to difficult tests as both countries well know. Madrid has suffered, like India, the attack of those who aim to crush society by means of terror. On the 11th March, 2004, Madrid was the victim of that violence and in November, 2008 it was Bombay which suffered a similar aggression, without mentioning other painful examples. Our two countries have demonstrated how the cohesion of its societies and the firmness of its institutions have made these attempts to destroy democracy fail. I hope and wish that all the participants in the Tribune, and especially the Indian delegation, find their stay in our city pleasant and fruitful. In spite of the period of crisis which is affecting the majority of western economies, Madrid is an extraordinarily dynamic city which has experienced a profound transformation over the last decade. Madrid wishes to offer the world a model of urban sustainability and integration. At the same time, it has taken shape as the power house of Spanish prosperity thanks to its commitment to the knowledge society and human resource training, which makes it a very propitious place for the expansion of information technologies which, coincidentally, is one of the areas in which India is a true world power. Allow me to congratulate all of you for participating in this meeting and also the co-organisers, Casa Asia, Casa de la India, the Indian Council of World Affairs and all those who have made this Tribune possible. Thank you very much.

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

Antonio EscĂĄmez President of the Spain-India Council Foundation. Minister of Science and Innovation, Co-Chairs of the Tribune, Councillor for Institutional Coordination of the Madrid Council, Director General of North America, Asia and the Pacific at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, the Ambassador responsible for State Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India and Secretary of State, the Ambassador of India to Spain, Director Generals of Casa Asia, Casa de la India and friends, good morning and many thanks for giving us the opportunity to participate in this ceremony. The inauguration of this V edition of the India-Spain Tribune once again gives me the opportunity to place the Spain-India Council Foundation at the disposition of this important dialogue between the civil societies of both countries which our respective Foreign Affairs Ministries sponsor. The Tribunes are, with the passage of time, becoming an important instrument of foreign policy. Therefore, I thank the promoters of this initiative, especially Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the Indian Council of World Affairs for their tenacity in keeping alive the meetings of our societies and for their efficiency in the organisation of such an important event as this here in Madrid. For the Spain-India Council Foundation, an institution barely two years old, this is the first occasion to have the honour to participate in the Tribune. We are totally convinced of the enormous potential which this dialogue has and that the coordination which has been forged from the very beginning between the Foundation, Casa Asia and Casa de la India, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, will be added to the efforts of all those who believe in the need to strengthen the relations with this great country of India and, through India, with the rest of Asia.

In view of the success of this initiative, we plan similar meetings in the near future in the fields of law, culture, infrastructures and transport, all of which are sectors of enormous interest for our businesses, among which are to be found the principal companies, financial bodies and public authorities of Spain. In two weeksÂ´ time we will also carry out the official presentation of the Foundation in New Delhi and I would like to thank especially our Minister of Science and Innovation, Cristina Garmendia, who has agreed to lead the Spanish Delegation in this important event and also in our foreign policy plans in which Spain is determined to place India once and for all among its priorities. Her presence in India will be an unmistakable message, once again, of the support which we have received from the first moment from our Government, beginning with its First Vice-President and, of course, from our Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. We would like to transmit to our Indian partners and counterparts, with whom we have already signed several agreements, that in Spain we are creating an instrument which brings together very different interests, all of which are channelled to enhancing the image of India in Spain and to fostering our presence in India: this we will do within a few days and which we are currently doing by participating in this Tribune. May I finish by wishing everyone present the greatest success in the tasks ahead and by thanking once again Casa Asia, Casa de la India, the Indian Council of World Affairs, the Madrid Town Council and the organisers and which without any doubt is going to be a new reference point in our bilateral relations. You may continue counting on the Foundation in the task of consolidating our two countries as partners and allies in the global challenges at this difficult beginning of the 21st century. Thank you very much.

In these last two years we have had the opportunity of participating in numerous official acts and events, trips and visits which our two governments have organised and I would like very specially to refer to the visit of the Indian President in 2009 and the official trip by the Prince and Princess of Asturias to India also in the same year. Both visits opened the door to a new stage in the relations between our governments and countries which has been reflected in initiatives such as the Global Indian Business Meeting, held in Madrid last June. On the part of the Foundation, we have contributed to this effort by organising high level meetings such as the one that took place last May in Madrid with the Indian Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdulllah, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Luis Felipe Fernández de La Peña Director General of North America, Asia and the Pacific IN the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. Minister of Science and Innovation, Co-Chairs of the Tribune, Ambassador Pisonero, Ambassador Devare, the Honourable Councillor of the Madrid Town Hall and the many organisers who have been working to make this V Edition of the Tribune a reality: the principal deficit in the relations between Spain and India is the lack of mutual knowledge and this Tribune was specifically conceived to help in contributing to palliate this gap in our mutual knowledge. I would like to applaud, in this context, the creation last year of the Spain-India Council Foundation which Antonio Escámez directs and whose presence I also wish to thank. Spain and India are among the 10 leading economies in the world and both countries work together on the G20 to develop a more efficient governance of the global economy. We both have a significant projection beyond our frontiers and in the case of Spain we have the asset of speaking one of the global languages, Spanish. Nevertheless, our international relations are still in a state of underdevelopment. That is the bad news. The good news is that the potential for growth in the future is very considerable and on the part of Spain there exists a commitment and determination to place the relations with India at the level which corresponds to the importance of that country and the community of interests between the two countries. The world is today mesmerised by the meteoric rise of China as a growing power and it is probably paying less attention to a country like India which presents a series of particularly unique characteristics.

In the first place, India is a mature democracy with a Constitution established in 1950 with a Westminster-like longevity. India, moreover, and here we can find some similarities with our own country, is facing the difficult task in which it is demonstrating its capacities for managing its diversity. And those countries which are able to manage their diversity are better prepared to handle globalisation which, in the end, represents interdependence. Obviously, we have to try to promote the positive dimension of interdependence and also avoid the potential negative aspects of this. I believe that India is a clear example of its wisdom in handling this diversity. At the same time, India, and this is another of the similarities with Spain, feels a natural preference, almost genetic, for the multilateral formulae of global governance. I would like to welcome and congratulate India for its recent election as a permanent member of the Security Council. What is even more striking is that India was elected with 187 votes out of the 192 members of the United Nations. Therefore, almost unanimously, the international community elected India and I think it is a reflection of the warmth shown towards India in the world and of its growing global power. India continues to be the leading provider of human resources in United Nations peace keeping operations. We are honoured by the presence of General Nambiar who was head of UNPROFOR in the former Yugoslavia until the year 1993 and who is also a clear testimony to the commitment of India to multilateralism. We can see, therefore, that the common interests between Spain and India are evident. In recent years, on the part of Spain, a great effort has been made to bring together the two countries. I wish to pay a deserved homage to my predecessor in this post, José Eugenio Salariz, who is here today as Director General of International Trade Relations and who made considerable strides. I would like to thank him for placing the relations between Spain and India at the level which they deserve. Finally, I hope that the Tribune fulfils its aims and bears fruit. Thank you very much.

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

AMBASSADOR Jayant Prasad SPECIAL SECRETARY (Public Diplomacy), Ministry of EXTERNAL Affairs, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. Honourable Madam Minister, Ms. Pisonero, Ms. Lázaro, Mr. Escámez, Mr. Fernández de la Peña, ladies and gentleman. I feel privileged to say a few words at this opening to the V India-Spain Tribune. Having first visited Spain three decades ago and then fifteen years later for me the change in the urban landscape has been startling. There is respect worldwide for the manner in which Spain has transformed itself in the last quarter of a century and, of course, the global crisis has no doubt hit Spain hard but already the Spanish people have demonstrated their resilience and strength. Spain retains its well-earned reputation as a young, progressive and dynamic country and the Spanish people convey a narrative of being outward-orientated, self-confident, innovative and an entrepreneurial people. Spain´s re-emergence as one of the great countries of the world is symbolised by the rise of Spain in sporting matters such as football and tennis and other arenas. Rafa Nadal has captured the global imagination, as Ambassador Devare observed in his remarks, and there are 240 million Indians between the ages of 10 and 19 and I am sure all of them are fans of Rafa. When India was a seafaring nation from the 2nd century BC to the 11th century AD we took our culture and commerce east and when you embraced the world from the 15th century onward you started looking west and then in the last century we were both looking inward, sorting out the basis of our present destiny. Now is the time, I think, to rediscover or discover each other, which is what our dialogue is seeking to do, and despite our looking in different directions historically there are some things which link us like flamenco, for example. The kartal musical instrument of Rajasthan performed by Muslim singers who sing Hindu devotional songs is not dramatically different to the castanets, and flamenco has the same percussion beats, the complex rhythmic footwork and the expressive hand movements of many traditional Indian dance forms, particularly Kathak, and some suggest even that the progenitors of flamenco came here a thousand years ago.

Indian investment in Spain has outstripped Spanish investment in India. So, in order to take our GDP growth, which was in the last fiscal year 7.4%, towards double digit numbers, India needs sound infrastructures. It needs roads, railways, ports, airports, telecommunications, energy, and the management of urban spaces in India is a huge challenge because we have millions of people moving from villages to cities and having adequate habitation, sanitation, water and power is a priority for us to create for this new population which is getting organised. And Spain, having experienced itself a spurt in the infrastructure development sector and having created world class enterprises for it, is really ideally placed to take advantage in making and constructing a new India. We are glad that Miss Lázaro and Mr. Escámez, President of the newly formed Spain-India Council Foundation, have already made reference to the great potential in this area. We have many positive elements to spur such a development. Our relationship has been completely free of contention or any problem bilaterally. There has been a recent surge in our exchanges, to which earlier speakers referred, beginning with the visit of President Zapatero to India in July, 2006, and these exchanges have accelerated. Last year our President came here and then Crown Prince Philip went to India and we are looking forward to your visit, Madam Minister, and hope that you will be able to energise the MOU (the memorandum of understanding) on science and innovation which we concluded while the President was here, and we can start cooperative bilateral activities. Both India and Spain are trying to facilitate an international environment for our ongoing transformation and one important impediment in our being able to do so is the continued threat we face, along with the international community as a whole, of a resurgence in terrorist groups and the vicious way in which they attack democratic societies and threaten our way of life. A collective effort is required to tackle it, in which both India and

The rhythm and tempo of modern relationships is really kept by trade, investment, technology exchanges and people-to-people contacts. India and Spain have begun to move along that track but we are still very much in the early phase of this. Our present trade and investment relationship is not what it should be. During the current year, the two-way commercial exchanges have picked up but they are not going to cross 5 billion US dollars and for the last three years, from 2007 onward, Spanish exports to India were just over a billion US dollars and, given the rapidly growing size of the Indian national market, this is very far below the potential. Two-way investments are also very modest. On neither side has it come even close to a billion dollars, accumulatively, and

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Spain are working and making their contributions in different ways. We have common concerns and similarities especially in managing diversities, as Mr. FernĂĄndez de la PeĂąa graciously referred to, and we need also to build on this. I would also like to complement the organisers of this Tribune, the leadership of both Casa de la India and the Indian Council for World Affairs for our broad- based and multidisciplinary exchanges which straddle both bilateral and global issues. This yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conversations are built around energy strategies, economic prospects and geopolitical challenges, the knowledge society and, significantly, for the first time cooperation on security and terrorism. This outreach activity is very welcome as is also the setting up of the Spain-India Council Foundation which is an outcome of a remarkable public-private partnership on the Spanish side, and we are confident that its meetings in Delhi on the 25th and 26th will be a success. Casa de la India also plays a catalysing role in moving people-to-people contacts forward and three times the number of Spaniards visit India as Indians visit Spain and so it is quite obvious that Casa de la India has done a marvellous job in increasing Indian presence than we have done the other way. I do hope that we become as effective as you are. I thank you.

OPENING SESSION Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

Cristina Garmendia Minister for Science and Innovation, Government OF SPAIN. Thank you very much, Ambassador Pisonero, authorities, ladies and gentleman and dear friends. In the first place, may I thank the India-Spain Tribune for having invited me to participate in the inauguration of this event and to congratulate, of course, all the persons from the two countries who have been behind the organisation of this meeting which is without doubt a very productive tool for promoting collaboration between the two countries. This Tribune, now in its fifth edition, is held in the wake of the creation of the Spain-India Council Foundation which I will have the privilege of attending in the next few days in New Delhi to inaugurate it and I think it is a further milestone for promoting and strengthening collaboration between the two business communities in India and Spain. The Government of Spain has worked very hard in recent years to consolidate relations with India, a country which we recognise as having a fundamental role in the structure of our international relations, from a diplomatic, cultural and foreign trade point of view and I want to emphasise how important it is for Spain to strengthen our scientific and technological cooperation. This is an area in which China is truly a reference point for all of us but in the axis between China, India and Japan, the three countries are going to have a very special importance. India is a country in which we intend to strengthen our presence and I want to give some data so that we can see how the role of scientific collaboration with India has significantly developed in the last two years. In the last decade, and especially in the last two years, relations have been strengthened but I would like to point out some examples from the science and innovation system that both India and Spain have experienced.

science such as certain European countries, Japan and the United states to maintain their leadership, precisely in the strongly emerging sectors such as biotechnology, communications, information technologies and nanotechnologies. And, clearly, India and China, as well as Brazil, will become reference points. And in this context, scientific and technological cooperation with India emerges as a clear priority in the international agenda of the Spanish Government. A priority which the Ministry of Science and Innovation is fully aware of and which has made a very notable outlay in the last two years since the Ministry of Science was created, thanks fundamentally to two distinct instruments. In the first place, an instrument which we have developed to strengthen scientific cooperation and in the second place an instrument which we have promoted with respect to entrepreneurial innovation. The first of these instruments allows, since we set it up in 2009, cooperation between Indian and Spanish research groups with a very positive outcome. For the first official call for projects, adjudicated a few months ago, we received 140 requests and we have approved 25 research projects, the majority precisely in the area of biotechnology, the area of TIC, renewable energy and the field of nanotechnology. At the same time, but closely connected because we wish to strengthen all our international actions, we want to reinforce that axis of work, from science to innovation, and to tie up with scientific cooperation and the business connection of innovative companies. And not only the large ones, but specifically those small and medium technology companies which are emerging in both countries and which are a driving force in bilateral collaboration. In the other programme, we hope to strengthen business innovation. We have launched the India-Spain Innovating

In the case of Spain, the growth of our scientific community has undergone a very notable growth. In a little under three decades we have gone from occupying 30th place to 9th position. Spain is the ninth scientific world power. This is very important and something we are very proud of because Spain is now a benchmark in international relations with other countries. I also think that in this respect Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s path has been spectacular. According to the estimates of the European Commission, in the year 2025 the scientific production of China and India will be 20% of the world: that is to say, double the present share and this will have a very significant effect for every country and of course for Spain which is very aware of this development. The same forecast predicts that in little more than a decade the great traditional scientific countries will find it difficult to maintain their leadership in such established areas as physics or chemistry and it will be very difficult for the present leaders in

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Programme (ISIP), the Spanish part of which is coordinated by the CDTI and which, since its set-up, has promoted 6 joint projects between Spanish and Indian companies with a financing of 9 million Euros and which already has 15 projects in its portfolio with very good prospects. I believe that the most important aspect is what we have achieved. We have a joint project in which to work synergistically and it is functioning, and not only is it functioning because we give it political importance but it is working because people are requesting it and there is an awareness that we have to work together. There are small and medium sized companies which, despite being far away from each other, identify common capacities and want to play a joint role in international expansion. We are in a position to strengthen relations between scientists, institutions and Spanish companies and this is the main purpose of the trip I will be making to India in a few days. I am very hopeful because we have identified these projects and we want to show India the two great strengths we have in Spain which are very important from the economic and social point of view. These are the health and energy sectors where Spain has in the last decade made a great effort internationally. We have worked to strengthen the research groups, technological development and infrastructures in our country which we can put at the disposal of bilateral cooperation with India, as well as the small and medium sized firms which have a global desire to work in collaboration with India. And, specifically, we see in this area of small and medium sized companies that, working together, they want to participate in the global market within a bilateral relationship, which for us is going to be a priority. We at the Ministry of Science and Innovation, when we think about how to re-launch our economy and how to be better prepared after the crisis, believe that innovation and internationalisation are the two keys to success. These are the two areas in which we are working and they are the only possible recipe for success. About a decade ago we thought that it was a good idea and now not only is it a good idea but it is urgent as it is the only possible path forward. We see that there are many possibilities. May I thank the organisers of forums like this which are an instrument for bringing together both parties and which, of course, have an ally in the Ministry of Science and Innovation in order to strengthen that collaboration, not only diplomatically but also in foreign trade and culture. The axis between science and innovation is fundamental in the relations of countries. Thank you very much.

ROUND TABLE I Energy Strategies for the XXI Century Global energy demand is expected to continue growing strongly after the recession has diminished. However, the new energy nationalism, geopolitical conflicts and climate change make it difficult to ensure a stable and predictable global management structure.

President of the rounD table

JosĂŠ Eugenio Salarich SpeakerS

AMBASSADOR SHYAM SARAN GONZALO ESCRIBANO JAIME SEGARRA CULILLA

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

José Eugenio Salarich Director General for International Economic Relations and Energy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Government of spain. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Casa Asia once again for the invitation to chair this roundtable. I have felt genuinely identified with the Tribune from the first moment and I am delighted that the two Chairs are here, Ambassador Devare and Ambassador Pisonero, as well as the Director General of the Casa Asia, the Director of Casa de la India and, of course the tenacious spirit behind the Tribune, Ambassador Mehta, who has from the beginning insisted on maintaining these meetings, something which we fully intend to do. I would also like to thank the Madrid Council for their hospitality, Teresa Gutierrez, the person responsible for Casa Asia in Madrid and also thank a very special person who is one of the mainstays of this Tribune: Eva Borreguero. Thank you very much to all of you. I would like to refer to the Asia Tribune which was held in November, 2009 in Casa Asia in Barcelona, where it was clearly shown that the changes in the world energy panorama are obviously caused by the rise in prices of hydrocarbons, climate change, the massive use of fossil fuels and their consequent depletion, the growing demand for energy in Asia, especially in China, India and Japan and, finally, the financial crisis. All this means that by the year 2030 energy demand will increase by 40% and, as fossil energy is finite by definition, we will have to invent other types of energy and I believe that is the pressing question now: of seeing what the Indian authorities think as well as the civil societies of Indian and Spain about the so-called energy model. That is to say, why and with what we are going to replace the current energy components on which our growth is based. I would like to speak briefly about the point of view of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. I am now the Director General of International Economic Relations and Energy Matters. As my successor Luís Felipe Fernández de la Peña pointed out a few moments ago, previously I was Director General for Asia and the Pacific so I had the enormous opportunity and privilege not only to attend the 4 previous editions of this Tribune but also to get to know India well, to find out how our two countries, societies and, above all, both governments, can collaborate.

ROUND TABLE I ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 11:00 am

Spain has much to offer India as regards its energy model and strategy. Spain has chosen and is committed to renewable energies. It could have followed a different path for energy development but it is committed to renewable energies. These last days I have been reading some very revealing statistics. These say that worldwide probably 40% of the energy consumed comes from oil, 25% comes from gas and another 25% comes from coal. That is to say, 90% of the energies which are consumed in the world are from fossil fuels and only the remaining 10% are what might be called new energies, basically nuclear energy, hydroelectric and renewable energies. The renewable energies represent 0.5% of world energy consumption. In Spain this figure is 12%. That is a brave commitment and one which not only this government has made. This dates back 30 years since the energy crisis of the 1970s when we saw the need for deep structural changes and a commitment to renewable energies. Spain has an abundance of clean, autochthonous energy resources. What we have done during these years is to create a technology which can transform these local resources into electricity and Spain has become a world leader. Some data: renewable energies represent the creation in Spain of 200,000 direct jobs and more than 4,000 companies. Spain is the first country in Europe and the second in the world in installed thermoelectric power and is the second in Europe and fourth in the world in wind energy, the second in Europe and second in the world in photovoltaic energy and, in fact, we are the leading country in the world as regards installed power per inhabitant. We are the third country in Europe in mini-hydraulic power. That is to say, Spain is a world power in renewable energies and not only do we consume renewable ones but we also export them: we want to reach by the year 2020, the famous 202020, with 20% consumption of renewable energies which is the European directive on energies. The Indian energy model is relatively different. India committed at the time to renewable energies but also to nuclear energy and combines both. Obviously we cannot compare either the size of the country or the population, or the pace of growth or geographical situation, but we do have something in common: the possibility of developing synergies between our enterprises, societies and, above all, our concept of the world which is very clear. India like Spain does not have sufficient energy to supply its own development and growth: that is to say, it has to import it or has to produce it from new energies. India has opted for one energy model and we have opted for another one but I believe they are perfectly compatible and I think that during this session we will be able to see that. I would like to finish this short introduction by pointing out that the energy model we follow, be it one or another, is a model that has to pass through the present one, a transition from the current one, which is finite, fossil energy and attain renewable energy. May I finish with a comment that quite surprised me yesterday but that is indeed right: a political will is necessary and I believe that political will is the main renewable source. With that I come to the end and I would like to give the floor to our next two speakers. First of all I would like to give the floor to Mr. Saran, who has an impressive curricula. I have read that he knows everything about energy. He is a very experienced and well-known diplomat not only in his own Ministry of Foreign Affairs where he is highly respected but he has also been a great Permanent Secretary and whoever knows about our Ministries knows that the permanent secretaries in these Ministries are always the ones in command. And so it is a great pleasure for me to give you the floor and a very warm welcome to Spain.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

AMBASSADOR Shyam Saran former special envoy of the Prime Minister OF India for the Nuclear Agreement between the United States and India and for Climate Change. Thank you very much Mr. Salarich, many thanks for your warm words of welcome and first of all I would like to express my deep appreciation to the two co-chairs of this Tribune, Ambassador Devare and Madam Elena Pisonero, for taking the initiative to organise this very fruitful interaction between our two civil societies. And I would also like to express my thanks to Ambassador Mehta who has been a colleague of long standing and I would like to thank her for this opportunity to enter her domain, as it were. So, the topic is about the energy strategies for the 21st century. And why do we need energy strategies for the 21st century? I think the answer has been eloquently provided by our President, who has pointed out that despite the fact that today we are facing a global recession and perhaps it may appear that there is a softer market as far as conventional energy is concerned. It is only a question of time when the economies of the world start recovering and countries like China and India can continue to grow at an accelerated pace and demand for energy resources. Several years ago when India did start developing at a very rapid rate we came to the inevitable conclusion that if India is to maintain a growth rate of 8 or 10% per annum, which is what we think we require to bring about at least a minimum level of economic and social development and poverty eradication in our country, we have to ensure that energy does not become a constraint on our development philosophies. So this is what drives what we are trying to do domestically and what drives our negotiating position, for example, in our climate change negotiations. Now, just a few facts: currently, even though India is a very large and populous country with 1.1 billion people, yet people are surprised that Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total electricity generating

capacity is only about 160,000 megawatts and if you look at the integrated policy document of the Planning Commission it is envisaged that by the year 2030-2031 this may go up to something like 800-850,000 MW of total capacity. There are other figures which suggest it might be 950,000 or even a million MW but essentially even in this time frame, if you consider the per capita consumption of energy, we are looking at a very low per capita energy consumption. So, the great challenge for India, and this is something which comes up in our negotiations about climate change, is that we must reduce our carbon emissions but our great problem is energy poverty and how to bring a minimum amount of commercial energy for something like 400 million Indians who currently do not have any access to commercial energy. That is the scale of the challenge which a country like India faces and it is very important to keep that in mind. When we started looking at the issue of energy security, linked together with the issue of climate change, we came to a few very important conclusions. One was that if we wanted to really move ahead on climate change and sustainable development, then there is no doubt that over a period of time we have to move away from our current reliance on fossil fuels to the production pattern of consumption progressively based on renewable energies and clean sources of energy, such as nuclear energy. So, after a great deal of debate this was accepted: that we have to make this strategic shift and the good news is that in making this strategic shift we are also able to deal with the challenge of climate change because if we are able to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels then obviously the emission intensity of India will also start declining and therefore this is what was incorporated in our national action plan on climate change which India adopted and, which by the way, even though it is a national action plan, it is not only a plan for climate change but also a plan for energy security because both matters are intrinsically related. So, what was the strategy? The strategy was that for the foreseeable future there is every prospect for India to be able to move away from a heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Now, 50% of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy today is derived from coal and it is unlikely that we would have a very significant change in this dependence over the next 20 or 30 years. That is a fact. So, we have to find energy from whatever source that we can have in order to meet the enormous energy challenge that we face. So, if that is the situation, how are we going to be able to manage our strategy? It was decided that, in the short to medium run, the focus will be on trying to improve, as much as we can, the energy efficiency of our economic development and it is quite remarkable that over the last 20 years or so India has been able to deliver something like an annual growth of 7 to 8% per annum with only a 3.7 or 4% increase in energy consumption which means that over a period of time the energy intensity of IndiaÂ´s growth has actually been coming down which is a very good trend but we believe that we can do much more.

ROUND TABLE I ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 11:00 am

So, one of the missions in the National Action Plan regarding climate change is a national mission for enhanced energy efficiency and we have a legislative framework which is the Energy Conservation Act which applies to all energy intensive industries such as the textile and cotton industry, to transport, paper and pulp, etc. And then we have what is called the Energy Conservation Building Code which is for the application of certain building codes to commercial property. Now since most of IndiaÂ´s infrastructure remains to be built it is a very important piece of legislation because it ensures that whatever new building assets come up they will follow certain very efficient designs as well as complying with power consumption factors.

economic activities and, secondly, what do we do also to improve the efficiency of using the major part of our energy source which is coal? Now, that is as far as the interim is concerned. Of course, that is linked together with the strategic part which is that we have to make the change to renewable energy.

This is one part of the strategy regarding what we can do in the interim to carry on reducing the energy intensity of our growth and which, by the way, will also reduce the emission intensity of our growth. So, it has a double effect for us.

And we have a very innovative structure to finance this because the cost per unit of electricity produced from solar power is still very high, although the costs are coming down. But what we have done is to create a kind of incentive and regulatory structure where we are able to bundle together more expensive solar power with very cheap coal-based power. The combination is then sold at a price which is much less than only solar energy: roughly, it is being sold at double the price of coal-based thermal power. Coal-based thermal power in India today is about 2.5 rupees per unit and the blended part would sell at about 5 rupees per unit.

As I mentioned to you, one of our principal sources of energy is coal so we decided that if we have to continue to depend on coal for a certain period of time we must also have a clean coal mission which is also in fact currently under formulation and very soon we will be bringing that Mission Document to our Prime Minister. We are looking at a whole range of technologies: pre-combustion as well as post-combustion. One part is how to make the burning of coal as efficient as possible. So our focus is going to be on things like ITCC and other ultra-critical technologies as well as on the post-combustion side, how to use the effluents which are produced particularly from thermal-based power plants. How can we use the effluents to produce useful items such as through conversion to methanol which can be blended as transport fuel? There are also experiments going on to use the effluents, through biochemical methods, promoting the growth of green algae which can then become the source of bio-diesel. So, there are a whole range of very interesting things which are happening in terms of taking the clean coal mission forward. I also wanted to mention something here which is very important. Since I was also dealing with the nuclear energy sector, we discovered that with respect to coal, when we are talking about ultra-critical technology, the main constraints in ultra-critical technology is the ability to deal with very high temperatures, the ability to deal with very high pressures in the boilers and having the right kind of metal alloys which can withstand very high temperatures and very high pressure. And we discovered that such technology, as you would imagine, is already available in our nuclear sector. So, today we have a very interesting project which is being done by the Department of Atomic Energy, by our chemical research laboratories and two or three of the major companies which are involved in coal-based thermal power plants, to go in for the indigenous development of super-critical technologies, using what we already have. So, this kind of synergy is very interesting.

And here I would like to spend a couple of minutes on a sector which is very important: solar energy, which is also very important in Spain. India has, today, one of the most ambitious solar energy development projects and we are envisaging the setting up of about 20,000 megawatts of solar capacity by the year 2020-2022 which is the end of our 25-year plan.

There has been a huge response to the announcement of this incentive and regulatory structure. We have companies from all over the world who are coming to India to take advantage of this and we would certainly hope that Spain, which is a leader in solar energy, would also come to India. We have not made any choices between photovoltaic and thermal-solar. We believe we should allow the market to determine the technology which would prove to be more suitable for India. But we also tried to back this up with a major research and development programme. That is going to be a very integral part of this solar mission. So, this is one area where I think we can really work together, India and Spain. Lastly, nuclear energy: of course, as you know I was associated with the negotiation of the Indo-US civil nuclear agreement and the nuclear suppliersÂ´ group which worked with India in the international commerce of nuclear energy. I would like to thank Spain for its cooperation in making this a reality but I think we should now go on to the next stage to see what other ways India and Spain can cooperate in the nuclear energy sector. As you know, that is also going to be a very ambitious part of our energy plans. We are envisaging something like 60,000 megawatts of nuclear power by the year 2030-2031 and we have signed civil nuclear agreements with a number of countries and I think this is one area which should also be looked at between India and Spain. Thank you very much for your attention.

So, as I mentioned earlier, in the interim what do we do to improve the efficiency of our industrial production and our

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Gonzalo Escribano Professor of Applied Economics at the UNED (The SPANISH National University for Distance Learning). Thank you very much for the introduction, and given that we have little time IÂ´m going to try to go directly to some of the points. The truth is that all of them have already been touched upon in the brief introduction and substantially by Ambassador Devare and also by Ambassador Saran. I would like to structure this brief talk in three sections. First, what are the global challenges that we are facing from the point of view of energy strategies for the 21st century, the subject of this panel? Secondly, to see what are the shared challenges and where a series of opportunities for cooperation are going to appear (naturally or logically) and, finally, the potential for cooperation in energy development and also to face those problems of energy poverty which are very different problems from those of energy security which countries like Spain propose. The global challenges are well known by everybody and have become almost a mantra, that Trinity between respect for the environment, energy security and the contribution to maintaining and increasing standards of living and the energy services which the inhabitants of our countries receive. With respect to climate change, obviously nuclear energy and renewable energies, together with energy efficiency, are the major sectors in which the two countries should work. But probably the biggest source of new recourses that can come about in countries like India would be greater energy efficiency. For example, by carefully controlling the losses to the electricity systems, improving the present grids or better preparation of transformers and everything which involves the networks and the electricity installations which is an important facet worldwide. Secondly, the subject of energy security: India and China have been accused by many western countries of entering into competition for resources which, from the point of view of an economist, has little sense because competition for resources will always exist and economists tend to think competition is good. The problem is how that competition is channelled: whether competition is materialised in geopolitical or bilateral agreements and where the political dimension flows. When it is against the logic of the markets, then it is very difficult to sustain energy security: that is to say, I believe that it is very important to try to ensure that, among those consumer countries and net importers (as is the case of India and Spain), the international markets are transparent, flexible and efficient and that there are certain institutions and rules which are respected and known by all the players in the market. Therefore, I think that there is a potential for cooperation, not between companies, but between governments to facilitate the efficient working of the energy markets. I believe also that it is very important to reach agreements between consumers before the consumers themselves carry

ROUND TABLE I ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 11:00 am

out agreements with producer countries and there India plays a fundamental role in whatever strategy. With respect to economic activity, in the EU we have serious problems due to the lack of access to our own natural resources. Renewable energies undoubtedly play an important role and in India this is crucial. Although economic activity tries to reduce energy intensity, economic development and growth per se implies that there will be more cars, that the residential sector will grow and its demand for electricity will increase and, therefore, development by definition consumes energy, although it is true that when there is a change in the economic structure, there is a type of Kuznets curve as regards the environment and also in energy intensity as it travels to less energy intensive sectors such as the service sector, etc. We gain something in the shape of less energy necessity but normally this is compensated for by the greater demand for housing and private transport. We also have some shared challenges which perhaps are the most interesting. But I want to emphasise again that these global challenges appear to me to be very important as well as government action to confront those three dimensions I have just mentioned. These are shared challenges: energy efficiency and also, of course, renewable energies. The role of solar energy has been emphasised but I think that wind energy, in which Spain has very important comparative advantages and where it can also play an important role (although not decisive, I would say) in countries like India. There is also, of course, biomass where we also have advantages and biofuels where we have in Spain a very significant research and production capacity and are world leaders. Another shared challenge which we have is the importance of natural gas. We are net importers of gas and both countries have important networks of liquid natural gas and, therefore, the structure of the world gas markets and consequently the internal structures of the markets as regards gas, in transportation, marketing, production, etc. are also subjects in which there is potential room for cooperation. And all of this leads me to emphasise a series of sectors, for example energy services, in the improvement of the grids and the development of renewable capacities in the management of the network. Spain is one of the countries which have a greater capacity of the network for integrating renewable energies (which are not easy to integrate) and the Spanish Electricity Network (REE) is one of the companies on the world scene which has a greater capacity to manage integration of renewable energies, which is something not easy to achieve.

security. For net importing countries we are talking about the security of supply but in a developing, importing country it is important that electrification and modern fuels reach the whole of the population and not only the urban areas. In India, and also in all the rural zones, there is an access deficit to modern energy services with an incredible potential for Spanish companies which can collaborate there and help in various aspects, but also for Spanish cooperation per se and also for scientific and technological cooperation between universities and centres of study. The role of energy development is the key to the development and growth of a country: it permits education as those of us who are used to teaching in developing countries know when we see students studying under lampposts the day before an exam. Energy provides electricity which is fundamental for reading but also for avoiding alternative uses of time such as not having to collect traditional biomass. Electrification and, in general, modern fuels increase economic productivity, especially in economies such as that of India which have a strategy of specialisation in highly intensive sectors in the use, not of large quantities of electricity, but rather of the grid: for example the network, electronics or computer services. We have to remember that India is the largest democracy in the world and, therefore, it has a commitment to improving the life of its citizens, not only in energy per se, but also in access to information, to leisure, communications and all this without the restrictive factor which is the absence of modern energies. India is, moreover, an example to be copied as regards rural electrification. There are specialists here who can embrace these advances (which have been very considerable) both in distant regions by means of renewable energies where they play an important role, as well as in the electrification and extension of modern energy services in not so far away areas. Therefore, I think that in this aspect of energy development there is a potential for developmental cooperation, for cooperation between companies, between network operators, between regulators and, of course, between the academic and university world. I think that these are potential areas which we all have the responsibility to exploit together. Thank you very much.

The importance of coal in India has also been mentioned. The technologies for mining coal also have in Spain a certain capacity and it would be interesting to try to boost cooperation in that field. I would like to finish with a small observation which seems to me fundamental regarding what is behind the concept of energy

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Jaime Segarra Culilla Director of Nuclear Energy at General Electric and representative of the SPANISH Nuclear Forum. Thank you, and with the permission of the Chairman I would like to address you in English because I hope that this will simplify communication, and for the Spanish participants, I hope they are familiar with what I am going to present here. First of all, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to make this presentation here. For us it is an honour and I would also like to express the apologies and regrets of our President, MarĂa Teresa Dominguez, who is unable to attend as she has had to travel abroad. She asked me to emphasise how much she considers crucial these kinds of Tribunes to exchange information. Let me begin with the subject in question. The Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum is a non-profit organisation which was founded in 1962. So, we have a long history of experience and collaboration. It is the organisation that brings together the companies working in nuclear activities. Not only the nuclear power plants but also manufacturers, service suppliers, engineers, architects, etc. It is a channel for expressing opinions within the industry and it has, among its areas of activity, also communication, the gathering of information, educational programmes for teachers of high schools and university, documentation, studies and technical reports, etc. The members of the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum are first of all the power plants. We have six with eight units operating and the electric utilities, UNESA, which is the association of the electric utilities and then there are other companies which, to make things more schematic, we could organise into architect engineering companies, equipment suppliers for the primary and secondary circuits and service suppliers and very specialised services such as training services, etc. As I mentioned, we have these six power plants with eight units, and what I would like to stress here is that in the Nuclear Forum there are also companies like in the USA which are not power plants as such, but which fabricate fuel and there are also manufacturers. And we also have the cooperation of companies which work on the back-end of the cycle, among other things. The Spanish nuclear power plants have an installed capacity of about 7.7 GW. This compares with the installed capacity of 98.5 GW at the end of 2009 which is about 7.8%. However, in terms of generation, out of the 300.6 Terawatts which were put in the grid in 2009, it represents approximately 18% of the total figure. This means to say that they operate with capacity factors in the range of 8,000-8,500 hours per year. In the international rankings, several of our plants are usually in the top places. Except for the case of Cofrentes, which is 100% owned by Iberdrola, the other plants are owned by a combination, in different percentages, of the Spanish electric utilities.

ROUND TABLE I ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 11:00 am

Having given this general picture let me go into the process which brought us to where we are today. The first phase began in the 1960s with the plans of José Cabrera to commission the Santa Maria de Garoña in Vandellós 1 which was later decommissioned. This was done on a turnkey approach basis because it was just the beginning and the main concern was to avoid the risk of investment and missing the schedule. Then the next step was the decade of the 1970s and in this decade the plants of Almaraz, with the two units of Ascó and Cofrentes, were built. The Spanish industry and the owners were feeling safer and because of that they were built on a component basis and the owner took the responsibility for the plant construction management. The contracts specified exactly the components which had their own warranties and performance guarantees but the overall project responsibility belonged to the owners. The third stage was at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s when plans were drawn up for Vandellós 2 and Trillo which consolidated the Spanish nuclear industry. Factories were built for primary components such as the reactor pressure vessels, pressurizers, primary piping etc., and also specialised service companies began activity to provide simulators, training for operators, etc. Maturity was reached in the 1980s and to give you an approximate idea I will say that at this 3rd stage about 85% of the plants were of local supply. Later, on having reached maturity, Spain decided not to build for the time being more nuclear power plants. All the companies which were created decided, as a way to survive, to go international and that led us to the present situation with a strong international projection. For example, in the USA companies specialise in fuel fabrication which export 70% of their fuel assembly capability. Others specialise in primary components like nuclear equipment and export 80% of their production around the world and that is also applicable to the architect engineering companies and specialised service companies to which I referred previously. So, the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum also coordinates the presence of all these other companies. A few years ago there was a very important session in India which our Prince attended and the Spanish Forum helped the Spanish industry to establish its presence in that country. The final message I wish to leave is that in Spain nuclear power plants are very important because of their high capacity factors (contributing 18% to generation especially to base coapacity). For the grid, this is a very substantial, complementary contribution to the renewable energies. For our system operator it is vital to have these base load units which can contribute to the stability of the system. So this, and the internationalisation that I mentioned before, are the basic messages I would like to leave you with. The complete presentation is available in Power Point and it can be obtained from the web page of the Spanish Nuclear Forum. Thank you very much for you attention.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

ROUND TABLE II THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY In the new world economic and social order, transformations will be generated by knowledge and innovation. The use of cooperative arrangements between Spain and India in this new perspective will set the course of their relationships.

PresidentS of the rounD table

Santiago Iñiguez de Ozoño José Manuel Martínez Sierra SpeakerS

Dr. Narendra Jadhav Rafael Argullol i Murgadas

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Santiago I単iguez de Ozo単o Dean, ie business school. As Dean of the Business Institute of Madrid and Chair of this roundtable in which we will debate the Knowledge Society and Business Schools I would like to welcome you. India has become the leading exporter of foreign students. The number of students who were following an MBA course was about 75,000, practically the same numbers as in the European market. The number of students enrolled is continually increasing and there are more applications than places available on offer (600 applications for each place). Very often, the Indian students are distinguished from other students by the fact that they have better skills and educational training. They have greater analytical capacities and a strong, multicultural focus which forms part of the Indian cultural heritage. One of the great cultural aspects of India is the tradition of logical reasoning and that is reflected in its students. India has been a democracy since 1947 and has a long tradition of tolerance and democratic institutions. Some of the greatest contemporary gurus are from India. Professors of great prestige and Deans of Business Administration are Indian. And maybe one day in the future they will be Deans of this Business Institute. Who knows? I would like to make a proposal that could be put into practice in the future: the setting up of a committee in India which brings together the business schools of the two countries. In India the teaching staffs are of a high quality as well as the students, but more Indians are needed who can appear in The Financial Times. We have very close relations with India and a total of 184 have graduated from our School of which the majority now lives in India. This year 65 students have come from that country and it is the fourth nationality represented in our School. India is the most fascinating country of all that we have here in the Business School. Having said this, I will without further delay hand over the floor to the next speaker.

ROUND TABLE II THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 4:00 pm

JosĂŠ Manuel MartĂnez Sierra Coordinator of International Relations at the Ministry of Education, Government of spain. Thank you to all the institutions who have contributed to this Tribune and to the Madrid Business Institute for hosting this round table whose aim is to produce a session which is as interactive as possible and to leave time for discussion. To a large extent I will begin with the conclusions. The pivotal hub in the academic relations between Spain and India has to be based on aspects of institutionalisation and also as a result of academic and research relations: we have to create networks and support the generating processes as Spain has been doing during its Presidency of the EU. Let me refer now to the economic context: the economic crisis. The academic institutions compete for a share of the best quality teachers, for a share of the best students and for a share of the competitive projects. The regional context and the areas of excellence can be updated by the possibility of establishing synergies according to the subject areas. Globalisation can drive the search for connections between different worlds. In the context of India, Asia-Pacific and Spain, it is necessary to be clear where Spain is situated in order to know the structural strategies. In the EU ambitious aims have been designed in the field of higher education. The European research area is immersed in this process and during the Presidency of Spain greater internationalisation was introduced. The lines of development should thus be: a European panel, academic mobility and, very importantly, the political context. In Spain we have bilateral cooperation developments with India which involve an exchange of experiences. The governments have introduced scholarships to Asia and these are the seeds of the mobility of Spaniards abroad and foreigners in Spain. We have a series of specific European projects with India. The Universities of Barcelona and Murcia are outstanding examples of this.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Basically, in this context internationalisation can be understood as polytransversal: it must strengthen relations which the universities establish, facilitate higher education and make internationalisation a tool for permeating the careers of teachers and researchers. In conclusion, these strategies and, specifically, the Erasmus Mundus Programe, are going to generate new potential. We have as a reference the political will of Brazil, India and China. What is demanded is progress in the recognition, positioning and strengthening of additional subjects and in further synergies of triangular cooperation.

ROUND TABLE II THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 4:00 pm

Rafael ArgullOl i Murgadas Professor at the Pompeu Fabra University.

A spiritual understanding or approximation in which the cultural dialogue goes beyond the territory of politically correct words in order to enter the territory of the mental structures and sensibility of others and thus really get to know them.

I intend to focus on one of the aspects of the Knowledge Society round table. I wish to obviate the need for political and diplomatic exchanges (which I take for granted), for social and economic exchanges (also taken for granted) and also for scientific and technological exchanges for the same reason. I want to focus on knowledge of the word, given that this aspect of the word "knowledge" is forgotten. Very often we tend to give an excessively utilitarian and pragmatic vision. When we speak about knowledge, we not only speak of technology. We speak of improving the human condition through knowledge. I would like to say a few words on this subject: we are very far from having reached the spiritual transmission of knowledge in Spain. There is little background in Spanish universities for that approach and, moreover, we have a historical deficit. There is a great fascination with India today. I have collaborated with Casa Asia Barcelona and I was invited to this session because, at a particular time in my life, I had the intellectual experience of writing a book with the Indian thinker Vidya Nivas Mishra. It was an enriching exchange, not an attempt to persuade the other. There were questions about the human condition seen from the European and Indian point of view, letters exchanged and then two meetings in Benares and Barcelona which gave rise to the book From the Ganges to the Mediterranean. I realised during that experiment that, in spite of exchanging letters for five years, the connection between the two of us had not truly taken place. If one wants to attain deep knowledge of the other person, beyond political and diplomatic exchanges, one has to "be". Here, we are speaking about companies and universities but we have to take into account a modification of our mentality. In order to open oneself to the other it is very important to perform the exercise of disarming oneself. We go through life mentally and spiritually armed and we should not forget that the traditions of India and Europe are different. We have many things in common but we also have very significant differential elements. As an anecdote I can tell you that in the dialogue with Vidya I mentioned the word "universe" and he did not understand me but I realised that he did understand "cosmos". I did not realise that "universe" was a centralised idea of the "cosmos" and that my interlocutor did not understand that centralised vision. This means that when an attempt at a cultural dialogue occurs it is important to move towards ideas which support the words and it is necessary to go deep into the structures of the sensibility on which the words are based. He said to me: "No, no. First, we have to be friends", that is to say to move to a territory of communication. When we speak of the Knowledge Society it is very good for business or technological exchanges but none of that will work unless, at the same time, we make an effort to understand.

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Dr. Narendra Jadhav member of the Planning Commission of the Government OF India. To start with I would like to thank you for the invitation to this Knowledge Society panel. India and Spain have to rediscover each other. It is important that we know much more about each other. Our students used to go to the United Kingdom to study because of our historical links. In the 1980s they began to go to different destinations such as the USA and later to Pacific Asian countries. We left Spain and Europe and, therefore, I like the fact that there are now 65 Indian students at the Business Institute. It is true that 75,000 Indian students follow an MBA course which is more than the total European market. I was the Vice Chancellor of Pune University with 650,000 students and, in fact, the figures are not so impressive for our market. I wanted to speak about the situation of higher education in India. The average age of the students is 24 and, furthermore, India has a tremendous demographic advantage. This advantage is like a cheque that has not been cashed and it is not going to be materialised overnight. It is not that we want to be an economic superpower but that we will achieve things only if we develop the training of human resources. It is an opportunity for India to take advantage of over the next 15 years. It is very important and major changes are taking place. If we think about the overall rate of enrolment of students between 18-23 years old, the percentage in higher education is 12.4%. 88% do not even have minimum access to higher education. We have to increase the percentage because the world average is 24% and in developing countries it is 18%. We have 12.4% and in the coming years that is going to rise to 25%. It is a tremendously ambitious goal. We have 340 universities and we will need over 250 more new ones if we want to improve the quality. The quality of higher education is a fundamental priority. There are islands of excellence but there is still much to be done.

In general, over the last two years, the changes have been unprecedented. The system of higher education is going to be unrecognisable. In India there are central, state universities which are bigger and have less financing from the central state and then there are the regional ones. If everything goes well, a national department is going to be created to manage the universities. Another fundamental change is that in the past certification was not compulsory in India. Now all the institutions are going to have to be accredited and certified and have to announce themselves on their web sites. Up to now, certification was voluntary and only 20% had done it. Now, the system is going to be transparent and open and the institutions are going to have to make their certification public. On the other hand, the educational tribunals play the game of complaining of each other. To try to solve this, a court has been created in each state and one for the central government for the Vice Chancellors to send their complaints to. Furthermore, unfair practices, for example in the universities and medical and engineering colleges and others, are going to be regulated within a legal framework. For me the most important thing is the new law which will open India to foreign education providers. With its passing, many colleges and universities will be set up in India. 45% of foreign students who come to India to study go to Pune University of which I was Vice Chancellor. Up till now, the collaborations were focussed on exchanges of students and teachers and programme management but there was no place within the Indian legal framework for degrees awarded by two countries. Now, that is possible. It is going to allow foreign universities to locate to India. We hope there will be no excessive limitations and that many may come. One concern which is expressed in India is that the foreign universities which come will sideline the Indian ones. But there will be many and we need a lot of universities. We need centres such as this one. I am sure that for business administration it is important for Latin America, India and Spain to begin to explore the possibilities for cooperation. I hope this round table serves to lay the foundations for that collaboration.

ROUND TABLE II THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 4:00 pm

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

ROUND TABLE III MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES The recent financial crisis has shown that a new regulatory framework on financial globalization is necessary. It has also highlighted the need to reform international financial institutions from emerging powers with a louder voice in these policies.

President of the rounD table

Federico Steinberg SpeakerS

Dr. Shankar Acharya Santiago Fernรกndez de Lis

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Federico Steinberg Professor at the AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY of Madrid and researcher at the Elcano ROYAL INSTITUTE. Basically, we are in an enormously interesting economic and geopolitical moment in the world with great opportunities but also significant risks. Fundamentally, we are facing a situation in which there is a growing demand for global economic governance in a context of large-scale changes in the international balance of power with a very fast rise of the emerging powers and an acceleration in the relative decline of the old powers of the G7. At the same time, this movement of the tectonic plates of the geopolitical world makes what we need at this time much more difficult, which are new global rules for the international economy, simply in order to establish what are the subjects on the agenda for the next G-20 Summit in Seoul, but which have been with us since before the crisis and especially since it began. We have, of course, the reform of the financial regulation, clearly identified as a necessity and with a debate regarding to what extent regulation should be global, national or regional. There is also the need to resolve the global macroeconomic imbalances which in the last few weeks have combined with a dangerous foreign currency war, according to the Brazilian Minister, who was the first to mention what nobody dared to say. We will see how far it goes. This is also linked to the possible increase in protectionism which we appeared to have avoided in the first phase of the crisis in 2008-2009, with tariffs which were maintained at levels regulated by the World Trade Organisation and with some new non-tariff barriers but with a multilateral trade system which was kept open. Now, the tensions in the exchange rates could precipitate a trade war. Lastly, a series of subjects which are on the agenda and which will be with us in the next few years: the sovereign debt crisis, that is to say, the level of debt of countries (above all the developed ones) such as the United Kingdom and even the United States which, although it still has the global reserve currency, could begin to have problems in the future. There are also subjects linked to institutional reform of global economic governance, quotas and votes at the IMF, power sharing at the WTO and even the way in which we manage the new global financial rules

ROUND TABLE III MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES Friday, October 15th, 2010, 9:30 am

in the Financial Stability Fund or even in some other of the informal forums, such as the G-20, and how this is organised and complements the other instruments of international economic governance. To conclude, I would like to mention that there are three subjects which were very important before the crisis and continue to be so but which are now lower on the agenda. One is energy and climate change: i.e. the need to find an international governance both for the transition to a more sustainable long-term energy model for the whole of the planet as well as to confront climate change after the relative failure of the Copenhagen Summit. We now have the meeting in Cancun later in the year where we will try to complement a little the agreements which were reached in Copenhagen. On the other hand, we have development and the fight against poverty which is possibly the most important subject on the international agenda but which has decreased in terms of aid contributions to development due to the crisis. In terms of international cooperation, what we are seeing is that every country is working a little on its own. Those countries which are growing are contributing substantially (India and China) to the fight against poverty but it is a subject which has dropped off the international agenda. And, finally, there is the subject of international economic migrations which will also be a significant subject in the coming years, despite the fact that the crisis has reduced the migratory flows, relatively speaking. It will be an important subject where we do not have an institutional structure capable of giving global responses.

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Dr. Shankar Acharya member of the Board of Governors and non-executive President of the Board of Directors of the Kotak Mahindra Bank AND FORMER chief economic adviser to the Government OF India The title of this session is: "Major Global and Economic Geopolitical Challenges" and when I saw this I thought it was a very intimidating title. It seemed to me one could write many books on the title itself and I suspect that quite a few have already been written. So, given the limited 15 minutes I have, I will speak very rapidly and make some remarks, if I am permitted, about three sorts of things. First, I could give you my personal list of some of these global challenges, both economic and geopolitical. Second, I think I will have time only to say a few words about two or three of these and I am sure my colleague, Dr. Santiago Fernandez, will pick up many others. And third, in one or two places I will try and suggest the scope for cooperation between India and Spain in coping with some of these issues. The list of global challenges: on the economic side I would suggest: 1) reviving the process of higher economic growth in the industrial countries of the world and by that I mean essentially the United States, Europe and Japan; 2) sustaining the already strong recovery in major emerging countries, including China, India and Brazil because some, including India, are still very poor countries when one looks at the levels as opposed to the growth rate; 3) the reform of the international and national financial systems after this unprecedented global financial crisis that we have suffered over the past two years; 4) agreeing on a robust, equitable and effective global compact on climate change and 5) strengthening the international trading system.

On the geopolitical side, my choice of 5 would be: 1) most importantly, adjusting to the rapid rise of a new super-power, namely China and associated with the gradual, relative decline of the established, single super-power, the United States; 2) and perhaps more generally, managing a very complex transition to a truly multi-polar world with important new players including India, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and a few others. To simplify, some decades of geopolitical domination of the world by, broadly, the USA and Europe are passing and this is going to be a transition of a few decades in my view. A new, multi-polar order is emerging and I think the years of transition could be quite difficult to manage for all of us because, during this time, I think that reaching international agreements, whether on climate change or the world trading system or whatever, is going to become more and not less difficult; 3) on the geopolitical side, dealing with international terrorism in all its forms, including most obviously the Jihadists groups and forces in what is loosely called AFPAK in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region; 4) assuring nuclear safety, including trying to ensure that we avoid a nuclear-armed Taliban or a rogue nuclear state and 5) lastly, the combination of a geopolitical and economic topic, developing viable international rules and agreements for the use of space and the ocean floors. This is my list of five each. Now let me deal with some of the economic topics: reviving growth in industrial countries. After the financial and economic crisis which started in 2008 or 2007, as we all know, coordinated fiscal and monetary stimulus, partly coordinated by the G-20 and national initiatives in major industrial and emerging countries, prevented a 1930s type depression and led to a revival of some sort in growth of output in the latter half of 2009. But as we all know, unemployment remains painfully high and in recent months the recovery has faltered with the phasing down of the early, massive fiscal stimuli as well as the growing, new concerns about sovereign debt issues in many industrial countries. There are four obvious ways or channels of trying to revive growth: 1) a resumption of fiscal stimulus. I donÂ´t see this happening very quickly because it leads to higher deficits and debt. Politically, in my view, that is impossible now in the USA, as I read the political situation there. In Europe, it may be politically more feasible but things like the bond market vigilantes or the market reaction constrains this option quite considerably; 2) the revival of private consumption and demand. As we all know, this crisis has left many industrial countries with households highly leveraged in debt and cautious and they are trying to rebuild savings and assets. So, I donÂ´t see a very rapid increase in consumption from that source: 3) the revival of private investment which may happen and is, to some extent, happening but confidence is still weak in some major countries and as long as the private consumption revival is weak private investment also tends to be less encouraged and 4) the growth of net exports from each of the major countries as a source of demand for growth. This has been impeded, on the one hand, by slower world growth and on the other the failure to adjust by countries with a surplus balance of payments, especially Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s currency policy.

ROUND TABLE III MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES Friday, October 15th, 2010, 9:30 am

The rebalancing of demand in surplus countries in favour of domestic consumption is absolutely essential for the strength of the recovery process to gain force, particularly in industrial countries. If it doesn´t happen then we are going to see a very loose monetary policy from the US Federal Reserve, quantitative easing continuing close to zero interest rates and that will essentially lead to enormous problems of managing the system from countries like India and Brazil as all this sloshing money spills all over the world and appreciates currencies elsewhere as the counter action taken reduces competitiveness and so forth. And this may also be a problem for the Euro zone area at some point. What we are going to see is a version of currency wars where some countries actually have to take steps directly on currency markets and other countries like the USA, since they can´t actually do that, will operate through a loose monetary policy. This is an area where India and Spain, via perhaps the EU, have a joint interest in encouraging a more balanced outcome whether through dialogue with China or whosoever. Second, regarding economic issues, sustaining the growth of emerging countries, which is very important for poverty alleviation and unemployment in these still poor nations, I will make some quick points. First, decoupling is indeed fashionable and some would argue that post-crisis development suggests a lot of decoupling. After all, the recovery of industrial countries has been weak and faltering whereas the so-called dynamic, emerging countries have grown very fast after an initial year and a half of slowing down. But if one takes a more medium term view, and if industrial countries continue to grow slowly, I think we will see the rise of protectionism in these nations and emerging country growth cannot, in my opinion, remain unaffected by such outcomes.

set of other major financial institutions. The third point: there is a role for coordinating national regulatory frameworks to prevent, among other things, regulatory arbitrage through Forums such as the G-20, the Financial Stability Forum, the Basel Committee and the BIS and so forth. Fourth: the issue of reform of the international financial institutions (the Bretton-Woods Institutions), namely the IMF and the World Bank. I spent a dozen years of my youth in one of these institutions and we used to talk about this a lot and it is true that the governing structures of these institutions need to change. In the World Bank there has already been some significant change. In the IMF, I believe that the last G-20 meeting committed to some change of the quota allocations and we are hoping that the details will bring about change. The question of whether that will be enough will always exist and it will have to be an ongoing process. But having said all that, my possibly heretical view is that while these changes in the governing structure of the institutions is important, it is not perhaps hugely important because the role of these institutions has not been central, in my view, in resolving the kind of crises that we have had in the last two years and I don´t think that is going to change in a hurry. For example, the problem of uncoordinated monetary policy and currency wars that we read about in The Financial Times every day, I don´t see the IMF as having enough clout, so far, to bring about real effective change. Thank you Mr. Chairman.

Second, there is still life in the view that the economic health of nations across the world has a strong dose of interdependence and both Spain and India, in our respective ways, should recognise and nourish such interdependence to the extent, of course, that we can. Finally, the third topic: reform of the financial system, nationally and internationally, both to inject more confidence in the current economic situation globally, as well as, more importantly, to reduce the chances of the kind of global financial crisis that we have all suffered in the last couple of years. The first point: I think that the major reforms in the financial systems will, in the nature of the political economy, come at the national level, such as, the US Dodd-Frank Act which was passed last September, the European Union Stress Tests on banking and we have certain measures in India. Second: I think the Basel III type of agreement and initiatives are important, even if I tend to side with those who feel that they are being phased in a little too slowly, although that is a debatable issue. But the fact is they basically focus on improving capital adequacy through different means and redefining capital for banks but they leave out, in my opinion, very major issues which were at the heart of the last financial crisis, such as the problem of systemically important financial institutions, the whole problem of why the collapse of Lehman Brothers led to so many problems, the interconnections between what was the fourth or fifth largest bank in the US and the entire

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Santiago Fernรกndez de Lis Director of Analistas Financieros Internacionales, S.A. (AFI). I intend to focus on financial aspects and international reforms in general. I believe that a central problem of the international economy in the last decades is the contradiction between certain increasingly global markets and a regulation which has continued to be basically national. A large part of the problems and of the crisis of recent years is the result of this contradiction. It is interesting to note that during the trend over the years towards globalisation we took for granted that this contradiction would be gradually resolved in favour of the markets. We supposed that we were moving towards increasingly supranational regulations, a greater international coordination of the regulations, a more important role for the international financial institutions and a growing cession of sovereignty on the part of the authorities and national regulators. This was obvious in the European Union where, furthermore, the element of regional integration was added. However, it is interesting to observe that this crisis involves an incipient step backwards in this process. I believe we are beginning to see interesting and perhaps worrying symptoms of deglobalisation because we see in some countries, and of course in Europe, a reawakening of the banking and sovereignty crises. I consider this a vicious and worrying circle. The banks are sustained by state aid and the governments maintain it because there is a financial system to consider. This endogamy of the banking and sovereignty crises means that countries tend to look inwards. And from the point of view of the currency war, which was mentioned previously and which I will talk about later, the return to capital controls is entirely logical and also means that countries tend to turn in on themselves a little more. I believe that this trend is interesting and, perhaps, worrying. Speaking of the crisis and reform, it is obvious that the crisis has its origin in the more developed financial systems and in particular in the most sophisticated segments of the these financial systems, in the distribution model by which in the United States financial products were packaged and placed in the rest of the world by means of what has been called the shadow banking system which was less regulated and where the risks were not sufficiently controlled. But then, due to a series of mechanisms, it has spread to the rest of the world in a process in which many things have failed. This explains that the reform process on which we are embarked is a very broad process where there are many things to change. Risk control has failed and, therefore, part of the reforms consists of ensuring that the financial institutions and the international financial markets are able to maintain a better control of the risk. Capital controls have failed and, therefore, now it is being advocated that these safety nets be augmented. Financial regulation has fed the so-called pro-cyclicity of the financial system. That is to say, we have a financial system which exaggerates the euphoria in the economic upturns and

ROUND TABLE III MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES Friday, October 15th, 2010, 9:30 am

exaggerates the downturns in times of recession. But that is not the worst of it. We have a financial regulation which, moreover, amplifies this effect. What we aspire to have is a financial regulation that is at least neutral, given that the financial system is probably going to continue to be pro-cyclical. The safety nets and mechanisms have failed, such as the safety deposits or the last resort loan or other mechanisms which were in place to act as crisis resolution mechanisms. Other mechanisms are being considered to improve the system. Incentives have failed. For a long time we relied on so-called market discipline: we thought that the financial markets in their wisdom were going to introduce correct incentives so that governments and financial institutions, as well as the agents who operate in those markets, would act rationally and stably. We have realised that this market discipline has not worked. Specific segments of the international financial markets have failed such as the derivative markets, the systemic institutions and international coordination. Therefore, we are embarked on a process of reform in which it is very important to correct what has failed but it is also very important to respect what has worked well. Here we have a very important subject from the point of view of emerging countries: to state clearly that in this process of reform there are aspects which have not failed. That is to say, the models of simple financial systems (not over- sophisticated) based on traditional banking in emerging countries have not failed. Therefore, let us not now impose changes or reforms on them which are intended for sophisticated global institutions. I mention this because it seems that in the emerging and developing countries it is very important to continue with the process of financial inclusion. A large part of the development effort of these countries has been obtained by means of a greater penetration of the financial system. This means offering the people who have no access to financial services an improved channelling of savings in order to finance small enterprises and housing. All these things we take for granted in developed countries but in many developing countries they are seriously lacking. If we now tighten the international financial regulations due to the problems caused by the more sophisticated segments of the financial system we have to be careful and not impose rules, which are designed for those large systemic institutions in developed countries, on small local institutions which have not failed. Why does this danger exist? Because there is a tendency towards international harmonisation in order to avoid so-called regulatory arbitration. That is to say, different regulations from distinct segments make the financial flows pass through the least regulated segment.

for them. For this reason, it is important that the emerging countries are well represented in the international organisations which establish these standards. That leads me to another subject I wanted to mention: the role of emerging countries in international economic governance. I believe that the so called decoupling of the emerging countries is the best news from this crisis. The changes which we perceive in international economic governance are also good news. The change of emphasis from the G-7 to the G-20 is important. The expansion of the Financial Stability Board and its correspondence with the G-20 which means that the Financial Stability Board becomes, up to a point, the operational arm of G-20 gives it more technical capacity to establish standards. It is very important that the voice of those countries is heard in those forums and that they have a much more relevant role in the establishment of these standards. With respect to the International Monetary Fund, there are signs that things are beginning to move although these institutions change as usual at a very slow pace. I think it is a pity that these institutions have so little capacity for adapting to the changes in the world economy and I am afraid that Europeans are in large part guilty of this. We have to be frank. I believe that the defence of the status quo on the part of the European countries in these institutions and their resistance to ceding representation and power rights to the countries which are pushing hard and showing strength in the world economy is a mistake. This error is only translated into a lack of relevance of the institutions and problems from the point of view of the discrepancy between global markets and national regulations. Things are changing but, of course, very slowly. And this leads me to the last subject I wanted to deal with which is the topic of the currency wars. What is happening is interesting. All the countries want to devalue or avoid appreciation of their currencies. This is striking because in economics there are few

Pressures also exist from rating associations or derived from the presence of foreign or international banks which meant that for example, Basel II, in my opinion, was adopted probably prematurely and wrongly in some emerging and developing countries. Now we have a certain risk that the same may occur with Basel III. Therefore, let us not introduce an excessive pressure on emerging countries for them to adopt very demanding standards and which are perhaps not designed

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things that do not have a cost. In other situations, devaluing or maintaining a currency artificially depreciated has had a cost and that cost is inflation. It now seems that isnÂ´t so, it seems that devaluing or keeping a weak currency is free, which is surprising. Why is that so? I believe there is an explanation. We are in a deflationary world environment with pressures towards a drop in prices, something which makes economists very nervous because we do not know how to react or deal with it. We have no recipes. For many years we have concentrated on how to control inflation but we do not know how to combat deflation. The case of Japan is an example of this. Why is there a deflationary world environment? It has to do with the irruption of China in the world economy. While China continues its integration in the world economy it is going to have the permanent effect of depressing manufacturing prices and, curiously, of increasing the price of raw materials. The net effect of this is a deflationary pressure in general, above all on the international economy which means that countries perceive the risk of deflation as much more serious than the risk of inflation. When everyone wants to devalue it is obvious that there is no cooperative solution. A return to the Plaza or Louvre agreements is being discussed which were agreements to stabilise the dollar in the mid-1980s but it is forgotten that at that time there was a risk in both directions but it seems that is not true now. So, what is happening? A series of developed countries, clearly the United States but some others, are adopting the policy of quantitative expansion. That is to say: "well, look, when I reach zero interest rate, then the only thing left for me to do is to print money". As well as that, there are countries which are intervening directly in the foreign exchange markets to prevent the appreciation of their currencies. The most recent cases are Switzerland and Japan. The majority of the emerging countries are also doing it, openly or otherwise. We only have to see the figures for reserve accumulations or the growth of the sovereign funds. It is no secret that the sovereign funds are used as a back door to avoid appreciation of the currencies. We are now seeing the generalisation of capital controls which is a much more intrusive measure than all the previous ones and it is totally logical from the point of view of the emerging countries. If we look at the crises in recent years, almost all of them have had a common element: strong inputs of capital in countries which had higher interest rates and appreciation of the exchange rate. This is called "overshooting" of the exchange rate, very often accompanied by a share price bubble, deficit on the current account, loss of competitiveness and, at a certain time, when an internal or external factor changes, everything is turned upside down and the country goes into crisis. Therefore, the best way of protecting themselves against a crisis is not to go excessively fast. The analogy is that of a train: the best way not to go off the rails is not to exceed the speed limit. I would like to finish by talking a little about the Euro. It seems to me that in this currency war, the Euro is becoming an adjustment region or safety valve. Why it is so, I donÂ´t know. Of course, the European Central Bank has a different view of things and different

to the FED. When everybody is worried about deflation, the European Central Bank is giving signals that what worries it are the exit strategies, how to recover the normal monetary tone. It seems that the exchange rate is not an element which enters into the analysis and, of course, the European institutional framework makes the interventions difficult for reasons I wonÂ´t go into. In Europe we have a recession, a banking crisis, a sovereignty crisis and a deflationary risk so that the appreciation of the Euro is really what was missing. Curiously, in the last report in the World Economic Outlook of the IMF, published a week ago, there is a graph which caught my attention. In it, it shows which countries have the greatest risk of deflation (high, medium and low). I have taken the trouble to see where the countries from the Euro zone are placed. Of the countries with high risk (66%), two thirds are countries in the Euro zone, among them Spain. The countries with a medium risk are 40% and low risk only 13%. That is to say, Europe is especially vulnerable to the risk of deflation but, however, it is the only zone or currency which appears not to be worried about the currency war or has no plan to avoid it. I have mentioned the fact that there is no risk of inflation but there are exceptions and India is, perhaps, one of them. While China has a surplus on its current account, with inflation relatively under control, India is in the opposite situation with a current account deficit but with relatively high inflation. In fact, the ideal candidate for revaluation in any international coordination would be the country which had the two things: a current account surplus and high inflation. The truth is that there are few countries like that in the world. So, regrettably, at the moment we have no candidates for revaluation. Thank you.

ROUND TABLE IV COOPERATION ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM Both countries, India and Spain, are familiar with the devastating consequences of prolonged campaign of terrorism and extraordinarily lethal attacks. Hence, the respective national experiences, both in prevention and response, aspects implemented under the rule of law and in social reaction to that form of criminality, and the institutional care for its victims, constitute matters of undoubted interest for mutual understanding and discussion.

President of the rounD table

Fernando Reinares SpeakerS

LIEUTENANT GenERAL Satish Nambiar Javier Zaragoza

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Fernando Reinares PRINCIPAL researcher at the Elcano Royal Institute and Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at the King Juan Carlos University. The fourth roundtable session of the V India-Spain Tribune is devoted to security and terrorism. As will have been noticed in the presentation, it is noteworthy that two countries so different as regards location, composition, role and place in the world as India and Spain have suffered terrorist attacks from similar ideological orientations: both from domestic nationalists, the extreme left as well as Islamists. Both countries have also suffered attacks of extraordinary similarity, such as the one on the 11th March, 2004 in Spain and those of 2006 in Bombay. Because of this and the importance of sharing experiences in dealing with this problem, based on the rule of law within a democratic society, in all its aspects (political, legal, intelligence and the treatment of victims - a subject in which Spain has achieved a leading position in the world), we have with us today two speakers of extraordinary significance. One of these is the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Spanish High Court, Javier Zaragoza, who is perhaps, due to his central role, the most emblematic figure in the fight against terrorism in Spain. And the other speaker is Lt. General Satish Nambiar, whose long and intense experience in the fight against this phenomenon in India, as well as other facets of his work as a security expert, is well-known and internationally recognised. Without further preamble I would like to hand over the floor to Lt. General Nambiar and ask him to talk about the Indian experience and then to ask Chief Public Prosecutor Javier Zaragoza to do the same for the case of Spain.

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LIEUTENANT General Satish Nambiar former Director of the United Service Institution of India. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. In the first place, I would like to give my deepest thanks to our Spanish hosts for their invitation to address you. It is a privilege and a pleasure. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentleman, allow me beforehand to apologise because I am not really an expert in terrorism. I have had something to do with terrorism as a member of the Indian Armed Forces over more than 20 years in uniform. Since my retirement, I have been an advisor and have participated in many debates on the subject of terrorism. Therefore, I understand the responsibility that Madam Ambassador has placed in me to present my ideas here in this discussion. I have participated in several debates on this subject and one which took place in Madrid on the occasion of the first anniversary of the 11th March terrorist attack and I was here taking part in a group which discussed the military responses to terrorism. Another point which I want to make clear is that these are my personal opinions. I have been retired for some time and do not speak in the name of the Indian authorities. In fact, very often my authorities get angry with me for the things I say but that is a different kettle of fish. I would also like to make reference to what the Chairman has said. As in Spain, India has had to confront terrorism for a long time, indeed before the rest of the world. It is true that a global dimension was acquired after the 2001 attack. The 11th September, with the Twin Towers, is when other world societies became aware of the threat which terrorism posed. Both the attacks in Madrid and those of Bombay were perfectly planned and executed by a very well-trained group of terrorists who had chosen their targets carefully, who killed without any second thoughts and whose effects lasted for a very long time, creating great repercussion in the media throughout the world. In our case, they wanted to show that the Indian authorities were incapable of protecting not only our own citizens but also visitors to our country. Their modus operandi, in many ways, was clearly distinguished from previous terrorist attacks carried out in India. In those cases, they were attacks with time bombs on railway lines. In the Bombay attack, 163 people lost their lives of which 158 people died by fire arms and not by any explosive devices. Therefore, it was a very well-thought out operation over a long period of time. A really well-planned operation and executed with all the aspects of a commando raid. We have to learn from that in order to define strategies to prevent this type of terrorist attack.

fight of India in its own territory has to be a fight that we, the Indians, must carry out. We have to be ready in order to face another similar event. Everybody is aware that the epicentre of current international terrorism is on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. There are a series of agents such as Osama Bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda network, but as regards India we must always bear in mind that the terrorist attacks launched against India have been the work of non-state organisations. One of the effects of the 2008 attacks in Bombay is that welltrained and well-motivated terrorists are going to continue trying to attack the soft underbelly of Indian society which is easily accessible and, therefore, vulnerable. Principally, the aim is to put back the economic growth that India has been achieving over the last few years, something which is really impressive even by Western standards. And, of course, the physical attacks against infrastructures are going to weaken our credibility for attracting foreign investors. It is for that reason that some investors consider that India is a soft country. We should not forget that in only 60 years after independence we have attained a democracy with a booming economy and are gradually eradicating poverty. All of this threatens and jeopardises the ideology put forward by the radical groups. Therefore, our efforts have to be multi-dimensional and, from the point of view of the Public Authorities, we have to put into practice a series of measures which we are already applying as far as possible. What I would like to suggest here is that when a phenomenon like this exists, the main approach has to be prevention. This can also probably be applied to countries like yours. We cannot presuppose that an attack is inevitably going to take place. We must not presume the inevitability of terrorism. We have to do everything possible to impede and prevent that happening. Much has been said about the attacks after they have occurred because evidently there is a lot to discuss when these things happen and this has occurred in countries like India and

One of the most important elements in these strategies is to identify and recognise the threats in all their aspects. As regards the military community in India, we are very aware that we have a type of terrorism with characteristics that distinguish it from terrorism at the international level in other countries and, precisely for that reason, it is characterised by other features. The attack was not only aimed at our own citizens but also at citizens of the USA, the United Kingdom, etc. As a result, the international community has supported India so much. But the

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probably also in Spain, where there are many potential targets for terrorist attacks and it is essential to set up the political, military and civilian mechanisms in order to avoid and prevent these attacks. In this field much is still to be done in countries like the United States where, as a result of the attacks, a series of mechanisms has now been created and it is there where the international community really has to get down to work. We have to emphasise the role of the international community. You may all not know but I had the great privilege of forming part of a high level group for assessing the threats and challenges in order to advise the Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan. I also had to take responsibility for affairs relating to terrorism and the recommendations which we provided Kofi Annan with for him to present them in turn to the United Nations at the Summit on terrorism. We emphasised the need for an agreement to exist, or a general convention, concerning the fight against terrorism. What disappointed us most was that the leaders were not even able to reach an agreement as regards the definition of terrorism. It is not that it was a very sophisticated definition at all, but there were people in that group who had many reservations regarding some terms of that definition. One, for example, had reservations with respect to the fact that terrorism was only considered as non-state terrorism and the truth is that it was a disappointment that the world leaders could not reach an agreement regarding this issue. In my opinion there are 9 points which are essential and which any agreement or general convention should include. It ought to be compulsory for the member states of such a convention to apply these measures, otherwise sanctions should be applied on them. First, we have to identify and act against those organisations whose links to terrorism have been confirmed. Second, provide information about terrorist activities and their organisations, monitor movements, etc. Third, freeze funds and other assets. This has already been discussed and there are mechanisms in existence but it has to be worldwide in the entire international community. Fourth, the supervision of arms and equipment supplied to terrorists organisations. Fifth, introduce stricter legislation nationally and internationally against terrorism. Sixth, compulsory maritime cooperation. Seventh, joint training of police forces and the sharing of experiences. Eighth, the prevention of media access to terrorist leaders.

And, finally, supervision of the techniques and the sharing of experiences with regard to anti-terrorist methods. We know the limitations which exist because, with regard to the exchange of information, the majority of the nation states are very reluctant. Although we could take the example of organisations such as Interpol in order to coordinate our actions against terrorist organisations, it is something on which we have to insist more actively than is happening up till now. When there are suspicious movements of terrorists or suspects, it should also be the subject of an international exchange of information but this is not so. As regards the review of national legislation concerning the anti-terrorist fight and against terrorist organisations (obviously here there are many voices raised against this legislation, given that it is said that it contravenes human rights), we have to consider what the other side of the coin is, what the general benefit is for society. We have all had to suffer the strictest of controls. Now, in the airports, every country is attempting to apply mechanisms which, although they are trying to disguise them so they do not appear so obvious, are quite effective in many cases. Forums like this one are what can allow the leaders of different countries to share information and experiences and to speak to each other, even though it may only be about a possible convention against terrorism.

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Fernando Reinares PRINCIPAL researcher at the Elcano Royal Institute and Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at the King Juan Carlos University. Thank you very much, General. You have touched upon a series of questions which will be addressed by Javier Zaragoza: the need for a multidimensional response, which is closely related to those different facets of the democratic response to terrorism which our Chief Public Prosecutor also knows very well; the emphasis on prevention and anticipation, which is part of the strategy, especially in relation to international terrorism and, when you speak about the need for an international convention which imposes obligations, this is situated in the area of international cooperation where Spain has a very long tradition.

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Javier Zaragoza Chief Prosecutor at the High Court OF SPAIN. My first words have to be, logically, to thank the V India-Spain Tribune and very specially Casa Asia and Casa de la India for having invited me to participate in the these dialogues. Spain and India are two countries which share a clear vocation and a determined commitment in the fight against terrorism to combat the threat, using the rule of law to fight terrorism with the logical and reasonable limits which democracy and the respect for the law impose on us. This vocation is also the fruit of experience and which has been mentioned already by the Chairman and by the distinguished speaker from India. Many countries have suffered very serious terrorist attacks: Spain on the 11th March, 2004 and India on the 11th July, 2006 and the 26th November, 2008, both in Bombay. I do not think it is necessary to repeat the idea that we all accept: that today terrorism together with organised crime are the two most important threats to our society. They are not threats in the traditional sense of the term. They are, undoubtedly, threats to national security but as you know that concept of national security is associated more with other times, with the Cold War, with nuclear proliferation, with the geopolitical distribution of areas of influence. Today, terrorism and organised crime are multidimensional threats. Nations have to react with all their force because not only is our model of society but, above all, the security of our citizens is called into question. It seems to me that combating terrorism demands the introduction of ethical, legal and political initiatives in three aspects that I will mention very briefly: the defence of democratic values, a culture of legality and the strengthening of our institutions. The defence of democratic values is fundamental in the sense that it is absolutely essential that the fight against terrorism,

with all the weapons and all the legal tools that the state should use, is carried out while guaranteeing respect for the human rights of everybody, for all the citizens and for all the suspects who carry out terrorist acts. The rule of law is a fundamental basis in the fight against terrorism. This is one of the areas which must have concrete and established measures in a document as a basis for introducing a strategy of counter-terrorism as a global threat. This is no other than the global strategy of the United Nations against terrorism, approved by the General Assembly on the 8th September, 2006. In this document, among the measures in defence of democracy (as a democratic system in which it is necessary to respect, within the framework of the law, civil rights and freedoms) it is considered that effective measures against terrorism and the protection of human rights are not contradictory objectives but rather are mutually complemented and reinforced. It suggests the need to adopt certain lines of action, such as reaffirming the resolution of the General Assembly of 2005 which is the basic framework for the protection of human rights and freedoms in the fight against terrorism. It is also necessary to ensure that all the measures which are adopted are compatible with the obligations which stem from international law, the human rights regulations, the law relating to refugees and international humanitarian law. Finally, it is necessary to establish and maintain an effective national criminal justice system, based on the rule of law, which ensures that all people are brought to trial who participate in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or who support these acts, with due respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. Later, I will go a little deeper into this subject because it seems to me that the involvement of the legal system is one of the basic principles for being effective in the fight against terrorism. The legal system has the responsibility for guaranteeing a balance, particularly under the rule of law, between two values that the state must protect equally: respect for the rights of the citizens and the effectiveness of the punitive action of the state. Without effectiveness in punitive actions, there is no security and the only system capable of analysing, assessing and pondering both principles and taking the adequate measures to make both effective, is the criminal justice system. The culture of legality does not only consist of respect for legality and rights, logically, which is the subject I have just addressed, but also the unambiguous use of legality: using all the legal tools of the judicial system to confront such a serious criminal phenomenon with a catalogue of crimes which truly includes the response to what terrorism is today, what it represents and all its ramifications. It is a complex criminal phenomenon which we have to combat with a wide range and list of crimes which allow the police and the judges to act with certain effectiveness, with special investigative techniques which have produced many results in the fight against criminal phenomena. With a jihadiststyle international terrorist organisation we have to infiltrate their ranks, their cover agents, informers and accomplices and use the most up to date techniques for intercepting their

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communications. The criminal justice system here has a very important role to play which is, in the end run, the body that is going to use and assess the need for adopting these types of measures. Within the unambiguous use of legality, I think that all countries have to make a significant effort to adopt their own domestic laws (sometimes deficient, sometime insufficient) to the standards and the provisions which are contained in international agreements where there is a veritable arsenal of regulations which are adapted, set up and used effectively. These will bring results in the fight against terrorism. At home, Spain has already approved, published and set up a reform of the penal code to improve our response capacity, from the strictly criminal point of view, with respect to the problem of terrorism, particularly international terrorism. This reform of the penal code was approved by organic law in June, 2010. It will come into force in December and incorporates penal categories which in my judgement are very important in trying to identify and respond to all the preparatory acts of international terrorism. It not only deals with investigating those who have committed a terrorist attack but also deals, above all, with the prevention of those terrorist attacks. The citizen expects of us, the government and the police, that an attack such as the 11th March does not happen again. For this to be a reality, it is necessary to have penal categories available and investigative tools which allow us to thwart and arrest those who are in a position to foster international terrorism or form terrorist cells and to dismantle them at the initial stage and prevent them committing terrorist attacks. This is the key to the preventive criminal response to which I will later briefly refer. Naturally, this institutional strengthening should be above all in two aspects which seem to me fundamental for ensuring the greater effectiveness of the system of prevention and response to terrorism: the specialisation of the bodies charged with investigation (public prosecutors, courts, police units and intelligence services) which have a very important role and the adequate working of the systems of prevention of an activity which, in my opinion, is still an unresolved issue: that of terrorist financing. There are few investigations which attempt to clarify the mechanisms of terrorist financing but steps are being taken, both by the United Nations as well as in supra-regional areas, such as for example in the European Union, to guarantee certain systems of detection and prevention of the activities of terrorist financing which, needless to say, forms part of the preventive response to these crimes. I would like to explain what are today, from my limited point of view as a member of the criminal legal system, the three essential focal points of the Spanish strategy against national and international terrorism. Number one is the policy of prevention and avoidance of criminal terrorist attacks. Number two is the strengthening of international cooperation at the different levels but especially in the judicial

and intelligence field. And number three, the prevention and suppression of terrorist financing activities. That is achieved by means of criminalising this type of offence, something which still has not been established in many judicial regulations and also, by means of preventive measures and specialised bodies charged with the compliance of these preventive measures and, above all, with effectively applying the resolutions of the United Nations regarding financing, the blocking and seizure of funds, or other measures of a similar nature with respect to those who appear as physical or legal persons in the lists approved by the different international bodies of terrorist groups or persons linked to terrorist organisations. In this policy of criminal prevention, I think that the fundamental instrument is the improvement of the judicial response in order to avoid the occurrence of terrorist attacks. I think that you all understand this perfectly well, and the citizens even more so, because by avoiding terrorist attacks, we avoid victims and by avoiding victims, we guarantee the security of our citizens. By establishing this legal response it was possible, for example, to detain that terrorist cell in Barcelona in 2008 when it was ready to commit a serious attack on the city. That operation ended with the arrest of several people related to the radical Pakistani movement led by Baitulah Mehsud and they have been sentenced recently for an offence which we use a lot in our everyday activity of pursuing terrorism. It is the offence of belonging to a terrorist organisation, which does not require the perpetration of a terrorist attack and does not require either the preparation of an attack. It is enough to prove the existence of a group or cell which is in a position to commit terrorist attacks. Within this tightening or preventive response to criminality are included other criminal categories such as collaboration with terrorist organisations, the sanctioning of preparatory actions, and all those types of criminal category that have recently been incorporated into the Penal Code. Other categories of criminal acts include the recruitment, indoctrination and training of people in a radical ideology directly linked to violence as a method of terrorist activity or even the public dissemination via the internet of messages or orders which serve to incite these types of people to perpetrate terrorist actions. We understood that our criminal laws were incomplete and it was necessary, due to the difficulties that we have had in investigations to prove the illegality of these acts, to tighten the legal regulations against this type of crime with the incorporation of these offences, as was also demanded by the European Union as a consequence of a framework decision of the 28th November, 2008. Within this preventive criminal policy I include, of course, the assurance of investigation. The process of preventive action involves, without doubt, significant difficulties of proof. The sooner we intervene the more difficult it is going to be to demonstrate that someone has terrorist intentions. Over the years the public prosecution service has intervened in many dozens of cases (excepting the terrorist attack of 11th March, 2004 when a terrorist act was committed) in which approximately 180 people have been accused of offences

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related to this preventive response to terrorist crime such as membership, collaboration, etc. Of those 180, 110 have been sentenced, which represents approximately 60%. It is a good percentage but, generally, when we speak of national terrorism that percentage increases to 80%. The interpretation which we have made is that it is far more difficult to prove these types of offence when we use anticipated criminal response mechanisms. Therefore, we have needed to complete the legal regulations and, above all, to use with greater fluidity and more intensity special investigative techniques and the information from the intelligence services whenever we manage to establish it with proof. We have to be able to distinguish between strategic information and operative intelligence. Within this policy of criminal prevention is also included the role of investigation which, in principle, might not appear important but which in the end is. When we investigate a terrorist cell or someone who tries to foster terrorist activities, we also proceed to investigate all those criminal conducts and previous activities which serve as a backup, support or cover for the organisations and terrorist groups which, moreover, guarantee an additional legal punishment. These are activities of micro-delinquency, such as the forgery of documents, theft, offences against personal assets, illegal drug trafficking, money laundering, the illegal possession of arms and explosives, etc. There is practically no case in which, apart from attempting to establish links with international terrorism, these types of criminal actions do not appear which are legally punishable, and finally they end up also being sentenced for this type of activity. It is very important because here the proof is much simpler. Therefore, we are talking about a complete preventive response by the law but using all the offences, all the catalogue of crimes, which the criminal judicial regulations place at our disposal. I would like to end with the issue of international cooperation which I believe is fundamental. Terrorism is a global phenomenon and affects every country, even those which are not directly affected by the terrorist blight. It is clear that without international cooperation we will make little progress in the fight against terrorism or against any other criminal activity, such as organised crime. Within this field I would highlight two aspects: the judicial aspect and that concerning intelligence. The intelligence community works very well. There are magnificent relations between the intelligence services of all the countries, or almost all. Judicial cooperation is much more formal and subject to the letter and spirit of international treaties, which obviously places certain limits that have to be respected. But with regard to the subject of intelligence, I believe that it is necessary for the countries to try to harmonise their respective national judicial systems in the protection of intelligence activities and, above all, in the conversion of intelligence into an official investigation. This is the big leap and the big problem: up to what point can the information be carried forward to a legal process and thus obtain the proof? I think that

perhaps this is the most important question at stake and it is not always easy to resolve. With respect to judicial cooperation, we have an example to follow, which is SpainÂ´s judicial cooperation with France. It is clear that we are not talking of international terrorism but rather, fundamentally, domestic terrorism which specifically affects the two countries of Spain and France. Over the years, after a stormy period in the 1980s, we have managed to establish a legal understanding with strong cooperation, far beyond that which we have generally put into practice with other countries in the European Union. It is an example for bilateral relations with respect to international judicial cooperation. In the fight against terrorism we have used, in the field of Franco-Spanish cooperation, instruments, which, it is true, have fundamentally been developed and designed based on the model of the European Union laws but which also contain certain references to the international legal instruments of the United Nations or, for example, the Agreement Against Organised Transnational Crime, approved in Palermo in 2000. These instruments include: joint investigative and judicial teams, temporary handovers of individuals, immediate access to the information which is obtained in police operations carried out in France or Spain, judicial points of contact, crossborder surveillance, trips by functionaries to other countries to collaborate with the police authorities of that country in the intensive and permanent monitoring and surveillance of those who are members of a terrorist organisation or the direct handing over of suspects with official criminal reports. That is to say, we have designed a very close and strong judicial cooperation which I believe could, without doubt, serve as a lesson when it comes to forming working groups in an attempt to further improve judicial cooperation between countries such as Spain and India. Thank you very much.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS

SPEAKERS

ELENA PISONERO AMBASSADOR SUJATA MEHTA JESÚS SANZ GUILLERMO RODRÍGUEZ MANUEL DE LA CÁMARA AMBASSADOR SUDHIR T. DEVARE

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Elena Pisonero Partner and SENIOR ADVISOR, KMPG Spain. We have decided to make the closing of the Tribune a little more informal and I take that as a sign that our friendship has deepened over these two days. I do not wish to overspend my time on the conclusions. I will give that honour to Ambassador Devare, in the same way as I presented the conclusions in Delhi in the last Tribune. But I would like, as I am an economist and we are always branded as being pragmatic and analytical, to reaffirm the humanist vision which Professor Argullol mentioned yesterday. When I decided to study economics I did it precisely because I believed that there was a very important job to do in improving the conditions of my fellow citizens. For the same reason, I went into politics and now I am involved in the diplomatic service. Knowing each other better makes us all better people. I believe that we really have to be friends and this last round table has been a clear example of trying to see things from the other personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s point of view and to be capable of sensitivity towards others and of how we each experience certain questions in order to really understand each other better. I believe that in subjects such as security and terrorism we have all suffered enough to see things in that light. I would like to repeat my thanks to Ambassador Mehta for these last three years and which I hope continues in the future. The work done in the Tribunes to try (from a pragmatic point of view but also from understanding and friendship) to construct jointly an agenda of common interests which we can continue to broaden, is important. In this sense, I would like to transmit the positive general feeling which we all have after these last two days of debate in which we have addressed the agenda of common interests in good faith and with good intentions in order to confront challenges which are very complex, as we have seen, for our democratic societies. I would like to underline the fact that we are both democratic societies and this is especially relevant because it unites us in a world in which certain values are not shared by all countries. The fact that both countries are

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

democracies has also allowed us to tackle, over these last two days, four very important questions in four distinct Round Tables. Professor Jadhav yesterday brought up the fact that we must be capable of exploiting competitive advantages and not turning them into a check on growth. This is valid in the case of education, without doubt, and is also the case of energy: whether we are capable of building efficient strategies, understanding efficiency as a balance with the environment, as a balance with energy security and, without doubt, as an improvement of the quality of life of our citizens and, therefore, linked to development. Another critical element is the financial field in which we have to be able to finance development without establishing specific restrictions by the developed countries on those which have still to develop. We have to correct those aspects where the crisis has shown that we have made a mistake but not at the cost of that which works. I think this it is a very important lesson in which once again we have to establish the foundations in order to offer the best of each of us. We have much to offer each other and we have to be able, with generosity, to explain to our friends how we can help each other. And I think that many things have come out of these four sessions. I will mention some of them: from the beginning the Minister has set the pattern when she said that we have to look for those common grounds which we have (such as, for example, the fact that we are scientific powers) in which we can look for areas of effective cooperation. We already have specific initiatives, such as the fact that in 10 days the Spain-India Council Foundation will be presented in Delhi thanks to the effort that is being made by civil society to promote cooperation between both countries, in this case Spanish companies, and to build bridges with India. We have to be able, as Luis Felipe FernĂĄndez said, to take advantage and manage diversity in a world which is ever more interdependent and we have to be able (and it is in SpainÂ´s interests) to build, within a multilateral framework, a global governance in which we all feel comfortable. We have made progress in mutual knowledge and I would encourage Casa Asia to continue working in search of an ambit in which we can share the information available regarding what we have spoken about in the Tribunes and about the information we are accumulating. Ambassador Mehta insisted that we publish this debate and that is going to be done but all the information available must also be accessible to everybody. In the field of energy, for example, it has been mentioned that we need to establish a working group which genuinely continues to feed the debate between both countries in the areas which have been clearly identified. Spain could contribute more but I believe that what most interests India at the moment is solar energy. India is also interested in our experience in nuclear energy, as well as integration in a network of all the energy sources. Therefore, we all have to be able to make available the information, since much content comes out of these sessions and there is a series of proposals and ideas which we will have to develop. In the field of education we have placed the emphasis on something we have managed to highlight as of common interest: the Business Schools which have offered to enter a triangular arrangement between Asia, Spain and Latin America and which also promotes multilateralism. We have also highlighted the mutual interest in education for excellence. I would like to thank Dr. Jadhav for his presentation of a reform which has been set up in India and which opens up new opportunities. I would also encourage the strengthening of existing studies and the establishment of new, concrete plans to turn Indian studies in Spain into

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a reality. Let us also collaborate jointly between universities with structured and ordered plans and that we prepare our presence when we visit India. In the discussion area of the third round table on the major global and economic geopolitical challenges, where we have spoken about economics and finance, the possibility of collaborating and exchanging experiences has arisen. The Spanish banking system has been discussed with its strengths and a system of regulation and supervision which could fit into the Indian system. It has been seen that we can establish in this area another dialogue of mutual interest. In connection with this, another area has arisen in which we can coincide which is the question of infrastructures which, moreover, is strongly linked to financing. The conclusions have been given by Professor Reinares when he said that in spite of there being friction between the two countries we also have areas in which we can continue speaking and collaborating. I will stop here because there are so many subjects to deal with. I believe that putting all this down on paper will help us to establish a working agenda which should not be limited to the Tribunes. We cannot have a dialogue that lasts a day and a half and is suspended for two years. There are many things to say and the possibility of a constant debate in which we must be able to reach agreements, continue advancing in mutual knowledge, become better friends and thus improve our societies.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

Sujata Mehta Ambassador of India to Spain. Thank you Madam President. It is a pleasure for me to thank you on behalf of all the delegates visiting from India for a very rich and rewarding discussion that has ensued over the last day and a half. I think your dynamism and energy has given this process a tremendous boost, so I thank you for it. It is also a privilege and a pleasure for me to thank Director General of Casa Asia Jesus Sanz and his team led by Eva Borreguero for all that they have done to make this a very productive and intense session. They have been accommodating at every stage. They have brought energy, enthusiasm and a very deep knowledge to the preparation of this process and I thank you very deeply for the amity and friendship and good humour that have accompanied this. Thank you. It is also a privilege to thank Casa de la India, our other sponsor and host, for their contribution. I now look forward to working with both of you to bring out a small publication distilling the essence of this for the next session. Thank you very much.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

JesĂşs Sanz DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CASA ASIA. Thank you very much Madam President. Ambassador Prasad said that India and Spain look to each other with admiration and interest and I think it couldnÂ´t be better said. Over these two days we have had the opportunity to confirm that. As Ambassador Mehta said yesterday in the reception in her residence I think we have had some good sessions, full of content as we can see in the excellent conclusions and the initiatives which have come out of it and which Madam Pisonero has summarised. I believe that with this V Tribune we know each other more, we are better friends and as Elena Pisonero said we are able to look at the world through the eyes of India. This was also the message which Professor Argullol transmitted yesterday: "we always have to try to see better the views of others". I would highlight, beyond the very interesting subjects we have addressed over these two days that, parallel to the Tribune, there has also been music, dance, art and photography, expressions of the genius of India from which we can all learn. These are universal manifestations of the human spirit which can bring us together. Gastronomy and photography also bridge gaps. In the poster for the Tribune we have a splendid photograph by our friend Subhrajit Basu who accompanied us on our trips around India and of whom we have recently inaugurated an exhibition which is also very suggestive because it incorporates Kerala and Bengal. With this we have tried to attract the attention of our citizens regarding the dimensions of India, a sub-continent with impressive figures which Doctor Jadhav recalled yesterday. When we speak of India, any challenge has a magnitude which is difficult to imagine for our European countries. We are small or medium-sized but when we speak of India we have to be prepared to think big. I would like to congratulate everybody for the work they have carried out over these two days and thank our Indian friends for their presence.

I would like to underline that a lot of the success of this Tribune is due to the excellent work performed by the ICWA and by Ambassador Devare who has been kind enough to bring this high level delegation: a delegation which has had the generosity to share its time, long experience and knowledge with us. Thank you very much Ambassador Devare. To Ambassador Mehta I wish to give my thanks for her commitment to this Tribune, her dedication and for having placed all her team at our disposal. And not only her time but also that of all her embassy staff whom I also wish to thank for their collaboration. On the Spanish part we have also had marvellous collaborators. The Spain-India Council Foundation, which will soon be presented in Delhi, the Business Institute, which yesterday received us in their splendid headquarters in Madrid, and of course I feel obliged and delighted to thank Elena Pisonero especially, Ambassador Pisonero, who has placed all her energy and wisdom in the service of this Tribune. Thank you very much, Elena. I consider that, together with Ambassador Devare, you are the trump cards and key elements of this Tribune and hope that it continues to be so in the coming years. I give these thanks not only in my own name but also in the name of the institution which I have the honour to direct, Casa Asia: an institution formed of a group of workers and professionals totally dedicated and committed to our objective of enabling our citizens to understand the reality of the countries of Asia and the Pacific and, specifically in this case, the wonderful reality of India, a great country and friend. I would like to finish by handing over the floor to our great companion in this adventure which is Casa de la India, another prestigious institution with which we work hand in hand.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

GUILLERMO RODRĂ?GUEZ DIRECTOR OF CASA DE LA INDIA. Thank you JesĂşs, I would also like to thank the co-chairpersons. I think that this Tribune has come of age and we have to stress that it is in this fifth edition where we have noticed, as has been pointed out several times, that this dialogue has definitely reached a high level of depth, quality and focus. It is a natural process obviously and as we move forward and grow and get to know each there is always a qualitative jump. The process started in 2005 and we have had Tribunes in 2006, 2007 and 2008, alternating between India and Spain as hosts. We had a gap in 2009 when the Tribune did not take place but I think it also has to be mentioned that 2009 was a truly landmark year and we did not have the Tribune because it was filled in the agenda for the first time with really high level visits. For the first time, an Indian Head of State, President Pratibha Patil, made an official visit to Spain, and also the Crown Prince of Spain visited India, and this qualitative change develops in parallel with the political dialogue and diplomatic efforts, so I think that we also have to view the Tribune as having come of age because the relations are intensifying in all the fields. It was also very important that the Spanish Minister for Science and Technology was here to inaugurate the Tribune, because in these fields we are really moving ahead and it is at the core to link science and technology, business, universities and so many of the aspects which are probably the axis of our relations at the moment. I also believe that we should stress that when we reach a mature stage it also involves certain responsibilities: the responsibility to monitor, to take forward and to coordinate the content and agenda or a strategic action plan as we have mentioned here. I think it is very important that there should not be a gap. Starting next week, Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the ICWA must set up the working groups and look at how we can improve progress so that, when we meet again two years after, we can say: look at what we have achieved with milestones, deliverables, objectives, publications, etc. These things are important and we have to measure our degree of responsibility and when there is a friendship and degree of maturity we have to have this kind of responsibility so that we can see how we evolve and grow together. The excellent relationship between Casa Asia and Casa de la India, along with the ICWA, and the Embassy of India is a sign that the spirit and attitude exist and I have to say again that the cultural affinity as a base between the people of India and Spain will make it happen. I would like to thank the wonderful Indian delegation that has come to Spain. It has really been wonderful to have spent with you this time here in Spain and I hope you have the chance to see a bit more of the country. Also I have to thank the entire team of Casa Asia and Eva Borreguero who has been the coordinator of all this, and the team from the Embassy of India and, of course, Ambassador Mehta. Thank you very much.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Manuel de la Cรกmara Director General of Continental Asia at the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Cooperation, GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. Thank you Ambassador and also Ambassador Mehta. I am relieved not to be the last to speak and, therefore, do not have the last word as it would have been a little absurd after all that has been said and heard. The important thing to say is that the Tribune has been well organised by Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the ICWA. We have clearly seen once again that the dialogue between two great democratic countries such as Spain and India is extraordinarily enriching and allows us to address subjects, at times complicated and difficult, in a frank and open way which is what benefits all of us. The choice of topics has been a very good decision not only for the interest as regards relations between societies but also with respect to relations between our two governments. I think that our collaboration as governments in the field of energy, the knowledge society, economic challenges, cooperation in security and terrorism etc, is important. We have an enormous task to perform in this area. With respect to the last session which was devoted to security matters, I believe that there is a great job to be done together between our two countries. In reference to international security, the fight against terrorism (an evil which both countries suffer), the proliferation of weapons of massive destruction, criminality or, for example, piracy on the high seas in zones which affect all of us, we have to make a big effort and collaborate and foster dialogue. I think that it is a truism to say that the relations between Spain and India are not at the level they deserve to be and, in all modesty, I have just been appointed to this post and I can assure you that, as far as I am concerned, I will do everything I can to improve that relationship both politically as well as economically and in other areas. The visit of the Indian President last year marked an extraordinary step forward and a visit by our King and Queen to

India is now pending, I hope in the near future. We know that the Queen has a special affection towards India and we know that in a few days Madam Minister Garmendia is going to be there and we should continue working also on other important visits in other areas such as infrastructures by the Ministry of Development and the Home Office in relation to all that is involved with the fight against terrorism and organised crime. There are also plans in the area of defence for visits by the Defence Ministers and Heads of the General Staff. In the area of economic exchanges, India is one of the countries with the most dynamic economy in the world and this year is going to have a growth of 8% or more and, as of today, the exchanges between our countries are not at the level that our two economies deserve. Last year Spanish exports to India did not reach 800 million euros. I have just come back from Russia, a country where, despite having a smaller economy than India, exports are three times greater. The figures speak for themselves both in exports as well as imports and investment. There is very much to be done. It is also important to underline the fact that a Free Exchange Agreement to be signed in 2011 between India and the UE is being negotiated which will be an important element for extending relations between our countries. May I finish by congratulating India in the name of the Spanish Government for having been elected a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, starting from 1st January, 2011. We wish India every success. There have been small, logical discrepancies in this matter because every country defends its own interests but this decision will be important for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Elena Pisonero I would like to intervene briefly because certain people have been forgotten whom I wish to thank for their contribution. I hope that the list in future Tribunes will be even longer. I want to thank the Elcano Institute for their participation with Fernando Reinares and Federico Steinberg, and the Madrid Town Council in the person of Fernando Delage for having placed at our disposal these installations where we have been holding the Tribune. I also want to remind you that the next Tribune will be in Barcelona. I also wish to thank the team of translators.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

AMBASSADOR Sudhir T. Devare DIRECTOR General OF THE Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA). Thank you Señora Elena, distinguished guests and members of the delegations. We are now drawing to the close of the V Tribune and I can assure you it is not going to be the last word. It is a big responsibility for me to speak at the end and do the difficult task of summing up. The Tribune is meeting again after two years and in every respect it has been a very productive, substantive and useful exercise. We were fortunate to have with us in the inaugural session, the presence of the Honourable Minister of Science and Innovation and that was a very significant signal and message as to where our relationship has been going. She set the tone for our discussions and we were greatly impressed by the fact that she will be visiting Delhi in ten days´ time and that an Spain-India Council Foundation is being set up in Delhi which will focus on science and technology and new areas, and the figures that were mentioned about the projects and the possibilities of cooperation were greatly impressive. I think the commitment and interest that was displayed in this kind of cooperation is demonstrative of the fact that we are both resolved to move forward. We are also grateful that senior representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were present who are also setting the direction to our friendship. Our partnership is not only between two governments but also between civil society and it is a public-private partnership which can be seen by the fact that the President of the Spain-India Council Foundation was with us and also spoke. Throughout the last two days we have seen that there is a recognition that there is a clear knowledge deficit between us, a gap. On the other hand, there is a clear determination and interest to bridge that gap because both us fully believe that we cannot afford to keep this gap in existence and we must make efforts to bridge this gap and, therefore, all efforts need to be done at all levels. And this is one very laudable effort in that direction. We chose for this Tribune four specific topics: energy, knowledge, finance and global governance and security cooperation. As mentioned by Señor Sanz, topics like film, music and literature were not introduced this time. All these topics are very relevant and important in contemporary terms and very necessary for moving

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

our relationship forward. Unless you discuss these issues you cannot clear your misunderstandings or the knowledge gap and, therefore, it is important that we sit across the table and address these issues in their totality. I think this is what was aimed and in the last two days it has been substantially addressed in that form. On the very key issue of energy, I think the whole gamut of subjects was discussed: principally the question of energy security and what India is doing in this field, the integral linkage between energy security and climate change and the whole range of aspects connected with energy, the energy intensity and how we are aiming to reduce it, at the same time as we are trying to increase energy efficiency at every level because our productive capacity may not increase at the same extent, the question of transmission losses and the subject of rural electrification and so on. We have got to know a great deal about what Spain has achieved in the field of energy. I did not know you had such an impressive energy mix. You have brought down the percentage of hydrocarbon consumption. You are doing so much work in the area of renewable energy and you are leaders in solar energy. These are the very areas in which India is deeply interested and Ambassador Saran very eloquently gave you in his briefing an idea about what India is doing in this field. There is a tremendous possibility for synergy in the area of energy and where we must work together. There was talk about a joint study and a working group and we can prepare, perhaps jointly, papers or subjects that can be done under the auspices of this new foundation which is being set up in India and I am sure there will be equal interest on both sides in moving this dialogue on energy forward. Education and the knowledge society: another key and very crucial area for both of us. I think it is a truism that in todayÂ´s world you cannot make progress unless you are au fait and moving forward in the sector of knowledge which is expanding by the day. In India we are deeply committed to the expansion of knowledge as is the society in Spain. Therefore, we are very interested in moving forward on education reforms and India is committed to this. We also found there is great interest in Spain to develop linkages with Indian universities and yesterday many Vice Chancellors told us that they have, on their own, made efforts to establish contacts between Indian universities and if there is a lack of mechanisms to bring these institutions and educational centres together we owe it to try to resolve this problem. Ideas such as an Educational Fair was discussed and the topic of Indian Studies was mentioned which is a vital subject because we will feel very happy if India is studied in Spain in greater detail across the board, not just in ethnology and history and so on but contemporary India. I was delighted to see this book which has been brought out: Indian Studies in Spain is the proceedings of a seminar which was held a few months ago and I would like to complement our Ambassador and her colleagues as well as Casa de la India on the splendid work they have done and I think it is the beginning of a big project. I would also like to mention one area which was not fully discussed yesterday for want of time which is skills development. This is a huge area in India because unless we make our people fully aware and their capacities are built up India cannot move and that is equally true for a country like Spain. So, we can also work in the area of skills development. The third area which was discussed this morning was finance and governance and how the financial crisis has hit both Spain and India. The understanding of the implications of this crisis is very important before we can think in terms of cooperation. There is a degree of similarity between the Indian and Spanish banking systems as was mentioned by the Spanish economist this morning. Doctor Acharaya told us what India is really engaged in with several steps both domestically as well as in multilateral Forums like the G-20 to overcome this problem. If we have to see the impact of the financial crisis on our bilateral cooperation, trade, investments and joint ventures, etc., the word which we will take back with us is "infrastructure" and the progress which Spain has made where 7 of the worldÂ´s top ten companies in infrastructures are Spanish. This is important

CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

because India is in dire need of infrastructure development and we look for a very active and meaningful cooperation in the field of infrastructure with Spain. Whatever the impact of the financial crisis is we should try to move in this area in a very substantial manner. The fourth area of discussion was terrorism and security cooperation. We have both been victims of terrorism and as was brought out both are tackling this problem within the rules of law, in a democratic manner, which is very significant. There is a lot of cooperation which is possible and if there are any difficulties it is because we still do not know each other sufficiently. In India this is a very touchy and sensitive issue and it has implications for the entire fabric of India as will be well understood by the people in Spain. I am gratified to learn that there will be a joint publication and I must thank Se単ora Elena for agreeing to this because I think that an exercise of this kind should not be just one short affair. We should try to put down all the papers and discussions that were conducted here and that the proceedings can be brought out in the form of a book in the coming months. This Tribune should be the harbinger for further discussions and I am, therefore, grateful that we have received such extensive support from Casa Asia. It was last April or May when a delegation had come from Madrid and we were really happy to welcome Se単ora Elena, Mr. Sanz, Eva and Guillermo in India and, as a result of that, proceedings here have been smoother. I must thank you for all the support and all the help you have given us and the warm hospitality you have extended to us and to our delegation over the last two days and the spirit which is a kind of cultural affinity discernible by us in the last two days at every stage. We are very grateful for all that. I must thank my former colleague with whom I have worked for many years together, Ambassador Mehta, for her tireless efforts in making this Tribune a success. Almost a year ago she called me and said that we were having this Tribune and I had no notion what it was and how it was going to be held and when she mentioned the dimension of this Tribune I was frankly intimidated. She said it would be a huge gathering and it was going to be in Barcelona and Madrid and so on but it was her vision about how the Tribune should go forward, what topics we should discuss, how we should enlarge the scope of our dialogue and, beside that, her sustained hard work for nearly a year that has made this Tribune possible. Besides her, all our colleagues in the Embassy have been working overtime and I must pay my full complements to all of them. I had a brief introduction to Casa de la India when you came to India last year and the very important work that you are doing. It is the underpinning of culture which is very important for any relationship, so I would like to congratulate you on all the work that you have done and will do in the future. Last but not least, I must thank my own colleagues who are very busy people in India and I must thank them for sparing their time and joining us here in Madrid for this Tribune. Thank you once again and, before I conclude, let me again cordially invite you Madam Ambassador, Casa de la India, Mr. Sanz and members of Casa Asia and all our Spanish friends who have also come in such large numbers and who have spared their very valuable time to be with us for the last two days, to come to India, to see the new India and to see how the India-Spain relationship can really surge ahead in the many areas of our mutual interest. Thank you once again.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

PROFILES

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

AMBASSADOR Sudhir T. Devare

Dr. Narendra Jadhav

Ambassador Sudhir T Devare is presently the Director General of the Indian Council of World Affairs. He is a retired career diplomat. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1964. His diplomatic assignments include serving in Moscow, and Washington as well as the first Indian Ambassador to the newly independent Republics of Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia and to several multilateral fora including the WTO.

Dr. Narendra Jadhav is a leading educationist, eminent economist, policy maker and well-known social scientist. He is a Member of the Planning Commission, in the rank and status of Minister of State and of the National Advisory Council. As a member of the Planning Commission, Dr. Jadhav’s sectoral responsibilities include Education, Labour, Employment and Skill Building, Sports & Youth Affairs, and Social Justice & Empowerment. He has served the Reserve Bank of India (Central Bank) for 31 years, and retired as its Chief Economist. He has also been the Vice Chancellor of the University of Pune. Prof. Jadhav has also served as Economic Adviser to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as well as in Ethiopia and recently in Afghanistan.

Ambassador Devare led Indian delegations to several regional institutions including ASEAN, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF); G-77 (Group of Developing Countries in United Nations in New York); Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC); BIMSTEC etc. As Secretary (Secretary of State) in the Foreign Office, he was closely associated with India’s ‘Look East’ policy initiative with the Asia Pacific. He has also served as a Member of India’s National Security Advisory Board from 2001-2003. He has written various books and articles on India´s relations with East and South East Asia.

Dr. Shankar Acharya Dr. Shankar Acharya, is one of India´s leading policy economists. He is currently a Member of the Board of Governors and an Honorary Professor at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER). Dr. Acharya is also the Non-Executive Part-time Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Kotak Mahindra Bank. Dr. Acharya is a graduate from Oxford University and holds a Ph. D from Harvard University. He has worked with the World Bank in various capacities since 1971 and is a consultant to several international organizations. As Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India (1993-2001), Dr. Acharya was closely involved in India’s economic reform process. He also served as a Member of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and of the EXIM Bank of India, a Member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (2001-2003) and the Twelfth Finance Commission (2004). Dr. Acharya also serves on the governing boards of other national research organizations and various advisory bodies of Government. Dr. Acharya has authored numerous scholarly papers and several books. He writes regularly in the Business Standard newspaper.

Dr. Narendra Jadhav holds a Ph. D in Economics from Indiana University, USA. He has written 11 books and more than 100 research papers in national and international journals.

Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar Lieutenant General (retd) Satish Nambiar is the former director of United Services Institution, India. He was commissioned into the Indian Army in December 1957. As a General Officer, he has commanded important battalions of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General Nambiar’s operational assignments include counterinsurgency operations and active combat service in 1965 and 1971. Lieutenant General Nambiar served in the Indian Army Training team in Iraq from 1977-1979 and also served as the Military Adviser in the High Commission of India in London from December 1983 to 1987. He has also served as the first Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR, the United Nations Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia, from March 1992-93. In 2002-03 he served as an adviser to the Government of Sri Lanka on peace keeping matters. Lieutenant General Nambiar is a recipient of several awards for distinguished service. In 2009 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award given by the Government of India for his sustained efforts in the study and analysis of National Security Affairs.

PROFILES

AMBASSADOR Jayant Prasad

Antonio Escámez Torres

Ambassador Jayant Prasad is currently the Special Secretary (Secretary of State), Public Diplomacy in the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India .He is a career diplomat who joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1976.

Member of the Board and of the Executive Committee of Santander Bank. Also member of the Risk, ALCO, Technology and International Committees. His past management responsibilities included International, Treasury and Investment Banking Operations. Chairman of OPENBANK (internet banking arm of the Group), SANTANDER CONSUMER FINANCE (consumer finance unit of the Group), ARENA Media Communications and FUNDACIÓN BANCO SANTANDER. Vice-Chairman AttijariWafa Bank and Grupo Konectanet. He holds a law degree from Universidad Complutense of Madrid. President of the Spain-India Council Foundation since its constitution in 2009.

Ambassador Jayant Prasad has served as India’s Ambassador in Afghanistan, Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, and Ambassador in Algeria. His other diplomatic assignments took him to Brussels, Geneva and Paris. Ambassador Jayant Prasad was a member of the U.N. SecretaryGeneral’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, a Fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University (1998-99), and Rapporteur of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Geneva.

AMBASSADOR Shyam Saran Ambassador Shyam Saran is presently an independent director of Wipro Technologies. From October 2006 onwards, Ambassador Saran served as the Special Envoy of the Prime Minister on the India-US Nuclear Deal and as Special Envoy of the Prime Minister for Climate Change Issues. Ambassador Saran joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1970 and retired as the Foreign Secretary. He has served as India’s Ambassador to Nepal, Indonesia and High Commissioner to Mauritius. He has also served in Indian Missions in Tokyo and Beijing and as Joint Secretary (Director General) in the Prime Minister’s Office. He has also participated as Fellow in United Nations Disarmament Programme in Geneva, Vienna and New York. Ambassador Saran holds a Post Graduate degree in Economics and is proficient in English, Chinese and French.

Rafael Argullol Murgadas Narrator, poet and essayist. He is professor in Aesthetics and Theory of the Arts at the University of Pompeu Fabra Faculty of Humanities. He is the author of 25 books in different literary fields. He studied philosophy, medicine, economics and information science at the University of Barcelona and has undertaken courses at the University of Rome, the Warburg Institute in London and the Free University of Berlin. He got his doctoral in philosophy in 1979 in his city of birth. As a professor he has lectured in European and American universities and he has given conferences in Europe, America and Asia. A frequent contributor to newspapers and magazines, he has often linked his outlook as a traveller with his literary aesthetics. He has taken part in different theatre and cinema projects. He won the Nadal Award for his novel La razón del mal (1993) and the Essay Award from Fondo de Cultura Económica with Una educación sensorial (2002).

Gonzalo Escribano Dr. Gonzalo Escribano is a Full Professor of the Department of Applied Economics of the UNED (National University for Distance Learning). He has a Ph.D. in Economics from the Universidad Complutense of Madrid where he wrote his doctoral thesis "Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Morocco since 1960". He was Former Vice-Dean in charge of economic research, Professor of International Economics and International Political Economy in several postgraduate programmes in Spain, Mexico, Germany, U.S.A., Turkey and Bolivia and Member of the Working Group on Energy at the Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos. He is a member of several Euromediterranean networks, like the FEMISE network, financed by the EU Commission, the EMMA network (financed by the French CNRS) and the IEPN (financed by the Fiedrich Ebert Foundation). He is also a member of the Research Group on International Political Economy and Energy (UNED). Dr. Escribano has published almost hundred articles and pieces of research on the political economy of the Mediterranean and the Arab World, and on the energy policies of the European Union.

Santiago Fernández de Lis Santiago Fernández de Lis is currently Director of the International Department at Analistas Financieros Internacionales (AFI), a professional services consultancy in Spain. He has a degree in Economics from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and was a professor at the Universidad Carlos III of Madrid. He was part of the Research Services Department at the Madrid stock exchange from 1983 to 1986. Then he went on to join the Bank of Spain, where he held several management positions in the Research Department, including Head of the Monetary and Financial Division, Director of the International Department from 2001 to 2007. From 1998 to 2000 he worked in the Basilea Bank for International Settlements (BIS) as Senior Economist in the Committee of the Global Financial System (CGFS) which deals with matters regarding international financial stability. He has published various studies and papers on financial stability, development of financial systems, monetary policies, international economics and central banking.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Luis Felipe Fernández de la Peña

Santiago Iñiguez de Ozoño

1976: Degree in Political Science, Complutense University, Madrid. 1976-1979: Diploma in International Studies from the Diplomatic School. 1979: Enters the Spanish Diplomatic Service. 1979-1981: Director of Consular Action, Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981-1985: First Secretary at the Embassy of Spain in the Federal Republic of Germany. 1985-1986: Assistant Director of the Office of the General Secretary for Foreign Policy. 1986-1991: Director of the Office of the General Secretary for Foreign Policy. During this time he took part in the negotiations for the entry of Spain into the Western European Union and in the launching of the project for a Conference for Cooperation and Security in the Mediterranean. 1991-1993: Deputy Policy Director. During this time he was in charge of the European Policy Cooperation, and participated in the negotiations of the Maastricht Treaty (CFSP Chapter). He was also the head of the Spanish delegation to the Committee of Senior Officials in the Conference for Cooperation and Security in Europe. 1993-1998: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Croatia. In November 1995 he took part, as representative of the Spanish Presidency of the EU, in the negotiations of the Dayton Peace Accords. 1998-2002: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Slovenia. 2003-2004: Ambassador at large, General Direction for Terrorism International Affairs, United Nations and Multilateral Organizations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 2004: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Turkey. 2005: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2008: Director General of External Policies for Europe and North America. 2010: Director General for North America, Asia and the Pacific Region, Ministry of External Affairs and Cooperation.

He studied at Madrid’s Complutense University and Oxford University, UK. Iñiguez de Onzoño is a Doctor of Law and holds an MBA from IE Business School. He has worked as a management consultant and has played an active role in the field of quality control and development of management education in Europe. He is member of GFME (Global Foundation for Management Education), the Board of EFMD (European Foundation for Management Development), the International Advisory Board of AMBA (Association of MBAs, UK), and the Awarding Body of EQUIS (European Quality System). He also serves on the boards of CENTRUM (Universidad Católica, Perú), University Putra Malaysia Business School and Antai Business School (Jiao Tong University, China). He has been portrayed by the Financial Times as "one of the most significant figures in promoting European business schools internationally". Iniguez is also President of the IE Fund in the US and serves on the boards of different companies based in Spain. As expert in management education, Iñiguez is a regular speaker at international conferences and frequently contributes in different academic journals and media on this subject. Iñiguez is Professor of Strategic Management at IE Business School. He has published several articles and case studies on business management. He is also author and co-author of several articles and books in the field of moral and political philosophy.

Cristina Garmendia Mendizábal She is Biological Science graduate, specialising in Genetics. Her thesis: "Study of methanogen bacterias" received an outstanding qualification. She was awarded her Doctorate in Molecular Biology at the laboratory of Doctor Margarita Salas, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) from the University Autónoma in Madrid in 1989. She has held important positions in several companies related to biomedicine since 2000 and has been a member of the councils of numerous entities and universities. Amongst other important positions that she currently holds: she is Member of the Advisory Committee on External Science of the Aragon Institute of Health Sciences since 2008 and member of the Advisory Council of the University Antonio de Lebrija. On the 12th of April 2008 she was named Minister of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain.

Elena Pisonero Ruiz Elena Pisonero Ruiz graduated in Economical Science from the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid. She is the former Ambassador of Spain in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and she was decorated with the Great Cross of Isabella the Catholic. She also is partner of KPMG in Spain being responsible for strategies; councillor and vice-president for the expert group of the Economical and Social Community Council of Madrid, general director of CajaMadrid, member of the Scientific Board of the Real Instituto (Royal Institute) Elcano, president of the Tribuna España-India (India-Spain Dialogue Forum) since 2008, member of the board of directors of the Instituto de Estudios Económicos (Institute of Economical Studies), member of IWF (International Women Forum), vice-president of the Madrid Council and member of the National Board of Directors of AED, member of the Advisory Board of the magazine CAPITAL and member of the board of the Fundación Agencia Estatal de la Vivienda Turística (State Agency of Tourist Housing Foundation).

PROFILES

Fernando Reinares

Jaime Segarra CULILLA

Fernando Reinares is Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (King Juan Carlos University) of Madrid and Senior Analyst on International Terrorism at the Real Instituto Elcano (Elcano Royal Institute). He also teaches postgraduate courses on terrorism and counterterrorism at the General Gutiérrez Mellado University Institute, the Ortega y Gasset University Institute and the Instituto de Empresa. He regularly gives courses and seminars in the Training and Improvement Division of the Spanish National Police Force, at the Officer’s Academy of the Guardia Civil (Spanish Civil Guard) and at the Centro de Estudios Superiores de la Defensa Nacional (the Spanish Centre for Further Research on National Defence). Member of the Council on Global Terrorism and of the academic committee of the Queen Sofía Center for the Study of Violence. He is a consultant for the Center for Global Counter Terrorism Cooperation in New York and the Bangladesh Center for Terrorism Research in Dhaka. He belongs to the United Nations roster of experts on terrorism prevention and to the terrorism studies programme board at the University of St. Andrews. He is the director of studies of the Permanent Seminar on Terrorism Studies at the Ortega y Gasset Foundation. He is the author of a large number of articles and chapters on terrorism and counterterrorism, which have been published in six languages.

Jaime Segarra holds a Doctor Industrial Engineer Degree from Barcelona Politechnic University since 1965. He has published books and articles on basic mathematics, physics and topics related with Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants in Spanish and international magazines. He is a registered engineer in Madrid’s Professional Association. In January 1992, he was appointed Manager Nuclear Power for Spain, in parallel with his responsibilities as Marketing Director for GENUSA. In October 1998 he was appointed Region Executive of Nuclear Energy for Europe, position that he held until retirement June 30, 2006.

José Eugenio Salarich Fernández de Valderrama Bachelor of Law, Diploma in International Studies from the Diplomatic School. He has held numerous posts as a Spanish diplomat stationed in places such as: the Spanish Embassies of Cameroon, the United Nations (New York) and the Vatican. In Madrid he has held positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, as Director of Development Bodies, Director of External Services Programmes and Deputy Director General of Policies and Security. Ambassador of Spain to Mozambique, accredited to Swaziland and Ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand, accredited to Burma, the Democratic Republic of Laos and Cambodia. Director General of Foreign Policy for Asia and the Pacific Region from 2004 to 2010. President of the Administrative Board of the National Council of International Exhibitions from 2009 until its merger with the new SEAC. Currently, he is: Director General for International Economic Relations and Energy Affairsof the Ministry of External Affairs and Cooperation since 2010. President of the Executive Commission for the Commemoration of the VIII Century of the University of Salamanca since February 2010. General Secretary of the Council Foundations Spain-Japan, Spain-China, Spain-India and Spain-Australia. Counsellor of the CESCE. Counsellor of the Leading Brands of Spain Forum. Member of the Advisory Board for the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development. Member of the Executive Committee for the Micro credits Concession Fund. Member of the Advisory and Financial Boards of Casa Asia, Member of the Advisory Boards of Casa Árabe and Casa África. Full member of the Internationalisation Observatory. Representative of the Spanish Government before the BIE.

He is a member of the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) since its foundation, Member of the Boards of SNE, the Association of Industrial Engineers of Madrid and the Spanish Forum of the Nuclear Industry (FINE) during the maximum period allowed by their charters. In October 2006 he was awarded SNE´s gold medal. He is Chairman of the Energy Committee and member of the Environment Committee of the Madrid Association of Industrial Engineers. He acts also as Advisor to the Chairwoman of the Spanish Forum of the Nuclear Industry.

Federico Steinberg Federico Steinberg is the head researcher of Economy and International Business at the Real Instituto Elcano (Royal Elcano Institute) and a professor in the Department for Economic Analysis of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He is a Doctor of Economics from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Master in International Economic Policy from the London School of Economics and Master in International Relations from the University of Columbia (New York), with a grant funded by the La Caixa Foundation. His fields of research include economic policies for international business and for World Trade Organisation negotiations, international financial governance, the new energy geopolitics and the rise of emerging powers and their impact on global economic governance. He has participated in several research projects funded by the European Science Foundation, the World Bank, the United Nations, the Spanish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, the Carolina Foundation and the Autonomous Region of Madrid. He is the author of several books and book chapters, and has published articles in both Spanish and international specialised publications.

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Javier Zaragoza The Public Prosecutor has linked the European Legal Network for issues relating to organised crime resulting from narcotrafficking and money laundering since 1999, and of the iberRed (the Ibero-American Legal Network) since December 2004. He is a member of the Spanish Drugs Commission and voting member of the Commission for the Prevention of Money Laundering and Monetary Infringement and of the High Council of the Fight Against Money Laundering. He is an international consultant for the OAS (Organisation of American States), the CICAD (InterAmerican Drug Abuse Control Commission) and for the IDB (InterAmerican Development Bank). He graduated in law in 1977. In October 1981 he became an Attorney General, where he practised in the Azpeitia-Zarauz-Tolosa-Villafranca de Ordizia Group (Guipúzcoa) until october 1982. Between October 1982 and august 1987 he was acting Assistant Prosecutor for the Provincial Court in San Sebastian, where he also practised as a District Court Judge for Minors. From September 1987 to July 1988 he was the Prosecutor for the District of Madrid. In July 1988, he was named Assistant Prosecutor for the Special Anti-Drugs Commission. In April 2005 he was named Head of the Commission. He has lectured at the Institute of Criminology in the Basque Country (1985-1986). He has been a voting member on four civil service examination boards for legal and fiscal carreers. He has also been decorated with the Order of Saint Raimundo de Peñafort Distinguished Cross Second Class and First Class. In April 1992, he was awarded the Cross of Police Merit with a Red Star. In December 1996, he received the Gold Medal from the National Drugs Plan, an anti-drugs fiscal collective. En 2000, the Erguete Association Against Drugs gave him the National Solidarity Award. In January 2004, he received the Order of Saint Raimundo de Peñafort Cross of Honour

PARALLEL ACTIVITIES

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 13TH, 2010

Opening of the exhibition "Kerala-Bengala: Miradas cruzadas" by Subhrajit Basu "NavaRasa" music and dance show by Ravid Prasad and M贸nica de la Fuente THURSDAY, OCTOBER 14TH, 2010

lunch at the IE (INSTITUTO DE EMPRESA)

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Kerala-Bengala: Miradas cruzadas by Subhrajit Basu Opening of the photografic exhibition at the Museo de AntropologĂa de Madrid. Wednesday, October 13th 2010, 19:00 pm

PARALLEL ACTIVITIES Wednesday 14th and Thursday 15th, October, 2010

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Navarasa by Ravid Prasad and M贸nica de la Fuente

Music and dance at the Museo Nacional de Antropolog铆a of Madrid. Wednesday, October 13th 2010, 19:30 pm

PARALLEL ACTIVITIES Wednesday 14th and Thursday 15th, October, 2010

V INDIA-SPAIN TRIBUNE Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

Lunch at the IE (Instituto de Empresa) Thursday, October 14th 2010, 13:00 pm

PARALLEL ACTIVITIES Wednesday 14th and Thursday 15th, October, 2010

Edition and coordination Embassy of India in Madrid, Casa de la India, Casa Asia. All rights reserved. Reproduction without prior written permission is forbidden. Design guillermopuche.es Print CpGráficos Limited edition – Issue not for sale Depósito Legal M-20822-2011