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Biblioghphy
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r "nphHocbT HA HAPOA]4TE B OSnACTTA HA kyn1.ypATA HE CE I43MEPBA C MAIIIAEI,ITE H]4TO HA TRXHATA TEPhTOPI,IF. HI4TO HA TFXHATA ,,II,ICNEHOCT, A C BENNqIHATA HA TEXHI4TE PEANHT XYAOXECTBEHO.TBOP'{ECKT NOCT}IXEH14F. ETO TO3'4 t4 TE3l,t pEAnHn nocTIXEHIF yTEbpAl4XA
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no cnyqli 7s-roAetuJH|,BaTa Ha Haq]bFanHli' aKaAoMr{eF r€.flp ''l'laaH Ba3oB,, 5 aHyap, t97g
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KtM rpeocMtc'liEg Ha xrnFAonelrt|., ,arteicKt,t " lcka npogKUtF Btpxy Koptara
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cBlpssrl c oc8oE8xro nrrotroc,
1r npo6roM, Ho :1lTi1"i. ro.BpeMe. ts ocHoSaTa HA TO3r' noAxoa o o638eirit ngtpt(r. x xF eprorlrio,.aneH alnr 3a noclrraha ,ra xoq-xvrraiJr.ie
U3 ctoaoro a Todop pu6apoe, zndeeH ceKperdp Ha 6topo- Ha Oaulo4apoarua ,o6uneH /<o',utet
MexdyHapodha@ clatqd - pazzoaop pe3aurueto Ha yoeeKa u o6t46creoro.
h6ur,
s
Onepn e,,oro nryit yeacnuqun e
ponnre ,ra .,<ynrypata za
AaKeM1pi,
I gO e.
PE3IOME
r**
ABSTRACTS
Bblnt{EB, An. T€xNrKa B rcroprqecKoM pa3Bnrli, 6onrapn[. An3aiH, 1981, ilo 2,
c.3-36,$n. l4cropraqecKoe o6oapeHre npoqeccoB Tex'
HrqecKoro pa36rTrs 6onrepn, a Snoxy Bo3po*aeHxfi 14 B nocneaylou.lue aeceru-
nelrs. ycnosr4F pa3BnruF rexHsgecKoi
pe_
BOn|oqvrl,| Ha (boHe 6opb66r 3a HaqnoBanbHo-
ao ocBo6oxaeHrs, cor.llansHoi l,l ayxoBpesonrcqrl,r. flepexoA @ cpeAHoBe_ KOBFOTO HarypansHolo xo3BicrBa K K6nr' TarrcffiqecKoMy. BnnsHre reorpadn'{ecK-
Hoi
Cr. Ponb npoMHurneHltoro 3aiHa nph sHeApeHrn Hosbrx 43Aenri. 3afi8, 1981, ilo 2, c. 3 - 36, lrn. MyyAVl,
ar,t-
Ar-
l/lccneaoBanre pon, BHeurHero Braa h3AenMF npr BleapeH!{ra n cnpoce Ha pbl}rKe. cpaBHrrenbHhre aaxH610 rccfleAoBaHrF
aeBFth Hay{Ho npoeKrrpoBaH}rbrx u3ae" n}lfi, HarpaxA€t{Hbrx CoBeroM no An3aiHy, XapaKTep{cr6Ka 6npMnpon3aoarrenefi , noaxoa SupM K pa3pa6orKe HoBbrx r3ae-
nnfi.
BKn6A Ar3aiHepoB a npoeKfl.ipoBaxHe HoBbrx h3aenxi. MecTo n pons au3ai-
BepoB
s
sr4pMax-npot3Boa6r€nFx. KoMy
u pasBrTLF
oTAaib npeanoqTeHre B npoMbru^eHHoM
a pa3arllru TexHrK,
4
npoeKTrposaHulr - r4|xeHepaM l.nx an3aiHepaM. npexMyulectsa B grcnonh3oga' Hul,! KoHCynbTaHTOa nO npoMhl(llneHHoMy
KOfO pa3Blrruf B Harllei crpaHe nepBoi noloBrrHbr 19-ro BeKa. XpoHonorhqecKoe
Au3aiHy. npoMhruJneHtrbri Al43aiH l! Aef,-
,x
r,r T€xBugecKltx orKpblTgtfi
loproBnlt. asa
STana
ecTecTBo3HaHra. ['lpxMeHoHte BoaiHofi 3Heprru - ocltoBHoi oneMeHT TexHrqec'
o6o3peHrie pa3B6Tna npoMbtuineHH5lx
or'
pacnei - ao6brql, pya6l, Merannyprnni
TeKcTr4nbHoro npou3soacrss, Ponb ne{at! B gnoxy EO3pOXAeH,F AnF yAOBnerAOpe'
xnf, norpe6Hoclei B HayqHotl,
xoi ,HOopMaqtn.
-texHngec_
OcHoBHbre
roMbl -
x€n8HoaopoxHhril.' BoAlrbli TpaHcnopT, cBF3' n @O6qesuF, ctpohrenscrao, nprnoxeHl,le 3n€KTprrqecr<oi 3Heprrhi @crofiHUe nrqeBoi, xnMrqecKoi, reKcT nsHoi npoMsrrrlneHHocrr4, aepeBoo6pa6oTKr rl
r.A. nepBLre uiarr,r 6onrapcKoi nonxrpa' Sux. BKnaa nerpa EepoHa - ablltKrqe_
roci yqeHoro 3nox, Eo3poxaefiuF paaBsrue 6on6pcKoi HayKn. o63op
6
KpynHeiuJnx 6ofl rapcKnx r3o6peieHr4r rexHgi{ecKvrx pa3pa6oroK 3Toi gnoxr. CseagHrs 06 agTopax. IllKonbl. LlKon85re t
npolpaMMbr !t noco6us.
TenSNOCtb nO tCCneAOBaHrlo
l.
pa3grrvllo.
Al. History of the technical in Bulgaria. Design. 1981, No1.p.3-36. A historical review of the processes of technical development in Bulgaria during the period o{ National Revival and imme' diatelv following it. Historical background
VULCHEV,
development
2
schools, curricula and school appliances. Engineering education. Th€ Art School in
So{ia, transformed lator into
Art
and
lndustry School, The activity of its Applied Arts Department. Achievements in the field
ol applied arts. MOODY,
St.
The role of industriald€sign
in technological innovation. De$ign, 1981, No 2. p. 38 -46, ill. lnvestigation about the role o{ product prein technological innovation and
sentation
cii Awards. lntormation about the lirms
economv, The impact ol gaographical discoveries and technological inventions
on the
development
o{
commerce. Pro'
middle of tgth cengy. Chronology of the industrial branchcs: ore mining, metal-
AoctrxeHtf, xvaoxHLKoB'npxtoxH'Koa-
inlormarion about their authors. Education:
and intellectual revolution. Tranaition from medieval natural econorny lo.capitalist
rensHocTb OtAene nprKnaaHoro ricKyccYBa
ula aei-
application of electric power, the state of food, chemical, textile. woodworking etc. industries. First steps of the Bulgarian printing industry. The contribution ot Peter Beron, the most outstanding scientist oI the sam€ period, lor the development ol Bulgarian scionce. A review of the most significant Bulgarian inventions and technical projects from that time:
commercial success. collat€d evidence drawn lrom a study of nine scionce based
o6p63oBaHre. co3aaHlle y{l,nt.lqa pxcoBaNxr B Coour, B aanbneiuroM - XYAoxe_ dSeH8o-raHAycTp$anbHolo y{gtn
transport, communicationi, building,
o{ the technical revolution, as wsll as the struggle for national liberatjon, the social
duction engineering and natural scinces, two stages. The use o{ water Power, a basic component o{ technology until the
T€xBraqecKoe
l!rgy, rextile industry during the period. The importance of tha press in answering the needs of scienti{ic and technical infoF mation. Basic topics: railway and water-
products which have received De6ign Counproducing the investigated products. Firm's approach to technological innovation. contribulion o{ the industrial designers in inno-
vation process, The position of indusdesigners in the firm. Opposition of
trial
the engineering slaff to the
of
Bmployment
industrial dssigners. The advantages of employing a consultant industrial designor. lndustrial de6ign and scientitic research and development,
YA( 62:7.0s (091)
TEXHI,IKATA B I,ICTOPIIqECKOTO PA3BI4T'.IE HA 6bNTAPXf,
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ocrryp, H€o6xoar4Mrn flaa c apyrxr€ aoafir. Konena, noAnusHrre l<o-
nena ca HaM€prnx flprnoxeHre y
Hac no noPe'iuero Ha peKhrc TyHAxa, lvaprqa x AyHas 3a 3aA6rxsa. He Ha raka HapeceHrre "HaujnenH, BoAeHhqx". araMerlplr Ha re3, Konena e aocruran ao 8 M.
BoAHhre Konera
c ,onark,
ca 6rnh rnaBHo c seprrKaneH Bar. HaxnoHeHr ronarHu BoAHh Konena caMo re
3a o6pa6orBaHe Ha
nry crpyroBe-
e
rpocrpaHeHrrr npoMtrLrjneH orpacM Hac, npl4 Konro ce h3non3sa soaHa, ra eHeprrf, npe3 neproaa 10 19"rll BeK. LleBHara npeaas(a, np,naraHa npe rf,x ocxrypFsa npeBoaHo orHoueHre 1 r5ao I : 6.3a pa3npocrpaHeHbero Ha M€nH(qhre npe3 B}3paxaaHeTo nlncBar
kx
cBeaeHuF. l4Ma
oraerH, B
aaHHx,
AyHascKys
s naer re Ha6p$Bar 679 . oKono CnllBelr np€3 1850 roa. e 66 'aMano BoaeHtrqh {4). nocrn HFMa 6urap, cxo cetrrqe, xoero aa He 3aaoaoraBa
csorre Hp*AH crc coftrBeHl4 C fl
Men-
BoaHa crna ce 3aABrxBar re-
asruxre, aapaqure, ranraHAxenck4-
re
qapKoBe
r
aopu Maur.rrre Ha nrpB,rre reKcrHnHl. 6a6prKr. 3a la3, nrpaHe Ha EXaHxre ce r3non3Ba clop\xe{t4eTo "Bara94\a" ("6apa,"). Koero e 6e3 aBrxeury ce MexaHi.cHn earHcraeHo Ha eMnrpuqHo o6naaeHM xhapoArHaMnrTenaBrqara € eAHa or Hai-tjJr.rpoKo pa3npocrpaBeHrre y Hac Maur-
x,
yn
14
3a MexaHuqHo s}3AeicrBre Blpxy
,ara
crpaHa.
,rHFsaHe, yBenhea-
aaHe Ha 3ap3arHara
cnyqah u 3a npxaaBale
BlpxHocr. 3a qenra M.repranlr
ftp6{eHo-nanqoBrsr
c
Me
a}6os), atpBeHl' noanoxK,
Ha
onpeaeneH
B€praKarHo oKaqeHrre lyKoBe.
CpeAHara flpor3BoAyren{ocr Ha eAHa renaBxqa c aBa qvKa e oKono 20 M aoMaL/jHo rBKaH nnar 3a 15 pa6orHrl qaca. npl, no-ronFM Ha BoAara
ae6rr ce ysenxqaEa 6poFr Ha pa6orHhre
opraM {31.
BoAH, Konena 3aABnxBar Me. xoBele Ha BrlaHllTe l. Ha MaaaHcxoro ofHr4qe, KaKro , qykoBere B Maaa-
HMre. Korenara AhaMenp 4 - 5 M, a re3h 3a,rykoBe_ C soAHk Konena paMK'1re c rproHa B alcKope3sn-
x qrre
nocpeacrBoM
l,| nprcnoco6reHhero 3a noAaBaHe Ha rpytr4re. B KpaF Ha BBpaxAaHero c soaHa chna €e 3aaarixBa alpBoaencKrre qrpKyrFpr. AlcKope3Huqara np€acraBnnBa eaHo or Han-xapakrepHere cloprxe-
Hxr or
npoMr4rlneH
enoxa, HaMephno f,p,rroxeHse s
?
Mexa-
ce
HenpeKrcHaro soaHo o6nxBaHe. B paananH, orsopx ca MoHrrpaHr llai, cecro 4 Danelra, p$nonoxeHr Ha soo,
rrM
Hero noqr, Bc rk, npoqecH ce ocrll.re-
HrcrpaHo e aopL noaaBaHero Ha Ma-
{Han-,recro
narepyBaH € aBe
np,
eprr8. H
noanara noa yaaphre Ha alpseH, ,1yKoBe npl4 o6rnHo o6n,laaHe c Boaa. HfiKor aBropx orHacFr napB{re renaBuqtr KIM cpeaara Ha l6-rtr BeK {5}.
Hai-pas-
y
{e K}M 1869 roa. caMo
KO3THFAI, nnaToae
qen
non3BaH 3a 3aABuxBsHe Ha qyKosere
alpBo.
l\,lenH,{apcrBo'o
rairaH, c
uR. '
ra
[4exaHrqHara eHeprra Ha BoAace n3non3Ba x B o6nacrra Ha alp.
soo6pa6otBaHero. npe3 ro3, nepno!
HaMrpar pa3npocrpaHeHre rpl4 sr4aa arp8oaenc'(l4 crpyrose _ nrKosHFr
{BpereHapcK.agr) , Kpaqtrnr n 6oaHrnr. nocneaHhar or crpyroBere ce MoHrMpa ao 6LForeqauure nnaHrHck.4 ooroqn 6 AonlnH,irenH,i choplx<eHrF,'.lecro
ce koMnneKry6a c ManKa.,crpyxHa,,, B t<oFro pa6or{ caMrFr crpyrap. Te-
3tA rp, clpyta aaasr EBMoxHocr crpyrapcrsoro n KonaHapcrsoro aa ce pa3sral ao nponMrujreHl4 Maqa6u.
l4Ma cseaeHhe 3a npmoxeHre Koneno, B xxMhqeckoro npou3BoacrBo. no aaHH, sa 3axao, Ha BOAHOTO
CroFHoB (6) B c. Cofip, nnosr.BcKo cenbrpara { apyrnre cMecu ca 6inu pa36aBaHA B alpseHx qyryD, {xaBaHn), 3aKpeneH, B 3eMFra. A}pBeHrre 3a pa36xsaHe ca Hano. 'ryKoBe
Ao6Fsan$ MHoro reoasrqapcKrre r ca 6xnu 3aaBrxBaH, or soaHo Kore143non3saHero ra soaHara eHep-
Koro pa3Brrre y Hac ao cpeAara Ha 19-r, Bek. PeKqre ca 6,ju cpaBit. renHo nlnHosoaHr. ocBeH rosa, rypckrre snac cl3aanr HopMx 4 crporo cn€aenr 3a flpaBhnHoro r43non3BaHe Ha BoaBHre pecypc, {7}. npe3 16r nepuoA MaaaHrre
'
406,1saHoro xenn3o ce ornuqa-
rqocrxrar csoFra BprxHa npoB3Boau-
ren8ocr. TFxHoro a6He 3ano'rBa crea 1840 roa.
e,crora. [4exa-
Oure
npeau 17 - 18-1a BeK peArqa paioH4 ce o6oco6Fsar Karo cneuranr3rpa'i, no aaaeBo npqx3BoacrBo (8). fnaBHhre pyAapcKr., qeHrpoBe CaMo-
roB, HeBpoxon, AeMrpxu€ap, Ll,r' npos4, {9}, KEcreHAun, Kparos' cl(o
ap. ce ooopMsl Karo MoulHx
',l uHAycrpvanHh cpearlra c oKono 400 BoaH, xonena , Haa 100 caMoxoBa {10). Karo cypoBrHa ce x3-
nFchK, Konro npoMrBa noKpai nnaHrcxure PeKx s roneM4 awseHb Koprra Hnq B FM' 3a orAenaHe Ha nphMecr-
ce
re, TofleHero Ha xens3oro , orAersnero My or cyposvHara ce u3srpusa
a neq, -
ahaHll, NarpFsaH, c alpBeHl4 slrnvuja. ornFroro xenF3o ce np€F6orBa B Maaanure, crop!.
xeH, c orHrqa x MexaflrcrpaH[
qy-
hr/!H,'e y dl,3xKoxhMucHire My cso;crsa 6hn, MHoro ao6p, (14). BvAHrre ca He Bu nerqd {B,cocxHa 2
nporrqar orpaHrqeHri peayKqrroHHh npo(eca (reMneparypara He Haasruasa 13000 , ro B 3oHara Ha rope-
pr{ erana py4oao6$BaHe, noaasaHe Ha ropuBo, cronFBaHe Ha pyaara, h3BdBaHe Ha ao6xroro xenF3o (11).
B oraenhxre eranu y{acrBar cne4Ma/lr3hpaH, pa6orHhqll - pyaapr. Blr,1Fpr4, l(oMYpAXun, BrAHFpl'r unq
no'clBapuieHa h3r4cKBana cneqrantla KBan'46'4KaqHF, 3a eaHo a€HoHoqu€ eaHa nexqa
(neur) e aasana ao rpr HeKose (xorqera. nraAxra) no oKono 120
oKA 6
l.12') .
yspoicrsa,
BoAHo
cyKoBe, HaxosanroBoprl 3a rBlpae BxcoKo paBHrure Ha eMf,rpr4{Hrire 3HaHrF ,pe3 3a sFpHo HaMepeHr 11
oanaAeHu 3aKoHoMepHoclut
3a yc-
neuHo peuesh peAbqa KxHeMar}1'lHrl
u a,HaMuqHu 3aaaqx oKono caMoKoBa (15). AoctaBeHa
e
or Ascrpxf,
Ha MOAepHa
BUCOKa
!1 MoHrrpanel]t 3a roneHe
drpMara "Apre".
HacrpoeH$nra cpeury HeF or crpa Ha Ha MaAaHAxhrre ca 6atu olpu qarerHu r,, roBa Aoseno ao HeiHoro
pa3pyuraBaHe (16)..
Or
eauH tseKos ce u3pa6or-
50
80 oKr xenF3o Ha npl 4, arnru Ao 3 M, urpokx
50 -
Ha
Ha
Oa6pr.
rairaHrxricrBoro
ce Hapqear "6a6p'a{Hr rpaaose" oure npe3 Bl3paxaaHero {17}. CaMo Kapno3o hMa oKono 2000 lapKa,i npo63Bexaa ao 266000 oKx rairaH nph 200 pa6orirr AH, roaxuso. npe3
1860 roa. cnopea A-p n. qoH{es, Ha peKa FHrpa Kpai ra6pGo pa6orsr 1000 ,rapxa. noAroroBx
HaKrcBaHe Bls BpFna BoAa, ,3nhpaHe Ha pekara B nnereHu KouoBe? ,r3cy0asaHe h38naqa3e Ha ', aoMauiHr, [rneHM aapaql4 , Has4saHe Ha KaAen{. npeAeHero cra8a c xypKa
,n,
c qal<plx, cnea xoero Ha cnequaneh ManlK ,raKplK Hru.iKxre ce npecyKBar B rBoiKa. npt1 re3h oflepaqbd ,Ma pa3aeneHre Ha rpyAa (17). OrHacano nn€reHero Ha ranraH e cra-
npe3 1968 roa. B CaMoKoB
nex\epr, MaaaHAxu,
pr. AoKaro pyAapure ca pa6orrnu c Mor4kH, cDpranKh Kosapire ca pa6orenr c MHoro
chc-
Hh
TexHororr{e-
ckrFr npoqec npeMrHasa ftpe3 {err-
4Fna
406rBNIF npoqec €.6opr AonoAsexAaurx
crpoeHero", npeasecrHhLlx eHoro npo43soacrBo
ra. UeHrDo8ere
3 M), crec' HeHr s ropHara cq eacr (13). B rFx
Pa3pa6orBaHero Ha
rpaacKure qacoBHr4qr. ca Hai-xapaK'
repH, npeacraBxrenx
100 MM
,
ae6enh 10
-
30 MM.
XerE3oro Ha nplr ce np€Anarano Ha na3apa. B Ky3rrre {koBaeHHqure) KOBaqrr€ y3KoaaBanh or nplr,,re pa3Hoo6pa3Hh ceeuBa.
Or nlpBara nonoBrHa Ha 19 BeK ra;raHAxvidsre qapKoee ,
Bano purHo, Kalo lla oceM u4rrHAprqH}1 qesy, alnrx l0 - 15 cM ce Hasrsa npecyKaHara npersa. c8o
6oAHrre kpaxqa ce 3aslFBar o6ura rexecr (KaMlK), Kotro npexBrpnF np8
3a
ce
ceHqecro arpBo. UeB'are €€ npeMnrar no crporo onpeaeneH pea o,<ono eaHa
koxefia BynnF (rop6a), ranurena xopr30Hr6nHo
cnyxh karo peryrarop npeM8raHe Ha 4esrre. Cnea ro-
Ha 3eMFra. TF
np,
Ba ranraslr
c alnra floxHqa, €e
}1
ce oqserf,Ba c
nepe
60, or Kopffix,
4rpBecHx Kopr, cMpaanrka, crHeno l, klpM!3. CneAaa neko renaHe 3a
Mekora. PtqHoro nnereHe ce npaK-
rxkyBa
s
npoalnxeHre
Ha
25
-
30
ao MoMeHra, Koralo {1805 roA.) or Spauros e aoHeceH alpBeH Moaen Ha eapK, no Kotro no-KlcHo ra6poscK{re Maicropr r3pa60rBar roarlHr4
xen€eH. KaneMqre npx Hero ce aErnpe3 qerqp, xopu3oHranH, 3t6Hd Konena. To3, qapK pa, borl, oKono neraecer roauHl, KaTo ocMaK, a€cerrux
BMecro crprraHe neHe
x
asaHaaecerH4K.
ce nprrara nlp, Ha .anraHa (naK raM). ran_
raBAXI4icroBo nponpasa
nlrF
Ba
nrpBure oa6pxen4 npeanprfl rrF.
Oco6eH xHrepec npeacraBnFBar sr3polGeHcKire eacoBHrq,r. Kynrre ca crpoeH, npearMHo or 6!nra.
pr. C rFx
ce ooHoBFBa He caMo 06nuKa Ha rpaaoBere, Ho ce cHAaBa phrhM Ha xrsor, xopara 3anoqBar
Aa MepFr speMero. ToBa oco6eHo ce Hanara c pa3srr4ero Ha rLProBxEra, yqe6Horo aeno, npox3BoacrBoro. OtHa,rano,racoBHrkos re Mexas"3Mx ca 6anu s{acaHv or crpaHcrBo, Ho Mar;nopr4-cacoB-
HrKap, 3ano'rBar caMx 4a rx r3pa6or-
sar. nlp8rre
lracoBHyKosr4
kyn,
ce
Hatranoro Ha t8_rr seK 14 _ 18 M. no,krcHo
sucoq,Hara HapacrBa ao 30 M ls OpxaHue, cera 6oresrpaa). Kynure ca a3pa6oreH, o6xKHoBeHo B ase cacr}1. aonHara e np,3Mar6cHa crc crpaHa or 4 ao 6 M, u3rpaaeHa or Ka-
MlK, a ropHara _ neKa ar,paeHa KoHcrpyxqrF, B KoFro e noMecreH Mexa. H13Mlr, or6poFsaq Oco6eHo {HrepecHh B apxrreKryprlo
qxre s Erponone 7l0 r.). 6epKoBrqa {1964 r.}, TpasHa {1813 r.), 3narrqa 11829 r., h ap. {18). npe3 Dp€ara nonoBrHa Ha
t9
Bek ce nprna.ar urrpoKo caMo6nrHu opan HanH,' cpeacisa h nprcnoco6neHx8 3a MexaHx3hpaHe l1 asro. Marr3npare aa HFKoh orePaqru B npor3soacrsoro - cnrpaHe Ha cEo-
plxeHrFra flpr HapyLlaBaHe Ha npor3soacrBeHnF pex!1M, oc6o6oxaaBaHe
Ka
or
ath
o6neKcasaHe
sa
qoBe_
npflKo ycacrhe B npor3soaHanrqe e
14HreH36sHo
pa3Brrxe Ha cnoco6Hocrure Ha poaa
x
Ha-
Haco'iBaHe Ha nHrepechre KrM
npou3aoacrseHara
cnyx, Karo np€a-
pa3rplqaHe Ha ftxHri, eeckoro rsop{ecrao npe3 cneaBaqhfi
tla.o'HuKodara Kyr.
ocmHk! or capRoee kpai p Ko3aquua
.)eHa
np'
BexaHE\M
-
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195A e u3Da6ateH
1846
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6aBcko, u3zp. qacoeHuxaauat
or
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xaa*u
pado|oe u Mo'topaH npe31a66 z
eran, onpeaennur Haeanoro Ha
MuuneHara peBonlouxF y Hac. Koraro Y Hac aano{Ba nPoM'|ru_ n€Hara peBonoqrlt, B esponencx,lre crpaH, rF Beqe e 3aslpuuia (3ano{Ba B KpaF Ha 18'ru BeK) npuquHara e Han'seqe 3 3arBopeHocrra Ha rvp_ cKara xMnepri t KoHcepsarrsHara
deoAanHa
3a DproBuFra,
npo_
crcreMa Ero 3aqo, or
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Horo npou3BoacrBo,
3aHaflrq4ncrBo_
xHAycrpxura ce 3a aa pa3BqBar ycne0Ho, Morar re aa ce '1HOoPMaqhF,
KoHkypeHq4F , Aa orrouaPFr Ha aapaclBauHre u3qcKBaHuA Ha norpe_ 6"renure. OcobeHo nonoxutenHa pourpae nepeo_ arqHuFr necar. Ha Nero ce naaa 3a'
ra
aa{ara aa aaBa Heo6xoAhMara 3a Lrenra
hHOoPMa_
urF, npe3 B!3paxaafero
ra, clc cpaBHrrenHo 6ap3o t1 pa3HocrpaHHo pa3Br.rue
MFcro npaKrucecKq
8
noa floacepraBa MHoroKparHo Bax' renHrre Hayxtl
aa ycTof,Bar
Ha. Enoxara ce xaPaKrePq3rpa c sce crpaHHo nonynFPr3rpaHe x BHeapF_
H"cro BaB BcMqK' o6nacrr.
3Ha{eHhero Ha HaveHo' no3HaHhF. Il. KapaBe_
MaHiOaKTYP'
u3nr3ar
107 neptloarqNu u3aaNrB. or KoI ro 70 secrHuqu (1). B rFx HaMxPar Frrre, 3eMeaenuero r-1 trHAycrphflta 6!nrapcKrre B!3PoxqeHqr oueHB'
,
npxnoxeaxero
(1S) Karo
Ha
nPea-
cronaHcKrl HanpeatK
"Hexa roBopu Koi !.ro !re, a Hue
ure
KaxeM, ee clBpeMeHHara quBrnu3a-
iruF e
o6A3aHa
fayku ... curara Ha napara e c6nrxuta Hapoahre .. 6e3cxcneHure otKpuruF s MexaHhKara ca aa,1u 3NaqrreneH BtpBex Ha npoMuuneH,F eneMeHr" (20). AHan13rpaiku 6!nraPcKtls B!3poxaeNcKM neLrar (21), Marep'4antrre
c
HaYcHo rexHqcec
Mo.ar aa ce rpaaupar s
HflKonko
renedoHHu anaparu
qur), BnonasHu
-EpuKcu- laee
e 66rzapckure
6oHHu c.o6raeduq e kpaq
Ha
xtx
rae u Ha
Hos,re orKpr4r,F (28), pa3r,.rexAar ce npo6neM, Ha eneKrprqeckoro ocBerneH,e (2s).
Apyra ocHosHa rpyna ny6nr|<auhu ca nocBefeH, Ha ,HAycrpharr3auuFra, I qacr or rsx ce rperypar ycnex'1re 3 Kanrran.lcrrqecxoro pa3_
Brrre Ha e8ponenckrre crpaHu, sa6n8ra ce Ha da6p,cHoro npoh3Boa clopaxaBaHe, Maura6rre Ha pa6orrre, Karo ce Ha.roFBa 3a pa3Brrre Ha poaHara r,HAycrprF. noMecrBar ce Marepaanu 3a orpacnu Ha roraBalr_
Hara xHAycrphs xpasrrerHa, xrMu_ ,recKa (30), rekcrhnna h ap. He no-MarKa ponF 3a nonyrF-
ph3aqrFra Ha HavKara , rexHnKata Hrpa€ npocserHoro Aeno. B MHoro
ycrnrula, Hapea crc 3eMeaerxe, rrp. la cpreHocr, (31) ce TEMAT'qHl1 HANPAB'EH'F. EA'rH OT Ha;-rper,rpaHrre npo6neMh ca KoMy,
re
HrKaqhHre. no4qeprasa
rpnrecrsoro B 6nta, npor3soacrBoro h cho6ureHrsra. HaL!rFr B}3poxaeH6ap3o Ha re3,
ro
Ha rpaBcnoPra l, clo6qeHxsra 3a pa3srrrero Ha 3eMeaenrero, rlp roBkFra. noapo6Ho ce orpa3FBar nperosoprre, npoeKr,lpaHero I eKc-
nroaTaqrFTa
Ha
HAU l22l , n\rloro crporrencrBo, crpodrencrBoro Ha ryHenx (23), KaHatu l24l u ap. O66xaa cel, np'(25).
KoHcl(rre rpaMBau
no r@a speMe s na6oparoprr-
Ha EBpona ce pa6orh ycrneHo no
npaKracecKoro
ny6rrKysar ce
Mare-
puanu 3a renedoHa 126) oco6eHo 'l B rcne. MHoro 3a renerpada l27t.
rpad8rre craHqrx pa6orFr M8oro 6yaHr, o6pa3osaHx 6!rrapx, Koxro
crrpyaHxqar aKrrBHo
Ha
secrHt4qrre
B ny6nrKarrrrre
npenoaaBar
ecrecraeHl,1 HayKrr
reorpafhs. Ycrnrqara crasar cperuqa 3a flony. nFpr3'1paHe Ha koBUre orKprlrr4F, a ycurenrre - Hai-AenHrre nonynFp|3atopr. Oure npe3 1846 r. B Konpya. ur6ua B nrpBoro KnacHo ycrn[ue
HafueH fepos npenoAasa aprrMerl' Ka, 6yKBeHa arre6pa, reoMerpllF, 6u-
3uKa, 3eMneon,caH,e, a npe3 1860 r. B Crrffcrpa MxnaH KHqeB s ToAop neeB no 3anxcK, npenoAa-
ce
onbc8ar FsneH'.iF B o6na rpuqecrBoro, pabarure Ha y\e{u. Hait-
oqe
OBU(a. MareMavKa,
6l,M,F
la
yqrnr!.le 6r3uKa, anre6pa (32).8 yqyntrurara
ce nPoBexaar
on{rr, aeMoHcrpaqxr, 9
gefro
Matuuncko Ywnulta
Y{mhurara
tr
qrrannqara ca x cBoeo6F3H, qefirpose 3a Macosa rexHhcecka npocsera. BlnpeKv MHoro6polHrre HAen ao orKprsaHe Ha npooecroratHn yqrnrqa He ce crhra. 3Ha{[rerHa pons rrpae pa3uihpasaHero Ha nproBcKr_
re apHk, u npeKure KoHraKru c ApYrrre crpaHr, fa'traH4xurae, a6a' Axrrre, Hoxaprre v apy or Kapno6o, Ta6po3o, KonPrEurrua. caMoKoa, TlpHo8o l, ap. npo_
qer.t
13sexaar orpoMHu Kr1. Kouro rlPcFr csoure na3apr' TaproBqure 14 npor3BoAurennre ce
Boaeqa o6uecrBeHa rpyna , rraBeH opraHr3aroP Ha
npo_
h3BoacrBoro
spluraiKh ce E crpaHara, re ctulo
cneA oapuHcKxF Mrp {1853-56 r.) ce 3acrnsa 6anrapcKara rhp.oBr,{F c qyx6rHa - c Pycufl, Nlana A36F, opaHqrf,, ,lran"F, AB' crphF, E.rner, Crpvf,, A
craBal Hochrenu Ha Hayq Ka vH4opMaqxF, no ro3,
a
npoH14KBar pe3Ynrarme
y Hac
non3ysa crBpeMeHH, 3anaaHn n3roq_ Hrqr.' Cxopo o6aqe AKareMrira e 3aKprra no HacroFBaHe Ha qrpKsara
or ffi8rpue-
Ox3hKa h MareMaruxa ce npenoaaBar
Ha'{HH
peBonloqxi, o6xsa_ Hana noqru
sch{K, eBponeicxh
crpa_
cnea KprMcKara BonHa (1853-
56 r.) h (1886
r.)
oco6eHo
(40),
c Xa
xyMabHa
Br3MoxHocr B crpaHara Ha 3anaaH, croKn, OKono 100 000 AYu" ocraBar 6d pa6ora. np, re3|4 o6crmren ce aa8a
crsa uxoHoMh'recKhFr oaKrop
ce
cB!p38a c 6rp3xF trpoqec Ha cr3aaBa_ He Ha
cucro
6}nrapck rpsacK{
qeH_
rpose h c YcKopFBaHe Ha rexHrqecKa_ ra peBonloqeF. no rosa BpeMe MHoro 6atrap, nonyqaBar cBoero o6pa3oBa'rue B Pycxa x apYru esponencK, crpaHv 3a_ 10
npe3 nlpBrF srpxY nprPoaHrre 3axoHv, MeahLlrHara, MareMaiHKara, oM3raKar. ca rBlpae orPaHrqeHu. MaKap qe olqe npe3 cpeaara Ha 16 BeK cEnenMaH 3aKoHoaarer ,3a.as peauqa 3aKoHM 3a nooulpaaaHe Ha HaYKara, ,3Kyn6010, nr,4reparypara, re ocraBar aoctoFHre Ha e4'4H orpaHr{eH KPrr oKo. no noprara. EBreH, Eynraphc npe3 18 B. npenoaaBa B fpqKara Akaae' M$F B uap$rpaA MareMarvka,6n3H-
6xnoco6'iF, Karo
'a3-
B peahua rpulKu ycrrrqa, Klaero
nporpecuBHure uaev Ha 18 r 19 EeK HaMupar 6YpHo Pa3npocrpaHeH'ie B re36 y{rrrura ce y{a MHoro 6}t_ rapx. Cnea 4O-r€ roausr.t Ha 19 8., c Ha ecrecrBeHrre HayKn
a y{Hrxqero, 3ano{Ba x ,3aaBaHero Ha vce6Hhqu no reorpadqF (34), MareMar'{Ka, ou3"Ka. oco6eHo rorsM nprHoc aa pa3npocrpaH
yqHrenlr€ or cpeaHoBexoBHarg py_ rrlra uMa a-p nerLp EepoH, Na;_ KpynHs'a ovrypa lla yqe Br3paxaaHe. Toi pa6ortr B p€ahq6 o6nacr{ Ha 3HaHxero l,l 3aeMa Brpxo'
C,eMa
pa.pu
h Ha
dencraue (e,Eeo) u HadtLxeH
qutuHd.F E.6ymta
naqxa
Mauuks. ur@crpaquu kt' aHan4a Ha d.p nef6p nepoH HacLu*fav'aqufe 6ytunHo n.pHu MauuHu. ToM 3
nlpsrqHocrra Ha HapeA c reoperrqHu
Ma-tept
Ha
Ara
144).
,i3crersaHri 6e-
poH ce 3aHrMasa , c 'lr4cro npaKrD_ eKcnePxMeHranHa pa6ora.
qecKa
flpeacrasraaa ,Hrepec ,aeira 3a 6$xmeH renerpao, pa3Brra B rperrF roM Ha ,,naHenrcre, Ma". SepoH e nrpsrFr Nau yceH, 3aen ce c ,3yqaBaHero Ha ronrrH},rre .tpoqecr. Pa3pa60rBa noAMopcKla
83 ao3hqra Karo y'leH-efi4rknonelrlcr, He caMo c HaqHoHanHa, Ho ll c MexayHapoaHa 3HaqrMocr {35}, Eepo| pa6orn ,3BlH Elnraprs y Bntr3a € aon'{p c Hai-Hanpe4Huqssrre ray{HX nocr{xeH,fl ornocoscxl, Br3, '4 cBos ophrrhanHt rn€Ar. Toi ckaasa dunocodcKa c"creMa {36}, pa6o s o6nacrra Ha acrpoHoMrsra, Mereoponoruf,ra, srcrlKara, xqMuFrs, rexH,Kara. tl3ra8a Haa 20 KpynH, rpyAose rnsBHo Ha 6peHcx,1
Han-3HaqrrenHoro
Mv crqrHeHre
e
ceaeMroMHara "naHenxcreMa,, I I960-
77r.), or xoero fllpanre 4 roMa ca noA o6uroro 3arnaBre,,OnpocroHa dHrxa", a nocneaHrre rpu -,,He6ecaa 6nuKa". l43aasa oure "OM3r-
Ko-xr4Mrr8" (1870 r.) , "Mereoponorh, ,eH arnac" {1860 r.}. "Cr4creMa Ha
reoioruqra" {1855 r.) { ap.
napHl, MauirHr, c ocHo6Ha qen nosuTon
noanara Ha KprryqeH aHarr3 pa3nre"
Hll CynocoocKr t '$crHu reopvu 3t r,r3TocHrka Ha aBrxeHreTo 11 pa3srrrero, Karo pa3Kpr4Ba r xhrenH, h orprqarenH! crpaHy l,l H3ueHH, Mr{cnu, Maxap cecro rprMeceH, c HaeEH11 u HeHay,rH' cxsalllaHua. Ton c!3aasa oprrr_ H€nHa, floao6Ha Ha KaHr-nannacosa-
ra,
KocMoroHrqecxa co6cBeHa repMrHonoru se)l(Aa
ereMeH
Ha Hcropx3tM, pa3,
rpexAanK{ npou3xoAa Ha SceneHara. Cnopea Hero qen,iFr cEFr e cl3aaaeH or aBa ftpsrlcH, Marep[anHx Cnyrae (enekrpr). 'ipe3 rnx ron ce crapae aa o6FcH, BcmK, opraHrar}l
,
heoprasHcH11 Beurecrsa. 3acraBa ra no3ru1111 orHocHo
MrreprarrcrrqH'.
koe$'iqreHra Ha none3Ho AeicrBre. Pa6orenK,
s o6nacrra
Ha xxMrFra, HaMrpa peAuqa
peueHri
3a npaKrxcecKo reH$re 6aHl,l B rrHAycrpxFrala s AoMa. aaHe Ha noMeqeHrF
r.r
Ap. OprrnHan.
no csoF 3aMrcln e nporrBonokapHara My cficreMar eKctreprMeHrrpaHa Ha
oi
caMun SepoH
s
co6crs€Hoyo My
{38). 'aMeHye C ,3cneaosarencxa , xoHcrpyKropcKa pa6ora ce 3aHrMaBar u Apyru 6\ntapu, rnaBHo tr3BlH npeAenrre Ba crpaHara. IVHo qrraBar aoKropcK, arlcepraqlny, cra. aar aarop, Ha nareHrr. TsKa HrKonan TouKosntr, B!3nuraHeK Ha nerep6yprcKrn tyr, pa3pa6oraa KoHcrpyKrrEHo, 3a, 11
urrrasa npea oPeHckara aKaaeMva Ha HayK{re nareHr 3a cer efirre Ha6y' ranara Ha napHtre MaurH',{, ,3o6pe-
acrMocr,Iano rnacrK B nprroxeHheto Ha nap_ HuA aB'.'raren {39)- B rpsHcnopra ,r
a
,HAycrpffir€. TorirKoBr{ pa6orn
ycneuHo r'r B o6nacrra Ha Kopa6o_ crpoeHero, oco6eHo no Kopa6H'rre
B
o6nacrra
Ha
npoFsf,Bar peauqa l43Becrtr Aeiqu Ha
H.uero BEpaxaaBe. OcBeH karo npo6ec,roHaneH peBonloqtoHep, lvla'
rei
npeo6paxeHcKu {1828-75
r.}
ce
,3FB3Ba l1 Karo KoHcrpyKrop na aoaHl1 noMnr, MHoroqesH, nyuiK{, aeeeH kaneH4ap, npasq onr r 3a 3aaBxxBaHe Ha BoaeHrlrh clc co6crseHa KOHCTPYKUUF BCgEH AB'TATEN, rcFBF'
, ne{rren (40) . c KoHcrpyKropcKa aeiHocr ce 3aH'rMa Bar t.C.PaKoBcKrl, Xp-CFpoB, Saqo Kxpo
l,1
ap. Bt3po*GeHcK, aeiqr.
B!3poxAeHcKnFr neqar orpa3Ano'roreM, Hav{H, otKpur4F Ha BeKa. H8Ko, or rFX ca
6una aopa3gurtl h npucnoco6eH{1 clo6pa3Ho MecrNrre ycrosHR. Oco6eNo xapaKrepHa
reHIeHurF
|lnEcrpa4rlF
Ha
ra3,
aKuuf,ra 3a npoKonaBaHe Ha flnaBarenHu KaHanh y Hac no noAo_ 6qe Ha CyeqKafl KaHan (41).npoeK. r{pa ce BapxaHr 3a crearHFBaHe Ha e
AeBHeHcKoro e3epo
c
LiepHo Mope
(ocrurecrBeH eaEa B Haurl aHr) , 3a npeBpllraHe Ha aeBHF B MopcKx npr-
npo6neMxre Ha aHAyxonnaBa. Hero, neearapcrBoro, clo6ur,rrenHara 't2
ysne'reHrF c rexHrcecKti M r3o6perarencKh xapaKrep. l.43o6rtctBar 6o6'
orKphBa arenre s Serrpaa npe3 1862-63 r. nlpBere c8eAeBrF 3a HayKa y Hac npoHrKnpe3 Bl3par<laHero x c€ Bal eABa
ureHuF 3a nvcKaae Ba 6anoHlr
cBlp3aH, c rMero
3[paHero Ba BHAyxonnaBaHero, b y Hac ,Ma cBeaeHrF 3a oraenau Hecno
HhlrF rpluK, p€dopMarop
eneKrporexHrKara He ocrasar tanHa 3a 6lrrapure. EBpona e o6B3era or
r.r apyr.4 Hapea c nonynFpx-
nyqnrBr onuru (42), pa3npocrpaBFBaHu Karo rereHA,r. clo64rrenHara rexHrKa ce u3pa3F3a s crorrqrr€ Kr-
noMerpr renerpa6H, ruHx,, Kplcro can, crpaNara, x MHoro6poiHrre re nerpado-noureHckv craHurr.
Or uencerre roaxHi Boa,
Ha-
6tnrapcKata rbororFa
dur.
SnaroAapeHxe Ha HeF AHec pa3-
nora.aMe c o6pa3"re 6MrapcKu peBon6qqol]epr.
nlpsr'
re arenuera ca op.aHu314paHu rnaBHo no AyHascKhre rpaaose or dororpadu+yr(AeH4r. napBhflr 6MrapuH. OororpaS e A8acrac KapacroFHoB,
xoito
Ha KoHcraHrrH Oo-
ruHoB. oorhHoB ce y{'l I HayKu, 6t43uKa I xrM,F np, 3HaMeToMa
Karpu. B cn."Irlo6o€noBre" {1844 r.) negara oei,4ua npunoxHrlT€ HavKr, arporexH!4gecKrre cloplxeHnF, 6apyra, ropeHero 3a HacaxaeHrFra c KocrHo 6pa0Ho. B "6anrapcKq kHBxr,1Ll,1" (1858 r.) n,l'
ue pu
a
3a nopqenaHa, Kr6p,feH"re 6a6Kh, 6orarcr Bara Ha MopcRara Boaa,
B
"3opBrua' (1865
r.)
3a 3eMHo-
ro Macno, soaopoaa , ynorpe6ara My B 6anoHrre, canvHapcrBoro, crlKnap' crBoro. l4BaH SoropoB yc, xrMuF B flannqur a ny6nhKysa peahqa Mare. puanu Ha xriMuq€cKa MeHoBaHuF, cBoicrBara Ha Blrnepo-
Aa,
soaara/ 8!3ayxa s ap. 143) . y Hac
xuMus 3a
nrpa, nrr ce npenoaaBa
np$ la65 r. B Crapa 3a.opa or AraHac 6ense3, 3aBrpuhn ecrecrBeHr Haykl1 B PycnF. UaH11 T,Hqes {3aBLpuinn ecrsecrBeH" HayKH B KueB) oc!-
qecrsf,sa MHoxecrBo
xxMr4{ecKh
ekcneprMeHrr{ B Pyce11 Ta6po3o. npe3 1871 r, ArMrrlp Brqes H3aasa "CencKocronaHcKa HeopraHuqecka u opraHrqecKa xriMrF" - nlpsara xrMrqecKa KHrft y Hac, EaHs roa{Ha
no-KlcHo nlo6eH Kapaaenos ny6nrKysa x{rrara r'3a sBAyxa u Hero, 3a
6010 BnuFHre tsa x6sorHrre n pacre-
HrFrar'. npe3 70-re roArHh y Hac uH-
poKo ce 3acnnBa ,qeatucrtAe'1'ara
ayanrcrxqHa reoprr h yqeHhero 3a ,,x,3HeHara cnna,l' ocHosaHa oT 5ep.
qenryc
BeKoEeH o6n,1k l,
alpBeHoro pano oc-
rasa rnaseH ,HcrpyMeHr s o6pa6orHaropFBaHe Ha 3e-
Mhre He ce nprnara. npe3 1868 r. nPea arpxaBHra crBer cynraHlr rosoph 3a Heo6xoarlMocrra aa ce pa3srBar 3eMeaenxero, 3eMeaenckoro 06-
pa3oBaHxe, 3eMeaencKnle 6atrKr, npoMr4une!{ocrra 3a 3eMeaencKr Ma-
ur,H, (46). lvraxar
flauja npas,
h3BecTH' AOCTaBKU Ha 3eMeA€ncK, MauflHh B ayHaBcxHF srnaer. B Co,yHcKrF Brnaer ce aocra$r Blpuackn, xlrBapKr, nnyroBe, rynyM6! 3a HanoiBaHe. opraHx3rpaHo e apyxec, rao 3a pa3ljlrpnBaHe u3non3BaHero sa MAUJl.Hli. HOS'TE
Kynryp, aoaex.qar ao flphnaraHero
Ha no-cnoxHa arporexHrKa
l,1
cneqna-
r4 Be{e u3ocraseHa s EBpona. 3acrlnEaHero Ha ra3l,1 reopxF y Hac
rr3aqrs tsa
cnel HeiHnF yflaark ce Atnxx
pai YclBrpueHcrsaHero la arpoiexHrkara ,l B apyr{re o6nacrn. Makap qe orpoMHrre aurose npeqar 3a El.
8a
A.BrqeB u C.BexrHoB, Ko"ro no npoOechF He ca x,Mrlrtr u He ca 6xru
op{eHrrpaH, B HoBocrHre. oco6eso MHoro ce pa6orr no cE3aaBaHero Ha ftnrapcKa xbMrqecKa HoMeHKrary-
pa (A.Paqes, n.naBnoB, A.EHq€s
IpJ or Koiro ,
l,!
Ao AHec ca 3ana3eHe
oraenHx eneMeHr" (44). CHAaBaHero Ha peAoBHa rvpcKa apMyfl npe3 1826 r. }j arpapHara pe$opMa or 1832 r. crr4Mynrpar HF.
so. 3anocaa orrrer<AaHero Ha Hos, Kyrryp, - naMyK, rlorloH. cycaMr rpaarHcK{ MaK, opr3, Macnoaai(a po3a, Konp!.lHeHa
6y6a (45).
titMa pe-
arqa vcnex, a cneuranM3aunFra
I
paioHri3aqMnra Ha crpaNara. Blnpek}l roaa TexHrKara 3ana3Ba caoa cpeaHo,
oraenHrre r€orpasck, pa;oH6. Te or csoF crpaHa cr,Myrr-
BerGaH€ro B urrpoKl1 Maura6u Ha Ma,
18 B, Ho€@acerrnn ce oslapla snarar cpe/rcrBa 3a npoKonaBase Ha aln6o-
R5 KraAeHq' y nocroiaar l<aunh 3a l0-120O0 oBqe 6caKa. 3a rDpBn nLr
ryk
ce ce€ naMYK,
nprnarar arporexHyqecke HoBoataereHvF {48). Oqe c ,AsaHero cla rypq$re (14 ' 15 E.) 3anoqsar aa c€Fr no nopeqrero Ha Maprqa roneMy nnoul, c opr.3, xaro 3a HanoFBaHero ,3rpaxlar nperpa4Hh cloplxeHHF 11 rBcra Mpexa or HanorrerH, KaHann {49) . norpe6socrrre npoMnuneHocr crxMynrpar pa3Brrrero Ha eaooro oBu€Bllcrao, Ernrapx8 ce osopMr Karo Ha;,6ofaru6 cxoroataeH pa;oH B uMneptrFra (50). CaMo B Konpgsu.lrqa npe3 cpeAara Ha 30 6aqy,a, BcFKo no
3000 osqe 151). no-KlcHo 3anaaHara ,HAycrpranHa KoHKypeHquF oKa3Bapxy osqeslacrBoro, Koero 6rp3o 3anaAa.
Tp.HcooprHrre cpeAcrEa noq Ha BHparqaH '<pai rpaar{roHHocr. clponrenrre Ha BoncK, Kon, u Kapy-
ueHHoro o6pa6orsaHe Ha 3eMFra {51), Bce no.,recro B npecara ce noFBaBar clo6|lreHra 3a Hosr4 onrr, 3a MexaHr3rpaHe rpvaa Ha 3eMeaefleua. I 3€MeAencKoro y'itrnrqe s qeurxuF
ao
rpaA Ta6op c€ ycar MHoro 6lnrapcK14
3aHa'
Mnaaexr. I npecara ce noRBFBar p€arqa crarn, crc npaxrhqeck, clBe
no arporexHnKa, BHamr ce Blpujaq,
xlrBapKk,
nnyroBe.
Stnraprre c, cneqenBar ,Me Ha "HanAo6p, 3eMeAenqh", Kor4ro eArHcrBe, Hv ps3BxBar scrcl<, dopM, Ha 3eMeAenrero 3 TypqeF (47). Karo BaxeH p.noH ce oOopMF 6€3sorHa
Ao6pylxa. Our€ B KpaF
Ha
ql1 - apa6aAxurlre, aaEar42.5 %
or 06-
floBeqe
or 50
qoro flpor3BoacrBo H.
ao6pyaxa, np€3 ro3, neproA B crpaHara 3anoesa ychneHo narHo crpomencr, 3o. nrruqara ca crpoeH, no ecrecraeHo npoxoaaMxre Mecra, 3a aa ce E
B6erHar xcKycrBeHll GoplxenhFl,|
pa36,rBaHe Ha cKanu. KrM 1878 r. y Hac 6yHKqroHypar 2500 kM nlrrura,
KM uroctrpaH, (52i. Ao nlpsara nonoBrHa Ha l9 s€x nlrnllrar. ca 6e3 HacrunK., recHr, HepasHr,
or rax 1500
13
6e3 MocroBe {noa6rpaHx ca 6poaoBe
npe3 peKHrel. H8n-,recro ce n!'yBa Ha KoH. Klpar€nxicKtrre onycroue' HUA
[OBexlal AO
nrryBaH{nra
14
OrOaHrqaBaHe Ha 3dHeMaPnsaHe Ha n}_
rnurara. npe3 1865 r. noprara *eMa peueHhe 3a pa3rLpHaro uroceiHo 11 xn crpotrrencrao. ao 1860 r. no-ao6ap nrr e ,Mano caMo no HanpasneHrero CoO{' - nnoBArrB - Uapxrpaa. npe3 1869 r. lvlraxai nauia loKraaBa 3a nocrponBasero Ha 573 KM nlrrqa q 237 Mocra 11 3a peMoHra Ha 235 KM Pa3Brrre nony{ats8 h ynr{Hara Mpexa Ha rpaaosere, tlecro FBneHre npe3 nlpBara nonoEHHa Ha l9 3. ca KpnBrre ynuqv c aydKx l,1 Kan, nno_ qaaH c Kynuqa cMer, oco6€Ho B .pa_
aosere, pa3nonoxeHx
nrriura. nnaHnHcKrre rpa4ose uMar no-ooopMeHu ynxqh, c KanaapaMeHa Ha6hnKa, seHeph,
3e, Koero npe3 Bropara nonoBtHa
l4
Ha
a)ka (ciporrencrBoro
BeKa ce npeHacF
noBpareH MoMeHr B ,croprFra Ha rpaHcnoPra Ha crpaHara e npoKap' Banero Ha nlpBtrr€ Hrv. nocrpo8BaHeio Ha xn ,|rHr1t na SanKaHgre cr.Ba cnea donynFprcr_ paHero 6M s EBpona
11
ce npheMar no_
HaceneHhero xapaK_ repHo e, ce aoKaro Ha 3anal ,Hrwaa_ rnBara 3a nocrpoFEaHero Ha xn nH_ Hr, e 'racrHa, a TypqrF l,rHeqvarop e arPxasara, fl opaar rKoHoMB'lecKara Ha 6arKaHcKrre crpaHi4, 3a crponrercraoro ce.43non3yEar
'rp(A,l Kanrrantr {53). KprMcxara
BonHa craBa 6oeo6pa3eH crrMyn 3a h3rpa)qaHe Ha xene3ontrHa, uocen_
r reierpaoHs Mpexa, np€ArMHo cac crpar€rrqecKa, aHrrpYcKa qennrpsrre npoekr, {l8Ea .) ca aHrnxncKy. flPe3 1860 r' ce orKP,Ba nrpsara xn nuHrF Ha 6anKaHrre ranra 64 KM: 'lepHa soAa ' K0creH Ha
1857 ..). npe3 1861 r. AHrrtrF 'pe3 Hanafa rypck! $€pMaH 3a nocrpoa-
nrHnira Pyce-BapHa {223xM) Karo BaxeH MerqyHapoaeH nrr EBpona-'lepHo Mope-A3rF. npe3 1963 r. HeiHoro nocrpoFBaHe Ha aHrnrncKo apyxecrBo n npe3 1866 r. nuHrFra e orKp,ra. Or 1873 BaHe Ha
r, rF e orKyneHa or abp canara Ha SepnvHcKrF aoroBop, u3nnauasero i e np€xsrpneHo crea ocso6orqeHuero Hs KHnxecrBo SLnraprF (53). npe3 1865 r. e pa3pa6or€H npoeKr 3a uinocrHa xn Mpexa Ha EsponencKa TyP4rF. TF noBrapF Haopa6neHrara Ha plMcKrr€
nlrrqa
Llap6rpaa-CoOun'KocreHArn'CKo_ nhe-14hrpoBhqa-AscrpoyHraprF
KnoHoBe oaprH-aeaearaq, oaprH FM6on-lllyMeH
la
cKonre ConyH c
2500 kM HopMans, nrH!4u. np€3 1869 r. 6apofl Xrpur o6pa3yBa apyxecTBo 3a excnroafauxa
4
noeMa
KoHqec,Fra crc cpoK s9 roasHu. ao 1875 r. ca roroB, nrH,xre qaprrpaa-
SenoBo, OAprH-AeAearae-T!pHoso, CenMeH-flM6on (yAlnxeHa no ycMo, rpeHre Ha 6apoH X"pur) , conyHCKonHe-lvlrrpoBrqa. Bcr,rKu Mocrose ca alpseHr, pa3croaHhero Mexoy
rpasepcrre e 120-180 cM (BMecro Ao 100 cM), npercaxre 6e3 6aphepr, pe3epBoaprre 3a soaa ca orKp6ru x Mtsoro rpaaoBe ocrasar 6€ rapr. ao
\^ t
b\t
r,!,,
AOXCO
h,a
ftc 8@888 8
Wffi$ a&) 88 888e
i878 r. B SuraprF He ca crpoeH,
ryHen,. Ao 1876 r. ca noc'oeHy 533 cpeaHo no 48 KM roar4!rHo, KonKoro e cpeaHrf,r rpupact 3a
neproaa 1878'1933
r. no rrHyera
Pyce'BapHa ca y3non3ysaH, anrnrnclc cpaaHrYerHo Manka MoulHocr. Ao 1888 r. Elnrapua ,Ma 2a
cxopocr 50 KM/!. nlrHrqecK{re aaroHu ca aByocH!,6errnicKo npor3Eoacrso. I Pyce e opraHk3rManHa
paHa nrpaara MaurrHocrporrenHa Oa6prKa 3a HyxArre Ha peMoHra Ha YcnopeAHo c pa3Brrhe nonycaBa
14
soaruFr rpaHc-
nopr. Or sropara nonoskHa Ha l8 B. no aYHaBa nnasar rypcK, reMh,, conH}l , xurrl1 karqr. I 1819 L ce
Ha AyHaBcKoro
napaxoacrBo, a or 183 r. Pycrs !4 Aacrplrs 3anocBar aa u3nor3B6r 3a Kopa6onnqfaHe AonHrF AyHaB. qeH 6p Ha "nnarHFHara drora,'e csr!loB, Klaero npe3 1850.. ca soaeH, Ha olrer 100 .eMrr. CneA eArH noxap npe3 1870 r. B CBxqoa e flocrpoeHa lr ntpBara Moaepaa nprcraHdurHa cKenn, SnaroAapeHrc Ha napaxoAcr-
s#
tlep@u Ha pa3nueHu duaoee u zpebiu eutn., Ha H. TouRoeua n naeaedure rpa,uwH
xopa1+u
aHanu3 Ha chupan,o rpu,o-
narHo Kopa6ko
euno. geprex Ha H. fou Mv 3a n.paxodtre.
Boro no AyHas ce aKrhsr3rpar np,cTaHrqaTa, pa3ul4paBa c
crpeHe, kautKasan, Macno,
stnHa_
Oco6eHo pa3BHrre nonyqaBar
MopcKrre nprcraHrura.
A
6an{|K
exeAHeBHo ce pa3ioBapBar no 10001200 Kone xrro, or BapHa 3a tlapn-
rpaA execelMxqHo nrryBar flo 4 n.paxoAa. nprcraHxqara He ca ,Majg
srnlronoMy
re ocrasan,
,
KeioBrj creHe, Kopa6rpeiA. Ero 3auro npe3
Ha
nocneAHHre roauHl,| Ha Ba3paxaaHero
ycrneHo ce pa3arBa rPaxaaHe
{a
rnaBHrre nphcranrqa
cnopeA h3uck8ar6Fra Ha kopa6onna-
t5
npea,
Ocso6on<aeHrero no
TaKa Mexay nroBAr6 d oaprH no
6lnrapcKoro Kpan6pexre SyHKq,o-
l{ap$qa ca nnasan, cpeury reqeHnero or "npecroikr". 3d rerneHero Ha BceKv ca 6unn Hyx
H'PAT LIECT flGBAXHtr OAPo8E, KOHrponhpaHr or opeHcxoro ApyxecrBo "XoMf,aH, [e Oap oroMaH" (54), oc' HoBaHo npe3 1854 r.. koero 3ano{Hano aa 3aMeHF raBeHr sls BerpoynopHr oeHep,, c nerponHl naMn, noa HanFrafle, c pe+neKTopHa chcreMa
YcnopeaHo c
rpd<aaHero , eKcnonaraqnara Ha clspeMeflHx noureHcK, KoMyHhl<aqhh Kakro s crpaHara, raKa l,l c qYr(6rHa. Ao cpeAara Ha 19 BeK nourara € npeHacFHa Ha KoHe
KopaL 'rpoeHero or csoa crpaHa crqo nonyldBa rMnync. TaKa B apceHana Ha
Tyn{a npe3 cpeaara
Ha
BeKa ca npor3sexaaHu no 16 Kopa' 6a rorruHo (55). Kopa6ocrpoeHero, cropurencrsoro Ha x.n. r reneooHHrl nuHxl, nornlqar ronflMo Korrcecrso 4apBeH Marepran, xoero pa3srBa
aapBoao64sa
,
Boa, ao r43crraHe
Ha
npe3 1862 r. e orKpuro nlpEo
ro 6!nrapcxo aKqroHepHo naponnyB' HO ApyxecrBo "npoBxaeHMe", c aM_ 614ro3H6 nnaHoBe 3a noaaapxaHe Ha peaoBH, rparcnoprHx nrHfi no qep-
HoMopcKrra 14 ayHaBcK, nprclaHrura- To 3aKynxno MoaepHxF Kopa6 "A3uc" c rpe6eH BhHr (cKopocr 10 Mxnr/qac, 20 ayull,1 nep€lHan,
Ha 170 crrnKu,
a x,-
roBaponoAeMHocr
, MourHocr 120 K.c.). nopaa, orHaxcosh MauihHaql,r4 Kopa560 roHa
6ir 6/n
3ary6eH or apyxecrBoro r,r3slplisasero caMo Ha HflKonKo pen' ca. C roB€ ce h3eepnBa 6yorpa$rFra Ha rpax.oafickoro Kopa6onnaBaHe ao
srrpe 3 crpaHara clboro ca 6{ru opraHr3rpaHh soaHri clo6qeHxa. p€r(x
16
pFAKo c l<apyB ronaMara cH
qacr ca 6unl4 rarapx. TypcKara noura He ce ornrqaEana c ronsMa ctrrypHocr
n 3arGa urrpoko ca 6vnl, ,3non*aH' nycMoHocqh x qacrHh nlrY€aHva. no-ronnM aaropvrer ca ,Man, qyxahre noqH, qrirTo Mapupyr e np€Mr1Hasan npe3 Hauirre 3eMu. 3a flo-rone-
Mrre npeso3h ca r3non3BaHu Krpa. Axrlhr€ {Kapyur4, Hai{ecro c 6180rcKa rFra) . raKuBa KonapcK, rrHxh ca cr3naaeH, h eKcnnoaTrpaH, no Mapupyrxre CoO"8-Hxu (1863 r.), Pyce-nneBeH (1865 r.), Pyce-BapHa (1866 r.). npe3 1866 r. ce c!3aasa o6eArHeHo rPaHcnoprHo apyxecrBo,
npxrexaBauro 120 KoHF, 130 Kon'a, 60 qrdra KoLlyMu, 38 uetHu, Koero o6cnyxBa rrHriure Huui-CodxF-nre3eH'TlpHoBcCBruros'Pyce-BapHa .
CoOUF-Kocre€a"n-AxyMai. Kpan
nrrruara ca npoets, kohro ca cnYxxnr 3a pa3Erruero
x
Kapaynxr,
Karo noqr,
Ha noqeHcKnre
c!o60reHra aonprHacF slBexaaHero Ha renerpaoa. napBara rere.pasHa
nrnrF y nac no cpaBHrrenHo nrnHosoaHure
,
qr, karo nouranhoHrTe
e
e nocrpoeHa
Merqy
BaP-
Pyc4 npe3 1856 r. no crp.rer,qecKr c!o6pa*€HnF. OrKpxBaHero n npeMrRaBa np, ronFMa n.paaHocr. Ha
o6cnyxBaHero e r'aBHo or op3Hqy' 3l', Ha opeHcKu e3rk nopaA{ 3arpya_
neHri np,
nprcnoco6
ryPckara a36yKa xrM Mop3oBar. cn-
creMa. Or l86l r. ren€rpaoHara cnvx6a e orKpera 3a nor3yBaHe or npe3 1854.55 r. e npeKapaHa ren€rpaoHara rxH}jn qaps'
rpa4-CoShF-6errpaa-BneHa. 143nomBar ce Mop3oBx anaparv (56) . npe3 1857 r. ra3n dpeHcxo-aHrnrncka renefpadHa nrH'4F e npeaaaena sa rypqhre. Ao 1879 r. y Hac rMa 41 renerpaoHh craHqru. BcHKa craHqna ce nara Ha 61000 xnreni4 { o6cnyxsa nnour or 2400 KB.KM (57). [4op3oBrre anapaft pa6orar clc cKopocr 100'120 3Haka s MvHyKa {naK raM). no npeKapBaHero H. nrH5rle , B rererpasHure craHqx'4 pa6or6r MHoro 6rnrape, Koero aaBa a}3 nerpadlr He caMo aa 6!ae nonYrFpr3upaH cpea HaceneHxero, Hol,| aK-
rraHo aa 6LAe u3noruBaH 3a Hyx(Aure Ha rlproBr4Fra x peaorprlroHHsra 60p6a.
Bce slB BpBKa qvFra Ha rvpcKara ,Mneprn or qvxaecrpaHHna Kanurafl 3aoo'1Ba l1 Hen' Horo no.qanocrHo x3yqasaHe. TexHxpeMe e npe!. craseHa rrasBo o ryxaeHqu - rpaHc-
noprHx, MnHHh
q 4p, cneq&nxcrr.
npasFr ce peahqa npoy'raaHu8 3a ,3nprpoaHrre, 6orarcrsa,
3a pa3pa6orBaHe Ha MIHH|4 HaxoAriura. 143secrHrf,r speHck'4 feonor AM, Eye ,a8a np€ 1836 r. !a ,3yq,
TypqrF B reoroxKo npe3 ro3u nepuoa 6urapu
ce Haco,tBar
orHor.leH6e.
KIM rexHrqecKx
A MexaHuc*ka konaeKa l6azep) npu pyd.
Hoka "KyquaH.
o,
Mudu nep4uk6"
npe3 Bl3palqaHero KaMeHHnre
Brrnuqa ca 6rnu Mant<o nonYnFpHe, CaMo B nepHnurxo r CaMoKoBcKo re
or Kosaqnre. npe3 1874 r. earH ,ranrraH€q 3anoqsa pa3' pa6orxH oKono c. lvollrHo 6 crc c!ca u3nor3yBaH, ae;crsrero
Ha
rypcKoro npaBrrencr-
30 pa3KprBa nwsara pyrHuqna rane prF. EABa no BpeMe Ba Ocso6oArrerHara BonHa, 3a Hyrqvre Ha pycKxre
BotcKu or oronneHue, B co6'4F 3ano{8a no-ycrneHo pa3pa6orBaB€ na 6r"3Ku KaMeHoBrrreH" Haxo!"ua. OraenHn Kapro.paocK" npoyq' BaHrF ca npaBeH, MHoro npeau B1,3pa)rqaHero rnaBHo or n} qn, Ho qFnocrHo noapo6Ho Kaprorpa-
OxpaHe Ha crpaHara
ce
u38apuBa
rBrpae KlcHo no upxq6Ha Ha rypc-
KvF KoHcepBar43lM {58) . 3at@a no cpeaara Ha 18 Bex 6rnrapclrara rephroprF e orpa3esa s HFKonko HerocHH ape6HoMaqa6H6 xapr'{ {59) |
"Kapra Ha BrauRo, Clp6{F, 6urapuF' u PyMenuP'tt {PnM 1564 r.) (60}. "Kaprara Ha OroMaHckara uMnepuF, (1595 r.), B KoFro e la3nrcaHo rMero Ha 6rnrap'rF, "Kapra Ha MaKeAoH,lF" (1598 r.), "Kapra Ha 6lnrap6F, PyMenha , MaKeroHra" (1689 ..). B oiaenHl1 nproBcK4 ,r apyrn xapre, B 19 BeK rpyna 6peHck. 14Hx€Hepu npoy'iBar SarKsHcKrF f,c nyocrpoB e ca6rpar qeHeH ronorpad cK, x crar{{cTme€K6 Marepgan, noxlcHo earH or rFx - Ilanue - r3aaBa
Ha ExHara qacr Ha nonyocrpoaa ao nroBArs, Kaprb Ha Etrrapffi, Ha 6a3ara Ha {y)KA' npoycsaHrs, ce ,3aasar y ol MHoro poaorD6,Bs 6!nrapH (11BaH AaHrnoB . 1813 r., ArexcaHArp Py. Ape6HoMaura6Ha Kapra
Cen.pauut @
e.znoqd npu Dvd4uqufe
Uap@a Kpyua u
noroe don
a
uuHu"llephuR"
- 1834 r., ArMlarrp - 1862 r., Xprcro T.Aa.
ceB B Crpac6ypr
AHrenraxea
HoB-1863 r.l1 ap. Te3x
xap
ca
Ape6HoMaura6Hl,1, o6qoreorpadck14 r,
clalpxar
MHoro HeroqHocrh. qino-
crHo, nHcrpyMeHranHo kaprorpachHe e ruBlpueHo no BpeMe Ha ocBo6oahr€nHara BoiHa or PycKara rono-
rpaocKa cnyx6a 3a xParK, cpoKoBe.
I
,3BlnpeAHo
Pa6orHhre
rpyfl,
ycacrBysar MHoro 6rnrapr. Ha flnout oKono 170000 kB.KM. ca pa3s,rr 25 reoAe3rcs, Bepqfu c 1274 wtiaatyl,1 oKono 350 ronorpaock, op4ruHana s Ma'qa6 I:42000. feoAe3yqHara Mpexa e 6hna cslp3aHa
c
aBrpyricKara x pycKara, karo 13 xoaHara rolxa e 6ffa orHeceHa KlM nynKo3cKara o6cepBaroprF. npor3BoAcrBoro Ha xenF3o 17
nocreneHHo 3anaaa noa sa3aeicrsnero Ha KoHkypeHqrFra H3 aoMeHHoro npor3Bo4clBo, Koero H€ Moxa aa Ha"
Mep, ycnoslrF aa ce pa3sre
y
Hac
l,|
auro
cnea ocso6oxqeHrero. Ero 3auro sa6pFiHoro npoh3aoacrBo e a neKara npoMrlurneHocr, Kl4ero ca Heo6xoarM, no. ManK, KanrranosnoxeHrn. Ha napBo Micro roas e reKcrHnxara npoMxu,neHocr, Koaro a rnaBHtrre npo. n3soasrBeHt1 qeHrpoae nocreneHHo npeMyHaBa Ha MaurHHa rexHonorrF. CrraaBaHero Ha poAGHa rypcKa BoncKa Hyxarre or o6neKno }l xpaHa
,
xoiro
cx''' {6Krop,
rnacKa pa3Brrrero Ha reKcr"nHara npoMhuneHocr (69). KrM Kpaa Ha nlp8ara nono6rHa Ha 19 3eK pa3nprcHaroro 3aHaFr'16icKo flpox3.
soacrso Aocrrra KynMrHaq4f,ra Ha cBoero p.3sur{e. oraenHy cenrqa rMar no noaeqe or 1000 3aHaarqr;cKn npeanpHFrnF, Karo 3/4 or o6uro 12O 3a{aaft € 3a croKlt 3a MacoB nnacMeHr. HanpHMep, E Kaproso oure Ao KprMcKara BonHa uv'a 70
Maicropr.nnariap,i c no 4.5 AbpseHh craHa. EceKH Maicrop AaBa aHes'
Ho npor3Boacrso or 2 rona no 20
raKfr, l1n,
aHeaHoro npotr3BoacrBo Ha rpaAa e 3000 raKrr. OmeH rsx B rpaAa pa6orFr 20 pa6orrnHrq, c no 25 6acMa!)auu x 7-8- Kanor, c no 4
re3rFxa, Kor4ro AdBar no 700 rona
Klpn, roarlrHo. B CaMoKoB or 5000 rvu,,lr, c reKcrrn ce 3aH'4Masar 2000 xeHr, ,Ma 380 a6aaxr!, 120 ranraHaxn4, 160 Myra+qh,, a s Konpuslrrqa or 8000 Ayur'r c.Mo B a6aAxrn' crBoro pa6orFr 1500 Ayuri. TaKa 18
BrnH€Hrir reKcrrn ,3nrca Ha nap. Bo Mncro x craaa Boaeq B npoMnuneHoro pa3Brrre. oqe npeay KprMcKara BoiHa 3ano'rsa rpynNpaHero Ha
3sHatrqrH s roneM, npeasprRrra. Taka HanpeMep B 6LnrapcKoro npeApa6o" npuar|,r',e t'Kanax't s uap$rp8A
rnr
HaA 100O
3,1
6!nrap,
urrffqr.
npeAnpveMqn-
Bce no.qecro npeanarat
ua6n, 3anoqBar aa srpoFr 6a6prxn, opraHrs6par aKqroHepHl.l apyxecrBa.
npe3 3Gre roArh, B nnoBArB AraHac floMlolrrepAaH opraHh3rpa eAHa
npexoafla oopMa Ha npoh3soacrso
or
-
pa3nFcHara MaHrsakrypa KaM npoMrluneHo np€anprFrhe. Ha eaHo Mrcro sMHata ce nepe, coprrF, pa3BnaqBar
BnprAa u 6odaucBa, cnea
Koero ce npeaaBa Ha rBKa{rre. opraHrcvpaHero Ha nlpsara oa6prka Ha Ao6p, XenF3Koa Oa6prKaaxnFra s Cr'as€H ape3 1834 r. ce FsFBa Karo 3asapurex Ha noarorsrrenHrn nepr. oA, C noMorqra Ha raiHo Aode€eHy Moaerx n {acri4 Ha MaurHe !r crop}-
xeHra x 6naroaapeHre Ha KOHCrpyKrop,
roi
opraHrcrpa Sa6prxa c 12 npeAa'lH' Mau.'l1H' 3a r*Ka r 8 3a Ae6ena nper(Aa. 8 MexaHu'rHu craHa, nespHa, xenBaPHa, alpBoaercKa pa6orenHrua,, 143non3aa c€ a {no aaHHla Ha AMn 6ve, noceim da6. pnxara np€ 1837 r. npe3 1853 r.6a6prKara pa3nonara clc 100-120 arp6eH. naHoBe 6 "xaBy3" (pe3epsoap) Ha CenrurKara peKa, Ko;ro e nlpso-
ro cloprxeBke aa
3a
crxpa
nPe3 ManoBoa4flra. xpaHrndulero
e 6rno c BMecrrMocr 1000 Mr, 06. nrqoBaHo c KaMeHH, nnoq!. ao Hero
e rM6ro neparHs x
cyurrHn,
np€
1834 r. B CnraeH tr n.Harppvure e 6nn no3nar craH rrn "CaMoner", aBa fllry no-61p3 or o6rKHoBeHvF ArpBeH craH, c nprcnoco6neHre 3a 3aABrxaarc To3la craH e rcrcK8ar noBeqe SffiM.
qecK, ycrnyF l. e 6rr o6cnYxBaH rtaaHo or Mlxe (62). Oure npes 1830 r. Ao6p, XenF3Kos 6iBe)qa KoHcrpyMpaH or Hero AapaK c MHoro Ao6pr noKa3arenr. X€rs3KoB 6rn eHepr{qell, c rsopqec'<a OaHra3"f, q oqe roraBa oprasr3r4pa rxnHa Oa6pn'<a c AapaKHa orKprro, npe3 '1848 r. crroBere Ha floMrourrepAaH orKpnsar B c. llepMeHAepe (nlpBeHeq) npeAaqeH rlKaqeH
r
qex, AapaKqniHrqa, 6oFAXriHrqala
TenaBtrqa c BoAno Koneno c MoulHoct 25 K.c. npe3 1A72 L ABaH Kanna3a.
noB r3pa6oraa nap6rR "MexaHy'rer" aapaK 3a BnaceBe Ha BrrHa c aoaHa cuna. npe3 1869 .. B TlpHoso AotHo
BhKeHre yperqa KonprHeBa Oa6pxpa6orflr 500 MoM6'rera, cloprxeHa c MoaepHl, {rarllascKl,r roqhnHh, napHa MaulrHa l,l napeH Ko.
ren or ABcrpffi. C ra3,
MauJrHa na-
para Ha8rx3a B 6}nrapck Ha rHAycrprF.
no rosa speMe dvHKr.lroHrpar 6 oKoro 20 MoaepH, napH, MerHr.(y lBuArH, CBuuroB, Pyce, npe3 neprora 1834'60 r. ce 13rpax4ar okono 20 npor3BoacrBeH, npeanpuFrHF'
rxH,Ka. AoKaro
npeAh roBa 6arpe Hero e noqrn eahHcrBeHoro BanpaBre-
Mr8, npe3 ro3x nepnoA ce G3aaBar 6a6p,Kr, B korio ce np qecka rexHororrF. oqe npes 17 s- s Conor aBcrpriq, napcKa oa6prka 3a flpoh3soacrBo Ha omKoHu 3a po3oBo Macno. PaiHo nonoBu{ cLo6lraEa 3a crlKnap, B KapnoBo u Conor, xoxro nperoflFBar
u
npepa6orEar qaurr. Or 1855
r. 6yHKq'4or"1pa fa6crrKro 3 caMoKoB. npe3 1870 r. B CaMoKoB e orKprra la nlpBara Oa6puKa 3a Kr6prr. nLpBl4f,r onrr 3a npox3soacrBo Ha xaprrF e phka 3a
or AHr€n nofloa npes 1865 r. 3 c. Kunroapeso, TlpHoscko. Toi HanpaBeH
3aKynYsa ynorpe6FBaHa MenHrqa 3a xaprnF or ,1rannF, cneqqanHa rexHorof{n 3a nony{a8a, He Ha Kaua or flapqanr.
npe3 1850 r., no ,HhqrarhBa Ha yHrapcK, eMrrpaHru, e rcp.6oreHa or MecrHrre xene3ap, tr 6!{Baps
qsna ,HflanaqrF 3a npor3Boacrao Ha 6|pr. MeAHrnr K.3aH e c sMecrrMocr 500 n|rpa. noaBssar ce MHoro pa6o-
rrnH{q,l (qecro o6a6nEaHr Karo O.6prK'd 3a 6apyr lc rcnor3saHe Ha soaHa crna), cseqoneapHr, cnrproBapHx, 3a s{Ho oqaersBaHe Ha Koxy. Oco6eHo crnHo ce pa3sl{Ba napdo, Mepuii./'afa , canyHeHara npoMrurneHocr. Oqe npeA, 18 seK Ha 3sflaA c€ npc, po3oaolo Macno. c€Mrr€ cronaH[ Ha po3oB, rpaAsHy pa3flonarar r c ascr(r€p|, lKa3aHs, Hdi.qecro c BM6crrMocr ll0 nrrp3. MoHrrpaHN no! Hasecr) , np€ 1851 r, ca npors3e4eH, 30m00 Mycxana (1500 l<r,)
Oqe npe3 Bropara qerslpr tla 19 E. OpaHKrep3,"re, MoaHxre urr-
q, nrpB, alaexlr
crporrencrEo y cenrqHo 6na. roycrpoicrBo. HacrLosar 6rF!a n pa3Ho
Maurs6Hu apxureKrypHo.rpaaoycrpoicl6eHh r3M€HelrnF. EKcnnoaraqxFTa lla rnaBHrTe nrTlqa cnoMara
Hr, Hape4 c M8oroqBerHoro rlKaHe c'4 npo6rsa nlr , qaMnoBaHero (6oFAt<xncrBoro) . rnasHo Ha 6a3ara
3a ooopMFHe Ha rpaAose c koMnaKr-
Ha pL'rHr.r arpBeHy
Ha
ce orn€qarEar
nno8ArE, Crapa 3arooa, 8apHa, lllyMeH, Pyc€, nneB€H, TlpHo€o. Blnpe-
dr.ypnre, npe3 1835 r. HrKona KapacronHoB orkpxBs B caMoKos nrpBaia 6urapcKa neqarHr(a, 3aeAno cLc conyHcKara neqarBrua Ha
xa!x,
Teo.
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nnaHoBa crpyKypa
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crcreMH, rprxr4 "cHrMKx
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Ha Hac€neHrre Mecra, 3acrpossaHero e npo[3sorHo, c l13secrHo perynxpaHe Ha ynhqrre cnea qecrxr€ noxapl1, ynrqrre ca c Hacrrnka or osantsl. p€{HH KaMrHy, la
6€ rporoapr, cl,c cpeAvnnqHfi Boaocroqr. B peAk, cny{a, ca crpoeH, qacrHh nprMrr,sHx K.Hank l"r"prcr") ,
a3seAeH" Ha ynhqara. (641.
Hai-orapua 6urapcnu apxtrresrypeEs fiorfiypcb, Ibme apxrrrexls
f, lfoa.po3t.
r !!arFrra :Ir:+:r': ,i::r,:!. ::r i. tta{es}
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topcko auntoMatu4ecko
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a2e,.rdo My*{ 6 ourrpcxob
0oorloud ororrpnecs: MachBi{rre 3laHhF B rpaAosere ca AxaMrrre, Ka3apMrre, "xaMaMl,1re" (6.H,), 3arBop"re l"xa"caHu"') u HFKou AbKFHr. He ce crponi kynrypHr rtscrrryrr, o6qecrBeH, rpaarHu, cnoprHr arprqa. xorenh ca "xaHoBere" (&). EceKu roaa ,Ma oOopMeH qeHrlp|a caplllrF. nnouraalr e qernplrlneH (paaxo rprrrr neH) h e or 3HaqeH"e 3a xrsora Ha 'a3KntoqHrenHo cenuqero,
npoe<rbL notwun nbpea Ha.Fda
Ha
ap rt re k f ypHo u Hxe H epHu a koH k y pc
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Ha
66nzapcKoro a63paNadHe".
clc conraHa orpaAa B. nrHHFra Ha dacaaara y or. Bop€Ha c qapaaqr, npo3opqu F crrnqara sacaaH" creHr,
6rura KIM srrpellHara rpaauHa, xapaKrepHa 3a npeaBHpoxaeHcK4s eran, npeMrHaBa npe3 18-19 s. KlM
l4rMe6F ce o6urxFr apxhreKrypeH Bua Ha xrnur4Hrre K6apran, u Maxanr.t136op!r Ha repeHa, cao6pa3f,BaHero c nphpoaHnre aaaeHocrs, Bfl pNoro KoMno3uLrqoaHo BKnocBaHe Ha qf,noro cenrlte B oxonHara cpeaa, pa3noroxeHuero Ha crpaaqre, ,3 6oprr Ha ynrqHara Mpexa, u3nonBa.
roneMr npeacrasqrenHla nocrpoixH Ha 2'3 eraxa 3a nxcHu, o6urecrBeHu 11 csercK14 HyxAq, orBopeH, KaM ynrqara, vkpacea,r c HaHr3u or npaBolrlnHl,, $nrHAph{Hg 14 koHyco-
Hero Ha peKrre 14 rexHrre 6perose odopMFr xrsonrcHrF o6n,K Ha Ha' uiara apxureKrypa or oHoBa BpeMe. Crapara AlpBeHa 6anKaHcKa apxareKrypa, clc sarsopeHq ori<aM ynr.
crpaarre orpa3asar HapacrHanoro 6naroclcro8Hue u caMoqyBcrBre Ha roMonprr€xarens {65) . Bcr{x,, K! ut, ce ornxqasar c noaqepraHa rHAr4
20
BaaH{ epKepr. NlaKap apxrreKrypHo' crpoHrenHara rpaatqxa, 3auhreHa or
narprapxanHria xrBo'r,aa e 3ana3eHa,
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r.),
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Mocra Hs p. PocMqa npla CeBnre-
Bo (1857'58 r.), Mocra Ha p. BHrpg npx Sina (1865-67 r.) , alpseHrn floKprr Mocr Ha p. OclM B rloseq
tliilJill|Nit
(1862'74
r.l
B pearqa apyru o€,eKrh
ipKo ,3pa3eio cr{erafiHe Ha l4Hx€HepHo croplxeare tl apxvreKrYpa, c Korro cl,l cneqenEa 9MeTo Ha earH or poAoHacanHrqhre Ha HoEo6lnrapHa
cKara qrpxoBHa v rpar{aaHcKa apxrreKrvoa, npoarnxaBaiKH rparuqHFra Ha rprr(opa6H€ra 6a3"nu,Ka, lon
I
peka EHrpa Kpad .p. 6ena, u3. npe3 1865 lA67 ..
Mocr'r
Hd
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or H. ouea
v Hx, KoHaqu, 6onHrqr, nour, ylacrBy. Bar f,pe4uMHo 6Mrapr. Ho oco6eHo yqacrnero Ha 6!nrapu-
Bce no-qecro ce nofiBfl66 yn,r'1' (c ra3eHx naMnr) no
Kpacrosrurara Ha rnaBHrre ynl{qr 3a rpaaosere Pyce, BapHa, TlpHoBo, Co$,i. Beqepflo speMe xopara ce
a8nxar c deHepH s plKa. Ta3eHoro
cpe3 BHocHrl ,yKco3H, naMnh B rrproscKrre14 3aHaf,rcHncKh K!!rr, !oKaro B 06rk-
HoaeH re aoMoBe ra3€Hrl
KaKro B xHArBuayarHoro, raKa
h B o6qecr8eHoro crpoxrencrBo
ce
u3FsFsa rBopeecKvBr crpoureneH re Hxn Ha 6!,rrapxEa. B crporYercrsoYo Ha crpaAx 3a Hyxaure Ha rvpcKara aaM,lHrcrpaqrF - xa3apMr, Kanera,
rxaMvs, Meapecera (rypcx, ayxoBHla yqvnuqa), xaHoBe, 6e3xcreHr, 6a-
re s
'
crpoxrencrBoro Ha 6lnrapcK, KynroBh x o6urecrBeHl,l crpaaq, Kor' ro cyBcrsrrerHo 13MeBFr 06rrKa Ha rpaAosere. ToBa ca apxnreKrypHo-
rparoycrpoicrBeHure KoMno3rutrla Ha MaHacr,rpcKrre fpaxaaHero Ha qlpKsu, yqunquta, aroKFHu, Maa3, (cKnaaoBe), 6onH,uq, 'iacoBHrKoBu Kyn, { r.H, B flnrr' Ho 3acrpoeHrre 3aHaFrcrnckh
uricK,
,
qap.
yn6ch 3axrsFBa nynca
Ha
rpaacKra xesor. H3FsFsar ce MHoro
6rnrapcKr crpohren!. Oco6eHa nonvrFpHocr npfiao6sBa HrKona Orcea, nocrporln qerhpr,4eTaxHaTa crpas TrpHoso {186067
aa Ha KoHaKa
21
3aMeHn ArpBe|rre raBaH{ E qapk€I4' Te c MSC,|aHO 3aCSOAFSaHe, BaSOf,la
nepuoa Ha 6ap3o hHAvcipranHo pa3BNr{e Ha crpasara t npoqec fla n}p.
KepaM{qHara npoMrlrneHocr. Te ca cLcpeaoroceHH rnaaso B fpaaoBere
no Oaca{rre 'ineHeH!€ c}c cnen, ap' KaaH, cr3aaBa cBoF aoxrreKrvpHa Kofiqenq6F 6 Henosropr4Ml,| apxxrex-
BoHacarHo Harpyn6aHe Ha Kanfiana.
CoO,rF. CnrBeH, fa6poBo
BoaocHa6ffBaHero Ha ce iurara crasa qpe3 qeurMr.r,.rpr rpaBrraqrosHo reqeHre fla Boaara, Tpb6onpoBoarre ca kePaMrqH, hne arpBeHl|. B crpaHara Bf,Ma Hrro earH cny'iai H. MoaepHo aoaocHa6aFaaHe noa Hanop y c eraxHo o6cnyx6aHe. repaHrre cH
Pa3Brriaero Ha Kanrranr3Ma B 6an-
raprE ce noAnoMara qysciBmerHo or nokpoBsTencTBeHaTa Arpxaaara, or e4Ha crpaHa,
xpenocraBaHero
x
Ha
,
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npeMaxBaHero Ha ociraHcKoro BraarqecrBo/ or apYr8. npoMruneHoro cL'
oplxasase €€ ocLqecrsFsa npearMHo qp€ ycr4reH sHoc Ha MauhflHa
o€raBar eaHl,| or Hai-urrpoko pa3npo-
crpaHeHrre soaor3roqH{qM. xapaKrepHa e uJrpoKara pa3rpocrpaHeHocr Ha crpoHrencrBo Ha qeurM, He caMo E
paioHa Ha fiac€neHrro Me
srH iFx
- kpat nareqara n ao rusopnre. ll4Horo or rFx ca qeHHu apxr. rekrypHl1 npou3BeaeHrF. Cnea Ocro60xlreHrero 3anoqsa
22
sn{aHne Blpxv pa3fprul N'r{ecKo rsopqecrBo s}rpe a crpaHara. npe3 l91l r. B slnraprn ca perxcrprpaHu 345 Oa6puKy c oKono 16
xrnFAl1 pa6orlrrllrl. ToBa ca npea,
npeanpkFrri
s
06xp6HrrerHara, xn-
MniecKara. Aw3006pa60rEaqara,
n
BapHa
loxono nonoBrHara), Korlo
oSopMFr
ce
Karo rnaBHh npoM,urneHu qeHrpoBe Ha srpaHsra. Karo qnro 11
SlnraprF
cta ocraBa arpapHa crpaHa
crc cna6o pa3anra MeranyprrF
mBoacrso
M
npo.
Ha
llro €aBa okono 2.4 % or o6uroro npoMsun€rlo npor3Boacrso Ha crpaHara, l\rsLirrHHffir napK ocrasa Bce oure 6e-
aeH, I alpxaBnl1F 604 npe3 1880 r. ca pa6orutn 62 Ayun. 3aao!!r pa3nonaran c eaHa napH3 MaUrrHa, etHa nonoBxHToHoBa Ba-
rpaHKa, eaHH 6aHqrr. B clqoro speMe roBa npeanpvFrre ce cqrra Karo ra
eaHo 116
or aoaeqhr€ y
MauirHocrpoeH€ro.
Hac a
o6nacr-
oT PUCvBAnHOTO vqUtUAE ,qO XYAOI(ECTREHATA AKMEMUE
aarHo yeuruqe, Ho nopadu nunca docramvHo y.ceBurtu udeqra My
Ha
He ce
oc6qecfeaea. np* 1967.. H. nae. noeu.t orneqarea rceecrHara tu 6po-
uypa
"3aeedeHue 3a taBonuc", e Koafo oTHoeo uf.Kea Heo6xoduMo-
npeAu oBo6oxdeHuero o, fypcKo poGcreo Bo6pa3ufetHofo Hu u3Kycfeo ce Pa3euea nod etuauue aa au.aiiBfuiicKofo u Ha dpeeHofo rpaKudcKo u3kycfeo, Hoceqo caou cnaaqHo66n2apcKu eneMeHru. no roea epeue HEMa ylunuqa. MNo-
zoaponnufe 6.nrapcKt! xydoK4urtu-
jorpafu ce
o6yeaeaf
HaaHuicKu pa6ofunHullu,
a
Kunuu-
MaHacfupu, a HRKoU
ot rFx - e
MaHacfupu e6H of cfwHam u no-Kncgo e Pycu4, repMaHuE
u
dpyzu crpaHu. Te ca o6eduHeHu e uKogonucHu u w36apcKu cdpyteHua, npepacfHatu TpeeHegcKa, Ca$oKoecKa. Ae6npcKa, Pa3noxka. Kouro c.3Aaeaf fpa-
e
pa3euruero Ha u3aqHoro u nputoxHoro nKycrco, Heo6xoAuMoctra or Bdu2aHero Ha Bo6pa3uretqofo Hu u3Kycreo paeHuqe ce eyecrea oqe npedu Oceo6oxde4uero or xydoxHuqu Karo CraHuctae AocneecKu u HuKoran naenoauq. Ot4e e nerep6ypz Aocneecku npaeu onuru 3a ofKweaHe Ha pucyearHo yqutuqe e 66nzapur- no-K.c4o ce onurea da eLeede npenodaaane no pucyntoeduecKofo yeuruqe. Ho u fyK ,te cnony,lea. np$ 1864 .od. naenoeuc ce sacerea e crapa 3a2opa, TyK foi u3da6a no3ua 3a ocHoaaea4e Ha pucy-
duquu
cffa of ofKpueaHe Ha xydoKecreeHo yruruqe 3a esnuraHue u ooyee4ue Ha xydolauqu no o6paseu Ha eeponencKurc aKade6uu. 'CaMo e Eac
nuwe naenoeuq
-
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e ocfaHaro fosa da ce 3aqu-
faea f6 y6edurenHo, Ko2afo ebe ecu|Ku dpyzu npaeocnaequ Hapodu c6c esBaHue ce ioqe Henpektcllaro zoHur u npaeafa Kna" cucecKa eeuuHa ko aiAeoqeqa u ynpa,ffiEeMa". U naenoeus u AocneecKu patyeaf 3a orkpuaaHe Ha xydotecfeeHo y4unu4e - cpeduure 3a e.3nuraHue Ha feopqu c eKyc u asMo)KHocfu,
ofzoeapaqu Ha cbepeMeHHofo pa3autue Ha tueora. CteA OceoaotdeHuefo ra3u Hpda ce rcocfpR. Mtadara 66n.apcKa u4renuzeiquR enBa e c'npuKocHoaeHue c eeponencKara kynrypa. Ha3paea heo6xoduMocffa
or
o6ywHue Ha Kadpu 3a o6n@Rea-
tlu cLc cotudHu
3Ha4un
e o6nacffa
ha pucyHKara, Kotopura u u.zparKdaHero Ha $opMara e Hoeopaseueaqafa ce wdycfpua. AKrueHo cpeduu.p Ha Hoaure udeu u reeegua e Apq{ecraorc 3a
noAdhpnHe
Ha
utKycreoro s Ebn-
.apun. ocHo(nHo np8 1892 zod. 01 ueaH uluuMaHoe, UeaH MtpKeutKa,
AHroB Muroa u dp. I dauxeflueio ta ofKpueaHe Ha wcyeanHo yeutuqe,
KoHcfrHtuH BenuaKoe,
ouo@w R A6p-
@Hofo pucy@Ho wunuqe e co6ut. noprpet or rpoat,
,..
B.
M6px.uek.
Haveno c KoHcfaHfuH Be,ueKoe rozaea MuHucfbp Ha Hapodaoro npoceeqeHue - ce qitcf of Hauara u,fenuzeHuua.
K. BeruqKoe esnaza Ha Apy*ecreoto 3a nodd6pxaHe Ha uKycfeofo e 66t2apu4 da
KoHonpoeKf 3a opzaHwupaHe A\pxze H o pucyeamo ylun u qe.
Ha
R saKoHonpoeKra, eHeceH e HapodHoro cb6paHue, 3a orKpueaHe Ha
yeutuqefo e co6uh
e onpedeteHa
xyaoxctu4u no
- ywrenu u yqurerKu no pu' cwaHe, eepfaHe, KpacHonuc aa zu&Ha3uufe, cneauanHurc -
pucyeattu no pasHure Kto-
Hoee Ha xydoxeefaeqafa u4dycfpun 23
fuxoaonrcqu, p*6a, dekoparueHo u3Kycreo, KepaMuKa, snafaPcfeo, hKalHa uHdycrpur u np.l". Aea dokyMeHra .oeopqr y6edureDHo 3a nbtuoro crpaHa Ha nbpao4ocufetufe Ha uoea-
fa ta pucyaanHo y.tunuqe
Ha pone-
ycrea a N3eufuefo Ha Kyrrypara Ha Hapodure
u
oco6eqoro uM sHatpHue 3a
u
creoro
Ha 6a3afa na MauuHHo npou3-
eodcrao u c Wacruero Ha Hat-wraKHaruE xydotoluqu. "Toea e (6n-
zapckoro 3aHaa4udcrgol coltudHo xydorccreeHo Hacredcreo, Koero rp6ea da ce c*paHaea u pa3euea, ako xenaeM 66n2apcKaB Haqun da
dy-
ce hapedu cryd KynrypHure crpaHu
B "U3roteHue a Horueue no
np4 e. Ahroe Murce nyatuKyea '899 "Peqep2r 3a pucyean-
cfpuRra u ftp.oauafa.
3aKoHonpoeKfa
3a
orKpueaHe
Ha
Anqaeno pucyaanHo yvuruae C,OUR
ue:
K. RetusKo. eulda noaehnulHoro pa3gurue Ha 3aaantwd-
"
e
KoqcraHruH BenuqKoe nu-
"OohpHere osure cu ebpxy ecu't.
Ko, Koerc myxu Ha eoeeKa e Nreofa
My: ebpxy Hezoeurc opd(Ua u celuea, e6pxy He?oaure c6doee u noKht4suHai etpxy He.oeufe xarnuqa u xpa-
acueKo eue
qe audure
uaeecwu nracrurccKu 6opMu, weecrHu 3aKoHu na nu4uEfa u 60ufe, BeecrHo ecferurecKo cfpeMteHue K6M
xy6aeoro
u
npueneKaren4oro. 14 KonKoro noeeee e eucoKa Kynfypara Ha eduH Hapod, Konk KO CfOu Ha Clananoro Ha queutu3aquara, ronKoea Hezoeure Bdetua u
nponeedeuuq Hocnr e6e iopMure My eKyc, Ha ucruHcKoro
Hure u xydoxecreeHo-npoMuwreHure yeutlur4a". R peiepera y6enurer. Ho u ap.yMenrupano ce dokasea
Heo6xoduMocrra or xydo!rccreeHo ylutuqe, nod.lepraea ce, qe ukycreoro He e nyKc, a Moe'ur dakrop tluButusaquai jaqoro e pa36upaeMo ot scueKu xorg 6e3 pa3nuKa Ha zpaMorHocr u *uK. ll
@xoxdanKu
or 6aKra, qe
creoro ynpatonaa Mo.6uo
"u3Ky6razo-
2AU". 24
ndetuc e pucyHKara
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rcea e axcuoMa, Ha KoFfo no'tuea coaeuKara npo-
t
R psytrar Ha ycutuFra Ha eudHure Haruu KynrypHu u odqecreegu denqu npes 1908/1909 rod. Pucyaat. Horo ytutuqe npepacrea e A6pxaaHo xydeKecreeHo-uhdyctpuanHo
8
ytu-
cbt4oro epeMe, Koearo npu-
noxHure BKycraa ce ate€,(dar Karo we64a ducrluntuHa e Xydoxecree-
Ho{ HdycrpuatH oro
yqu nu ue. Hau u -
re saHaafu wateEeaf rctcKa xpu3a.
CteA Oceo6otdeHuero y Hac wupoKo
pa36upaHe
na3apuqa Ha ceefa u oH3u Hapod 6uaa no6o2ar u cteaoearen4o Han+uneH u Mo.
Ha
u3kycr6ara Kbn npoMuuneHocffa. 3a da Motc aawara crpaHa de HanpedHe e uidycrpuarno A. Muios u3ftkea, qe ocHo.tara Ha
.lJrr$trt,lrJ tr rtt l;rkr-uBit|r ro e cturuJo (.lf.ritclto n|.rr p[t] a(ll.rr r( lrll.lli.r l|lxrtllirl.l, (_[litrB] tr :ti| ,utnli ||(\1.\:t.o_l|ls. nporpa.a 3a nptnoAe.armra r) 6L O6urxi xypcr. I
3Haere xy6aaure utdenu4 ce npednoturar npu edHaKeu ycnoeuq or no2p@Hure u no-zpy6urc, ro u npou3eedetru4ra Ha raK6e HapoA cc pat-
no ecuexu
Ha "y\utuqe 3a nrNcnoco64eaHe
lV. 3axnrxn H npgno.qa3eHHn.
eeeHo xy6aeoro. U
npodagar
reopHo etuaHue e6pxy uHdycTpuafa, lo e.pxy 6o2arcreara Ha Haqodufe" npenopiqaa c&daeaHero
ctedoeafe
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ratu,
no K po
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uret crea
Hu or 6bn2apcKure ynpae4uqu,HaMupar 6naronpuRr4a norca 3a cudaea-
He aa aKquoqepHu
u
KoMafldufqu
dpp{ecrea, Kouro cyftuAupar Hoeoc*dadeHure QapouKu, rqx c6ou ptKoeodurenu-cyxdeHqu u ebeexdaf nponeodcfeo or tpzdutluure Hii Hawefo xydo|e cteeHo Hactedcreo. cyxdo no 6op, Ma
te
u yKpaca
Ha Hapoda. n3n6tHununa3apa HeMcKu 6a6puKatu ce
npueMar ot xannahHoro o6qecreo c oreopeHu o6EruE Kafo "Moda" da zneda c npeHe6pe, HapodHo reopee,
crcoi ccufadKu zo 3a npocro iaHaqreuncrco, HedocronHo da 3aeMe
Mqcro 3 "ModHun?6br?apcKu doM. Taea ce orpa$ea zu5er|o etpxy
Haaure xydoxecreeHu 3aHaqtu, eapxy HapodHofo Hu ujKycfeo, Kpenuno eeKoee Haped, e Han,rex
Kure dHu Ha ochaHcKoto poqct,o u Haqu oHat H oocao6odu retH u 6op6u, HauuollanHoro Hu edu4cfoo, dyxa u BapaB y Hapoda. Toea BeneHue eHac4 cep o3qo 64noKodcfeo cped npozpecueHara oaaecreeH.tcr. Ho HenHGf noeuK 6btzapcKoro HaquoBanHo u3Kycreo He HaMupa ongyK cped fozaeau4L re ofeoeopHu oakfopu.
B tnu KputucHu :ta Hauero u3Kycfeo 2oouHu of xyt)orecree|o-
uHdycfpuarqoro Wutuqe ce nucKea da u3uzpae cnacuretHa ponq Kato qeHftp Ha xydoxecrceBara Kytry-
Sta2odape4ue Ha ycunu1n Ha npozpecueHo HacfpoeHufe npenoda, eateru u Ha agrcputeft Ha yqunuqe,
ro, yfenpduno ce K o Baxe| {Ek. rop ia KynrypHoto pa3eufue Ha Ha uafa crpa4a, np* t92t/1922 .od. fo e npu3Hafo 3a sucue yee6Ho 3a" eedeHue A.,pres1axydoxecraeHa 25
npoaea. npu roea
notoxeHue
1924 ?od crPYKrYPara Ha AKadeMu4fa nqeftPnqea u3Me'
ofdennr 3a nputoxHu utKycrea caM uMa Hyxda or noMoq 3a o64oene
HeHue
Hue. Tod He e e c&roaHue da noMor4e Ha EnadHatufe e 6$nbruua 3aHaareuu. Te, yeteceHu of n@uKa 3a ModepHBaqua u a rbpceHe Ha
npB
- o60co6naaf ce aaa ofiena: ofden 3a u3FtuEU ntacrue u u3Kvcfea u ofden 3a npunoxHu usKy AoKaro ordenbr 3a u3rqBu ujKycrea ce parcuaa c 6bryu feM' noae,
ofden'r 3a npunoxHu usKy' 3 Hanped'K.
Yre6HuFr npoqec Ha HenpasunHu nduauu. R afetueto no KepaMuKa ce cMara, ce c ynofpe'
no4sruHo npoBeodcreo, 3a da ycro' Eear ha eeponencKufe 6a6puKaru, ce enycKaf no necH6 u 64ofroeo' peH n6f Ha yKpaca Ha ceoufe nde'
tuR. Bt'pxy rqx ce HaHacRr 66n2aq' cKu weeuqu, nnereHuqu, KonupHu FnoHcKu
u
dpYzu Morueu. TaKa Ba'
6ara Ha weeuqara u nreftAuuara Ka' fo deKoparueeH eteMeHr, orkonupa' Hu ebpxy ?oroeu 6opMu,ce B'Epnea 5bnzapcKuR crun. Ta3u deKoqa4uR ce nputaza etpxy ecu.tKo - nopqe'
pod6t Hu ce npuycea da r6qcu u KY' nyea 6seKycHu u nuwesu or xydo'
crvdeHfufe ce BucKea caMo npequ3 Ho KonupaHe Ha Modeta u eHuMarcn'
xydokecfeeH eKyc.
u3nbn're|ue. B arcnuefo no p*6a &qo He ce usucKea reopqecKa 26
x@cfee4a cronHocf Edetua. npeHe6pez\a ce edHa or HanaaxHure 3ada' .tu Ba
u3Kycreofo
da e63nurcea Ha' fexHuR
podHu,e Macu, Karo ndura
KpBara e ordeta no npunor' Hu uiKycfea ce 3ad6n6otaea. Are' nuefo no en6a u daHfetu Karo Heo'
nooexru Ht crydetru or Cne M a6pft@doto pucy@H. yunuqe npes
y46ME
1904
-
1905 zoduHa.
no tha ape e Cneq@Huqr KytE R yeu-
,uqeto
o6xeaq fN ofd uKoft ,o xydox@reda xe uK@a no 646a u uK@ no pH.
e
dokopatopu, paMuKa,
npaedaeaqo ceoero xydoxecreeHo
e 1932 ,od. a odena 3a u3Kycfea peHHu npoMeHu. qpej KoHKypc e HeEdea
nwolHu
Kadpu - xydotuu4u4nequatucfu, easnufaHurru Ha Xydokecree4ara aKadeMuF, noeru ecuqKu cnequanu3upanu
c aupok
e
eyx6u-
nozted u npaeunHo pa36upaHe Ha ctuHoctra Ha npunoruure Bkycrca. npoMewr ce ha,
yeeAtufe ntaqoee
u
npozpaMu
.
Ha
crydeufufe ce daea euMoxHocr da xydotecreeBu ta-
tox6u u da spacraat Karo rcopqu Ha eucoKo xydorccfee4o, peanucfueHo
ujkycreo. B arenuero no ce ofxatpnaf zofooure
KepaMuKa
nopqetaHoeu eeponedcKu Moderu u KonupKu. Pa6otu ce c MecreH Ma-
fepuan, Kafo ce c*daaaf
pa3Ho-
o6pa3Hu 6opMu u deKoparuaHu KoM.
n@uquu. Bneexdar ce p
Huqufe-nputottHurtu. qp* caoufe reop6u re nponaza$dupar wduzaheHaquoHarHo u3ky-
creo. np* 1931 2. ce orkpuea xydotecreeaa keryMuwa nnox6a, O6pa3yea ce dpyrcecreo Ha xvdorF HuKu c6o6pa3Ho
B6H
or
AKadeMuRra o64oau.
renBUEf npoqec e nputoxHufe u3KYctBa 3anowa ot4e nqdu 1932 2. npedcfaeaf eKcnoHafu, 27
dyn Ha HapodHoro reopeecfeo, eb3KpecRaauu cfapu fexHuKu
of
HaquoHanH
AuDtoMHu N6oru Ha crvdeHru or chequ.
anHocna "npoMuu,etu 6opMu". oc|dea Hz npd vce6fth 1964 1965 zoduHa.
trr
C zoraM uHrepec ce nocpeL4a u3not(6afa Ha xyOoxHuqufe"npu
npq 1936 ,. I HeF ce npedcfaasf eKcnoHaru of pa3rucHure ceKropu Ha nputoxHoto u3' Kycrea, kou.o pa3Kpueat Kpaco' rara Ha HapooHofo Hu taopeecreo, xv)oxquKa u npe-
DoxHuqu
tJ
rcopeHo a .EpeMeHHu 6opMu. B HaaaE npoMutuneHocr o6aee He ce npoMeHR Hut4o. HRKoU
xydottHuuu npaear onuru da nod' noMo,Har faqHcoeoto u nopqenaBosorc npou3eodcfeo ep* csda saHero Ha 6opMu u deKopaquu e 66n2apcKu
re
crut, Ho
co6creeHuqu'
Ha 6a6puKute ofxenpn4t ,eju
npedtot<eBuq u npodbB<aear npou3' eodcrcorc ha B)etuq c eeqoneicKu 6opMu u KonupKu. npu ycnoeuara
3 Ha KanuratucrueecKara d'pxaea e RKDneeHo npurotuure u3Kycrea da ujnbnHRt ceoero npedHa34aseda ce cebpxe BKycreorc c npoMuuneHocrfa u da e*dedcfea no ruu HaquH e6pxy xydo$ecrceHaft
Kynfypa ha
Hapoda,
c'ureepeMeHqo u 3a uHdycryuanHofo u3duzaqe Ha Hauara crpaqa. npu ro2aeauHufe couuatHu yctoeua xydo-
xecreeiata aKadeMua $Ma
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6eHo ce orHaca 3a apxrreKrypHoro odopMneHxe Ha crpaahrc, vrhcHrre
croplxeHrfl - crLn6oBe,
KaHanu-
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Blnpoc 3ce oqe He
HHF
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Ha
r€xHHKara B Ernrap"F,
Te nporxqar slB speMe, Koraro
Ha-
rthor.i.nHoocso6oaurenHoro aBxxeHxe ce 3aparqa, aocrura caoF Bplx h ce 634asar ycnoBxF 3. KanrranrcrrqecKo Pa3Brrre Ha crPaHara. ToBa ca npoqec, cnoxHr, MHorocrpaHHH,3aBhceqx or peAyqa BtHurH, r,t BlrpeuHl4 oaKroptr, npu Korlro y3pFsa 6MrapcKara rexHy x ce nonarar ocHosure Ha 6!nrapcKoro rexHuqecKo rBoprecrao,
9. ro
'I
srrrero
1.
14T
HATAH.
XaK
s!3paxaaHe. CoSxF, 1939.
2.
3BOPblKl4H, A.A. pm rexHnKr. M. 1962. 3. Bbn'lEB, An.. Mn.
xap.
l4cro-
LloHeB
MexaHhcH, cp€acrBa Ha BoaHara eHepfrF npe
6u.apcKoro slp3paxaaHe. foaxulHl4K HA HAq,oHAnHuF cKtr My3en.1973. roM 3.
4.
1927
5.
C. Onilr 3a,lcrocnrseH. c. 1911 -
TAEAKOB,
puF Ha rpaa
fh6EHCK|4,
Xp.
l4crophF
Ha
rpaAa fa6poBo ,4 ra6poBcK$re B!c-
HM. ra6poBo,
6.
1903.
CTOffHOB, 3axap,i 3anxcl<, no 6!nrapcK,re BlcraHha. 1940. 7. AEAAXI4EE, n. BoaHo aeno. CnrcaHre Ha 614AA, l06uneeH c6op, Huk. 1S29. XPI4CTOB,
8.
Hrero
Ha
Xp.
Surapra x no
OcBo6oxae.
78. EAH,
Xeneoao6trBaHe-
BeKoBrero. roanurHuK Ha Hau. no.
10.
MFei.
1912, toNt2.
HATAH, XaK
la
ap.
t4KoHoMri,
Kara H Elnraptra ao coqnanrcrnqec. Kara p€EonE{6a. 1969, roM 1.
11.
BAKAPEnCKI, Xp. OpraHru 6Hr npl4 xene3oao6rsHrre MaAaHr. foarLllHrK Ha Haq. nonr' rexH. My3e;. 1972,1oM2. 3aqxF
14PE'lEK,
K.
KHFxecrBo
KH. 1.
H14KOnOB, T.
rhqH, nPouecr
ElnrapcKoro
-
brnrapcKure 3€Mu npe3 cpeaHo-
nsrexH.
13.
EPATYPA
A.
AXMOB, B
12.
B Hacronurrs Marepran 3a pa3-
34
alpxa8x 1876
t968.
raprF. 1869,
e
Ha rexHrKara y Hac 63xa pa3rneaaH0 caMo oraenHl,1 Banpocu, Korro AaBar 8ai€6ura rpeacraBa 3a npouecure Ha oopMr/panero Ha HaqroHan-
3anaaHyre
Ha
hap.
5rr-
lveraryp-
riauero crapo xe-
ne3o[o6HBaHe.. foahuHxK fa Hau. nonrrexH. MFen. 1972, roM 2. 14. rEOPTI4ES. r. Xen$oao6hBHara xHAycrprF 3 MlpBauKo. EAH, 1953; l4s. TprOoHoB "t4cropr8 Ha xenF3oro B SlnraprF". 1924.
15. LIOHEB, Mn., An. Buqes 36 aFKox KrHeMarrqHfi arHaMu{npl4 MexaHxsMrre foarurHhK Ha Hau. nontrren. Mv3ei, roM 2. 16.
UOHEB,
lun.
X$pr!. 1969.
17.
YHAXI4EB,
C6oroM 6apoH
t4B.
KapnoBo.
EAH, t368.
18.
KPATKA ,cropuf, Ha 6!nrap-
cKara nrreparyPa. 6AH, 1965.
19. KAPABEflOE, fl. Ct6paHr c!'lyHeHya. c., 1966, roM 6, c.65. 20. KAPABENOB, N. npear21.
CTOaHOB,
"3Haiue", 1A74. [I. SurapcKa s!3'
pox,qeHcKa KHHxHrHa, roMoBe 1
l,r
2,
22.
AYHAB, 1873, 6p.
1867, KH.
3;
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9;
ranaa,
1875,6p.2i
I877, 6p.4. TYPU,4F, 1873, 6p.
n3-
roqHo BpeMe,
23.
l4s. EoropoB)
9;
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1876, xH.2.
24.
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6p.
g;
6;
l,43ro,rHo speMe, 1874, KH. 6!nrapcKr4 KHdxhqr, '1858, KH.2j nE6ocnoBrae, 1844, KH. 1; AyHaB, 1865,
l. 25. IlEBAHT 6p
26.
TaiMc, 1874, 6p. 6.
SbnfAPl4H, 1878,6p. 1; AYHAB. 1866, 6p.
AlK, 1875, 6p.
2;
9; Bex,1874,6p. t;
AT[1OCOEPHI,1TE orKpxrrF
cn. 3HaHr,e, 1; HloroH. B-K 3opHr[a,
nerbp
37.
KPt4CTAHOB,
I
l43cneaBaHys
UB.
EcrecrseHo-
ounocoockrrre Ba3rneax
ka nenp SepoH (or 6uruF
1875, 1876,
6p- 1; EreKrpureckara crna ,r HeiHhre qyAecHh
qOHEB, wh. Eanrapu
6perarenu.1973-
39.
c6op-
-
x3o-
OnnAPETOB, CaBa CrarxF
B
UaperparcKla secrHrrK, 1857.
40.
nEXnfiBAHOB,
l4n.
nepne-
roMo6rnlr Ha orqe l\raren. C6opHeK "CneKrbp'1970". Apxus Ha Haq.
41.
nAHA|ZOTOB,
An.
BlneeB
crBoro. cn. nerocrpyt, 1870, Klr.2; nerocrpyn, 1876, KH. 8; 3sanre, 1875, KH. 1; cn. KHHroBrlre, 1875, kH. 1; 3HaHrc, 1975, KH. t, c. 8; c. 8; 3opHrqa, 1a77, 6p. 2; uap.
Crpoxrencrsoro Hanx, orpa3eHo B HaurF s}3pox, aeHcKy nepuoarqeH necar_ Toa_ sa Haq. nonhrexH. MFen. 42. nOnOA, Ac. AsxaquF, roM 1,
8€crHr4K, 1855, 6p. 5.
l4cropxs
29. 30.
nETOCTPYft, 186S, c. 77 CnACOBA,I-ls. An. B}n{eB XrMuFra 6anrapcKrFn€pro4r{eH Bl3poxaeHcKr4
ne'rar.
Toa, Ha Hau.
non,fexH. MFen, 1972. 31. HETEHLIOB, Xp. HapoaHoro sBpaxAaHe ,l yqHnrurero. c6opHrk 1000 roarHu 6}nraprF, 1930.
32.
TOHEB,
L
Ao6pyaxa
npe3
B!3pax4aHero. Bapsa, 1973.
33.
I,IOHEAXI4KOBA,
BeKoBere. 1946. 34, EAPAOBCK14, B,
A.
CoOuF
npe3
{ecKa
[,4aTeMaTH.
reorpadxF. oaeca,1842;
Bce-
Ha
aBraLlrEra. C., 1923.
43. EbIqEB, An. Haurre poxaeHq,
eecKra
B!3-
n
nporpec
pa3Brrr€ Ha Sanrap F. l43sec Ha 6rnr. My3e , roM. 2.
44.
nAPYIIJEB,
lV.
KH.7 x 8.
48.
AYHAB, 1866, Ka. 2
r
KH.4,
1868.
h MareP'ran,. 6AH, 1962. 36. rPO3EB, Tp. OunocodcKhre Ba3rnea$ Ha ner6p 6epoH (or c!0rrs
38. Hanpe-
Ha BonHrcenn. r(H.
5EPOH,
.
Cna-
Llaperp. BecrHrK, 1858, 6p. 8.
28.
35.
HaycH"re
BFHcko 6parcrBo, 1878, KH. 1.
27.
o6qa reorpadrF 3a Aeqa. 6errpaa, 1843 (r ABere KHrfu ca la3aa[eHr or
F
KparbK ocepK
3a pa3Bxrr4ero Ha xuMxsm B ErrFa,
puF. 1'Ba cacr. 6AH, 195S. 45. l4cropx8 Ha Elnraphfl. roM r 961.
46. nPABO roa. 5,6p.9 47. TOAOPOB, n. Brpxy
t,
49.
Ha OopMa 3a o6urecrBeHo,3nonfoa. Ha Haq. flonnrexH. MFei. 1971. 50. 3OPHL,A, 1A77, 6p. 2. 51. KAPABEnOB, Ilo6eH 3anhcKh 3a Elrrapr8 H 6lnraprre. H€a3BaHe Ha BoAxre.
52. KAulEB, Cr. nlrHo aeno. Cn. Ha 5l4AA, K)6HneeH c6opH"k, 1329.
53.
AOPOCI4EB, ,lB. ucrop,F Ha xene3H,urre. 1935. 54. 6OXKOB, Xp. OcBerneHrero no 6r'nrapcKoro qepHoMopre..., foA. nonurexH. My3ei, 1971.
Ha Haq.
55. 56. 57.
nrrero Ha ElnrapnF npea|1 Ocso6oxaeHrelo. cn. Ha 6!nr. xk. a.so, .1915,
TYPUtlF, 1864,6p. 1 AYHAB, 1865,6p. I TxU, Ten€rpa$Ho reneooHHo
'a aeno. Cn. Ha 6144A, l06rneeH c6op-
HuK, 1929.
58-
CTOfttlEB, T. np'aHoctr pycK'.rre ocso6oaxrcnHr Boick,
Ha 3a
Kaprorpao,paHero l]a 6lnrap,F. roA. Ha Hau. nonxrexh. MFei,1972. 59. CTOt'lEB, T. KaprorpaorpaHe Ha 6lnrapcKrre 3eM, ao ocBo6oxAeHuero. foa. Ha Haq- nonerexs. My3en,1972. KAPTHA c6rpKa -TpoFH.
60. 61.
[Jl4u[4AHOB,
!48. ysoa
s
ucropt4Fra Ha 6rnrapcKoro B!3paxaaHe. C6opH,K 1000 roahHx Slnra-
pnF,l930.
62. 3eMeae-
Y3YHO8, 5. T. naftanoroB
BoaRrre crs4rKar, Karo caMo6rr-
CA(b3OB,
us.
Pa3Burue Ha
rpaacKra xhBor SlnrapuF npe3 18
h tg seK. C6opH'4x 1000 roarHn ElnraphF, 1930. 35
63.
MtllllEB,
A.
Br3paxaaHe 'rpe3
fle'lara. C6opsr4K 1000 roauH, EtnrapHF,1930. 64. HEHOa,
f. EnaroycrpoicrBe. Ho aeno. Cn. Ha 5l4AA, n6l1neeH crDpHrK,1929. 65. nPOT14t{, A. AeHaqbo8arBxpaHe , aEpaxaaHe sa Hauero l,13KycrBo or 1393 ao 1879. C6opHxK 1000 rorHH, ElnraprF, 1930. OT PI'ICYBA]IHOTO YqUJULE EO X YT OXE CTBEHA TA A KA,4EMN'
H3naB6aNu u3ro,tHu4u:
1. Ha
IIbPBU u.'uocrpoeav ?odurtHuK ,4?,p*a6 ofo pucyeanHo yqunuqe
sa tueqHara 190411905 1906 z.
2.
,odma,
C.,
TPETA mncrpoaah zoduuHuK
a ,46plrae$oro pucyeMHo lrunurye C., 3a yae'Bara 19061t907 .odu 1908 e.
a
3. |O4WHIIK a ,4bpxa6hrra xydax*ecrceHa aKaaerdut no cntead 30-eoduuHuHna or orkpued4ero a,qbpxraeHoro pucleanvo t4u'1ut4e. 1896
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1976. c.
5.
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cryaeHie no ar3aiH npoeKrrpar 66rrapcKs cyBeHrpo
The Birrmin harn Post 1 9 8 t roaeHa ure or6erext KyrMrHaqsara arB BceBapoaHoro 13€eKo3Hrn lo6,nen Ha 6rnrapcKara abprcBa, Ho sriHeHrsta Ha 6Lrraprre Harene{ floaoa 3ano{Haxa aaneqe npeax roBa. CloaereHara paaocr e aBoira paaocr Ba crc Garpxaree noHErrero npeFrercrBo. SMrapsF ,Ma M8oro6ponHn nprFrenlr no caera, MHo3rBa or
rrx
np&exa
aaurE npa3HrK
Karo
l4cKaMe aa nprno HkM eaio cr6rrre, koero ce Hapexaa ,\rexay
nrPBrre nPoFBe crpaHa Ha Haurre {yxaecrpaiHtr nprFrery l<rM roneMrF npa3HrK fa YcMrxHarara Mnaaa xeHa ca 23-roa,lurHata aHrrq{aBka OpeBca3 SryM.Fxra or oraera 3a rprMepeH a!3anH npl' SrpMrH-
cBereH na 1300-roaruBhHara or c!3laBaHero Ha 6lrrapcKara AlpxaBa,
nlpaa Harpaaa Ba o6iBetsra Mexay cryaeflrrre no ax3aiH KoHKypc aa Bai-ao6lp npoeKr Ha cyBeHrp, no-
koiro aa ot6erexr
H3Kycr6o,1980.
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aa ce nPoeKrrPa
20.
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ATA OT Cb34ABAHETO HA EbTTAPCKATA AbPXABA l,l H
1926 z.
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4.
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'14 , 15 Bol< , ,Ko{x or HaqroHansars rarePyr B cosrn. B noAroroEKara Ha kaflArAarrre 3a KoHKypc€ 6eu.,o BroEceHa oqe nekqrrra H. npoc. aenB"a naHr. qten Ha AHrrricKrn rlroqHo,eBponenc'<, qeHrlp, Ha reMa: "5!rrapnq , 6bnrapere - aHrrcBa l,l crspe eH.
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TenM3nXlA6ssnoHAoH. OrnrqeHrFr c nlpBa Ha.paAa npo€kr Ha opeHcs3 Ery orra oroBHo.xprcraiHa kyna - nPeacYaBrnBa ,HrePec oner 3a clBpeMe{Ho
,HrePnperrpare Ha apeBroro TpakricKo ,3KycrBo. 3a Ha{acnHe Ha MoreBa ce ll3no'3Ba npo
.rP 3a nxclkocrpyiHa
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cryae{rxre aa ,HrepdP€r|nPoekrrre clil ayx., kyrryPara x srp€irexrre xa SLrr.P|tr x Ha 5rft
fielr
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Ha
par
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npoeKrrre aa 6!asr noaxc 3a MacoBo dpon3soacrBo;
nPoek re aa 6!aar aqeHe. NN n}pBo sLrp€uio karo cacr or P€aoEllara yqe6Ha nPorpa a, a crea roga aa 6!aar npeacraBeHn 3a pa3rrexla-
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Op. SnyMSnra {arpaall norvqxxa cxiiox Kokc - 3. 60raro nrpcrPspaHe re Ha rpa{,{Rrf, o4MBon, npo!Kr,Pats or {ero 3a 1300-ra roaruHxH.ra Ha 66rraPcKara alPxasa -, fla Ae6r YrrLp - 3a npoFEeH xyaoxecfBeH noaxoa B ar3aiHa Ha 6rxyrara, flPeacraa€r, Ha KoHkypca. Cl6Hrrero 6eue or6€ra3aHo npe Hai-ao6po pa3norox.H{e or OcBeH
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Clc Gleicrs,ero Ha KoM,r.ra 3a Kynrypa, nocorcrBoro Fa HPE B toHAoH, npeas KonKype
Ha
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crp€Ha Ha cpeacrsara
cneqrars3rpaHa srooPMaqhn "Epl,trru Arca;H Mer!3rH", "Enp,pM,Bra nocr'r lMecren exerneeH,K) r cnr@Hxero Ha srpMrnraM37
PONATA HA NPOMHUNEHTf, AI43ANH NPX BHEAPflAAHETO HA HOBX X3AEN]1R
Crexn Myya,
florpx
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s EHpMxHraMcKar.
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3a
H t/cdcfhu/ e peatut.tpaHeto
u.
3a urbcrprpaHe ponFra Ba npeAxMcrBa. npH oqoHFs.Hero Ha plKoBoArrerrre sa OrpMrre-npor13afiaiH npu pa3pa60r- rcaerrero ce ,3non36ar creasrre Boarienr. Pe3ynrarnr€ or aon![Bag3aenrF ce h3noru- kprrepru: xoHcrpyKrsBHa Hosocr; Hero no npeaBapxrerHo onp€aeneH, 3ar aaHHx or aeiHocrra Ha aeser nponprroaHocr, Bt<n|o- slnpocr ca orpa3eH, B ra6nrqa 1. MnuneHl1 OhpM, (l). Cro6pa3Ho qnrenHo €Oekr'lBHo no-aony ca pa3rneaaH, HFKoir { or Hay'lhme r3rcK6aHrs ca noa6paHx Marepxan{ 11 cpeAclga; qenecro6pa3- Hai,BaxHhre ffisoayt or ra3e aHKera. {3Aenxi, xorro 3a Hocr or rneaHa roqKa Ha npoMrulrenpoMrurneHrF
q€nr, norpeorrentre. OcseH aaHHrre 3a S,pMlare 14 rexHrre ,3Aerur, ca npooecroHanHu 3a Aa ce
npoMruneH,
H6efHe 'lsrrFHrero Ha
Hra ArcanH; creneH Ha yAo6crBo np, XapaKrepucruKa Ha aupMara non3saHer ekcnnoarauuohHu xaqecr- eodutn Ea lr HKofloMr.!,recK"
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3a aa ce c!6epar
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caqo }l Br3rnea,|re, ocBeaoMerocrra, Mrre a.HHr, 6eue opraH6xpaHo npeanoc,raHrara noa oopMa Ha
"HrepBD
npeay6eaehocna Ha cneuuanycrure,
y'rscrByaaurri a npoqeca Ha pa3pa6orBaHero, BHeApaBaHero Ha eaHa HoBocr 3aBu l or peueHm
r36poeHHre OaKropx.
EctKo oT fiAenrFra, BKn|oreHr B HacroFqero ,3creaBaHe, e npeanoxeHo 3a HarpaAa or CtBera 3a A,13anH {ra6nhqa 1) . 3a Aa 6tae npeA
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y3a€nra O$rarMocKon ToBoM€np
or Harpa4ara Ha rcAennE cl)c aHa{r'
crra Ha aocrosePH!
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ce nprclxAa
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B!.Avu4 38
O6EKTI4 HA h3CnEABAHETO
npoh3Borua@n
craBeHo 3€ HarpaAa, ,3Aelrero rpF6C xaH,paq , Hr€poepoMerp s Ba aa e npoeKrlpaso , nporcBeaeHo M'kpotuc.oroMep Ma5/Ma6 ot aH.nuicka 6ypMa, a 6uro Aa e 6rra$E xpoM.rorpao F 30 no 3 ynorpe6a Aocrarlqio npoarn. uBeroorqsn,rcrHa Mau"Bs xrreneH cpoK, 3; Aa Moxe Aa ce pa3Mr.HacKeh 550 crpaHa Ha norpe6rienrre.
-
noroK
roAeHa
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197? 1975 1975
nepkrH€nMnp Kpocdrnra EneKrpoB"xc
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1978
r4HtupseulNrn l,lscFyM!(rc
co6€npaueH PaKan€Mnn,BoKc
1974
Ax3siHepcK, 60pa?
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XAPAKTEPI,ICThKA HA IDI,IPMhTE
oro Ycacrge Ha roneMere q ManK6 6,rpM, s aHra' xrpaHero Ha arcah{eer. eaPrpa B
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parypa ManKrre oupM" Morar aa Han-pa3npocrpaHeHrFr MeroA 3a knacxoaq,paHe Ha o,pM"re cno pea roneMlrHara hM e cp6 6poF Ha 3aerrF nepcoHar, a rMeHHo:
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sfchMocr. I OxpMa "ToyreHac" HanpuMep, al,, 3anHepar rrpae qeHrpanHa ponF. B kpy.Hara srpMa "MED - qutunc" npeqeHKara Ha Heo6xoarMocrra or
a!raxvpaHe Ha ax3aiHep ce Ba3nara Ha prkosoaurenF Ha BceKh oraeneH npoexr. npy rp,l or cpeaHqre 6MpM, ra3, cBo6oaa Ha aeicrB!1
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OrpMara Moxe aa la3slpuBa an3aiHepcKa aeiHocr 6e3 aa h3nor3Ba
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39
PONATA HA NPEACTAAAHETO HA
nPolyKr.ll4aTA B noaxoaA HA ol4PMATA KbM BHEAPflBAHETO HA HOA!I
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aeiHocr npoAlnxaa€ aa
ce
ocnop-
Tr.Ar3€nHopr anpFk
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or
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Myyp.B! Pair
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nlpsoHae6neH rHcrpyKr5x ol rexH. Aep.krop HFMa uraEN npoMruneB
aenHocl T€xH, ahpsKrop pakoBo-
c no-rorFM asroprrer. Crapurre cneqvanuc nprrexaBar Heo6xoar.rMrlF aBropsrer 3a npeoaoHa ono3r-
riaaHe Ha rpyaHocrgre u
qhFra, Kof,ro ce oxa3sa Henpeoaonv-
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3aurnraBa Ha BrcuecroFOro paBnxlre?
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5
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crvcax (c ,3KnoceHre Ha eauH, np6 Koiro ce u3non3Ba BrHureH KoHcYrraHr) BIB orpMara crqecrsyBar Bpt3K14 Ha Hai'Br,rcoxo paBHrure. Bls 6rpMara "BxKepc tlricrpyM!Hrc" a14. peKroplr no BcneaoBarencxara 4€iHocr npoBexaa alrrocpoqHa nonu 42
rrKa
3a o6elrHFsaHe Ha npoMnriineHrF Ar43aiH c nporpaMara 3a yclBrp_ ureHcrsyBaHe Ha ll3aenhFra. Toi rsl,pan, 're ca 6unl4 Heo6xoArMn 20 roarHu, 3a aa ce yrBtpa, orpMeH
n,n. BIB ShpMara "Vnnr Ht 6eK"
vHx€Hephre, orroBapnurM 3a yctsrp_ ueHcrsyBaHero Ha npoayKqvFra, nlpBoHacarHo He 6Fxa eHrycna3rpaHI,{ OTHOCHO BKNIo'{BAHETO HA KOHCYN.
raHr flo npoMr.ruineH ah3aiH. Hanox,
ce ra3u cadporhaa aa ce npeoronaBa
arMrHr4crparuBHo or aup€Kropa, orroBapnur 3a av3anHa. BIB o,pMara
"Kpoc6eira"
eAHa
or nlpBrre
Mep-
rexHuqecKrB 4r4peKrop cnea Ha3Ha{aBaHero My, 6eue ar' raxypaHero Ha KffcyrraHr no npoMruneH arcaiH c tren aa ce npo+e' croHala3t/Pa noaxoArr Ha skpMara
KIM "Ama;Ha Ha slHUHvs sua Ha r€aenrFra". Bls OrpMara "Pair" al1
Ueetuordetu ren x a Mauu
Ha
peKropar Ha r3cneaosarencKara aei-
B pa6orHar. rpyna no
ycrBlpureHcrByBaHe Ha npoayKqhFra
aq3aiHep, ocBeH nrysneceHf; pa6ora slHueH KoHcynraHr. O6a-
Aa8rre Ha qeHrlpa 3a npo yqaaHe Ha BHelprrencKara aeiHocr
,HxeNeprre 3 rpynara,
ycneuHo HoB, li3Aenra, ca r3non3-
urar€H Ha
UinonBaHe Ha KoHcyrraHru no npo,
MuuteqdwanH npeduMcrea
qe ra3h MFpKa 6eue nocpeqHara
3!3 SrpMxre 'KreMrNr KnapK HrepHenuiaHln'r , 'PaKar EMnnr3okc" np€o6naaaBaxa noAcepraHo or, prqar€nHu craHoBiura Ha ynpaB'1ren,
an3aiHepr. TaKa aop6 x B sacroFqoro cKpoMHo x3crerBaire B o6racr Ta Ha ArcaiHa ,Ma aocraD{Ho aaHHr aa ce cqsra, ce crnporqBara Ha hHxeHa
cpeqy 13non3BaHero Ha npoMrun€H4 ar3aiHep4 e urrpoko pa3. Hephre
OrpMxre,
BHeApmu
no-eoe'.(rhsHo KoHcyr,
raHfu no HaycHrre Brnpocu, orKonKoro Heycnenrre KoHkypeHrH4 6hpMr.lvl
6'4pM, aa ,3nor3Bar no efeKrrBHo , KoHcynraHrH no npoMruneN ax3aiH?
Bcu{kla 6qpMx, Ko,ro
npB-
6FrB6r Ao KoHcynaqM no npo6ne. M{re Ha npoMruneHrF arcaiN, npea.
noqxra BTHUHU KoHcynraHru, npuquHrre 3a roBa ca cxoaHh. npeanocqrar ce KoHcyrraHra, aoph ako grpMara
xMa aocraraqHo npoeKTr, 3a aa on.
pasaae Ha3HacaBaHero Ha ltareH ,r3an|ep. HanprMep. cnopeA Arpexro pa no ,3cneroBarencKara aeiHocr 3a 6xpMara "EhKepc l4HcrpyMrHrc,',
*enarenHo e Ax3aiHeplr aa e orx!c.
or exeaHeBHxre npo6neMr pa3Brrre14 yc!Brpu€HcrsyBaHe, Har
3a 3a
aa Moxe Aa 6!ae non8eH Ha drpMa-
ra
qpe3 cBorre KoHraKrh c lpyfu d,pM'a kn,eHrr. no ro3h Haqrs cc yBenrqasa asloprrenr My nper pa6orHara rpyna no ycrBapueHcrByBa.
He Ha npoayKrlrnra.
"Kpocduinr"rBlpAsr,
Bls
okpMara
ee npooecro-
HANHOTO B'XAAHE,
3a or Au3aiHepar qe ce Bnour, aKo aa flpoeKrrpa caMo r3aenrn Ha cBoflra 6rpMa.
ro; 6!ae 3a€ra8eH
43
6 xKoHoMrcecKara 6a3a Ha npo{3Boa-
'- cnoco6Hocr 3a npeat13BxxBaHe Ha enrycxa3lM {acr or pa6orHara rpyna, yctBlpueH' cTBVBaHe Ha npoavKqhara c ornea -
yBepeHocr s pa6orara, Kor-
1,1
o6parHo, ar3anHep, Konro
ro aa uMnyncxpa ocrasanfre
qreHoBe
ce orsacF Hepearrcl6{Ho K}M c}3aa saHure or Hero +opMr4, 6e3 aa ce c!
o6pa3Fsa c rf,xHara ocaltecrBuMocr B npoH3soacrseHn ycnoBrA, craBa npuruNa 3a rLpKaHuF Mexay Konerxre cv. {,13rnexaa {e ar3anHephre,nph
rexaaa!1u r36poeHtre
nuHe* ycKopute,
Kaeecraa, NPAKT!KYBAT CAMO KATO KOHCYNIAH. ru Ha oqpMr. Te3h cnoco6Hocv npo-
SL 75 20
alJrxaBar aa ce pa3BhBar c Harpyn.
or pa6orara c apyr,1
HRXoh or dHpMrre Bce oure excneprMesrupar a.3aiHepcxrre 6lopa. oupMara
"Kpocdunna" KoHcynraHr,
c
HaeMa noBeqe
Ha ar3anHepcKara
KOHqenuua, Koero ce cqrTa 3a Mao.o
BaxHo. orpMars "Nlvvp eHA Pair" npx3HaBa, ce
r!,
Karo pa3urpisa
npxnaraHero Ha npoMrurneHrF Ar1' 3arN npr yclBrpueHcrByBaHero Ha npoayKuiflra, uareH cneqnanucTi Ho roBa rpFoBa Aa ce npeqeH, BrB 3p13Ka c aary6BaHero Ha npearMcr-
BcacK, OhpMB yBaxaBar npo. Oec"oHanHhF ycei Ha csohre xoHcyn q€ !r3aiHeprre c noycer !e Morar Aa 6!Aar 3aAo!06ea soner , aKo pa6ornr caMo KlM eaHa 6,pMa. OrpMara 'nepKuH'ErM!p ' onpeaenF nposecroHanHhF ycer Ha ar3aiHepa Karo clsKynHocr or cnea-
ra ryBcrsrferHocr
B!3.
npoeKrrpaHe crecHF Bar rpaHruqre Na H€roBrre yMesrA
npoMuatehuFr 0uan4 u uctedoea tetc
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ra d enB oc
t
3a HacroFllero ,3cneaaaHe
He
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HOCrra aa Ha3Hacx
c
noMarar HayqHo u3cneao
pa3BoiHo-BHeApuretcKara AeiiNocr
Boro, nonyeaBaso KoHcYnraHra c apyrx BpeMeHHo r3BecreH
SrpMr4, or Koero qar aonrnHrrenHa nor3a. o6parNo, urarHqFr ar3aiHep e 3arsopeH B Ma-
rr!ecKu Kp!r. orpaHrceHere
or earH
qen aa HarpYna onhr
npb onpeaenFHero
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ooopMneHre Ha rcaenreTo xMa {enocpeacraeHo orHo ueHre l(rM rlproBct{r48 My ycnex. npFKoro snrrHre Ha npeacraBFHero
(BlHurHhF B"a) Ha x3AenrFra 3a Ao, MauHa ynorpe6a alpxv rlproscKr.lA ycnex, e o6uronpruHaro. npaKrrkara aoxa3a o6aqe, ce rosa e Bf,pHo , 3a
HayeHo oo6ocHoBaH|.re u3aejra, foHaMeftp "nepkusc,,
,ipeana3HaqeHl.
pa6r,'ArcaiHeprr e npFko noAchHeH Ha A, pekropa no ,3creAoBarercKara aen14HcrpyMastc"
11
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eHA
Hocr. l43rnexAa, qe sa arcaiHepa ce oraaBa 3HaqeHre no cneaHsra, He oco_ 6eHo Bepof,rHa ttpueq4a aa c\Aei,-
-
crByBa Ha !3creaoBarencKara aei_ Nocr srB 6spMara. AhpeKroplr no
x3cneaoBarencKara
aeiHocr
Brs
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aa noApo6ro ro3, sltrpoc. arpxa MHeHrero,
Toi
noa-
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or
r,,{Ho peueHl. npoeKrr. l4 raKa,
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crBrero
Mex<ay au3aiHeprre x qreHoEere Ba r3cneaoBarencKo,sHeaputen
ckara rpym mrnexra
He3haqrrenHa
3a KoH'<perHoro HoBo r3aenhe, ro s
no-urpoxa nepcneKr'4Ba ar3aiHeprAa noanoMarar
3HaqhrenHo r3cneaoaa Pt3soiHara Aeisocr,
3Fr x3creAoBarercKrl rpeanoxeHrF npea ynpasrrenHrs crBer ce ,3rcKBa
cneuk4rcHo yMeHhe. cqeroBoarrenrTe, OHaHcoBrre
arpek.ropl'
I
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rexNrceckrre 4rpekrop( He ca 3ano3HaTt4 B noApo6Hocr, c fi cneaoBaren. cKara r' pa3BonBara aeiHocr. Te ke Morar Aa blaar,ecHo y6eAeH, {pe3 a6crpaKTHu AoBoAn, a |aMar npasoro aa oao6pflBar nn, orKa3sar 6oaxeix 3a ra3u AeiHocr. I\,4oAenhre, Korro onpocreHo oHarne4FBar xaerre Ha npoeKrlpaurxre I noKa3Ear sepo8rHara
4opMa Ha rorosoro u3aenxe, ca
eoyKacHo cpeAcrBo oao6peHqero Ha re3u a4p€Kropr, (orro c€ 3arpyAHrBar np, BL3npue-
Hacrorutoro x3cne4BaHe, B!,
npeKr rBlpAe cretluanu3upaqqA
ct/t
xapaKrep, noxa3a {€ npeacraaflH€ro Ha n3Aenrero, a rcRcHeH
,fpae 3HaqrrerHa ponF, Ta3n ponF e ociosaHa rraBHo
Hs norpe6rr€rure e3aenuero 14 noA sarncKa Ha qyxa€, crpaHHara koBr{ypeHqri. 3a HRKor. cneqr|anHe BnAose H3a€nuB npuquHr.
re Hu Ha
apyrr, Ho Bcyll<, re ca c6lp3rc nolpe6rrerF. HsMa clMHeH'e,
ca
Bra , oopMara 6nx3Fr oqeHkara Ha florpe6rrenF, nopaa,
3a
npodechosanflr4
Aa ce,3r!KBa 3HaqeH,ero Ha npoMrluneHHF ar3aiH He dHaqasa Henp€MeHHo 4a
3anHeprre ca KpaiHo Heo6xorHMh 3a HeroBoro oclqecrBaaaHe. aocroEeprneAxqe ce aoxa3sa or saKra, qe e BBMoxHo eAHo r,{34enhe Aa 6!Ae ornliqeHo or CiBera 3a ArcaiH. 66 3a Herosoro npoeKrrpafle aa e rcnon38aH3 noMoqra Ha ar, 3aiHep - ABe or }13cneABaHure u3Ae, nnF ca cL3aa4eH, 6e3 ArcanHeicka noMout, oqeBhaHo, sa3MoxHo eaa ce o6eArHf, r Mero4hre Ha npoMrrj.lneHrF
ar3arH c re3, Ha hHxeHepHoro npo-
ekrrpaHe. orpMrre, dpnen, ro3h noaxoa, ce crpeMFr KlM noro6psaase Ha qaro€rHara xapaKre. pEcrr4Ka Ha r3aenyFra Ha rpYAHocllre, Karo yea€rHrqere ca nosece|1 c ps3nrqHa npodecroHanra Harnaca. O6€qe HapacrHanara edeKrr4BHocr na a|13a;Ha rpF6Ba aa 6rae npe{eHeHa Ha ooHa Ha HaMan€Hara ,3TOAA OT BLHUJHI,TTE korro raKa MHoro arpxar orpMxre,
,3tror3Eaq!t a13aiHepr,
OrpMyre aHraxrpar Ar3anHe. pr rnaBao 3apa,ql,r rexHl,|re npaKrrqecl<x yMeHrF
r.r
no.HaHrF. Tosa Moxe ,r5
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or{acrr aa o6FcH, 3a!lo re ca no'no. ne3Hx Karo KoncynraHrr Karo lrarnq cnerrhanHcrg. o6xKHoBe' Ho urarHvre a,3aiHepr ca c paHr Ha rexrqqts. Te l,t3nln H Fear HapexaaH m, fi AAAEH14 OT BNCUECTOFU1I4F. TEXH'tE
AeicrBui ce KoHrPonqpar crporo. Ba3MoxHocrrre 3a non3orBooHl,1 Ba npaKruKa He crqefiBvsar. ocseH roBa, re HFMar 6nrFHre Bipxy nonuruKara Ha 6,p'
aKo MMar, ro e rBrpae or' raKoBa nonoxeHue e qep_ roxHrKar 4 rtt Karo 3aaaqrre, kol{' ro ,3nanHsBa, ca Ha nplB norneA no ao6H, Ha re3Y Ha lrarHuF Ar3aiHeP, Mara,
uH
tep6e po M er.p u ML k po z eroro Mep M85 /M86
nocneaHrFT crulo
KoHcyrraHrrre no npo6reMrre Ha npoM!iuneHrF ar3a'iH 06rKHoBeHo nprrexaBar paHr, Konro ,M npeaoc' raBfl Br3MoxHoct 3a npnK aocrbn 4o prKoBoa4renrre, oopMhpaur, nonrrrKara Ha drpMara. l.43rnexaa, {e av 3aiHeplt s ka{ecrBoro cl,l Ha KoHcyr' raHr no necHo npeo4on6aa npenFrct-
BHFra
or
cBrp3aH,
c
npaKrtrcecK h3nMHnBaH
l,1nH
paH6eeHo.
46
c k aHu pda
'Mai,ur"
I
nporrBonocraBflBero Ha 6H. xeHepsr€ Ha n3nor3BaHero Ha a€ai' Hepr B npoMMuneHocrra e $rpoxo pa3npocrpaHeHo.
u rrn karo
uHx<eHe-
p4re ,rpaflr {eHrparHa ponF np$ pa3pa6orBaHero lla HoBh 43aenhn, rFX KrM npoMIlL!reHrF
rr3afiH e peLrlaEauro, h rPF6Ba aa crxanf,3a, ako pa3srrre
ce
cecKoro o6HoBneHre ce 3a6as! nopa_ al1 npeay6exaeHrflra Ha l4HxeHepr_ re. Aen8uc (5) ccrra, qe roBa npeay. 6exreHre ce lrnxu ha pa3nrKara s
noaroroBKara Ha rHxeHeprre h Ha Ar3aiHeprre. N4oxe 6, roBa He e erliHcrEes4s daKrop. B AHrnffi HHxeHeprre 3aeMar Hrcxo nonoxeHxe, re ocrpo cBHasar roBa. Henpecrasa' qrre npl|3usr4 Ha rHxeHepHrre hs'
crury
He floao6pFBar ra3rl o4rYa.
f
I t
rlr4F,
Moxe
6!1
aop, s Bnouaaar, Karo
csMo HarpanBar Ha 63HaHrero coqranH,Te H,3,Hh a eAHo Haro o6urecrBo. BeposrHo e, l13xuBF-
or hHxeHeprre pa3oqapoBa, Hre 4a nperr3Brka Bpaxae6rocr, saHoro
axo rf,xHoro nonoxeHre 6!ae 3acrpaue8o or Ar3ariHepi4re. nprBrnr rpoHa ar3anHepa-
KoBcymaBr Moxe aa nopoau 3asrcr, oco6$o aKo ron e 6yHKqroHanHo 3aBrcrM or rHxeHephre. BlnpeKu roBa OrpMara, pa3pa6orBa aenrn, x3nrurHo qe ce 3arpyaHFsa flp'4 Han,'rrero Ha 1a3l1 dopMa sa npeay6eAeHocr. I rpyaHoro npecnea. saHe Ha
ycnexa npu BHeapFB6Hero
HoBocr,, orpMara
Ha
He 13-
rpFbBa aa rMa 3aap!xk, npr 4enrF AocraneH !r
3aiHepcKu noreHqyan.
xpoHuka
6u6ruoepapue
yH|APCKA AEnErAqIfl
I
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Or 21 Ao 25 anprln Ha AKanH{reHr6pa
s
AeneraquF 6yAane!.la, p!.
koBoaeHa or Heros'ri arpekrop Ivrxarx noxapHoK, 6e Ha aenoBo noce-
lreHre 3
ueHrpanHHF hHcrhryr 3a npoMrurneHa ecrerxKa.
ArcanH{eHrLpar s 6yAatrerla or 1977 roa. He.oBa oc-
clurecrayBa
HoBHa 3aaava e aa nooulpFBa l1 noa,
noMara pa3Bhrrero Ha npoMruJneHuF Nll3ai'H B YHftpha. Brs BpNKa c roBa roi pa3rplura Lrjrpoka nponafaHAHa x aenHocr. tleHnprr 'rHoopMaquoHHa pa3norara
Ka,
c 6orara 6r6n,rore-
c nocroFHHa mnox6a, s KoFro ax3aiHepcKt1 eKcns!4,
qru ce noaMeHFr
Ba sceKu asa Mece-
qa. B ce Boah KaprorcKa Ha 'reHrlpa npaKrhKysa'4ure ar3aiHeph s crpa_ Hara. nohacroaqeM B HeF 6Brypx-
Par okono 1100 xMeHa. h3aaHue Ha tlernpa e cnrc+uero,,!4napx Oop.
1, desig.
MOODY, Sr. The rote dt industrial in technotogicat innovaiion. Anon
2.
FBEEM,AN, C. The economi.s of ndu*rial innovarton. pensuin. Ha.monds
3,
GOAMAN, A.G. Safety and confon mpodant considerations,. tfternarionat en viro^ment & Salety. JLne j978. p.9 1j. 4 Science Poltcy Fesearch Unit, Suc.
ce$ and failure in ndunriat innovation. Cenre for the sudy of indusria jnnova
5.
DAVIES,
carcarure
D.
of rhe
Demotishins rhe rwo desiqn cuhures.
Ma
tnpoMHujneH Ah?anH)
!a
.
yHrapcKhre cfleqranrcr, 6e!re aa ce 3ano3Hasr c pa3BHruero, op.aHr3aq fira u ynpaBne Huero Ha ar3aiHa B Stnrap{s. OcBeH pa3roBopr4 c plkoaoacrBoro Ha UInE, re xMaxa cpeqx c prKosoAurenu npoekraHr" Ha UeHrbpa 3a Ho't h MoAa, s tleHrLpa sx croKa 3a Hayk Ha u eKcneprMeHranHa pa6ora no aM6anaxa a B Ueanpa 3a crasaaprBa-
Uenra
qhfl,
Hoau crorH HaquoBarHrs arpapHo-npoMruneH
K{xrr, nony$Hr s 6rE ror.kn rr qrxrpr,ltr..i t'refirF 3r npor,llj,li-
1.
BAPflAIVOB, p, O. CrpyKoB
3neMeHrhr xyaoxecrBe crpyrpoBa8rF , rexHr{ecKon 3creraKl,, Ye, Md cpeAHhrx cneq, yq, 3aBeneHrn. M., Cos. paaro. t9B0 r. 96 c. n.
2. 3t4Ht{EHKO, 8.. 6. Ber"qkoRcKbn, f. Byqeruq OyHKqroHanbHaF ctpyKrypa 3purensHoi naMsrh. lrl
fY, 1980.271
3.
c.
^4.,
aEPHEP, r. "n. ncrxonor,,s Boc, np,FrrF o6reMHbrx dopM. itil., [4Ty, 1S80. 132 c.,in.
4.
nOOC,
B.
npoMLrurneHHaF
2-oe ,3a, Aon. u ficnp, KxeB. Texd'aka, t980. 183 c. /n. 5. HECTOPOB, B. BceKrAHeBue-
ro slB OopMr. Ay3anH
Kyrrvpa.
Krrrara e sKroqena s
nopearqara
C., naprr3aar, 1980.303 c.'t
"Enoxa
h
Kyr"rypa".
qen qp8 fly6nrqrcrrqHx u
Hay,rHr
nPou3BeaeHrF, nocBereHr Ha aKryanau npo6new/' Ha crBpeMeHHara Kyn-
rypa, aa
3aflo3Hae 6rnrapcKHF crra-
reopxara Ha Kynrypara. KHrrara
e
opueHrrpaHa KrM pa3xpxBaHe Ha sarpeuNoro clalpxaHhe Ha npeaMer
Horo o6KplxeHhe
Bxre KynrypHrl ,3MepeHru. AHarrcxpaHa ca aBoicrBeBara xapaKrepucruKa Ha sceKuAHeBhero, npeBplura, 47
F^l t
k!lt!r. i.
E&r\
ENOXA
I/
l,4iinchen, Callvey, 1978- 186
7.
BUTTNER, O., E. Hampe Bauwerk, Tragwerk, Tragstruktur. 8d. L Ber in, Balwesen, 1977, 296 p- ill.
KYI]TYPA
MoHyMerlrarfr c.paar,
Hoceur,
BnaouMuo
uecrnwcF
8.
GOLDZAMT,
Ed.
William l'4o-
ris und die sozialen Ursprijnse der mo.
dernen Architektur. Dresden, VEB Verlag der K!nst, 1976, 258 p. ill.
BCEKI4-
IIHEBilETO BbB
Brnrf,M Mopnc xoa
L
OoPMr/
H.
B
co{rairnf,r .poca-
oaepHara apxrreKrypa
GROTZSCH, H., Jr. Karpinski
Dresden N4athematisch-Physikalkche. Salon. Leipzis, Seemann Verlas, 1978,
naprflssdrt
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