Дизайн 1982 / 4 by Industrial Design Bulgaria

Duq,oUx uHdap

aquoHeH 6@e7uH Ha ueqtpatHua

uHctutvt

16A6 co6ut,6Yt ro

e6eH

npo

CbAbPXAHNE ChsercKDrAu3anH

- P4vtratu u

. npo'neMu (1962 1982) npu ultowuuurc Ea aP'ureKrYPara

np02paMa 3a npou3sodctea Ha neftra zehepaquq aero6Ycu

.........18

"uKAPvc".

CftntDHz, "xad reK" u ceMaHruKa Ha npedMehara OopMa . . . . . . Ctuna?e B pa3p9 c 6yHkuuo-

. .23

.. .. .....34

E|ep?un4ata KpBa u duadHst

..-

4l . .45

XpoHuKa... - fsopeecKu ceMuHaP Ba du sanHepure at lnnE "Co3onon'82" 45 46 nercH ceMu4ap S2 s Aecav . . .47 l4Hrcpdu3anH 82 . . . Pa6arHa cbeeaa1ue Ha n?ed' Ha uBcfuryruTe no npa-

cfaaufeture

MuuteHa ecrefuKa

coquatucfu'

eecKure cTpaHu na epeMe Ha B)1aN'

6ara "Ceer.t

6.pra'82".

n?edMeture

COnOA'ER,

p4ynatbr u

11)

6. CosercKuii dnanH qoraij9, 19e2,

npa6neMB.

CratuE 66ldaeqezo.r nped.meure,t caBer.ko2o duuira tO 6. Ca'oeLeea t9aKo

MLt Hac c rpadu4uRMu duJatHa e CCCq zodaa AD HurotqerD apeMehu. Oco6oe Mecrc s ctutue yr)eredo na c r ed H e M y .)ead q a ru re rhe M v n epL a.) y c 1962 .a 19a2 r.3adacu, po'h BHuuT3 u cxK6 e peae uu npa6, teeHHo.a kaHctpyupaeaBuE u tpro"aML. xu e cryaHe. Pa3pB6arKa tope,LKa M.rc

dLceckux acHoo dL3EdHepckon d-paL.rb

Bactu. Hanpaqnedua pajeurua s 6ydy qeM 6 caeJD c p-eu."uEML 26a2o KaH.

cnaaaa, h y dBatha. Au3atB, 1982. '4,.. CoeetcKun

auaD9 p*y'ntu

npo6rcMht 11962 19a21

dBEida c cccP .. ... np..paMMa npDut6Ddcrca nBtu, .eHepaq' u

tu6ycoe,h

KAP

KputeprL notpe6ttu'et

C,anrrHr, 'xat rcK- u ceMastuKa npe.JMetuai fopMst

cturbt e,potuaapeeuu c Oy,xquo

n P A rPA

ll MA .pou3s at)crca natun . eje

MatLtH,"pu. 1981, 3Bap.etueccKuD kpu3Lc u dL3atH XpaBuka Teap.rcKud c.MLHzp d0

-cdonota2netBrt ceMuhapa2 e ae..y

htBeDo. uknE

- hBtepdLians'a2

-uKApyC- XeH,epu.h 2 duatt,, 19A2. ,4,

lleKotap\te u Bas-"nau, pErpa'a,ok 3a eada uRAPyc DdHazo L3 natu dau KpynBenuux taeados 6 Mupe, a.pede,R

tuqczo rcHaeBquu pd3eutuE o6qd,se9.

qa HL e n peac,a a u t erelt u rc tu ty rc e n p a M bt a re B Ha t

nocreayaqux deaduatu ne,

.o 6ptMR ebtctaeKu Mup

BuxHod nrEtutapM.d, ,opot)cku. u

Pa 6D

6paa

r ee c a 6

a2' . . .

3adaeu npau36aAc,Ba

tLn a6to6ycoa drq aapDnaptos c

npedMe.

hKOHHhKOA, A.A cBntuHz, ,xat.raK.

u c.MaHruKa npedMetaot QapMbt. readu

1982.4 4uan|,

19a2,

R3zrEdu coaercKo.o apxLrcKropa uKaH

,,.fun'uH,,,u .xan fuK'' oHaru |Ma. c nij,LHz u "rat raK" KaK p-"axquE Ha u3.)eptukL cvqHoc 16 6

yH Kqu

6yHKauodaru3Ma. cDepeMeBHde tuH.)eH qLu e xvdaxecrBe1kaM rozuckK at 6opMbt. HeKc rcpLE npuM eph) u3

hpaKtuKl,ctutq -xai teK-.

121A

,ay""o oao""" fDpMupaGa,Lu "iaoe 6.BHan caqua-KyrtypBaij CCCP CucteMa a6qt,sa,Kytryrh r. aycdo 6bi . HoaErcpcKue azrpdu a qapMe u dencreu,.rsHbrc 3ctutu!,"ckue

yc.,

A.to6ycbt 6ydyqe?a.

@PATEnnr. E Cttts a npo sot),.euu c 6yHKauaHa Hacbo n)apM yHa qseK, 1942, 2 AutanH, 19a2 L' 4. c 3q40

ca3AaHL, do HdcrcErte2a 6peM,"Hu

nod

M* zopod.Kue aetu6ycbt,Ae,ret6Hoc,L a

aH3'u3 6yHKquaHa,L3Ma

d'" easduK @yHKauo,a,u3Ma.

h.topucecKue npeahoc,rrKu

Kpu3uc ttvBRquoHaruJva L pacuupe\ue na4ttLR 6yHkauq . BojHuKdooeBu," ctu ceMudecat&x.ada^. Ponh Ro9tpaqvHkqu .Ha'u1Ma 3 H.eenueM rot6,BcKoM au nnBe nocry.djKanbHaE rcHde,qua e du

auaKaB. a. 3Hcp?etLlqKun Kpr3uc L du3anB gLian|, 19A2. frh 4 c 41 a1 PorL du3aatsepoe 6 peuehu kux npa6teMDa e Mupe a ctutu-. npasa

dutcg aHanu3 pa6atbt

nactu 6Ltto6o2a,

KoMyHa'LHoza xusn

cf6a, e a6nacru nanchopz u e cuAaHtu coDpyke ut, npuMeHseLuux HetasaeHau

SOLAVJOV, J.A. Soviet design rcsuks ahd ptobtens. Detign, 19a2, The a.ticie by the eninent representa tive.f the Saviet desisn acquaints us with the .lesisn traditiont in the ussR in the post w.t pe.iod up ta the pre sent day. A special enphasls is given to rhe 20 veat petlod between 1962 19A2. Tasks an.l r.le af VNtITE an.l

SHKB tn solving the problens connec

ted whh the induttriot desisn and the cauntty. DevelDP' nent of desisn theotv and nethodo. lagt. ftends af futute deteloDnent in conhe.riah with the resalttiahs bf the 26 Cohstess of CPSU.

SLAVOV, L At the source al Soviet

Saviet dersn

- tesuhs and problemsl1962 19A21 .... At the soutce at Savtet desisn an.l e.chttecturc . ... The fifth sener.tian I

....3 ..12

uS product derelopme,t

progranne..... .14 .. ... Stytins, hishrEch .nd object\ forn senahtics.. ... ..23

desi9n. Design. 1982, N 1. p 12.18

The fotmation of the s.tentificaiy

based sac)al ahd cuitdtal prosranne

in the USSR The svs.em "society cuhute art /iving standart! .lnhova. tile canseptiont abaLt the larn, the aesthetic tequlten.nts .nd cohsLhers

funcianalisn. .............34 Pettol cties a.d.tesisn . . . .

News....

........ Desisn sen ih.t ''5a2opo142 ...... Sunner seninat'42 in lntetdetisnA2...

..11

...45

itu tes rcp

tc se h

...

The aLtlaok of the Soviet at.hhe.t

lkannikov abour the.tyling tsnd

the

''hish|ech". The nature ot functi.ha. lisn. Contenpotaty tren.ls in Dsing technologic.l latns. Exahples fnn the "hiqh tech" practice.

FRATELLI E. Styles conttadtctins frnctianaltsm. Fotn un.J Zwe.k,1982, N 2. Design 1982, N 4. p. 34.44 Analysk of fuhctlanalisn and its tendencies. P.e.ondhians fot the otisin and developnent af functiana/kh Ctis4 al lunctionalkn. Rise of the

stvt.s "mttitB,y.toak','ptofi look" and hi9h"tech" jh the lev.ntjes. Rote ot countetfunctionalisn in the latest ltal)an desigh. Pottradical ten .tency tn destsn aftet 1977.

TllE FIFTH genetarion - IKARUS P.odLct develapneht prostanme. Hung.tian nachinery, 19A1, 2 Desigh, The tate* ctevelophent of the tka.us works ohe bf the live btggest ptodu. ceE in.he watld det.tnining the trends in pubtic transport and the

tat iv. s f t o h

the saciatit couhttie: at the

exhibhloh 'fhe wotld of atticles Btna'42". ..

IKANNIKAV, A.V. S.yling. hlghtech" and obiect's form senantics. Technhcheskaia estetika. 19a2, 7. Design, i 982, N 4, p.23 34

V,V. Peto I ctk)s ahd desisn. Destgn. 1942, N 1, p.41 44 SH ISH K A

l'lect)ns ol the desgn t

aitp.rt buse!. Characte.htics o{ the activjty of the w.rks tton hs found.tian rp to the prcsent day.

...14

furute develophent Df their industty. The new types af buses, coDches End

Desisnet{ cohttibutian in salv).9 the ptobtens caused bt the petroi crkk. Using nan.conventtanal ene/gy saL r ces n, ttansport and sacial e"viran.

cbBETCKXflT ALt3AtiH _ PE3YNTATIA U NPOENEMU { 1962

1982

)

ine

Hr'p c noaso Lp I opApev

rpaa

\h,

"" ".";;;; BoaeJl, -aqdroro ,, .

" 60rd

a,3a,Na 3a peuasaHe

^;;;.

""p;,;,; A4hr'.rea Ben4!a,o o*,o,"p,.,*"

Ii'"'""'"

crBercRuF Ar3aiH 6FXa 6e3cnopHr, ,exHure eKcnephMerr' npceHkA

'"'"

*"no"o"o'-"" o".",'::'

:::::" l:'i"""-'

:::

".,r".!^"rpH,F. ".,r.^o.;"

hHrepeclq npoeKru

3lpasT

Bce

olre"';;;;"; "" ,"",,

p""* alpxaBHxar HavTHo -*'"-noh !'xHr'crFp cccP. 'o"o -oe Ha

Loqlop lF<rk'e BaHe H€ np*qxn,nro

3d pdrDdoo'

KoHKpers're 'hHa a,3aiHa e

np'rHq,.lHo r" ' o"i, p"",r-

avMure yc'oBul

r' arhl1aea.

-'o"^",'

nr*"1"**a"3HapaB.

ile-"ijl"r" a'"ar"a B cvx6,Ha. il.llr -_o<h e r;eirreFL/rre

",;";;

Ha-

,.k!iF >!aorH/ra4 tsodcrpyK.opx.

,-:._--'. rdrv d-oe 6F# pdt-@or4r' lDeq' p"'o'",pv*un" ". "_,^.,, ",;;;;;;,,;:; _1.,^.:.-t:rroaeH,,rahrcoh,l,qapars4,r'aHa cne4obcs{rdH". J'-n^".,,".,o :"" "".";";;;;;: .rBe ""... ";.;;:;i,";;:;1"i: "acccp l::I_v/Hx.eec\_

:",:,*,,^ ,c*",".^, .,.

npeBrpra B Mo!.rsa opoMrllneno d'poora 4LoxdBd e;,,,,"

;;

,lti TH"""#:;;l:,il::;::f *""""'""renHdm

-**

s"o",-","

npo'

^::T.l:

" "l od FdDoaHo_c,..,,"",;".

"-p, c""""",.;,; "*" "p"6**;:;;;,1:,J .:p,;""'.;"i:. par repv.upd , hc c-doo / pa3Fo<6rd.

Ho pa3Brrre Ha ar3aiHa B oraenHrre o,par n4 & Mauhoc po*",; ce orqara Heo6\oAhMocrra or BKnoq

6;;;"

saF€ !a

YAK

62.0A t.217 _As

&rar'Hr

.,-,"";,.

;.; e?r4pdHn. 6p3 " """"r","-'"'",,/-":" 0", !!p6H/ ueH,pose. e "",.o*",f,;io.,; "" 'oau-q tanovHa aa^o; ce o.!rra€a

-po6roa,Moc a or

;;..;,";":;.;

i;,;;;;:;;";",,,* 3a r'?a4,aH'ro ha ubBercRr'FMiaiHHaoouoptp/a*o .A/rakFlr c. sRno., oQrqr€i

;;J,;:l:#;1""_"il1.n#;"1: -DB B'FFr palpd6orka. ndDe4 c , naB. .""-""'0".''p H" npoe(rd rD"6'

l.racrBa u cneuyanh,. -o "" \vnoa'crsFHoro -po' \4/hucraDc'B "";:l'cr'":." 4e*oaHe ;J*,1n:""X1'. ":,*.8i::,T ;":,: "",1 ;;'"

r cneuhanrcr, 3 o6nacrra Na xyaoxec

rBeHoro npoeKrrpaHe. I p€vnrar Ha nocraHoBneHrero 63xa opraHh3upaHr Bcecalo3HvB HayqHo r3creaoBarenc_ 3a rexHveecKa ecreruKa K' 'Hcrhry, KaKto, ceaeM cneqra_ (BHl4l4TE), nM3rpaH4 xyaoxecrBeHo_KoHcrpyK_

ropcku 6opa

(CXKE) s

N4ocKBa,

neHrHrpaa, KheB, CBepanoBcK,.Ptrrai SaKy u I6uiqcu. BHl4l4TE hMaue cneaH4re 3aaaqh: pa3pa6orBaHe , BHeApBsaHe Na Meroau 3a xyaoxec_ rB€Ho npoeKrrpaHe, onpeaenFHe Ha Ha npoMruneHzra

ec_

reruKa KtM pa3tueHxre ,3aenrF Ha MauhHocrpoeHero h crokrre c xyn_ rypHo'6x, oso npeaHa3saqeNhe, Koop_ auHupaHe Ha HayqHo'r3cneaoBarenc Kara Aei|ocr B o6nacrra Ha Ar3anNa,

KaKro , MeroahqecKo prKosoacrBo H2 AeiiHocrra ra xy4oxecrBeHo_KoH crPYKroPcKhre 6EPa (CXK5) Oue B craarF Ha noaroroBKa 3a c!34aaaHe Ha ArpxaBHa crcreMa 3a au3aiH B npoqeca H. ,3vqasa_ He Fa

cyxafF

Ha FcHo, re

rpaH{

cra'

qrcro eMnhphcHudr noa'

xoa KIM ah3aiHa, nuncara Ha Navq Ho'ieoperrcHh 1l HayeHo MeroareHu ocNoBh Hef36exfo orpaHrqaBar pa3'

anah{a,

npaBFr aeBr3' MY npq peua npo6 3Ha{!iMq Ha couuanHo saHero neMr. OceBuario 6eue, Te Pe3ynrarr_ re or aeirHocrra Ha chcreMara ao ro_

Butuerc Ha

3asicexa

HavqHara

6a3a, Bapxv Ko8ro rF ce n3rpaxaaue.36 raKaB, ocNoBa He Moxeue aa

nocnyx, crBxynHocrra or oraerHh 3BaHhF

h npenoprKr,3aMM.rBafu or

pa3nrleHr ahcqrnnrHu. Heo6x04uM

or 3HaH,4F, clo6pa3ets clc cneqrd"Kara Ha ar3aiHepcKara aeiiocr, pa3kpuBaul c!ulHocrra sa 6eUle .rHre3

ax3ariHa, HeroBara npo6neMarqKa, co

qqarH, oyHKtl4 ,

npodecvoHanHx

cpeacrBa x rBopcecxu 3aKoHoMep_ Hocru. ToBopeue ce 3a c!3aaBaBe Ha HoBa Hayka Ha rpaHuuara Mexav npoMhr.uneHoro, xyaoxecrBeHoro

rBopqecrBo, 3aKoNoMepHo Hape! eBa npoMxunesa ecreruka. Ho loBa He 6eue ,aocraneHo. XvaoxecrBeNoro npoeKrrpaHe, qrFro 3aaaLra e He rot_

KoBa cHAaBaHe sa

npoMrluineH

o6eKr (MauruNa, YPea tr r'H ), Kon Koro flpoeKrrpafe Ha onpeaeneH14 Bp!3k, Mexay rdu o6eKr , eoBeKa, rps6Ba aa ce cao6pa3tsa c icu' xonorh,ecK"re. sq3uoror'4ceck{re

aHrpononorrqHu BeKa, cneaoBalentso aa rlMa crorBer_ Hara nphpoaoHaycHa ocHoBa- TaKaBa ocHoBa craHa eproHoMuFra

TaKuBa 6Fxa nrpBocreneHBrre 3aaa! Ha HoBoc!3aaaeHtF Bcecn|o_ 3eF iraVqHo 6creAoBare ryr 3a rexHrcecKa ecrerxia. 3a peuaBaHero ,M 6eue Neo6xoarMa noaxo

nFura crpvKrvpa Na aeifocrra

"MocKur" 3a MexaHD3auuq da MoHnxa a Kopa6ocrqoeHero

edeKiusga h rrBliaBa c',1creMa Ha op raHh3aura Ha !13cneaoBarencKara u npoeKraBrcxara pa6ora. B rHcruryra

6Fxa c!3aaaeN11 tp, rpynr noapa3aeneNuF, rknf3upaHh cnopea BuaoBere cpeaa (npoBBoacrBeHa. o6urecrBeHa,

aaMhHucrparraHa. xhnxu1Ha, rpaHc' nopr r r.H.). Bropara rpYna BKno+

Baue HayqHo'r3cneaoBarencKu

5a3oB Maden Ha nopraru

OpazMeHt Ha cucreMara or cPeoctea 3a eneKrpou3MepearetHa fexHu Ka

dRanH npozpaMa "CaBeteKrPo'

rcp ea6 oH ue eH ere K rp oz Pa M ob oB

ar sucut Ktac "Kopsef"

noa_

pa3aeneHxs, pa3pa6orBaqh reoperr{H, , MeroAuqecKu BtnPocx B o6nac-

X u n eprep M u e H a

''nL2MeHr

- 2"

a n a Pa

t vqa

rra fa npoMruneHara ecreruKa

roHoMMsra, o.c!llecrBFBaulx aHant3 , o6o6ureHre Ha npaKrucecK,lF onur npu xyaoxecrseHoro apoekrupaHe, pa3pa6orBauv h3ucKaaHhn KIM uBe_ roBoro odoPMneHhe u aeKopairBHh_ re .BoicrBa Ha Marap'1an MeroanKa 3a eKcnepru3a Ha ecrerh_ qecKuTe { €KcnnoaTauuoHH,lTe cBo; crBa Ha x3aethFra. Tperara rpvna KoHcrDVXropcKoro noapa3a€neHre u

onulHoro npoh3BoacTBo

qHo 3a-

rBapFUe o6!.ruF qhKln: HaycNo u3_ cre4BaHe eKcfleplMeHranHo.po_

ekrupaHe

npoBepKa Ha npoeKtHure

pe3Ynrartr qpe3 MaKerh, MoAenuli

CrureBpeMeHHo ce cl3aaaoxa cnequanq3upaHu xyaoxecrB€Ho KoH' crpyKropcKv 6bpa, Ba'reno Ha Ko4ro 3acraHaxa eHepr'1qH, p!KoBoa'/renr,

clvMFnu 3a KparKo

BpeMe aa G6e

par oKoto cet'e cu kpr. or ranaHeHrYcua3{paHh xopa, Kor.lro 3anoqHaxa aa pa3paborBar npoeKrh

rrrBr,

Ha 43AenrF B rFcHo clrpyaHrqecrBo c npor3BoacrBoro. Ha ro3u eran B3axMHara hF$opMaqhs 6eue or oco 6eHo 3BaqeHre. BHl4l4TE npoBexaa_ ue MHoro6ponHh HayqHo-Meroaqqec_ Ku (oH.bepeHqrrl, ceM4Hapr, ctseura

H"F. pa3npauraure MeroauLrecKu 14 r4H 4ropMaqroHH, Marepkanr, oPraHtr3q_

tulQuKateH KoM6anH "Be2a

Anapar'/pa 3a u3kvctaeBo

714"

paue rcnox6x. npe3 1964

r. 6eue ,3rpa4eHa r3aatencKara crcreMa H, 8Hl4l4TE - 3anocHa x3aaBa8ero Ha 6,onerrH,,TexHhqecKaF

ecrerrKa

6u6nhorpaocKrre yKa3a.

rcnx, eKcnpec-rHdopMaursra,,xY " aoxecraeHHoe KoHcrpy!.,poBaHxe,,.

[pe3 1966 r. 6eue pa3srrqe

HanpaBeHa

opraH!3aqhonHoro

xyaox4rBeHoro npoek

rfpaHe no pe0eHxe

Ha npasrrencrBoro ce cr3aaae earHHa alpxaBsa crcreMa Ha opraHx3aqxure 3a xyAoxecrseHo npoeKrrpaHe noa p!Kosoa, crBoro Ha alpxa8Hr,s KoMrlrer 3a sayKa h rexHhka KrM I\4trHrcrepcKr4s c!3er Ha cccP. B clcraBa n BnF30-

BHl4VfE, karo o6uroalpxaBelr HaycHo u3cneAoaarenck, h ^vlo4ec rBeHo-KoHctpyRropck14 qeHDp, oc!

ulecTBFBaul Hay9Ho.Mer04ucecKoro prKoBoacrso Ha qanara AerHocr B

o6racna Ha ar3aiHa B crpaHara; 3oHarqute 6qjua'u Ha BHUUTE.

pa3axBauru Hay{Ho-r,13c,leaoBarencKa u npoeKraHrcKa aeisocr s crrpyaH4 npoM14ureHocr,

oclqecrBaBaurh MeroarcecKo plKosoacrBo cpe3 3oHanafie xyaoxecr_

seHo-KoHcrpyr(ropcK, noapa3aene-

HrF, orpacnosrre cner\uaru3t4pal4 xyaoxecrBeHo xo,rcrpyr(ropckr 6D_ pa 4 apyfrre Boaequ opraHU3aUur B

o6nacrra Ha Au3aiHa

peny6nxKaHcKh MrlHxcrepcrsa h se_ aoMcrBa, xyaoxecrBeHo-koHcrpyK-

ropcKrre rpYnu, 6Dpara

oraerhre

B npeanpr,BrhFra, Haycfio-h3cneroBa-

rencKrre uHclrryv u apyryje opfa-

Clc

ca3AaBaHero Ha aocrarrqHo

rlBKaBa ,, ahHaMxcHa cxcreMa 3as1p. r!x NaearHrFr €Tan Ha BseapFBaHe Ha

A!3aiHa B crpaHara q ce ocutypt 3,0pa3a opraHr3aqroHHa ocHoBa no HararauHoro My pa3sxr4e.

p,1ep!, Korro npecexa Ha HFKou p! RoBoaurenu A pa6or3qq4 BnpoMhuneHocrra aa oLreHFr ponFra Ha a43ariHa Karo aaxHo cpeacrBo 3a noBruanpoMr,lureHa_

npo4yKur4F. ar3anHepxre yqacr Baxa B npoeKrrpaHero Ha eneKrpoH.

BeaoMcTBai

clBev Ha clE3Hrre peny6. nrKu, a KoopauHaqmra Ha aeiHocr

o6racr

npe3 rosa speMe 6FXa nocru np€o4oneHu ncyxonorxqecKrre 6a

rsa h

repcKqre

rexHqKa, eneKQoHynpaBnFBaurh

3a HavKa

KIM

clBer

AlpxaB, rexHrKa

Ha CCCP.

^4qHrcrepcKxs nocraHoBneH,,ero yKpenBaHe Ha Bp!3K14-

re Mexay reoperu,rHhte

x3cneaBa-

Hra, nphnoxHara HayKa x npoeKraHr_ cKara npaKruKa. Ha nrpBo MFcro pa3pa6orBaHero

HayqH, Meroah 3a oqeHKa Ha no_ rpe6rrercK4re cBoncrBa Ha npoMuuneH re u3aenrq Ba3 ocHoBa Ha npo BeAeHhTe

BrB

BHI,4I,4TE

3cneABaHaF

no npo6reMa 3a ecrerrqecKara cron

reHeparopr, 6rroBa ereKrpoHrKa14 r,H. YcnopeAHo c MarKure Ar3arHep

Hocr

np€ 1968 r. MfHxcrepcKr,lsr crBer Ha cccP npxe nocraHoBreHue

aa xapaKrepx3upaMe Karo nepror Ha sce no-3a4rn6o{eHa pa3pa6orka Ha ocHoBH4re reoperrqH, , MerorrqecK, npo6neM, Ha ax3ariHa. B o6nacrra Ha eproHoMhsra us h3rpaxAaxa reoperMKo

cKu rpynf B npoMrLlneHocrra 3ano+ Haxa Aa ce fioFBqBar u cne\uanh3u_ pa3'4 na60paroprrl.

ro "3a no ao6po

npoMrDneHara ecre-

ruKa s HapoaHoro crona

vero

p$yrrarxre or

pa3Br1-

Ha ah3ahHa B crpaHara, €

ulo raKa aoKyMeHrupa0e nocrxrHa rxre ycnex, 813 dopMrpaHero Ha

HoBrre

rxKa14

Hayk,

npoM4rlreHa ecre-

eproHoMr4F. a nocraHoBne_ H,eTo ce nocTaBFUe 3aA BaHe Ha noMoulra u koHrpona Ha

npeanprslrFra rexH,ko ecTeT,qecKoTo Huso Ha npo ayK'rxara. or.oBopHocr 3BaHero Ha ar3ariHa pacfu Ha HapoaHoro

clo3Hrre

npoMr.runeHara npoavKuuf,,

KpaFr Ha 60-re roallH, MoxeM

MeroaororuqHrre HayKa, dopMrpaure ce cneMorcHara

eKcneprMeHrarHa

6a3a, B pe3yrrar

MexAy eprosoMr rl a43aiHep, Bce no-FcHo ce onpeaens-

npoeKraHrcKara

eproHoMrqHrre npenoplKu.

KlM Kpas Ha 60-re .oautlu ce noFsrxa nposecxoHanHo 3perl npociyxexa aKo He 3a eraro 3a nprMep x Kpxreprn, cno PeA Koiro AaAeHo y34enxe Moxe Aa 6tAe c{xraHo 3a nrnHoqeHeH nponoH,

ayKr MuHucrepc_

Ha \vaoxecrBeBoTo npoeKrupaH€. Peue|xFra 6sra ronkos. pa3Hoo. 6pa3Hr, ee eABa n,

BOPh 3A CIUPCTBYB6tsETO HA KAKBXTO

h Aa 6hno onpeAereNh TeNAeHqk, s o6nacrra Ha dopMou3.paxaaBero, ce cl3aaae uupoKo non€ 3a isopqe.Kh rrpceHuF. Ha rpaHrrrara Ha 60 70re ro

aqH/ aeiHocrra Ha

aM3aiNepcK4re

op.aFr3aquu1. no4pa3AeneH,1fi or6e

pa3shrue

crpeMex KlM opra npoueca

onrrHo KoHcrpyKropcKure pa3pa6o.

rKu, KrM Ha

3a4tnooseHo

y.noBfnra

u3yeaBaBe

H2 flpor38oacrBo, rex

Honor/4re u Marepharrre, koero, or cBos crpaNa, cnoMorHa 3 He Ha peansocrra Ha ar3ariNepcKhre npoeKr, !1 Ha B3ahMHoro pa36rpaHe

Mexay au3zriH€prr€, prKosoarrenx

re,

pa60rH!qr1re or npoMhuneHocr

ra. Bce no-uupoKo nprroxeHue io nyqrxa npxHqxnure craHAaprr3aqrF, arperIpaHe, 3aprzH

Hanpash sl3MoxHo npoeKrhpatsero fa io cnoxfu o6eKU

I no€seK

BHoro

Meroarre Fa npoMq!reHara ecreru

k, n6R'rru

pa3pa6oraaHero Ha HayeHo o6ocNo Bafa soMerKnarypa or r3aerrsi KrM f3y{aBaHero Ha norpe6rrencKhre rM

cBotcrBa, K!M ,3pa6orBaHero onrrManeH acoprrMeHr

A3aenva.

npe3 n€phoaa 1965-1970.oa. pF3ko ce h3MeHh

npo6reMrre

Ha au3anHa B

npoMrr!ne

Nocrra. uenec!o6pa3Hocrra or u3non 3BaHero Ha nocrrxesrFra Ha npo-

B I

Bce no or.osopNo MFcro npx pa3pa6orBaHero Ha crats

aaprh, KaKro , np, oueHKara Ha ,3Aenr3ra. Bcxqxo roBa aoKa3eaue, ee neproalr Ha yrsapxaaBatse tsa a,l3aiHa

HAPOAHOTO

Haeanoro Ha 70.re roAhtst erai B pa3Bhruero Ha clserckrF ar3aiiH. 3a HapacrBauroro My BntrFHre cBuaerencrB yBenuceNrFr 6pon npoMfureBu h3 aenrF, noanox€Hx Ha ar3aiHepcKo

npoeKrxpaBe (o.o6e!o h3aenqFra 3a

ulpoKo norpe6neH4e),

3oro yserhqaBaHe da 6poa

tso h 6rpHa

anai

HepcKrre noapa3aeneNrF B npoMr.u. 3070 3a neproaa

neHocrra {noseqe or

1970-1973.oa.). 3a ycneuHoro pa3Bhlhe Ha aa 3aiHa npe3 HoBhF eran clAeicrBaxa

3ayqH,

rxF B o6nacrra

Ha r3cneaBaBero Ba BrnpochTe 3a oqeHKa x npo.tso3upaNe Ha norpe6t rencKhre csoncrBa Ha u3aenhFra. Hayefara nocraHosKa Ha re3, npo-

6neM, 6eL!e ocrqecrBeHa 3a nplB

nrr

,3cneaBa

Ha npoMruneHara

ecterrKa k eprosoMhFra,npoeexAaH, BH1414TE, NeroBrre dhnhan, h.r NsKo' ApYru oprats!3aq!4. Eafa or

Ba h3cneaBatsrFra ocraBaue pa3pa6orsasero Ha reope.

ruKo MeTo4rqecK/re ocFoB4 Na ar3aiiHepcKara AerHocr: reopertreecKu. re i npeanocraBk, h qeneBu,e noc.

raHosKr, cneuudrrcHfre Meroah

3ar<oHoMepsocrx Ha rsopeecKrF npo uec. Ct34asaue ce heo6xoAuMtrsr npeaBapureneH MeroaueecKh pe3epB 3a peLlaBaHe Fa 3aaaerre Na ah3aiNr, Oco6eHo Bts!MaHfe ce orAenF.

B paMKhre Ha .peaM€ra Ha npo TeoperxqBoro

crpa.

yKpe

ce rBopeecKara

o6ulonpf3Hara. fi3rcKBaHuBra Ha npoMr0n€Nara ec'

Btnpocrre 3a npeo6pa3YaaH€ 3a pa3 nhqNhre BraoBe npeaMerHa cpeaa cBAaBaue Heo6xoarMrre op/eHr!ph 3a peuaBaNe Ha aKrYanHfre 3aaaeu Ha npoMf unetsara ecrerhka. YcneuHo ce pa3BaBaxa r3cneA. saNrFra B o6racrra Fa eproHoMrFra. B Ha{anoro ra 70.re roArHu Ha napBo MFcro 6Fxa nocraBeHh npo6neMf

3a c!3aaBaBe tsa Kpurepr, 3a ep oueHKa Ha kaqecTBoro

ra npoMuunetsure h3aenra,

u3Ycaaa-

3puienHoro 3r3' ip,Frxe tsa fa dyH kuhoHanHrre"NdopMa.rhFra, apyrr BaxHq npo6neM! 3a pa3pa6'J rsaHero Ha eproHoMrsecKr npenopr. Ha

Kx. I ra3u o6nacr BHt1l,1TE iocre neHfo c€ npesprura0e B qeNrrp, oKono Konro ce c!6hpaxa cneurla opraHh3aqtrh

peuasaHe tsz reoperre€cx{ h npa(rhqecKu 3aaaqh. np€3 1972 r BrB BH14tlTE N4ock86 ce clcroF n!p Bara MexayNapoaBa kots+epeHLrrF

yqeHrre

cneuranrcrhre or crpaHrCt18 no Brnpochre Ha

eproHoMhFra, Ha KoFro ce o6clarxa

reoperhKo.MeroarqecK4re u npaK rheecKhre fl po6reMf , nepcieKr/Bhre OopMxre 3a MexayHapoAtso Haye. '4 crrpyaN!cecrBo B ra

CpeA aa3aiiHepcK r€ pa3pa6or ! oMnreF.Nu Jreue

sr3.nacedara

B !aqarorc Ha ,or

7o-re

oiaenH4re 3Ae. KaM koMnneke r, aNcdM6n,.

KlM o6rdBesa.He

Ha qFnocrrara npeAMerHa cpeAa,,. Ecrec rBeHo, peanhraqrFra uhn 4rr.rBaure fphnaraHero Ba rak,

Ba cpeacrBa 3a nporpaM4pare nou npe4MerHhre o6Fkru

A,ra'.ra Ha

rtpceHero

Beq€ aKryanNa 3aaaea

6eu,c

Heo6xoar_

rrkarai a rH!(4arrBara ce pd*laue or rFLnoro BrarMoaercrsre MeArv nPoM"uneHo.ir! AriarHa 3anaca ra Bd q"ran!a 6eLJe +opM\,n,lDarei.

Ha npoqr€c,oHanFN rrranHa nopleKa, Heo6xo44Mocrra

npofpaMara, Karo HaquH ra oD.aHr". vnpaBn€Hre !d npoueca Hi npoerrrpaNe. F o,ro ocrrYoFBa uF

urF q

nocreH noaroa 3a clraaB

oopa3vBaHe Ha Har.no4Hr. koMnnpk

otretsTr, onpea€ns qen4re

npoMrun€ Bocrra. raro nphMep Moa€ aa no cnvkf noplqkara obe4hHptsMe CoDrenekrponD 6on., KIM 8Hl,1l4TE nper 1973 r. ra o; qecrBFBaHe Ha rHacrreneH

lHanprMep, B M4 3a ynpaBreHre npoavruhFra, s qenesrrF roMfnekL. N, npo.paMa) x ce.lo6pajsBa. n^ pa3Brrxe Ha o6ekra. Aq3anH nporpaM,re 3aeMar Bce

o6eM

tuTaiYepcf6 pa3pa6orFq da rtaetl!. 8ra Ha nororp..!na. Karo donM: aHVUIE npeanaaq naDsoHac.nN; npoeKr 3a ,,.bhpMer

ycnoBHo o6dHae,

pa3pa60rKa, 06xBa uaUra qanard ocHoBHa npoayKurF.

rYMeHrrurF, npotrrsoAcrBeHara cDe. Aa, cneuhanHoro paoorHo o6nekn. h r.F. no Nararlrroro prj"rrr" ra3x aetHocr noka3a orp.HL4eeHocrra ";

BH I,4TE , ," :urr"p.", op.r,rr:uq& arur"r. ro"a o.*acaBa, ce Ha A{satHepqre ce Hana.:

paspa6orBar

CNO)(H

qu"ron"nn,

CTPYKTYPHO OTNOLjEHUC

,rr","u,," *o" .,i

" rfixHara noAroroBKa, EAHa nDoeKraN r.ka 3aAaqa cera Beee ooeArBFBa vc/4qqTa Ha aecerKu, d B neDcneKfu

aa,

croihu4 cneuranrcru:ru3ar.

Neph. eproHoM4,

qq, rexHoro3r,

cneu4anrcr,

aac, or Hai pasnuqef \aFrreo. n, iahN nporpaM4ie Mm aa 6!,qar;a. coqets, tslM peuasafero Ha MeArv orpdcnoB, npooreM , cnoMarirku 3a npeo4orFBaHeTo Hqle 6apuepr, 3a pa3KphBaHero Ha 3o3' pe3epB!r qecrsoro

npoayKt{uFra

!a n.n

n. .ro.,, "ntrpu"uto "rpy4.yprru re, npoeKrHara crparefhF, MFcroro € npo.paMrre or no B4cor noDFA}k

niaHoBe Ha

Koflro nockopo ce qyBcrBaure o,

onafoBk4re, c!nposorlrulur. oo

,.d

Ha noHFrfero pMeH crrn,,. noc,-4 neH|o ce odopMa ce otJoc|oBa HostrFr ,HcrpVMeHr 3a aarakHepcro npoefrrpare _ aurarts

qHdopMaqroH!H

r, s khan no e+eKrhBHoro ,3

r(aapfre, cpeacrEara

npor3eo4crBo

craHArprr3dr.rrF nou

vrrHrcrepcK4F

clser

Ha CCCP n.p-

".p-r" "" rr"r"r"p.r""r", ...or;; 4 pa3s!,rfero

npofrBo4crBoro Ha u3aenhh

rvPHo

6rroBo np"a*."**r"_

,.norr"r. arrrr" nporpr"rr"

BA6Ho cpeAcrso F-oopaqNrpaHe

Krn

,jo"

",,^

"""".""r"",, --**_" " Ha 4erro(rrd"ro*, B ra3,

oonrcr Ha npeanplrFrrFra or aovr, ,e Mqtsucrep.rBa.,. ocBeH

roB. ti_"

no"oql, n"

"aup*"rrr" ,

"r"r.r"p._""., ". aoM.rBara Neo6roa4Mocria or,,oar paDoraaHe 4 oc!!te.rBaeaHe Ha caor tserH, a4raii!.nporpaM4 no r3n;r. neHrero Ha npo.paMrre 3a KoMnneK.

cHa craHAaprrrdqrF

tsraoBe npoMruneHa nn.nvkii,t4'G'ryr\r q +rrr";;:r; _:; parpaoorBar a43ahH.npo.paM'

AKo o6caauM corrransoro. !a. poaHocronaHcKo

rd u poKo

nporpaMrre, ro ce onpeaena or rFx

,4.HLr B l4creMara [4rH,creDcrBo. 'o Hd eneKrporel!4c€cKara nn6M'' i-

3Ha,reHhe Ha

arriH

Hard ponF karo eoerrhBso

uaBaNero Ha uenes,

cDer.

HA A'3A'1Hd R DE

!, Mareprar re. B c rosa arjrAaBNhF'

noipe6neHre. nDorlpe*

n*oct tt4r",r.r"p"r"oro

u",,,*-

".po"t,"to, wrn"rcr"p.r"o.o LlrTenHararerHrraIrH "a "r"e

B FoMour Ha xYAoxHiqhre_nPo exraHll or BHl,4l4TE ce npoBexaa MeroariqecKa aeiHocr, B pe3ynrar Ha KoFro npe3 1978 r' 6eue noarorBeH KanxranBuur rpya "l\4eroauKa Ba xy'

pa3Brrhero Ha eproHoMuFra

43Btp_ uhxa Hay{Ho-MeroarcecKh u3cneaBaHhs no ipo6neMrre Ha c!3aaBaHero Ha ah3aiH.po.paMu u npoeKrhpaHe_

o6eKrr. noAro-

Meroarcecxo p}' ecrerrKa npoM14uneHa KoBoacrBo ao npe3 nocneaHrre roarHx 3HaTr_ renHo pa3B,r14e nonvLrr reoperucec' Kara aeiHocr B oonacrra Ha npoMrltll_ neHara ecreruKa, B xoaa aa Kocro ce

dposexaaxa h3cneaBaHu

BaxH, *npoch Karol

oco6eHocr4

npu caAaaaHero Ha onrtrManeH acop

ruMeHr

or 6fioBk

xecrBeHM

xvao-

',134enrlFi npo6ne_ KoM6uHaropHu

'4 rpaau' Mx Ha dopMox3rpaxaaHeio; r.ll4r4

u3roeHxqu Ha clBercKtlF av-

3aits; xoHcrpyKqrs, +yHKqrF u xv aoxeciBeH o6pa3

au3anHa; npo6ne_

EA'HCTBO HA NPCA

MerH|F cBFr; npo6neMu Ha ar3aiHa Ha npeAMerHo npocrpaHcrBeHara cpe

aa B xutruero, a npou3BoacrBoro, B rpaaa

r.H.; npo6neM" HadopMh

paHero Ha ecrer4eecx! cronHocrh u npe3 ro3r nepuoa YcneuHo ce p33BrBage x ep.oNoMrFra. EFxa x3 BlpueHr peauqa BaxH, reoperhcecKu pa3pa6orKu,3anerHanx s ocHoBa_

ra Ha MeToaonorucecKaTa KoHqenuHF Ha ep.oHoMrara Karo HavKa TFxso3a yrBrpxaaaaHero x 10

3ynrarh

or aeiHocrra nephoa

KparHo 6erue noa{eprasaHo B neeara. EaHa

,reiHocrra

or 8ai-BaxHure

HacoKh Ha Na BHl4l4TE, KoFro uMa

edeKr BIPXY YclBlP

AoxecrBeNoro ipoeKrhpaHe". npe3 nocneAHrre neT roarH',1

HeeaHo_

csoicrBa

norpe6uretci<rre

npoMxuneHrre ,3aethF,

e Kosrponrr Brpxy ,3aenrFra, Bt3 noxeH Ha ,Hcrrryra c peatlua ahpeK_ rrBHh aoKyMetsrM. cBlp3aHara c ro_ Ba eKcnepfta aeiHocr ce Boau eaHo

B HsKonKo HanpaBneHvc. EaHoro or r8x e u3aaBaaero Ha 3a-

BpeMeBHo

norpe6xrencKhre cBon3a uhpoko norpe6_ neHxe npu rsxHara oqeH

rsoro

(3a ner'lnerKara 1976-1980r'

6Fxa h3rorBeHu noseee or 8 x nFAq eKcnepru3x, Haa 4 xxnFA, or Kouro - 3a croKu c KynrypHo-6rroBo npea_ Ha3Ha{eNue}.

apyroro

HanpaBneHre

NOBUIE BUAOBE CTOKU npeaHa3Ha{eH6e (3a nepMoaa 1977-1980 r' Ha raKaBa

c KynrypHo-6rroBo

oueHKa 6Fxa noanoxei, oKono 800 ,3AeruF Ha pa3rhqHu eranu Ha npo_

eKrvpaHe). OcBeH roBa,

BH14l4TE

pa3pa6orsa npenoptKu KrM Meroa'_ Kara 3a npoBexaaHe Ha eKcnepru3a Ha norpe6urencKqre cBoncrBa B npo_

KoHrponupa MruneHrre orpacnu s nPo' nPoBexAaH,aFr HhBo, Henrcro aHa_ noapo6eH eKcneprx3ara Ha 4eca nu3 Ha norpe6xrencK4re cBonc'Ba

Ha ,3Aenq8Ta aaBa

BT3MO)I<HoCT

flpeanprFrxf,ra aa orcrpaHFBar cr-

utecrBvBaulhTe NeaocraDqu B xoaa

EaxH

Hai_3HacrrenHhre Pe

BHl,4l,1TE

ycraHosF_

aenoBu orHoLrleHuF

npoMquneHocrra- ocBeH pa3rtrq'

Hxre BuaoBe eKcnepfu3r, tHcrurv dunranri nPosex' aar uhpoKa KoHcynrar,lBHa aeiHocr, Karo r3Brp!!Bar exeroaHo crorurll KoHcynraquq Fa cneqrantcrrre or npeanpxBruFra no KoNKperHt ,3ae €ranu or npoeKrqpa' HETO

BSEAPABANETO

qM'

EAUH

xaPaKrepHqre Pa6orHr Mo' MEtsTU B NPOCKTAHTCKUT na6oparophx Ha hHcrrryra e rBopcec Koro o6clxaaHe Ha MaKera uttr onr r HrB o6pa3eq nonyqeH or 3aBoaa, B xoaa Ha Koero cneq4anrcrure crBMecrHo c prKoaoaxrenqre, rHxeBe pure 14 KoHcrpyKroprre Ha npeanph' srhero, rapcFt HoBv, no_ao6p, peue_ Ban

BHl4l4TE B crrpYAHuqecrBo c dutuanqft u Boaeqrre orPadoau opraHr3aqhx no npoMhuneHa €cre TuKa cl3AaAoxa chcTeMa 3a Hayeuo rexHhqecKa uHdopMauu

,lHcrxryrlr

143nuHFBa +vHKqfure

Ha npo6neMHo opueHrupaH qeHrpaneH

opfaH 3a noa6upaHe h KoMnneKrv qvxae saHe Ha doHA or GBercKu '1 u Nenv6nrKv_ crpaHH, ny6neKYBaH, sa|h uHdopMaqhoHHu u3roeH,iq, no npo6neMxre Ha apoMxuneHara ecre'

rrKa x eproHoMhFra BHhl4TE i S'4nuanhre s crPaHara aoaFr anaHoMepHa nponaraHAa Ha npoMruneHara ecrerrKa, eproHoMuFra. ExetoaHo

ce opraH{3rpar ao t5 43no46x. nd scerh 5 roAuHq ce npoBeaaara BCec!orFx "3nox6r no nr3arH H'u-

6a've 6'no"""n,

no.4o6pe urpokqre

co4uanhcrrqecko cro

BaaHara sopMa ra o6MeH tsa rHdon MauxF npeAcrasnsBar Navqrxre k.H-

naHcrso 3a eoeKrqsHdo !3no,3e

.FepeHurr, ceMxHaph, crMnortryMr.

4r13a',N.i.retsrIplr klM BHl,4lrTF I\,4ocKsa xrBapuBa

;

HEO6XOA'MO E

pec Ha pa38urrero Ha sauua 'HTF awani

"""..""";"; none3so clrpvrHrqe

crso c pa3nfqHfre orpacn,

nerfie fa clserckfs atr3arH !, eDro. t"rroro ;"^"o","t, oL4Ha. or " 1965 r "prr"",r" BHl4l4TE e" cneH lvle$ayHapoaHrF

3aqxrre no npoM14uneHa ecreruk: lr4KCl4A). Beee

"*-", clBerckrre"*_ npeacrasrrenu ca BrnloceH4 E clcraBa Ha p!kosorNxre My oprd|". nper 1975 .. B cccP.p ar4|14

npoBeae aeserrFr MeAayHaooneH Korrpec Hd fiKCt4A, a npe3

3 4 roru. ce opra!4rupar MehayHaporHrrre

3HacqrenHa ponF s no

Hararlu.

foro pa3srrxe Ha AlpaaBHara crcrc Ma 3a ArratH r3xrpa GrrareHrqr npei 1978 repcKuF

.. no peueHhe /ra /\tuH,.. Gser Ha CCCP laeanvR;.

aoMcrBeH crBer no npo6reM,rre npoM14uneNarz ecrerrKa,

Ha Korr.

oot"ur"

npunop.", "u a"rno"rr" ." .r""." ,u pu.r^ Hute opraHu3a\hq s ra3a oonacr larxBa ca HFkOq or pe3vnra r4re Ha aetHocrra Ha

arp{aBHara

cxcreMa 3a Ar3arH B crpaHara. ycn-a

'rre t Moxeld aa 6!aar

Ha H€roBara erhck-

Hd nD.

Eano or 4o<6:slsncrBara 3a v.-

Ha ax3ai8a. ooaqe clurecrBvBar OOeKr4BHh rpyAHocrr, oTcroarFe,

MHo.o do

nlpsdra

rpyna Ko4ro ce HyAAaFr or pa3DeuauiHp e csapraHa c axrarHep€, c npode. croHanHara My noaroroBKa, ycroB,

Fra ra pa6ora h rsopcecKoro Mv vcrBlpueHcrBare. arrc nusa,."*_ e npeacra€xren Ha earHcrBeHara

rBopqecKa npo+ec,F,

cobcrBeHa opraHr3au!rF Apyxecrso. 4o HacroF!1rF MoMeBr y Hac, 3a pa3nlrKa or MHOro aDvru

npoMhurneHo pa3srfu crprHh, ssMa cneura.Ho aL4cL!e yee6Ho 3aseAeHxe ra n04.oroBKa sa a!,ra4Heph 3a noo

fe ce oOvvaaar ere QaKvnrerrre x oraenqre Na lvro{ec rBeao-npoMruneH!rre, xyaoxecrse

Htrre h

rearpanHo-xya

Bncua yqe6Hu

3aseAeHuF, Kohro He

ca B clcroflHtr€ ao ocr.ypar se6oxo. 4xMara cneqra4Hd u qH$eHepsa no!MeHHoro npox3soAcrEo. B Msor^ nr orpacnrre q3o6uro He e npeABrAesa anlaHocrra \yaokN{K.npoeKraHr,

paooreurrre B rs, 413artseD,, ce qu.

nar B ularHrre ra6rxq, Karo ,HxeHePx rn, apyrh cneqranrcru. no.o nFMara cacr or ar3aiHep!4re, pa6ore

ur,

B npoMlrdresocrra

ca o6erhre rpynr. Koero npakru.

T".,,,."**

uorqyBaHe q

npooe.qoHa,Horo

Ha tBXHara AerHocr, ocrrypqBa 6naronp4FrH arMoc$epa l, vcnosrs 3a ,soacrBaHF

Ha Kaap4re. HFMa aercrBaurr Mooan Bu-cfhM\lnt4 3a nooLrpFBaHe Ha 14.

rarHeprre _ 4 p.3nrFa m MHoh crpaH, Hre HFMaMe cneuranHr noeMrlu

qeHu

KoHkvpcq no Axr€rH. Darn, .6*c, H" ., ;";_. HoMeHknarypar€ Ha

lroxaF Hufe Batpaa[, HaKpaF, aHec nrrin-

HepaT

e4rHCrseHrsr cneuranrci

vtutor"r"r"

B cTp.HaTa 3aalrxxrclHo neprorxcka ksanqdl,Kauqsra qpe3 caorBerixre vqe6Hx 3aBereMq

n ,.nauieour; B pe3yrrar Ha F.u.

ko or Mnarrre 'oM 6onu,,HcrBoro cneqranucrq, cnea usr4qaHe Ha rD, re 3aAlnarrenHr .oArs, pa6ora no noorr,,,l ""nn"*",

pa3npeAeneBxe,

Bropara rpyna sanpocr, Korro

op.rrr""uror",

per ,3MxHanxre "" roArHq ao6oe .p npercrdBf \a Boaeurqre ar3arH;Dcku opraHx3aqxh k!M MrHrcreocrso rekoro Marl]xHocrpoeHe, Il,4kHrcreoM crBo ra enekrpoHHara npoMr0ne

Hocr, MuHrcrepcrBo Na asroM.6u nHrra npoMruneHo.r A MrHucre}crBo Ha Kopa6ocrpoesero. I De3vnAe4HocT ah3.;H*

E re34 orpacnx ce npesrpHa B ftr.

ra.ulo

cpeacrBo qerekacoeeHo

rBoro H. Dpo4yKuqsra. Ho B noBc. or orp.cnxre noAo6sx op.aH,

eero

HFMa, a Ah3araeDxre

npoMruneHocrra

n +fvpaNo plKoBoacrBo rB€f nponycK

qecro

HepauhoBanHo. c!!.rec B aapxaBHara ctrcreMa

ar3ai'f

e orcncrBtrero Ha 3oHan H' Ar3ai|cpcKrl opraNr3auru B 06 uhptsxre r€prropfq Ha ck6rp u cpe

Tperara rpyia Btnpocq e cBlP

3aHa

.Krre

sFeapFBaHero Ha ar,3aiHep' pa3pa6orKf. O6ur

60rKh. c

rBoro 3a npoayKrlfsra x Kaeecrsoro

qacr or re3h pa3pa' nonoxrrsnHa oqeHka or

aenrFra. 8!6 Bp!3Ka c roBa ce syBcrBz odpa Neo6xoauMocr or BaBexaaHero Ba asropcK, Ha,43op nptr BHeapsBaNero Na ak3a;Hepckqre

pa3pa60rK, no. n!r,

3aKoHoaareneN

o6u1oc!o3Ho HhBo.

3a clsercxMre Arl3airHeph e xa. pakrepHo BucoKo lyscrBo Ha orroEopHocr 3a npxHoca rM np, peuaBa. He Ha o6ulhre uranlu 3aaaqx, nocra6eH!

KoMy'

naprrF h .p€srrenc rBoro, crpeMex KrM ocaqecraaBaFe pa6oiirqhre or npou3soacrBoro. no

Heaocraruqu,

crosHNo rapceHe Ha HoB, pe3epsh u

nrrku1a 3a noBh0aaaH

NPU h3TO']H14LII,4TE HA APXI4TEKTYPATA

cr.*,c. apx.

14BaH

cnaBos, kaHAqaar

Aecriecetu4r ta6uren Ha C.eer

.Ku, cbo3 o'pbqE aqe

edHa ct@Hdqa

ecKata kvttv' Da. Koz.fa apedL net .oduHL lecftaxMe aecfiecetuft ,oduuHuHa n BeruKatu oKfaMspLn.Ka p@o'oqra Hue of eocord E Ha Haaera c..peMde o66pHaxMe naztet) K6M Htu6ttHu'e xopu rcea ucfopuce.Ko

.t6urte.

p.3xpLfu af HPKo2a ocHo'

.paeHux. noaeuza Ha napdxKure KoMyHa pu c6c L|!/pM Ha He6efa TatK.aa 6e .paMerc tu rExHata cep.x3adaea c63t)z eaHerc H. n6o.ar1 npo'eftp.Ka d.ptuea c

ecwRr npanrucaqu ar Hea noc'ea.tau4 fi 6utuera u Ne2oearB Matepuat4 u dvxaeHa Kyrrvpa oKtuMapuncKarc 12

o6nacrra Ha ar3anNa aa nocraa4M Hke rpF6Ba aa npcrM BoBu cpeacr8a 3a o6eahHFBaNe Ha au3airHa , npok3

BoacrBoro, aa HacoqBaMe ycrnuFra cl4 KIM Bce

no.orro8opN, croxHf

o6eKrr,

NenocpeAcrBeHo cBrP3aHh c peuasaHero Ha Hair BaxHure Napoa-

3aaaeu Ka(ro 3a neru.

Ba re3x 3aaaqh

npoMuunetsoctra, cecro ce peantr3f'

par clc c!ulecrBeH,

tsa rpvaa B nFoq€ca Ha npo€kra8r cKara AeiHocr. Ta3h npodechoHarHa no3quuF, KaKro, frarpynaHri npe3 nocneaHure aae aecerunerra onrr B

AI43AIIHA

nepcneKrhBa.

Aeza€cer

uecrh8

KoHipec Na HaLllara naprtrF.

YAK 62:7:05 (091) (47)

B CCCP

,3KycrBo3HaHtero

6r6x3adara L cu nocfaeu Haoa pe u

d.pa*aaBeto ha KoMv9ucrueecKofo

qe.r.a. 3atoqa

06.

He nnpa3Ho nacredHut. KoMvHapL npedaaa^a Ba

no6et)urutu pvcku

Mero Ba KoMyHao 3a eeeHa cLxpaHeHue. a to3u cuMeon'ceH x r 6e u3

tyMaatctuuHu,e udeL I

nPeduecrBa4u

pu Rpevetu nate6pdu ft3u ,oct e Hetqute coquo

npueMcree

enaxu

- ar yrcnu"E

"@eAeoauutra Ha rovaoaure 3eMeder.Ku npoMuureHu FoMyHu ' M P.OyeH, "Ct6B'

4e6ufe daMaee ' Ha qepHudeec<u

ecucKu

ao HEyqHuF KaMvHU

npedMetHo npocfpaHctueHa caquo kyh

nn4roa-p la.zrdaaaHe Ha o6u{t60 6e3 eacfHt @6creeHoct cu3a6urue ft Matepu

arHu L dvxbeHu 6taza, ocu.v?eHoct Ha rpyda u cnpa6eatu6a 6ura. npd KparKoro cu cLaurcysaHe AKoduHcKara aLKturypa u llapuxKBra

KaMyHa npeahpue,a npaKru4uKu <pacKu HE nado6Hu caquo Ky'fvpHu haMepeHuF. MapKc, EHzuc u

ne4uH 3a npbe n6t npucftnuxE

Couuaructuc Kurc udeu 3a npey.-

rpon.rao Ha o'qilreota np

fypre cpeda. 'vnnuata" Ha T.Mop ''rpEdbr M atHqerc" BB r KBMnaHerd,

60pMy'upaHetu

o6acHoBa a koMy4ucrucecKa rypH. npozpaMa. npu r.ea

tuxa uerur npedaecrtaq onuf 6 fasu o6,acr a cddadeHan at

KbM

cauub kvt

tu npeocMuc' ucfapucecKu

npeyctpoL.rco da a6ue..

ktrtrpsa

npozpEMa

MPtpD Ha uHAudLdyarFua

rtphLfe zaauH,

rv.up .rpd Aa,u4aB

quaqL.tulech pcaa4sque re .e .nnefn. .fpasafB Ha c\eeture M c6ara Ha c..c.. peny6duru nN3 coqLa KyrtvpHu 3adaeu ryanHo ce uhcfu

dspkeHoct. ctaNe|

nbrrt na 6.e^

";tu*"

paquots.4dutP a.r2neau npaureaA.r6eauqui paf 6 3adatJeHafa.f fax cuc,eMa: ,,o6uec

tao, k)/rtypa, t3Kycrso, 6ut,,. k.o. xatu ca eyrzapwatapcKu u denDunoxlMu 3 t,.t3tadr, e61?,edL Ja nu;epa,vDan uto6@3LterhD

qaPMout,oa,.)Eheta * LldLnua D .bopMupaHerc "oa."u;.",,,; Ha o6dr ho.t e ap\ufe,rypaB

*""a,.4a

acra.'*),' ", p"uonoquo,ou_,rAo*..."i",

rctr qa LtiddexaE Castc^a d6.*,R: tahuH. A. podte]ko, e Cren"*"i tL rtu.rqtun 6patR Crcd6eD2u L nnv_, ; u3Ky.rea 4. ra] i nna.oau u dp, Ea6anp.Kotu aDLuas;.

6Etnpp4ede9fes coq"a-" R

6ut a nD..-' .pa,. ,. "",,,,"",,;:,,

ttpa@ecuoFahluar onLr ehDu^n""";_*-

Ron,o

Pt.nepuMqt

."",.,u

ra^"",,;. "_ .o ".pa"",e",t. ;.p..

"".'.aq'.."oh"qu,',ec"a,.a"..*',". 4.".'.,p"."-.,, ." ".., ' lfupu,n u npai-^a-"".. * "':; H. u.no 6"; ap'',.K1,".;; " j',e",o,a n*".;;" Mu -,e," rc u "Jo6p" .

utK ct.o

dd caqua_kyrrvpHa npozpa

d"M"_uM..@,a;.;.

utdRKaacKu fPa^pdr h. Ma

rc P.AtuD-aep7o6 , ar.*4*...",, ,dt. dd ttpaKoque3 u AaLEkoBUr neou E qopMaE ntd6,. h sreM-4; '-" re Maxa da 6^;" _.tep,"""u

da ErH<quoda'LtMa M r,H.6r.2 oorcntasa dotaaKorc HEuatd .d.mL e c;idaeapptu ," derHD, t.) MatepL44" 6apM, ^""."._::, Me e.npo.ute Fa 6apM.B do n.a;.v^"

npt ts d'.nM.,. -da'upa da tro.roe"* "a.tuduR ^"*"";; p4",iu"a""" oFa qeq. feru @ue"qu. "";;' ",Me";,, tt'zu z.t L aYtTEqH 11926 . ) .. ;

.h,;o*,".",

"?p4",,e"",e peanulaquh u c dcn.rcdrc,,ur. p.ipn, ia

cccKu uru.Keaadc u

rturcpuu da nor.c6;t ta .beer.k"- -:-

t-wa no.ned.rcut of fo.u

aa iO^re zoduHL .e Ho t npet tutu neDu.a p.

*.p'",".'"-;

nuue eudduct,eaDetuK

ut06p.iLre,Ho te .poHuKear e edHa unD a.r. en.Me,ru"at"'"'.,

Ma c

paRLrLqa ha.eercrorc "y"r'D".."",".. o6uec,R. pd 60 rc ,oabL dai hn,

npadbnka9a L do HauL aHU Hckozaupea

daKpad cep6rcadaca a

rv,tv@

cheet.KlE e_.

-;.

"_"

fapMLoaae Ba xu, npauhad.,sPh. NuquqHa .pc.)a cpet npedMeho n.h..,, | 6oDMa nad!,

xapKoe. naHopaMa

NPOTPAMA 34 NPO}I3BOACTBO HA NETATA TEHEPAUI,IF ABTO

n'dqad

2 A6toxtu Ha Rruzara "CrpaHa Caeer cKar', c. EceHLH. 1925.. 3.

Ctot. H.PoratuH. 192, 1929 2. Cz.eBeM .rot. 3eMrRHutluH, 1927 .

Evct4 "xKAPvc" "x6HzepubH Mauu1bpu", M 2, 1981

aaqrre

hta

Epe96vp2.

HoB ruf,

npaeKt Ha Ma.a 3a MxMarcH Krv6 Astup: A.PodceBKo, 1925 z.

Aatop: K.Me'Huko6. 1932 .Aercp: r.Knyquc,1920.

19-29 z

6aKy. Keapnn "c.tllayMFH" lApMeHuKeHdl. 1925 1924 z.

npoeKr Ha Ma.koecKuR x'oH aa Pe'

Ho aa

teHuH.padcKa npEeaa"

Aarop\ : 6pars BecHuHt, 924. 1

KaHKvpceH npoekt 2

15. KoHKypceH npoeKr Pa AAe.po.ec Aerap: B.BectuH,1927.

16. Pa6ote1 kry6. ,lHreplhq

A.top:

17.

A.PoAeeHko,

KoHKypceH hpoeKt Ha

crpyBaurtr KoHBeie

napux. 1925 z teaftp d

Pocrc. n AoH Aaroqu:

R Lltvxo,

retdpanx. 193a-1935.

18. KoHKypEH npoeRr re 3daHuero Ha

' HapKoMr'*npoM e Moc*a. Aarcpu: 6para BecHtHu, 1934.

noe3

t2.

Aercpu: 6pan RecHuHu. 1934

ierrura.

,3MeH HaerHa Ha npeBo3BaHe nrrHrurre { rexHrn 6arax. Asro 6yGr npeHacF nlrHuurre u 6araxa liM eaHoBpeMeHHo - nnardopMara 3a nlftxqf e dpeaaara cacr ce noa. 4r1ra aBroMarrqHo ao caMonera, a B Guroro sp€Me, noa Hea, 6ararer ce npexBapnF B 6araxHoro ora€neHue. no noAo6eH neK i 61p3 HaqrH ce ,3 8lpuBa h o6parHrFr npoqec - pa3 roBapBaHero Ha caMonera. npu r€3, crcreMa Ha rpaHcnoprrpaHe He ce

u laaa. Au3adH: K Mzneeua

M'lHanara roauHa cneuhanqcrxr€ 6F xa 43HeBaaaH, or noflBara Ha eaHa yHrapcKa HoBocr: aBro6yclr c noa BuxHa nnardopMa (npo6eH Moaen) , npox3BoacrBo Ha 3asoa!.1re l,4KAPyC. To3a HoB sMA rpaHcnopr 3a o6cnyxBaHe Ha nerru.ra rMa 3a 4en paauKan-

Rrv6 "PycaKoa" e Mac<ea. Astop: K.MetHuKoe, 192,

aarooy

Ha cneqxanu3qpaHara f snox6a

AKcoHa etpucHa xuaonuc.

daKuuEft

npoh3BoacrBoro npe3 cnea.

sa rerlruero B!3 opaHkdvpr

KoHXvpceH npoeKr 36 AqoQeu Ha

gBnHuK

"Mot llapuN"

Aarop: E, nu.uqKU. 1933

aBro

saurxre aBe aecerfnerqF, noHacroflureM pa3pa60rBa nerara reHepaquF aBro6vcr. CraruFra uMa 3a qen aa pa3Kp'4e HFKo' noapo6Hocrx oKono

AHe.po.ec. Aeropu: B RecHLH, H. K otu. r. OD, ao, C.A Hdpeeec K u n 6.

3aBo!!r 3a Kapocephf

6ycu "I4KAPYC" eatH or'r nerre Hai-roneM, 3aBoaa B cBera onpe aenFUr TeHAeHurrre Ha pa3Burue H3 o6qecrBeHuF rpaHcnopr u 3a

YAK 629.114.5:7.05

pu , cnoxHu cloplxeHxfl, Dn Karo ro3x aBro6yc ocrrypFBa qsnocrHoro np asr4xBaae Ha nrrHuqL4re u 6ara or rpaacKoro 6opo Ha ao caMdF caMoner. To3u Meroa Moxe aa ce u3non3Ba

npaKruqecK, Ha acaKo nerr!.re oco6eHo raM, KlAero npeHzcFHero 6aran<a ce

r3Blpu6a plqHo.

BlBexAalero Ha asro6ycire c noaBxxHa nrardopMa ule aoBeae 4o

crulecrByaautara crc reMa; €ro 3auro KoHcrpykroprre Ha "l.4KAPYC" 3aroqHaxa aa npoeKrxpar

Hoah neTuqa

q HoBh Meroa,

o6cnyxBaNe Ha nuHruure.

l.43rnexaa KAPyCorfoBo nprBneee Br!MaHrero Ha ekcnepr4re

KrM KoHcrpyKropcKtrre ch laeh , hAerfFra cq, ll slnpeK! roneMrst 6poii aBrooych "UKAPYC . Korro.c aB4xar no uocerara Ha qerrprre

ca 4o6pe ro3Harf KaKraKa u Ha cneufa HFMar npeAcraBa

firrrlqrre,

''kKAPYC 553

' Ha

Mokra

vcrnrF ca anoxeH, npLl pa3pa6orBase.ro h npor3Boac.

raoio

Ha eaHo HoBo npe6o3|o .pea_

HeKa Aa npocneArM crarhcruKara Ha 3aBoaa l.4KAPYC. qexoBere B byaaneura UleKe0rdexepB3p, K! Aero pa6orFr oKono 1l 000 pa6orHr. ka, npe3 1981 r. ca npo!3Ben, 14 000 aBro6yca, or Korro 12 000 3a 3 Hoc (rna8Ho 3a CccP) . ToBa o3Naqa Ba, ee 12%

or c6eroBHoro npor3soa.

crBo Ha aBro6ycq 14KAPYC. 6naroaapehxe Ha re3u reM

foBe Ha pa3Bur e, aBroMoornHara npoMrlruesocr B yF.apfF 3aeMa 6.2% or uFnoro npoMrrneHo npof3 aoacrBoi koero cpeaNoro caeroaHo NrBo 19

Yerrpure reHepaqHu yHrapcku

aBro_

CneaBoeHtsoro yHrapcKo aBro 6ycocrpoeHe Moxe aa baae pa3aene Ho Ha qerfph enoxr.

n!pBara retsepauqfl aBro6Yc/, BeaHara cnea sonNara, noMorHa

peoprasv3rpaBero Ha o6urecrBeHf n rpafcnopr. npe3 nepuoaa 1949 r.1958 r. 3aBoaar ,'lKAPYC nDor3Be .eph, n!rJBrre crqne'

neproalr Ha Bropara .eH€pa urn 1959-1965 r. ce xapaKrepr3uPa c rHreH3xBHo p:3Brrre

npor3soa

crBoro. YHrapri 3anoqHa Aa ,3Hacn aBroovcr, rraBHo 3a coqhanucrrcec

.CKAH'1A_KKAPYC'

Krre crpaHh. Han-ycne0eH ce oKa3a Moaenlr "I4KAPYC 55" cac aaaeH rBrraren, npeaHa3NaceH 3a ClBerCneneHeB

astu6\/c "U KAPYC"

::*:l!i 'Ili=*=-h ,IIII'r;r rl lnr'.i;

C pa3Buruero Na rperara reHe paqhF ce Banoxr aa ce Koopauflhpz qFnoro npor3BoaclBo Ba rpaHcnopr Nx cpeacrBa.3a ra3h qen npe3 1968r' P.lpxaBH,aFr

qecKqre alnpocr,r 13rorBq nporpaMa 3a pa3Burue Ha yHrap.Koro aBroMo 6rlrocrpoeHe- no to3h HaerH 3 Ha canoro Ha ceaeMA-"cerre roauHh 6e

HanpealK, nporl38oacrBeHuBT Kanaqurer abc_

rhrHa 6000 6pofl roauuHo. HoBhre Moaen, 3a ro3h nepuoa 6FXa: cl.

rpaacKu aBro6v. "14KAPYC 180", rpaacKuFr aBro6yc "14KAPYC 556" h MexayrpaacKuBr aBro6yc "l,lKAPYC 557".

"l4KAPYC 200 SaM,nli' aBro6yc", npe[craBrrenr aa qelslprara re

Ce4eMAecerre roArNx 6sxa L4c, rrHcKr.l pa3qBer 3a l4KAPyc.3a pa3_

srrrero tsa 3aBoaa 6Fxa ,HBecrf paH! 6nx3o 3 Mrnhapaa 6opfHra. no ro3/ Ha'rrN ro4ruNoro npor3soacr3o npe3 1975 r.AocrfrHa l0 000. a npe3 1980 r. 14 000 6pos. 9erBrprara .eHepaqhs nonVeh HoMep 200. B ra3x oaMrnrF hMa 14 Boaellh Moaena c noBeq€ or 210 Mo Ar6yKa4L4,. Kakro 3apaAh Ao6prA ar3aiHi raKa x 3apaa, KoHcrpyKrus. Hure ,M Kaqecrsai aBro6vcure Moren 200 ce non3Bar c ronsM ycner u ca MHoro noaxoaaltr 3a MacoBo nPof36oAcr3o. toneMrre Br3M.x Hocru 3a pa3Brfue Ha ra3u daMxn,A n och.ypFBar ao6!p MexavHaooaeH na3ap ao cpeaara Ha oceMAe.erre

noAoOpFsaHe

MaHeB

perocrra, npo6erNrre KacecrBa , noAAlpxaHero Ha astobycrre 6Fxa raipaseNr H3Ko, koHcrpykr!3Hf 13MeHeHuF. B3er, 63xa MepKu 3a noao6pFBaHe Ha

noacrneH,, cac cToMa.

o6opyaBaH, nerara

refl

HoB

run

aaHe npe3

epaqxr asro6ycr.

aBrobycH: aBro6ycq 3a rpaacK, rpaN

3aBoArre llKApyC. raKa Kakro

! Apyfure 8oAeu], npor3Baanerq

cnopr

MacoBuF obulecrBeH rpaNcnopr / Ha nporl3BoacTso 3a nep,

oaa 1980-2000 .oarHa. OcHosFrre 8uao3e rpa4cKh , tr38!NrpaAck, aBro6yc,l !.1€ 6!Aar KoHcrpyfpaH, Ha 6a3ara Ha HanpaBeHtrre Aocera pa3. pa6orKq c h3non3Basero Ha Han Mo-

aepHrre nprHqfn, Ha npoeKrrpzHe. 3eq€ e AoKa3aHo, KrM cpelcrBara Na rpaacKuF rpaHc

nopr H€npeKlcNaro ce npoMeHFr B ceeroBets Ma!.ra6. EAUH or npo6ne

M,re 3a peuaBaHe e 6e3koH.!n,(r. HrFr run fpaacK! rpaHcnopr, KrM Kofro ce npo.BsBa repec u 3a ipaacKqre Bna.r, norarar oco6eH, B caorBercrBhe c HoBtrre nprrr,

{o6xKBoBeH,

6ycr, clqneHeHh aBro6ycla

caera, npo.so3rpaxa pa3Bqrxero fa

qhnq Ha pa3Bfrre Ha.paAa

cTlKnara.

KoHcrpyKroprre Ha 14KApyC pa3rpaHh'raBar aBe ocHoBH!1 rpynx

()3xa BaBeqe8h o6e3oraceHa KopMrn Na ypea6a , Foso 6opaoBo ra6no c ynecHeH aocDn ! no-ao6pa Harrea

llexAyrpaAcKrre aBro6ycu, or cBoF crpaHa, rpF6Ba Aa 3aAoBonFBar

tsyxA re fa rypr3Ma. OcBeH pa3nr,r rrlr€ noMoLtH, nprcnoco6neHlaF Ka fo yMuBatHA, noMeqeHre 3a cryae 3h 3akycKr, rapaepo6 h r.ts,, a6co

rpaacKa

aBro6ych yHrapo-c!BercKa pa3pa6o.

rra) ,

MeAAvrpdAcru aBro6v.A lBrnbctrrerHo , nvkco3Hxre rypuc-

rueecK4 aBro6ycu).

Te)<Hr,recKoro Hr4so sa rparc, Krre aBro6yctr, pa3pa6ores! B cMe ceHoro yHrapo-crBercKo npeanp!F

rre lte orroBapF hhF. np, npoekrupaHer

e oraeneHo Ha hsxc. r.3a34Fra 3a 6e3onacHocr h yAo6creo

rlod6opa, ka'<ro h Fa aa.por38oacrBoro noaaapxaHero. B 3HaqtrrenNa crenpeuMVltecrBara

pa3pa60rKr, npon4qaBa

eaHopoaf'l,

or roreMr,B

Koe_

6pon

3a yBenuqaBaHe Ha 6e3onacHoc

rpaNc

noprHhre Br3MoxNocr, Ha aBro6ycr. re rpF6Ba aa ce yBenrea clo6pa3FBar c 13LcKsaH NoM4F Ha e!eprhA

Ha Mexayrpaackrre aBro6yc, 6Fra nocraBeHh 6ycbepu or nero.

p4 s!3MoxHocrra 3a naHopaMHo Br4x-

3arBapFUl,

6e3o.acdocr Ha nrrFrurrei eBakyaqfoHeH nEk Ha noKprBai asaphnHa r3xoa!a apara npo3opeq/ Ycrpo, ', crBa 3a npeana3BaHe or yaap, MoH

rrpatsh Na ceaankkre. ocBeH roBa

nrcrHo feo6xoArMo e Aa ce yB€nxc! 6araxsoro orAeneHre h Aa ce noAo6-

Ha paAxanrx.yMr_ 3a no-NaAexA. Bo dyHKuhoHrpaHe, Bparxre 6Fxa

Moaen ca ahBeaeH!1

xopMrrHz KonoNK€ or a urrrHo npeaHo crlr<no cpeU1v 3acre nFBaHe

npf

rporcr8a

HacpeqHa cBernhNa, yc_

3a npeana3Bare Ha

fon8Mo

nlrHrKa

3HaeeHue

yBenr'raBaHe Ha MourHocrra sa asr. rarerF. npr Bo,eKtr r<oH.rpyK(!,rk Ton ce HaMhpa 3aA 3aAHara oc. BaxHa

oco6eHocr

lre 6!Aar

nN-"BMar/qHo.ro

ABoiHo-aeiicrBau!r-" 21

cnrpaqKh. Kanaqurenr Ha asro6ychre lte 3aarc, or Mo4ena, kaTo 3a eaxts nrrHuK ce npeaPxxaa nno!] or 0.125 - 0.2 KB.M. Or ocHoBHxr Moaen eArHrqes aBro6yc - 11 MerpoB, npoexraHrx. re Ha !4KAPYC ure pa3pa6orFr creneHeHure Moaen,

c alnxrHa

Mexay

i4 Ha

Mou]

Ha aBro6ycure or K.c,/r npe3 ceaeMAecerre roauHu

17-20 K.c./r HapacrBa

B HaL!"aHu.

Hvx{lara

no-ro

nFMa cKopocr. ABro6yolre c npeaHo npeAaBaHe rpF68a aa npeoaonFBar HaKnoNh ao 3%.3a aa

6!ae yBenheeHa rpaHcnoprHa'

8a asro6vcure, lre

h3hcKsaHusra H3 saMhnLrara. npo,3-

clorBercrBue c Ha aeBeraecerre roauB

6!Ae HaMareHa srcocxHara Ha c qen 6rp3o cnr3aHe crpyKLrrFra lre

noAa

cnupaeHa chcreMa, r.!e

BoacrBoTo, noaalpxaHero |4 peMoH

rlr

Ha asro6ycxre Hanarar eaHopoaHocr Ha kopnyca u Ha KoHcrpyKrxsC uen Aa ce 3aAoso-

He, cepBoynpaBneHue

6rae noao6

peHo ecrer4eecKoro odopMretshe.

norpe6rrencKrre Hyr<ru, 6e peueNo aa ce h3non3sar

npoeKr luexayrpaAckrre aBro6ycn

l\4elqyrpaAcKare ,1 ryphcrhqe cKure aaro6yc, o6pa3yBar eaHa or aenHa Kareropxs. aoKaro nph rpaA cKrre aaro6ych HrcKhFr noa e Heo6xo4r4MocT, 3a BakHo aa hMar ronsMo 6araxHo or MV MOx€ Aa craHe caMo 3a cMerka Ha

noaa, clBceM ecrec rseHo e aa ar3HrKHar pa3nxKu s KoHcrpyKqrira x pa3Meprre Ha exe, aHeaHrre rpaHcnoprHx,, nyKco3Hrre rYprcr,r{ecKu Moaenr. Ho, B aBara cryqaF Ha;-ronFMo 3HaqeHre qe 6e3onacHocrra

u KoMsoprlr.

Aasaqh

Han-ronFM 6pon u3MeHeHrs. Te3u aBro6ych ute 6laar npou3 sexaaH, B 'reruph alrxrHh: 8.5,9.5, 11 u 12 Merya. BhcoeuHara Ha noaa

lre 6rae 980, 1130 ! 1280 MM, a o6urara uM 0rxpo{xHa 2428, 2500

2600 MM. Bhcoq"Hara Ha uod6opa np, screKh Moaenu ocrasa eaHa

na aero6vca ue raae

sl3MoxHocr aa 6!ae nocrurHara pa3nLlqHa creneH Ba KoMOopr or o6rKHoseHhF rpaNcnopreH ao Hai-nyKc03HhF ryprcruqecK, Moaen.

B re3, aBro6yc, ue hMa npdHyarrenHa BeHrrnaqyF, Koero ynec-

HFsa MoHrhpaHero xacranaqrF. no saxHhre xapaxrepucrtrk'1 qe 6rAar: 3aAeH aBhrar€n rhn PAEA c MoulHocr 240 K.c.. KoFro nocpeacrBoM ra30ryp6rHei HarHeraren Moxe Aa AocrurHe Ao 320 K,c,; urecrcKopo.rHa npeaaBarenHa KyruF

eaHa aonrnHfrenaa ycKopFaauta

unr aBroMarxcsa cKopocrHa KyrrF; MaKchMarHa ckopocr Ha aauxeHhe - 120 kM/q; npeArMcrBo npeaaBKa

npx xlnMrlcr repgH;

ABonHo-Aei.

h ap. MexayrpaacKh

crBauta cnrpaeHa c{creMa

fpaAcKrre

aBro6ycu "IAKAPYC", BrnpeK, pa3, BTHUHUF CI,l BXA X KOH-

crpyKqxsra

ro o6q,

Haa

eneMeHrx, Karot cflrpae-

xopMrnnara ypeA6a, nheBMaryqHdio oKa{BaHe, eneKrp4cecKara f HcranaquF, aBurarerF, npe-

clqa

aeneHue; yserrcaBaHero Ha o6eMa

,Mar

4u:6inrr u

Ho roBa, e HyxeH Asyraren c Mour Hocr Hai ManKo 340 K.c. Au3aiHlr Ha HosLlre MexayrpaacKx aBro6ycx ure c!

Hr8 MoAen qe 6!ae u.re

HapacHarrre npo6erH,,

e|<cnnoara|luor]H14

16.5

18 Merpa. BfcoquHara Ha noAa ue 6!Ae KaKro Ha eA{HhqNure aBro6y, c, - 540 MM- 630 MM u 740 MM TexHrqecKoro

ir:

noB"ueHoro

lrarai

1130 MM. OopMara Ha aBro6yca, B cpas

c Moaenxre or ceprF 200, qe 6raeno-nnacrr,rHa 3aKplrneHa. HeHue

CrpaHrcHara creHa

l,1

npo3opqrre

ure

6!Aar 3ao6ne!r, a crlKnara qe 613aneneHu KrM paMxrre, npeaure 6!ae qFro- EaHoKprnrre Bpa qe ca pa3nonoxeH,

aaf

,3BrH npeaHara h

3aaHa

ocu.

B 3aKnoceNhe. c vsepeHocr Mo-

xe aa ce Kaxe, qe eKynrr or cneqranucfu Ha I4KAPYC Hanpasu eA,rH ycn€ueH crapr B pa3pa6orBafero Ha

aBro6ycrre or nerara reHepaqxfl. OcaKsa ce npe3 cneaBaL[hre BqKonKo roauHl, npororrnyre x aBro6ycxre or HyneBara ceprrF aa ce noFKaro cxopo cnea pr;Horo hM npor3BoacrBo.

CTAinTHI, "XAtr-TEK-

I,I

CEMAHTIIKA HA NPEAMETHATA OOPI\4A

YAK 627.O5t7.o3

aokrop no apxmekryp., BHt4ltTE

"TexHuseckaa ec,eruKa

t 4, tga2

CBenr e npocr h yao6eH 3a

Bc8KaKB' Knacro'4Ka(l,l', aKo

fneaa Ha Heulara

Ha. Ha speMero dyNKuaoHanrlMrr npeArox, onpeaenesa no3r(!rF u Ka-

re.opxcH14 hMneparBsr4

or r na

"dopMara creasa OysKq,Fra,,, slp xy Ko'1ro ce 6a3rpaue aHanr3lr ,

oLreHKara Ha o6eKrxre

ra. OopMara 6eure nocraseHa s ro+

Ho onpeaereHa

peL!H'rre 3aKoHoMepHocfu Ha o6eKnpaKr!rqecko dyHK LlroH4paHe, l<oHcrpykruBHa crpyl<rypa, Marephan x rexHono.uF Ha npor3 BoAcrBoro. Pa3yMHo KoHcrpyrpaHara

Beu rpF68al!e aa ce nporrBonocrasu Ha xaoca B ct3aanara ce cpeAa q Ha raoca B Kynrypara c HeriHxre pa3-

r,.eHq no

H'rF

BpeMe

h nrcrpora

Ha o6pa3rre. Ts

a koMyMKaqqFra MexAy aq3anHepa , no. rpebhrenF nocpeacrBoM rbopMara i npeaHa3HaqeHre,

npeacrasnnsaule eaHo3HacNo prKoBoacrBo 3a KoHKDe.

rHo aencrB,e

Or no3uqdqre Ha rbyHKqroHa n13Ma npeAMerlr, Koiro,,pa3ka3sa,, caMo 3a csoero ycrpoicrso l, HacrHa MV 43nof3saHe,

oer aa npear3B4KBa Bepxra or aco. \t1al']ku, e ,cruHcKu x qesHocrra My

Or cluldra

He.oBara npaBArBocr.

rne4Ha roeKa crahrrH-

Bu acoquarbBqu 3Ha,reHrlF Bls €op, Marat u3tu3aulu h3BlH paMKrre Ha caM4n o6e'(r He, no saqano He e npaBArB l, nopaa,

roBa crurecrayaa s peaa Ha aHrrqeH

OcseH rosa crann,H16r He e 6e.

nF3aH

6naropoaeH npor13xo4, To,

cdepara Na

Kr8 A43ariH Karo onur

KoMepcec_ aa ce c!3Aaaar

SopManHU ciuMynx 3a nracrpaHe Ha npoaykqxsra, KoF-

He HaMhpa norpe6rrenx s ycnosrFra Ha ,ronFMara aenpecxs Ha 30-re toauHu". Ton I no,KlcHo clu.recrByBa Karo cpeacrBo

paxtabKtl t jto3uu no nosoa H" ."-

q,re,

eOrMepHa

qeHHocrr, Kohro

KrM pearHxre norpe6rrencK,

r8a, Ho

Kacec,

npea43Bhxsar rEpceHero. BIHLlHare OopM, ca MHoro no-pa3. Hoobpa3Hx or aetrcrBrrenHrre cBo; crBa Ha npoMruneHxre rcae,lrs _ aa ce rrMeaF dopMara e no-recHo u no.orp3o, orronKoro Aa ce nocrx..

He curecrBeHo dyrxuuosarxo I KoHcrpyKrMBHo yc!3!pllreHcrsaHe

obeKrrre, Koraro c!3Harendo ce ycKopqBa cMFHara H. BIHUHI,F Bha,

norpebrren8r 6uBa 3acraBsH aa cr Kpa!raBa cpokoBere

ea aeqrTe x no To3q HavhH ce crrMy_ nxpar npoaax6rre. l43KycrBeHoro ycKopfiBaHe Ha qrKn,rre Ha norpe6 ,eHrero B nrarexocnoco6Hrre cno

no.ntula

3Ha

or o6eMa H2 npoq3BoacTsoro, 3aa!n6oqaBaiKh Huuerara Ha 6eas re. OcBeN roBa B clBPeMeH_

Hnro KanrranrcruqecKo 06ur€crBo B/aor€MeHeNure sopM, ra seurqre ce npeBapBaxa B cpeacrBo 3a MaHq' nynrpaHe Ha [4era+oP'etsara u3Pa3qrenHocr BhHarh e snu3ana B couhatHara dvH_ KL1lii Ha none3Hure Belru: 6naroaape fre Ha HeF oopMara Na npeaMera ce e npeBplurana B cpeacrBo 3a KoMy_

H'iKaurF u u3pa3FBaHe Ha orHo!re_ NrFra MexaY xopara npeaMerlr ce e nposBFBan Karo crMBon Ha coul4an_ NrF craryc, Karo 3HaK Ha npho6lra

KtM onpeaeneHa coLrranHa rpy' fa l4nh cnoii Ha o6urecrBoro noae'4

BaHe

HFsaHero Na dopMara Ha aoMuHaHrr'

Ha Br3yanHara Kvnrypa Ha cBoero BpeMe e noMarano Na uBA4BuAa aa cBapxe npeaMerHoro cu o6KprxeH'e c ukpoKrre KoHreKcroBe Ha cpeaara x Kynrypara. EaHospeMeHHo c roBa Beu4re ca ce npeBprulanu h BrB

slFUHa npoeKqhF

DeuHu crpyKryp,l Ha nuqfocrra Te

Ha coBeKa aa vrsl'p_

Au co6crBeHara n peacras a 3a ce6e a1, npeBprlran, ca ce B peK paHrie or Hero xrreicKx ponu-

OyHKq'aoHaru3Mrr rHrHoPrPa 3HaceHre Ha npeaMer-

Hara dopMa

- no ro3u

HaqrH ron

npeHe6perBa Heo6xoa14M

dVHKuxl4 B nPeAMer_ Ho-npocrpascrBeHoro o6KplxeHre. A

crannuHrrr Bls srAa, s Koiro OopMr4pa 3 CAUI npe3 roauHtrre

ce Ha

TonFMara aenPeckF, craHa nosoa

My oqeHKa aa ce pa3 .pocrpaHh karo cpeacrBo 3a MaH/' nynrpaHe Ha 06urecrBeforo 633aHlne c qen aa ce cb3aaaar "rpaqhoHanNu"

norpe6socr, 3a BcFXaKIB BUA '3nll 3aHe Ha au3aiHa h33aH npeaen,rre Ha ercro paqhoHanHara aeiHocr,3a BcFKaKBo HapyuaBaHe Ha carp3aNu_

Kp!ru or nPo6neMtl, or.oBoPr Na

Korro

He Morar aa

6taar

saMepeMETOA'TE HA

''q,lcrrF" rbyHKquoHatu3!M u

3ako_

HoMepHocrure Ha +opMoo6pa3vBase ro, o6ycnoBeHo ceMaHrheHo, ecrefu

qecKh. HenpeK*Haro ce pa3uiMpnBa Cera aoao6Hu npo6neMu ce nocraBir

or pa3sxrtlero Ha ca Taka MrKPoeneKrPo HhKara npaBu 6e3MrcneH no.vHra "OopMara cneaBa 6YHKquFra" KaK-

OyHKLruoHanHx crPYKrYPr4 Morar

aa craHar 3pr4M, nocpeacrBoM 6op_ AYMA 3A KOMNOHEH'

ce Bhxaar c npocro oKo? APYr nPhMeP

aBroMa c npo.paMHo vnpaBneHue, .noco6Hh aa u3nrnNFBar t!r'poK cneKrip or oyHKq,x. KaKsx 6vHK

utroHanH, saKrop'l Morar aa craHar npeaMer Ha h3pa3FBatse qpe3 tbopMa' rA B TAK'BA O6EKTh? OcBeH roBa rexHhi(ara cera uMa o6eKruBHa Mcropus, KynrvpH0 rPaa utrx

aopu csoF M ronorhs T 3anoqBa aa Bpacrsa

Bnx3anKr B o6pa3a s KoneKrrBHMre o6pa3h

sara Kynrypa To ce aHrypax

Ha Ha{r6osan

npeBprura 3

"qrclo coBeuKhre" chrY

aLlur, Bnr3a B eMoq{oHanaolo a!3 npuflrhe. BcrqRo roBa aaaa ocHoBa Hue uMpoKo aa ce u3non3sar oopM"' Karo Meraoopu, Ko He rexH,qeck' clBceM ulo orpa3FBar

npuHuqn roB€ Be e Heuo

HoBo. cpea Macoso npou3BexaaHure

npoMruneHocrra npoavKru Ba TexHrkara nptB B eMoqroHanHaia cdepa Bne3e aBroMo6rnu. CrannhHMexay qoBeKa , aBro' Mo6rna karo npoavKr Ha rexHuKara e34K Ha

Meradop"re BrHUrH,6r

Bua

aBroMo6,,na ,3Mecrr fa 3aaeH nnaH caMri aBroMo6rn Karo rpats' cnoprHo cpeacrBo. B CAUI "noa Ka naKa sa aBroMo64na nornexaar He noBeee or rpu npoqeHra or KvnvBac' re, aoKaro Ha BlHursur€ Mv Aerann,i

ce oraenF oco6eHo BHr'lMaHhe" orHo_

c"reiHara H8aBrlcuMocr Ha aBroMo6"na

soPMara

norpe6urencKvre MY KaqecBa

Beee

HE 6VAq H KAKB'1 C}MHEH'F h EABA n{ Moxe a: noapa3Hrl aFKofo-

ABroMo64nlr 3ae npaBoro Ha cr B ftBpe' M€HHara norpe6rrencKa Kvnrvpa.

Olre B

Ha rex|hKara 3a vHrsepcanHa

ruFra

ur,

70_re ro4uHu o6aqe Mt1tono

npeaFB, npereH cucr

Soph, 3a co6crBeH e3,K, npereHAh' paur 3a ovHKq"u aHanorxcHh Ha

xrre(rvpeH oplep {snpoceM

ap_

bel

KaKBqro u aa 6trno onxrr Aa ce ao6_ nrKu ao ycroiqhsocrra 14 Blrpeusa' ra opraHr3aq a Ha opaepHara crpyK' rypa) . 3anoeHaxa aa ce noFBFBar eaHoBeeMeHHo B cAUl u s 3anaaHa

I I

6pyknuHcKuRt dercku Mwen s Hta nopk

uBrcpuop

)1{unuqero Na X.lJJytDrc s Seeepnu-Xun, KanDfuapHuR " eact or facadara u ugrcpuop

Xuruutero Ha V.nMc e CaHra wtoHuKa, KarubopHus 25

UeBr6p 3a u3Kycteo u kytrypa "XopN naMnuOv" 6 napux 6pazMeHt or 6acadara

)KutuLaerc Ha X.Uynurc e seeepru Xun3, Kanu6opHuR eacr or facadata u uHtepuop

aocra Pa3Hoo6Pa3H' BaPuaHi,l Ha noao6Hh cucreMu, o6eauHF-

Fuoona

sa!.ru npeAMerHo-npocrpaHcrBeHara

c'paaara

He' cl,c' arhsa l Beurh c rsnlnsaHe Horo ce 3an,4caBa rpaH'44-

cpeaa B pdMKure Ha

ra M€xAy apxrreKrypara u ay3ai.Aa, KaKto u M€xay KoHcrpvKquFra hnu .vrxnrrapH4F nPeAMer h npeaMetHara Meradopa, B uunara,M nr'rpora,

3anoqHaxa aa ce noKpMBar c repMhHa "xan.1eK", o6Pa3YBaH or onPeAeneHo

dooHueHo cBlp3BaHe Ha

'3rvcrBo' s;ac€cKhF hrsh s1ile" (Bhcot< crhn) h

"technolosY" (rexH"Ka)

TePMx_

oKono 1978 r', Har so o6eKr!/re, Ko,rro aocra nlnHo orpa3FBar clalpxaHuero MY, 3anoq paHo - KrM Moxe aa Hanp'Mep npoFBu nlpsure ce orHece ueHrlprr 3a u3KvcrBo ' Bne3e B Ynorpe6a

KVnrvpa 'rxopx noMn'av" B napxx 11976 r., apx,rerr,: [4 nnaHo u l'l

HeKa YroeHr'tM: rYK 3a nPrB

orae'u "Mera6oP'4'1Horo" r3non3Ba

HE HA OfuqA;H'TE AIP'6YTU HA GB peMeHHara rexHqKa or rexHruucrKa_

ra anonorerrKa sa 50-60-re ro,qhgu Sarupaur ce BlPxv nocrvmrd ra

se'

nlpBrqHocr no orHoureHte Ha @qq_ ansvre crpvKrvph, rexHuqrl3lM 3aflocHa aa ce Ba3npl,e_ Ma hpoHr'!rHo noqrh Pen'r'o3Horo

npeKnoHeHue npea rexHrKara ce npe'

6PeHcKara cronurra

B naPtrxK,fl UeHI!P Ha r3KYcrBara ocrpo noreMucHo ca nporuEo'

nocraseHq dyHKqrure q acoquaqru_ re, Kor4ro nopaxaar npeaHaMepeso

eKcnoHupaHure14 npeyBenrceH14 rex HuqecKu arpx6Yru- MFcroro Ha rpa' e ar4r]uoHHrs "xpaM Ha KYnrvpara"

or Heuo, aanoMHflulo o4cre' Ma 3a npeqrcrBaHe Ha Hedr' BMecro

3aero

MoByMeHratHocrra Ha "apx'reKrvpa ra Karo ,3KycrBor' - sevipaneH npo crpaHcrBeH cKener 3a nocroFHHo 06 H.RFBaHa uHdooMaquF or Hau Par' nrceH xapaKreP, noA nPeAnora Aa ce

ocuryp! Makc4ManHa ra

+yHKqhoHMPaHero Ha crPaaara, Hrre peoeroo6pa3H!1 croMaHeH',i KoH crpyKqq, ca [3HeceH or paMKure He'1

3arpaxaaHe. obpa3y_ BaiKM noao6xe Ha crpou

Ha +acaaure ca

u3HeceHla BepruKan_

Hure KoMyHvKaqvh u Mp xeHepHoro o6opvaBaHe FpKo oqBe

reH,ire

14M

eteMeH onpeaetFr

oHo-

Ba, Koero ce B!3np'4eMa npea' Bc'c' kn karo 3aaHue lveradoprcHoro u3

arpu6vrrre Ha rexHh' cnYqat Pa6oreuru B AaaeHrF Ha npaKr Ka cnvxq 3a aeMticrM6rq paHe Ha coqxanHara 6YHKqMs' Kara

UeHrhplr 3a u3KYcrBo rPF6Ba 4a 6!ae He xPaM, a Mncro 3a exeAHeB' Ho o6laYsaHe , nonycasaHe Ha 'B'

,aeF. 3aa Hen SopMaqxF

BnPoceM npo3uPa qH,re Mera_ orpaxeH,4ero Ha capAoHt

rexH'_

6op,1 Ha non_aPra u a6cYPAHara uuHapufl Ha aaAabcra nhxa6ua'

'43nrn{eHo c aBycMrcnesu HaMeqq, Koero pa3qura Ha npeKaneHo noqrhrenHo Bt3nph'

npeanonafa, qe ro34 o6pa3 Ha

BlpHa B YrPa c

arpr6yure

B 3pen,qe,

5, 6ffo

Ma_

Heaopa3vMeHrle Aa ce Han_

KYnrypHo ycpexa€Hue e npeaoape' aereH or nparMarMqH, GobpaxeH'F EauH or naPaaoKcrre Ha 3aa3'ero TOBa'

HaBlH

rp!6x 3a

u3BeaeHure

oronteH'1e, Boao

cHa6aF6aHe, Bl3AyxonpoBoau x acaH

chopu, tr3rnexaa!r14 Karo cBo60aHo clearHeHu craHAaprH!'1 npaKruKa npeacrasnsBar cneqManHo npoeKrupaHu i npou3BeaeHh noea' LUqHo

e^sa nu He Matsr+arrVPHo

B HE fioPK 6PYKnxHcKiFr aercK My3ei Bcrqaocr BFMa 3Aa' Hre. To e

lu3aiH

3aMeHeHo

Ha oKonHara cpeaa. nnouaa_

Karai pa3KtcBaula nm,rH cKycHoro xhnrurHo 3acrpoFBaHe or Haqanoro Ha BeKa, npecl3aaBa xapaK

repH,lre

6en*{

Ha aMepuKaHcK',F u3

KycrBeH naHAua4ir: Bu3YanHa xH asroMadopMalr F Ha MexayrpaacKa rucrpana; nerponBa qhcrepHa, npe

BrpHara B KMHocanoH; '3HeceHa HaBrs KnxMaT,qaa ,HcTaraq F Meradopa Ha nPoMquneH KoMnneKc CaMuFr My3en e cKpxr noa noBaPx Hocrra Ha anouraAXara HeroBrre

npocrrqKu eKcnobar, 3aeaHo c oro_ neHure KoHcrpyKuhtl, c FpKo oqBere

Hhre

rpa6,

Ha cucreMrre 3a KoHArl

quoHupaH B!3Ayx u BoaocHa6aflsaHe,

HarpynBasero Ha pa3nueHr'l HedyHKquoHanH, arp!16vrh Ha rexHrl' Kara, odopMFr 6oeo6pa3H,f, Konax Ha cpeaara. yMeno opraHr3vpaHoro ocBerneHt e M noBapxHocrxre, noKpl, rh c snyopecq,lpau, 6ou, npulaBar Ha r3pa3qrenHocrra Mv cloppeanvcr6'

KaKro

Karo LrFno e cl3aa_

aeHa spKa Meraoopa Ha o6uKHose, Nara cpeaa s crBpeMeHHa uHAycrpr_ anHa AMep{Ka. HenHrre MHoro3Ha qrrenHtr HaMeLlu B636YxAar Bao6pa.

xeHxero, ysnhqankrl B ,rposl4 chry-

auru

(hMeHHo

B aKrrsHo AeicrBxe, a He KIM c!3epuaHhe 3u My3et) , TyK napaAoKcrre Ha cru na "xan-reK, ca noiy\Ajq

y6eaqrenHa MorhBxpoBKa srB Bl3nxraren

Hara 3aaaea, ca opreHrqpaH, r<!M

Ctnnar "xan,rek" He ocraHa 3aarnro cnoHraHHo pa3axBauo ce Kakro Ha BpeMero crannuHrlr, ron 6e BlBneqeH B c+epara Ha xHrepe

, 3anoeHa aa ce rpatscoopM"p€ 4eneHacoqeHo. 3a r1a Hr-1

Ha onpeaere BrAoBe npoMruneHa npoayKLrrA_

np€ 1978 r. B cAUl x3re3e o6eMtrcrara MoHorpadhF Ha A. KpoH , C. Cne3rH, nocsereBa Ha "xah rcK . I HeF ce npeA,lara teoprF, c!3AaAeHa a Karo nporpaMa 3a Crrnlr "xai-rek"

6raeLlo pa3Brire,

Ne Ha npeaMerrre, karo HanprMep ''pea4 Meta" Na lv,abDaH, Farero BenochneaHoro Koneno

aaxe daFH

coBhFr nucoap 8nh3ar B ponFra Ha xyaoxecrBeHx ,3Aenqa qn, Karo aHcaM6nrre Ha na6no nhKaco, s

Korro npoMhuleHhre rl3aer4s

o6earHFBar B ,3o6paxeHre (,,fna. Bara Ha 6xKa", 1943 r. clcroFura

or BenocxneaHa Mhro). BcaurHocr ce

ceaaltKa

Kop-

KpucranHuFr aBopeq

neKcrlH, nocrpoeH B ItoHAoH npe3 1851 r-, ]{laero npoMurneHrre x3aenhF, npeaHa3HaqeH, 3a crno6Fe, Mh opaHxepru, 3AaHrero Ha nlpBoTo a cBeTa cBeroB lltrrhpar ce rak,Ba anrepBarhsHh Ba'r,tH, 3a c!!qecrBysa

o*oBara n

3a crno6AeMx npoM40neHx h ckn.ao8, noMeqeHxF. or8lrpe Krlrara

da6p,,rH,re no.rpo;K". IlpeseceH6 s apyra coepa Ha np4noxeHre, re rcrpa)<aar HoB, .Bex ufreprop B paMKhre Ha ecr€r4kara (a s cur]o-

rapcKa Me6en u na6oparopHo o.Ber. neHfie. Tosa noAo6re Ha urpaeKa,

noa! , pelrerKr,

BpeMe npeacraBnnsar e6eKrMs_ Ho peueHre Ha npo6neMqre, crosur,r

npea co6crBeHrKa Ha xknuuero). OcHosHara HacoKa Ha ,,xat_ reK", cnopea aBrophre, e,,!13non 3BaHe Ha

yrxnhrapHoro npoMhuneHo

oftasexa€He tr Ha Mareprarr,re 43, o6h,aeH KoH'ekc,, a

o63aBeaeHa

o6rKHoBeHa KaHqe-

crno6eHo or npocr, eneMeHr,l ra aer

cKtr "KoHcrpyKrop' ce G{eraBa edekrHo c xuBon,cH,s Kar6os. To3! KoHrpacr e xapaKlepeH KaKro 3a eKcrepropa, raKa x 3a orBopeHxs rastH ,Hrephop_ no noAo6eH ,,npoMuuneN'r NaqhH e o63a6eaeHo I xhnrqero Ha aHrnxn.Krs apxureKr xonKrlHc B XaMcr€a (1978 r.), Klaero clsceM

BnqcBa craHAaprHara crln6a c nepdop,.

uMeHHa 3a r{.qnquJa,,. HeroBqsr Me

cEro, B crno6uBaHe. crearHFBaHe 3a "r3BascThnHr1,, npe-

Kan"dopHrF e nocrpoeHa Ha cqrHo

HaKrofleH yqacrlK.

caBKynHocr or 43AenrF,ipearl-Meia,, - craHAaprH, Bpar4, npdopqh, Ko

ro Ba LL4MC B CaHra [4oHxKa, Kanu. dopHhF (1949 r.), pe0eHo Karo

roa 3a

poK - or ctporrencrsoro Ha ,3BlH rpaacKh sunu ao otuaaex<aaHero Ha "MrHrManHoro xunrure". Klurara Ha apxrrekra lllynhru B Sesepnx-Xun3,

'rxai reK" aBrop4r€ cqrrar xr,r4ue

e onpeaeneH Karo "noBropHo q3non-

re+aKru)". 3a

A!.rana3oBrr Na npxnoxeHhe fa "xan reKrr B xhnulrero e aocra u,

MoHrupaHa 3a aBa qaca or craBAaprHL,l eneMeHrr Ha crporrenHo cKene, cr!K-

3BaHe Ha npoMfLlneH,

,l3aenrF (ap nhoHep Na ro3u

roMo6rr He no-ManKo npecr!4xeH or "lvlepqeaec ' rn! "Kaarnak",

u3rpaxaaHe Ha xrnrulHls

r4Hreprop ce

AMeIr, npo43BexAaH, cephiHo 3a 3aAoBonrsaHe Ha qt4cro y nujapHu Hyxar. To3, crur ce cBlp3Ba c ycroiqrBara Moaa luth ,,a|JuMo

4a"), npeBlpH.na

pa6orHrqecKure

cxH!re axqHc!,

apMeii-

.k4re konaHr, MaDaroHKrlTe B exF aNeBHo o6neKro, a "nqKana,,- B au-

3a pa3n,Ka or re3, xrnxua. orroBapFlqx Ha BrcutrF 6rroB craH aapr Ha "cpeaHr,re cnoeBe"i aMeprKafcKrFr ah3atHep T.EeiKyu or CeHr-nyrc

c!3aan npororrn Ha x nrule'r, q3rpaAe

Ho or npoMr,uneHh ornarlux. B rpreraxHo crporrenHo cKene, 3a. eMauro nnoul no-ManKo or 4 KB.M., ca BrpaaeHq ocHoBHrTe 29

"CynepMe6en" MHaeo6YrkuuoHanHa n pacrp a N cr eeHa c rp y K r v pa

A4eftrHu crctaxu 3a cKtadoee e )kutDulHuq uHlepuop Crnepepa.tuKa c uinon3B XunuaHuR uHrepuop

A A

"AluHUManucrucBuA" uhrepuop Ha

!'ypco 31

C roM aReH a

xhnrure

ctun6 a xonKuHc

e u Hioea

"cepsr3Ho noMeqeaue", noao6ue

,tutuuero Ha XeM n oed, Benu K 06pu t a H u F e

3a eavH LroseKr Hai-aony

Ka6rHer Ha cpeaHqF erax

Hai-rope

- cnanfF. xrruuero e nokpuro c nracrMacos Kynol - ro3u Moaeni pa36hpa ce "reopervqeH", e nocrpoeH B eaHo cKnaaoBo noMeu.leHue. [4No-

roeTaxHure npocrpaNcTseFu cTpyKrypu, or rMna Ha rp!6H'1re cGn6r,

ra ce Brpa!4 BcrqKo "vroaHo 3a ayuara" Karo HanpuMep pa6orNa Maca, ahBaH, KHhxHa €raxepKa aBroBoMHo nocHaxa'1aa ce u3non3Bar B cAul Karo

Ho8 BapraHr Ha Me6ena. TaKaBa crpvKrvpa ce npeycrpoiBa MHoro necHo B 3asuchMocr or BKYca un, npovuu.ttpHu oceerurenHu 3 NunuruHrF uHtepuop

rart

Hyxatrre, neKo ce npeHacF or eaHo Mncro Ha apy.o (aaxe B 1980 r. ce peKnaMhpaxa noao6Hr xoHcrpyKqu, l',4e6enu Karo

nonrrrr

kHuru,

KyxHeHcKr eraxepKr, urka6oBe u Macu']Ku ce crno6FBar or craHAapr

MeranHh eneMeHru, npou3BexaaHa 3aBoacKtl cKnaaoBe, c!6neKanHr B npoMlrurneHxre

npeanprFrxF. BapraHrrre or ro3,

poa ca Mtsoro6poiHr4. Te ce yBenr' qasar u or crcerasaHero Ha pa3nxe H' MeranH{ KoHcrpyKquu - rpa6Hh, peuerltrHu MeranH, KoHreiHepq, caHAlqera , ceKMeaxera, npeaHa3HaqeHu 3a KaH qenapcKo o63aBexAase. B KacecrBoro Ha Me6enu 3a(oeHaxa aa ce h3non' 3Bar asro6YcH,, caMonerHu (u aaxe

3r6oneKapcKr) cronoBe, a 3a AoMa_ na6oparopHo KUHCK' claoae

Hai-ocr!p eMoqroHanef 32

e$eKr o6a,re c€ c1,3aasa c h3non3saHero Ha FpoMrluneHl, h MearqdH.

HarHo npeyBenrqee crMBonhceH pa-

(roaafix3rM, HflKaK!B'cloppeanr-

rera B xfinru4eTo, flpu{hH€ 3a ro8a e rsxHara "Herpa ahrrroHHocr" He ronKoBa Na doptsa xapakrepa Ha

He ca ,36erHar,

Ha qBerHrre seo c lruBTo noMou B xunuulHrF ,Nrephop .e Blaexaa u6er3a rpa$fka, rypHa npocrpaHcrBeHa "cKynnrypa".

(aur,

I cnoxHrre x3nx3aHe

aHcaM6nr, aonyc Ha Yru.

or npeaerlre

apHoro, r3non3Baulx rpoHr.leHxs rporecK 14 cliocraBsHeroi 3acraBu

nuT

ulf no

HoB aaqhf aa ce norneaHe

ocrp,

o6pa3q, pa3urlpFBar auana3oHa 3a i3pa33Ba'

norycasaul sKyca Ha'?MpacHosala aFBonuruHa'r,

Onrnr

rproBcKrB BapraHr Ha cruna "xan-reK" s csepara Ha x,nulrero crxMynrpa eKcnepuMeHrore c o6urecrseHx crpaAr, KlAero llAes ra, npesrpHana ce B caMoqeri crhra Ao a6cypA- 3anoe$a 4a HapacrBa h xprlrrKara. C-npanc - tuaepa Ha aHrnricKrF,cvnepaBasrapa" s apxrreKrypara - orp!'ra ro3r4 cr{n Ka-

ae3opxeHrhpau.! ny6nuKara c npe'

reHu4ure c, 3Byeau, a Herosoro Ha3BaHre. craN' AaprHure eneMeHrri cMraBFq, af' caM6nrre Ha "xai-reK" cnopea Hero ca e Hai Ao6PhB cnyean npoayKrh pyruBa- o6ace 8at-

Ne, o6qqaeN 3a xhnhulHara cpeaa.

ce I no-rsapA Baprasr Ha crfna, o6e4rHBsaq "norrcHhF noa Pa3BfBa

xoA"

MhHhManf3Ma Ba xyAoxecT BeHoro /3pa3FBaHe, cpea HeroBhre

nprB!pxeH{Lr, e ar3anHep!r a'ypco, cr'reraBau.{ B xHrepropa H2 HD

iopK-

ckure ksaprkpu rBlpaara reoMerpfs Ha eMannoBo

MerarHrre crenaxx, noKpuru clc HoBeBhre

068hHeH"crn 3a

He-

Mpexa, 3aMecrBar o6hK

uKadosei qFnara "Henpo-

MfuneNa' Me6en e cBeaeHa

3yBaHero,

npeaMerrre, u3rnex

aaur, riyHKurroHanHri, u 3a cBexaaHero Ha rexHrKara ao

aara. ttcefaaqara nrc6os H; aBai Hepure KrM rexarKaTa e uno3opHa re o6{car HenHoro Muno nxqe, a FBHTFT nonoxrreneH pe3yrrar

cruna "xan-reK" 6eue o6orarfiBaHero Ha .peAcrBara Ha Ar, 3aiHa Ha npoy3BoAcrBeHara cpeAa. Onurl'r or x3nor38aHero Ha pyrhH-

crporu chBr, 6enr,4nr !epHr.1 napanenenrneau- Tyk ce noFBFBa 3aEon B crhna, Boaeq He npocro KIM paqro-

B!3npr8rue, aaae at3MoxHocr aa ce no.ne4He no

HanHocr Ha o6pa3a,

npo6neMu

KoHreKcr, r30crpFUl eMoq!osanHoro

or npor3Boac

cxsasr4rFra

3a qeHHocrx-

aKrxsHru

ao-ardepeHqxpaHr. 3a rosa calAerercfBaT {FXo't Hoax npo-

MruneH, cloprxeHxF BlB

ol4HnaH-

arF, OpaHquF, AHrnrfl. He

Pa36ypa ce, crrrar e craHan 14 HFMa aa cr

"xai reK"

enoxara". Fsnelikero e ro-cKopo or poaa ha oH€, npexoaHx, Bhsanko pa3npocrpaHsBauy ce h 6tp3o npe|r!{br8Baurh MoMeHrr, c xorro e rot (oBa 6orar HaurFr BeK. Ho 6h 6rno aenpas nHo h aa ce npeHe6perBar pe-

3ynrart're

Heroarre ekcnepuMeH

ru. Onrrrre Ha crhn. "xai,reK" pa3 u'.,pFsar Haurre npeacraBu 3a xy. aoxecrseHrle hMoaeicrBuero Ha npeaMerrre c KoH.

reKcra. B

MopanBocrra Ha He+YHKrlhoHarHoro

6enrre

cac crporo reoMerpreHoro o63asex AaHe or nonrpaHa 33aHa B rpaHcftopra, 6onHuqhre. cToMaHeNa

puop, aa ce sraFr x aa ce ,3noruBar HoBx BBMoxHocl4 slB oopMoo6pa-

rs, onr4r,

ce orKprxa

qeHHocrx, Korro no paHo 63xa npeHe

6perBaHr. 6Fxa pa3pa6oreHh Hos,

Meroa, Ha sopMoo6pa3yBaHero, Ko xro aoKa3axa cBoFra e6 qeneclo6pa3Hocr- 14 koero e HanrnaaHo, yMBoxxxa rhre 3a eMoqhoHanHo sr3npueMaHe Ha cBera. or pa3Hoo6pa3srre aHcaM Ha crxna 'rxai-t€<" Moxe aa ce

6n,

u3sneKar KoHxperH" trpooec'1oHanH" YPoq , O6aee no churha HaerH KaKro u .aannuura, crrrar "xan reK", slB recei B cdepara Ha MapKerhHra u Ha np.oBcxhF ah3aiH, ce e noronhn 3 npo6reMy He€!p3ai, H'lro c pa3Brruero Ha xyAoxecrBeHara Kynrypa, Huro c o6orarFsaHero Ba Meroaxre

CTI4IOAE B PA3PE3 C OYHKLII,IOHAflHOCTTA

62t7 .O5

EHqqo Oparerx. MuraHo

"OapM vHd useK". M 2. 1982

npe3 nocneAHoro aecerf nerhe

3 crnNo pa3Burhre

3anaaH4 crpaHf

ce oftpraBar orNoBo Kpu3xcH,

Mo-

MeNrx B reopusra Ha anarHa h aPxrreKrypara. ToBa ce orHacF oco6eHo 3a cxBauraHeto, qe dyHK'roosanHocrra e Heulo rpMua, or KoFro c€ nonyqaBa 6opMa-

Ba3rnea, Be're 3ary6rn 'racrnrHo

A6cypaHo x3rnexaa, pa36upa ce, o6croFrencrBoro, {e aHec Moxe aa ce ocnopBa B eaHa 4nu apyra cre 3a

6yHKuuoHarNocrra B ar3aiHepcKara npaKru. Ka. Ta Harh B Haue speMei B o6cra. HosKara Ha cepuo3Hu rpyaHocv B , npox3BoacrBoro, qei neclo6pa3Hocrra Ha aaaeHo npoMru.

neHo ,3aenxe

6, rps6Bano aa

npenop!cBa o KoHoMucecKa .neaHa roqKa? 3a aa c, o6FcHrM BcueKo roBa c, crpyBar ychn4flra aa npoy-

cfM B eauH KparaK

ucropuqecKu

o63op cra6ara Ha Meroaure

aaaeH npeaMer

npaBFr roaeH

Lrun fa npoeKrxpaHero Ha HFKaKTB o6eKr, chero ocl3rasaHe HaM€p, ABa 3Ha\rrenH14 u3pa3a oure npe3 Bropara

aeBerHaaeceT,

nlpBrFr or rFx .BAAAEH

,cropr{eckrre My npeanocraEk}r. 3faqeH"ero Ha oyHxqyFra

!.1

BeK-

e npeAM

OT AMEPUKAHCXI,ITE

Hrre n caBpeMeHHh llecrBsBaue pflaKo B crpora Bpl3Ka

c dyHkquFra.

O6u]o s3ero s oraen nryBaxa 3aeafo caMo SopManHrre cxsauraHqF {3) 3a ea Ha

npeaBhxaasrr€ aeicrBrF. ToBa e npxclur , seeeH .prH

U]ENK!P-

KoMyHr, sroprFr dopMx Ha aHrnuicxrF rHAycrpuaneH

(2). TepMaHcKrnr BepK6yHa u Aaord nooc aonrrHuxa B reoperxBeK

pa[roHanucT,r\Ha npeaMerHa

rBeHa anrepaHr4Ba. 6ayxay3, cnea' HACNEAHXK

OyHKqxF, rr3AurHa +yHKuroHanHocr B cBoH aoKrphHa. To nPeKh q€ HeaenrMocrra Ha $yHKq'lo' ,Aeonofr. or pa3n q-

ecTe

rxKa (4). NrexayHapoAHrFr

crxn

Karo

ardFHo noapaxaHue Ha paqroHanr3Ma Ha Sayxay3 aonpuHece 3a Br3' HrKBaHero

nrpBuF aMeprxaHcKh

"crainrH." no BpeMe Ha c!3AaBaHero Ha npooec"Fra npoMrDneH ar3ai, Hep". ToBa 6e roraBa KoMnpoMr,lc Mex4y edeKrxBHoro aencrBxe

aenrero

Ha u3

Ko3MerrcHoro rperfpaHe

Ha dopMara B crpeMere KlM nocrll raHe Ha o6r€KaeMai aepoarHaMuLrHa

n4HuF {5).

CneA Bropara cBeroBHa ,raeFra Ha 4yHkqhFra. AscrpricKxFr Ma;crop craHa nporodyHKuuosarucr c roBar qe aHareMoca opHaMeara, pa3rnexAaiKr 6YHKqrFra Karo earHc-

SAUI'FT

nep{oa}r ca fyBkqrocdEMa

(1), or rneaHa ro,rKa

Ha nparMarr{Hocrra ce KopeH! 06!10 npoeKrar Ha npeaMera rpF6Ba aa ocurypuBa raKrBa

Bon

Ha dYHkquoHanHocrra 3 aprureKry pala u a,3aiHa (HanpuMep B re3ara 3a "none3Hara +opMa" (6) Ha "Ecre

ruK AqAycrp4en't, B pa3clxaeHusra Ha MaKc 6hr x Ap.). 3anocHa opro aoKcanHo Bpl,utaHe KIM oyHKurosa. eaHa urpoKoo6xBarHa Meroaonorrs

Ha Arcak{a, B npenoAaBasero

eKcnepqMeHranNoro npor3BoacrBo Na Brcrlero yqrnhu]e no Ah3aiH s

YnM or

1954 ao 1968

OrHaeano

e3rKar ra sopMara ce NaMrpaue noA Heopear'lcrhqrrF dop. Man!3!M, Ho no klcNo 6e pa3pa6orer Meroa 3a npoeKrupaHe, aKnbqBaul couxonoruqHxi ceMror"qH!, 643ho tro.reHh, eproHoMieHu u apy.r.bak

noaeM c4rvaLlhF (8)

C Bl3NhKBaHero Ba raka Nape ,eHoro 06urecrBo Ha ,3o6kneero npe3 uecraecerre roafHh B 3.naasa EBpona ce nopoAu q eAHa KpurhqecKa

xaeono.fa, facoqets6 nporrB +yHKufoHanf3Mai koFro cnea cryaeHrc. npe3 1968 r. ce paau kanr3rpa o!1e noBeqe. TF o6ocNoBa KphrfKara cr c roBa, qe ro'rHo dyNk 4roHanHocrrz Na npeAMerhre npea.

craBnFsa 3pa3

palluoFanHocrra Ha "Y.raHoBeHoro,i

Ha orqvxaaBa!1ara

'noreHutran

npeaMera

c He.oB,lF

qYBcrsoro" (9); orKp,saHero Ha r" slB dyH-

p|q-ockr.3" dytskrruofantr3rM

"r.ro I dop-

M/pare Ha Ho32E ah3anH-dunocotbrF Moxe aa 6!Ae npocneaeH c npuMep, or cn/caHrero "oopM". Hhe 6hxMe

x€nanf

;

KqroHanhcrr'1H'lF au3anH (10)

oca3-

+yHKqroHanx3Mrr Ha Haurr''le 'aeau" e MlprlB (t 1) j yrBrDx[aBaHeTo Ha "clonH..rra Ha

"curcnolara'

,3FBA HA +YHK('FTA BM

o6eKrhBBocr {l3)

14 raKa, s Hai HoBo

BpeMe

nptr roBa 4a Naco.

6eHo cuMnroMar",rH, MoMeHrq s rFrHara nocneaoBarenHocr no BpeMe: Na A6paM [4or B .t.na cysaHero Ha dyFKLlrFra Ha r3aenrero cac aaaaaeHaTa or uKoroMr.eecK/a

,,Texfororx14,,_ rexBo,oruA). nocneaHara nosnxF

slpxy

npor3BoacrBoro Ha MacoB,

npoMruneH,

Karo

'i3aenrF, Mep ocserfrenHx r€na, MacB,

x ce BlBeae B

Hanpx.

petata,

Me6erHoro npo!3

KareropqeHoro +yHKqxHanh3Ma Karo'MoHoKyniypa" ce npa3h Ha noka3aHara npe3 nFroro Ha 1ga0 r. B flhHu x3nox6a 'AOPYM nlA3AnH". TF ce ocHosa. Balre Ha pa3nueHh reqeNqF, HaprqaHy

4yHKqqoHanHara AaAeHocr sa o6eKra ce crpeMu aa ce o6e4rHr4 c re3, npe

or KprrrKara "nocrMoaepHll'x crpe

HE6DETBAHU B

xpoHtrF, axLl, ,croprqecx,l qrrar,

karo Hex36exHh nopaMerph , cBon crBa B npoueca Na npoekrupase_ loBopu ce

3a eaHa dopManNo.ecrer,

x aopr

"yKa3a.

renHa" $yHKu,F (14). clurecrByBa onpeaeneNo HaMepeHtrero aa ce npea craB, npaKrqeecK4, rbVHKuqoHanNo x

AoPk chMBonrlfo raKrB o6pa3

tr3Aenhero, ce aa ce BAaxae aoBepue

B NeroBaTa Mouli BaaexlHocr x arn

rorpanNocr. Tosa ce npaKrhKysare

3anocHanhFr nrre3 re3u roaxHq npoLrec tsa npeoaonFsaNe Na

112\ A Na

Kpr3a Ha SyhkqroHar!3{a r pa3, urpFBaHe na nollFruero +yHK'trF

3aMFNara

"Harnearara" dyHKqqoHa,rNocr

HanprMep

iiMrnrr!p"

no apeMe Ha

B nepuoaa

Moaara

oKoro 1976..,

RaKro ,1 npu Moasra "npodu" sa, p/aBr fa MoAara t'MrnurLpt' c Heit.

Blpxy crpyKrypHoro onpocrsBaNe Ha x3aenrero (c roBa Hu3 aKqeNr

ra3, Moaa rcKa aa

tr36efHe cuMBo,

(15) - ":rauq 3a nonoxeHtre"). Ealo Bprqare KrM oyNKqroHanHocrra B HenHoro nrpBoHaqanHo 3HaeeH4e

ce oc!!lec .. or

npe3 1979

aMepxKaHcKara nAHUA aa reK" (clKpaueH/e or "xai

"xanl

crarh't

MFrlrU

ce aa x3pa3Fr B

npeaMera

qr,cro Bu3yanHo 13pa3sBaHe Ha npe-

xoAl'locrra,

ra Aoptr,

6aHarHocr.

C rosa r3nox6ara npeacraBnFBa Kyn-

rypHa noneM!Ka, NacoeeHa .peury "ycraHoBeHrre croiHocru Ha Au3ai, Na", Karo nosahra Blnpocru npe aa3BAKBa AqcKyCt U.

Ponflra Ba koHrpa$yHkq Hai-no3rF xranraHckr ar3anH,

nocrpaqxoHanrcrrqHara ecre. rhKa Henocpea.raeHo cnea BoiHara 6eue nocreABatsa npe3 nerAecene ioAr1Hu or eAHa "op.aHreHa" TeHAeNqrF B au3arNa. Ts 3a nplB nlr 3a.

no'rHa aa ocBo6oxaaBa 43pa3Hara dopMa or dvHkuhoHanh.rf,rsara

aukrarypa. Tosa 6€ue npoqec. Koiro epe3 oopManHa nphKa3n,Bocr u Ha.

ftpcera ekcrpaBaraHrHocr ce Hanoxx B npor3Boacrsoro (aro "urar!,aHcKu crun" l11l . "PaArKanH Fr anaii" . r\uro ceuechoH 3anocHa oKoro 1968 r., eepn, BAlxNoBeHrero c, or KaprhHpoeHo

ApBbopcKa Maca, ABznu3, 1778 npoMehRulu ce $yHKquu nPL otea'

neeKa ar 8rcpara nanosura Ba 18'tu eeK, ynotpe6s6aha at "uenK6pufe".

npoxekrop u yped 3a ducraHuuodHa ynpasneHue Dnseo ca nPet)Metu c HedeycMucneHD n?edHa3saeeHDe, a

rc3u orbcHa spdRa c npeaBa3HaeeHuefo. Ctpyz "TanuK", npoeRr Ha PodffiP fatuH, erapata nonaeDBa Ba

Cronbt Ha BepHep neHrtr ocbuec' 6yHKwqta e ntacrueHdA 4uK

@ tVIauluHa

3a Kade-ecnpeca c

"azpa

Huceha" loHtl.inttus 3a fopMan. An,eprb PDcetD, neiecerrc 2odudu.

Kacerofo,

Ba lt/lapDo

"ttlunurapu

tyK'

6etuHu,7976

Kpecra '/qxo". ABan,: Ae 6yr)unhuK, pbceH npuMepu Ha

3opu

(soeHHa Mada)

nac.

'hpo6r tyK'

lnpo,ecuoHanHa Mada). 1976

hcrucKeacka 5atu "6aHanHGt npet)Met", BeHeuuR, 1 98A 2.

Cton Ba Kapna 6aprctu. Hacute, Ha "KaMnaco d Opo

1979

"ron"

h3KycrBoro

c!o6oa33Ba

HxF. Ton cnoaenF

c "non.apra"

roBrF fpole.r cpeury norpe6rrerc

Koro o6!.recrBo , HaMrpa cBon napa_ nen B ipoFBhre B A8crryF no roBa BpeMe KaKro B ax3aiHa, raKa h B q,croro rBopcecrBo {18). l,43xoxaaurara or aHrrlsyHKqroHanrcruLrH, no' 3huxh nporpaMa Aa 'paauKarq[a au' 3atH" q3pa3F8a B MHoro6ponNx KoMeHrap!, u craNosrura rAeonorhqec' Koro.u reclrnacxe c oproaoKcartsxF 6yHKLrtroHanef ah3aiB Karo nphcl, uo orpaxeHue Ha rocnoacrBaulara i'paarKaneH cucreMa. B aBrxefrero

au3aiH" ce 3a6erF3Ba eaHa nporrlBo_ peexBa c4ryauxa - ro npq3Hasa 3a 6enexurenHxF KyrrypeH nphHoc sa MoaepHrF ar3aiiN, u ro karo xYAo. xecraeH noTeHuuan npeacraBata, Ho BiflpeKu roBa ce 60pu nporhB OyFKquoHanucrhvHxre npor3B€AeH4F.

arcnue "AnxuMus",1I79 ''nocryadukanHa'eHdeHuuF"

K{ s!3xo4 MexayspeMeHHo 'rra nraHcKxFr crun" 6e aocrurHar 8p!xac qkq ce orapautar or senrKonenqero Ha dopMara or ro-

nepuoa .o tseBona ce Bprurai krM dyHKqxftanNara nkFrF. Bi3

HrKBa B pearqa o6nacru cBlp3atsrrr c KoHoHKrypara "nocrkoHcyMarrseN ah3anHi'. KynrypNqre tr chMsonreHu re cronHocrx 3anaAar B cpaBHerhe

.oarNtr Ha ycnex. B ciuroro BpeMe ce orkpriBa npocrop 3a pefaBpaqfA ipesapeN, KynrypHu crrnoBe. T3 ce onpaBAaBa or ax3aiiHeprre u Ah 3ai!-xprrhrlrre Karo "nocneAh(a or npor3BoacrBeHara aeiicrBqrenHocr". O6e3qeHeHara no3uura Na pa qxoHanL43Ma, KaKro h pa3naaaHero Ha

pec Ha ,3BnueaHero necan6r, npu koero B pe3ynrar

Ka'recrBoro Ha oyHKu4'

ao Bt3HrKBaaero Ha "nocrpaa/Kan Hara ' reHAeHilrF (22). T3 npeaiocu e3uK Ha sopMara.

oHansocrra. "PaarKanNuFr !r3anH" caU1eBpeMeHHo orpuca h coqranHara porF Ba dyHKuuotan

aKyca Ha neraecerre .oahH, I rBap. KoKerrpa c K/qa. To

qentr aoBeaoxa

Karo aph rosa clarpxa an'o3!A

sa nporuBonocraBFU.ro ce Ha "opro.

scrqKu opreHrupaH, HanFeo qaeonorru. ycnopeaNo c soaeHara or pa6or_ nonrThqecKa, coqh_

4oKcanHxs' Au3airN receHhe c€ npo. naraNAhpa s au3aiHepcKoro cnhca Hre "lVIoAo". TaM HanPuMeP ce no

anHo-rKoHoMhqecKa 6op6a, npeacra'

Ka3sar "rioc, paahKanHh" npeaMeru,

paaq<antlug anai{ , r8{ "oneparoph Ha npoeKrrpaHero" cMFr€r aa .e BKnDeal B npoueca Ha

lruoHanNa

Kpecno "CaKo". Au3anh: raru, naoturD u Teodopu,1969 z.

npeanoxeHrFra 3a pa3Bq npeAMeru. C ynaarka Ha r.H. uKoHoMueec.

"paArKanHoro" aBuxeHue \197J ..1 B pe3ynrar or norpeuHara Hacoqe.

EAXIOAVUNO

pakrep ,unbcrpkpaF'i npore.r ,

npu roBa ce f3xoxaa or npe3yMaursrai qe re3f npox3seaeHrB ce 'rnpoaa'

noHrxaBa

lvlanKa Maca Ha Erope Carcac

s!3npor3Boacr6oro (21). T€xH,lre cpeacrBa ca yronxqfuu fo cBoF xa-

KOhTO NC PA3KPUBAT H'KAKBA dYNK

crpyKrypa/, crueapeMer

Ho ce rneaa

Ha 6aHanHure np€aMer, (23)

nrKi

nopaa!

Feyipar9acj", HanpaBo aoaqepraBar

MHo.oKparHara

cen,re no

lrpa

BpeMe Ha da3ara Na npoeK

rfpaHe Morar aa ce slBeaar +yHk. LrhofanHu

(karo

u npakrrqeck/

Bxoa)

ycnoBxF

no3uqrF Ha poMar

r/eH2 6e3Mf.reHocr, pa h3pa3 B afrr+yHKuroHanhcruc HoTo craHoBfue h Mox€ aa 6lae pa36paBa caMo or8!a schqKq reoperhqH{, Aopr.r

Han-npreMnhBx noc

rpoeHhF, Karo

or6paHa Ha NenHrre ,3Pa3tren4.

KUF nporpec

rexfrlec

\24) a Morcl aa 6\aa1

orpa3efk 3 noryqeHara Karo pe3yn rar SopMa (karo q3xoa) {25).ToBa e eaHa B13MoxHocT arreprarrBa ts6 onpeaeretsa ah3ar:iH-crparer!F. B on rrManHhr pe3ynrar hon norBlpxaaBa

ipo'lyrhF nprrutrn Ha cln4BaH

"(bopMara cneaBa dyNKlrrF]a")ah3anHlr clorEercrBa Ha dyHKutroHan-

aokaro B MhHuMan HrF pe3ynrar dopMara e cBo6oaHa 3p13Kx c onpeaeneH14 SyNKuru, B yur!p6 Ha npaKrrqecKo' ro aei.rBhe Ha npeaMera, No B non' c +aHra3xF 60paBeHe l\4oxe aa ce HanpaBu o6o6ure tsreroi qe nephoa4re Kf perpec , uaeonorhqecKa Kpd3a

npea/34/Kaar qvBcrao Ha Hech.vp.

Nocl I BeyBepeHo.r B cnoco6Hoc tute u ycunuara 3a npoeKrhpaHe. ToBa e {y8crBo, Koero or eaHa crpa Ha G6yxAa xenaHhe 3a c6nrxaBaHe Hai Be're c e3x4,re Ha SopMara or

apyra

6FrcrBo

xenasqe

or aeicrBqtenHocrra

,1n,

3a Ba3Me3Are cnpFMo HeF, npu

,lHrepecrre Ha

npoaasaqa, Koiiro

norycu csoF xecroK v3pa3 B na3ap Nara KoHKypeFqhF | 6eue npear3

or Kpu3ara Na cBplxnpox3soacrsoro npe3 1929 r. BkKaN

(61 To3h oflrxManeH,3pa3 Ha OyH KquoHanHocr ce pa3KprBa B rexHk qecKlrr€ oopMf. Mzkc 5,n ioAqep

ra opueHrrpaB, Beaetsfe HaqfHh Na nor38aHe. Te Morar aa aoBeaar ao Hoah rhnono' rhh x3aerhF, c!o6pa3e3x c

pee!1e clc crura, Koiiro xapaKrep 3rpaMe Karo "orpaNuqeHi'. (5) EahN npoqec, opeau3BrKats or

raBa B paHHara.f crarhF iropHaMeHr

3A5EIIEXKI,4

(1) onpeaeneHo c!!ro Karo "uKoHoMreecKa KoHqenqqa Krre cpeacrBa" c pa3nhqHk 3HaLretsrF Karo c!KpauaBatse sa Marephana/ Na. ManFsaHe tsa KoHcrpyKruBHara.cnoxHocr, onpocrFBaHe 3a +opMara x ap. (2) Cpaag.: ,nbOEAX, SepHA. npo Mrune| ar3aiH. ocHosu Na npoeKrupaHero Ha r3aenuB. MbrxeH, 1976 , cneLrhanHo 3a dyrKrruoHar"3Ma BlBBenhKo6pxraHhF lllEOEP, XepBrH. l,4oa€pFr43Mlr Ha

AeBer-

MA€err seK. oyHK4qosanHara rpaarr.lrB Ha BukrophaHcKrF ar3axH, Ho liopK, 1970. (3) noa Bn,FHfe Ha Heonracr,lq"c rtrqNx, KoHcrpykrusrcr!qHla a6c rpaKrHo-Ky6hcrreH, ar3aiH Moaynr. (4) np'a rosa ce noa{epraBa KoHc' TPVKT'BH14B NPh3HAK HA BA3MOX

Hocrra 3a pa3raraHe Ha o6lrara dvHKrtha Ha npeAMera Na HeiHfre qac cHx 6yHkqurj

6e3 op8aMe8r", qe Heo6xoauMrre BAna6NartrHu u xne60Be no a8ro.

Mo6rnHhre ryM, h eyryHeHrre Ka. naq, Morar aa ce h3non3aar or af. 3anNeprre Karo AeKopaqrfl. l\,4hua 6neK, aBropxrer B a{tiu',cKqa au3ants, or6enF3Ba, ce "dopMara Ha OyHKuuFra Ha MexaHr3Ma ce nonyqa. Ba npea4 BcreKo

HaYcHtrre, rextsono.ucHh npo6reMh

apyrtr cro6pa

(7)

Ha roBa

MapKD3 "EaHopa3MepHuFr coBeK". {8} CpaBH.: lVOn, A6paM. Kpr3ara Ha 6yHKq,oHan"3Ma. OopM. 41, 1968 (9) CpaBH.: HEnc, BepHep. PeBo nloqrF B ar3anHa? OoPM,43.1968 (10) CpaBN.: 3ETEP, XaprMVr. OyHKqroHar/3!M orpa3eri B arl3aiHa.

OopM,43, I968 (11) cpaBH.: l\4lonEP KPAYCnE,

OyHKrlxoHanrl3Mrr Ha Aeahre e Mrp-

r!8. OopM,46,

1968

Hu dyHkLrf

u HaMhpar crorBercrB'1F, pa3aenF!], ru noMeKAy ,1M, Ho

(12) ToBa, qe "cronHocrra Ha $a're Hrero" Ha BAenrero 6u Morna aa ce

cruteBpeMeFHo noKa3Ba!th IFxNala Bpr3Ka; ,r BcreKo rosa e B nporrBo

ruKara Ha norpe6neHrero, 6e noco

uHcrpyMeNr 3 nonu.

eeHo oure

or BondraNr xay.

1971 r. B "KprrrKa

crokf re". B Kanxranrcrxqeckoro 06. ulecrao, kaKro noaqeprasa xayr, p!, KoaoaeHara

or rKoNoMtrKata, npo dparerrs ocroiHocrF

aa Bl3MoxNocrfre Ha Ar3aiHa,3a Aa

MOX€ C noMoulra

BlB

npe3

ecrerqKara

ra peKnaMara,

ruproBcKara npaKruKa aa c!3aaae ea/H nprBqaeH c8Fr, Konro e B clc

BreHa

n pe3

uecraeceTTe roarHh ,1 ce crpeMelre aa anrFe 3a k3aecrNo rrp{3o o6ora. epe3 daHrac

rfqN4, crpFckaulh ncqxuKara npea. Mertr h anaparu, c atrrro noMo!] eo

Bek Moxe aa ce oraen4 or cpeaara cr. Banrep nrxnep nrnHeHh c nporrBopeqhF rBop6f, a XaFc XonaiH cr3AaBaue crMsonfq.

roFHue aa 3a6nyxaaBa norpe6 renx. re Karo /M o6euraBa norpe6rrencka

croiiHocr, r.e. dyHKuhoHantso aen' crBhe Ba r3aenhero epe3 seroBoro

(19) npu 'paarKanrrF ah3anH" qae ono.rFra r, 06uenBe!rre orHoure ahF ce npeBprdrat B reM, Ha ah3an Ha. TaKa ce pa3u/pFBa 3Haeefrero Ha npoekranrcKara aenHocr Karo "paahkantsa r +opMa fa noBeaeHqe. np, roEa Bc{eKtr cpeacrBa s!3-

"KoHrpa6aHAHo ecrer!3qpaNe',i. 113) CpaBH.: Llll,4!1T 314fE,l, Xen'

Myr. tlporksononox!ara uaeonorkF Ha "HoBara 06€KrtrBHocr". OopM, 15,1916

ll4) CpaBN.: rPOc, tioxeH. ceH3f. rf83" $yHXu/h B au3arBa. KIM onpeA€n3fe npeaMera Na eaHa reo PhF Ha af3aiiHa. OopM, 74, 1976 (15) CpaBts.: TPoC, ioxeH. CeH3f

rfB!, dytsKuf, B ar3a;Ha. nprMe. p, or npoeKrtrpaHero erB Bp!3Ka c reoperr!fk KoHqenur{ (16) CpaBH.: BupaxaaHe Na

.byHK

ufoHanfsMa. OopM, 89,'1980

(17) noKa3areneH r3pa3 Ha

c r3nox6ara "l4ranra Brsr aoMaueH.et3ax" B Hb ilopK cKnF My3ei Ha MoaepHoro r3Kyc. roqKa

3pa3hren Ha roBa su

Ha.h atsr,dytsk4,o!an,crf,fo re,e.

e 6eue

120) Pa36fp,Hero npFKo Karo .apats uhF 3a onrrManao cxBaltaH€ Ha npea. Mera, cslp3aHo c se.o8016 AencrBhe , qetsara My Haii ao6prre cpea. crBa 3a aocru.aNe ao norpe6qrenure.

{21) no3rqhF,

Me)r{aytsapoaeH or3ByK ra hran4aHcKrF a,sariH npe3 uecraecer re .oa tsq, aocTrrHan Bprxrara ch

traBeB

npeacra€3Hei"ycrHo k3Ka3aHu trae, , nhcMefo dopMy. nrpaHk npo.paM , a tsakpas aopq ! c BEnoxrrenF ce np€ 3prllar B r3pa3Htr B!3MoxHocr/,

ToMac

Napacr:-

Ba!1f3

118)

NPEAMCTX NA EAHA AEKAAEHTCKA

pMata 'Xayc PyKep Ko'

re3a 3a "ecrerr3rpaHe B

lvlanAoNaAo

"na cnepaHqa npo

rervane", Ertsayar, 1970. (22) Karo nlpBa ,3FBa Ha iinocrpa. arKanHqF" ar.3aiH ce npfeMa yeacrh, ero Ha arenhe '/AnxrMhF" Ha UlecrHa

aeceroro rpietsare B lilrna!o

npe3

1980 r.

(23) noneMhKara

cpeLlry OopManHo

ro KBanh+hqupare Ha

npeaMera

yqacrBa

coufono.xqecKqre o6oc

NoBKr 3a KynrypNoro pa3kprsaHe

npeaMerrre or B.ekrlHeB4ero. B paMk,re !a 6reHanero B!ts BeHeq{F npe3 1980 r. 6eue npoBeAeHa ,3nox 6a noa HaacnoB "6aHanNrFr o6eKr". (24) Or Mforo6potHL.lre nphM€pr 3a rexHonorhFra Brpxy

o4opMner;ero

Ha x3aenxFra MoxeM

aa B3eMeM .byNKUroHanHara crpyK, rypa Ha crona, raKa KaKro ce e pa3 ahBana npe3 rocneaNtrre neraecer ro

A'H' I

MOXEM AA F PA3AEN'M EA ABA

npoqyLre rpa6!, cronoBe or aea,

aecerre roarru,

npf

Kohro ,ckaHa

nocrfra

epe3 croMa

rp!6h, onpeaenFl'lu dopMara. Toea nocrfxera€ BAixsoBk Meq tseH!

rhle 3a eaHo 6aaelre, !1e Moxe aa cea, Karo 8!pxy

Ba3

ayuHa B!3rnaBHtrqa.

- Kpecnoro "Cako" or 1970 r. c ar3aiiHep, naonutsr, forh I Teoao. pr. To ce 6a3trpa Ha a6corbrHoro Fa.axaaae KIM ceaFul/a / c roaa orroBapa tsa np/rurna 3a dryHKqrFra, ocruecrseH c noMoqra Ha TantruepqFra e ,3pa6oreHa or .nErauv ce nonrcr4ponHf ronqera. (25) Cla6ara Ha aaaeH rpeaMer Mo xe 4a 6!Ae onpeAcneHa o!1e or oo aKo npeaBaprrenBo Ne e

3aaaaeHa

Mlo.ocrpaf Ha dryHKqroNanHocr, 6f

no c "rBlpaoro" pe0efk€ yHfBepcaneN npeaMer xeNara B npeaMera

npeo6pa3vsa!e f eHre Na

lFKoii

hru rpe3 Bno-

c orneA Fa ,3n!n.

pa3ntrqHr.bvNkuh!.

EHEPf14liHATA KPI,]34

Ha 70

A!l34iHbT

llerponRara Kpq3a B Haeanoro rc roAhtsu, npepacHana no.Klc eHepr"nNa Kpr3a, c!3

aaae u3KnbqrjrenNo

MrqecK,

/ nonrrfqec(u

npo6neMtr

rpea Mho.o npasrrencrsa. crpcM, renHoro fapacrBare Na ueHara fa ne rpona / opeah3skKaHoro 3 pe3ynrar pa3crponBaHe Mo tsa eHep.hiHrF,

!o q

fc ca. r!p.oB.

cKra 6ana c tsa pcalqa crpash, noc ra3, rpa;Ho eHep.hnN!re npo6neMf 3 qe8ftp.

tsa

uKoHoMrqeck"re,

B MexAyHapoaHara tsaAnpe6apa 3a orkp,BaHe Ha

edr/kacH" 'neKap-

cr6a" cpelry "eBeptunBala 6arccr" cs BKnEerxa nonrrkuf, ,xoHoMrcrh,

fNxcrep,, .b,3!rri... npo6neM!r ce clurecrBeH h 3a ar3a, repf,e. B pe3ynrar !a rosa, oco6eHo npe3.oci€lrhre roahHh, 6FXa peanr. 3trpa!f MHoxccrBo ycneuts" npoekru Ha aLr3aiHepu or uFn cBFr, hMalrr 3a qen aa noMorHar 3a peuaBaHero fra eHeprxii!rre npo6neMu. TerHf re vc, rnaBHo 3

rp/

o6nac

Ha pa3xoaur€ Ha seprfnts, pecypc, 3a x!nrulHoro, KoMyfanHoro cronaHcrBo rj rpaHc nopra, ! .r3aaeaHe tsa clopBxeHrs, f3non3aaul, raKa HapeqeHrre tsoB,

eHepr iltsh

f3rocH,qf (rnasHo cnaN

Oco6etso nnoAorsoptso ce oka3a

yeacr4€ro Na 4f3aiHeptrre s pei!28a.

lero

tshe. CfopeA HanpaBeHrre

crpaarre I no ro3f saqrH aa cnoco6crBar 3a nor]ArpxaH€ro aa noaxoAFUl ronnrH€H pexhM np, no uKoloMhqHo pa3xoaBaHe Na efep.fs. noaxo aFLla finocrpaquF tsa npceHlnra 3 npo3opeu. fpor3seaes

rpknn€cros

rpoeH npo3opeu rapa! Ha'ranFsaHe Ha pa3roa re 3a

oronnetsue c okono 25%

M€u.reN F | .rpaa/, pa3xoa,re Ha erepruF Mo.ar aa ce tsaMannr ao 60%. BIB OeaepanNa peny6.,Ka tep MaNhF e nnaHfpaHo npe3 1985 r. B ro3h cekTop aa ce nocrffHe fKolo Mfn ha eHep.hF B pa3Mep Ha 25 35%. 6Fxa c!3AaAetsh peAqLra !oBr pa3pa borKf Ha npo3opuq, spar, ! oronntr rents, rena. HoB/re sraose npo3op trf , Bparr fMar

uyMof3onaurs. cnoper

npo!3Boarrenfre 3aMFHara !a asori

B AHrnus

q3cneaBasna, epe3 noao6pFsaHe Ha rofno!3onaqr.ra Na oraenHur.e no

na3apa npe3 1981

ronno ,

rrpa

Ha 3aaaeara

pa3xoarre

aBynnacroBrTe

cn€qfanh

3 paHara da6p4ka s rp. onaets6ypf, OPT. Hosrar npo3opeq fM? AlpBetsa

Cr3AaAe!fre npe3 nocneANrre

roa ts, HoB4 MoAenr npo3oputr B pe. 3ynrar ra nos Ka

etsepf 3 tsaMfpar 3ap. CaMo Brs OPT HanpfMep ipe3 1980 .. ca npoaaaeH, 500 000 npo. 3opeLra

or rGh rrn karo 50% or ftrx

cr3y3a!1hre 3 crap re crpaa,

CrpeMexu K!M

HaManFBatse

Ha pa3xoaa Ha eHep.rF s x,nrllara aoae,qc ao c!3aaBaFero Ha aosu Mo aenh feqK/ c r3rpao.opf8o. lllBea cKrre ar3aiHepr HanprMep nafcrpa xa B KpaF Ha 70 re .oarjs HFKonko

h3pa6orer/ or Ae5enocreHHa croMaHa. t!4akap

fMar

cpaBHurenHo

33!Npeado !koHoMr,eNr,

rln

eBrhH roprseN Mar€ 6p,Kerh, aapBa, ropd, or

pran naaalrf. noao6Hf neLrKh ca npof3 3€AeNu 3!e oPT, O tsnaH4rn I apy.,

KOHCTPYKq'F, B KOFTO CA MOBThPAH"

rpr cftKna, , e Mtso.o

no Ao6!p or

noFBuxa

ce , peAfua

HoBtr

npazpaMa npa3opqu, BazpadeBu 3a uKahoMun ra eHepzuF.

krcMaOut, 3adeuxeaB or 42

,.i.

c "rvre 6opM",

cn6Hceaa eHep2us

1981

Ayu

Ra6uHa c6c cnhdeee RoneKtoq

Betocunet)bt e 6ap6ara 3a necrene Ba eHepzuq

rena c yarrxeH xfsor tr HaManeHa KoHcyMaqhs Na eneKrp, qecEo. BLB Benhko6p, AaaeHa naMnara TOPH 2D,

koFro

hMa

5 nrrh no.ronFM cKara 100-sonroBa KpyuKa h 13pa3 xoaaa c oKono 70% no ManKo eH€prfF. ,laMnara ,Ma auaMerlp 13 MM.

h npeacraBnnBa nyMxBrcqeHrHa 6a

rpl.

npo3paqHa

noa $opMara Ha aBoiHo D, Koero ochrypf Ba MaKcrManHa KoH!leHrpa

qrn Ha cBeinMHara. npeacraBnABa ,Hrepec 6akrlr, qe npok3Boa/renhre !a

TepeHc KoHpaH

or Boaellrre a|13aiHeph BlB B€nrKo6prraHhF Aa npoeKrhpa

ea4H

nopeahqa ocBerrrenH,

Apyro Baxso "TperMa6un"

toMo6un, 3a06uw

HanpaBneH

e,6

Koero aq3aiiHeprre aasar cBoF npr' Hoc aa peuaBaHero Ha e!eprhrHhre npooneMq, € rpaHcnopnr. Oure B n!pBrre akh Ha eHep.hi'Hara Kpt

qe B ra3h o6nacr ca roneMr. npr3h 3!r "4a f,ecrkM eH€prrs" crnNa Moro Ha pearua pekraMN, areBLrrr, noaero or MHoro aBroMo6hnH, $hpMf. lllpBoro Vcxnhe B ra3r1 HacoKa 6eue cEAaBaHero Ha sosr MoAen, a3roMo64n, c no MarK, pa3Mep,

v Ha aBufarenq c FaManeH pa3xoa Ha ropuBo. To3h crpeMex 6eue oco6eHo oce3aeM B CAUI, Klaero .oneMhre pa3Meptr

npoh3Bexaatsh

re aororaBa neK, kon,

Boaexa ao

3HalrrenH, eHepf/iHtr pa3xoa,r. Ha ra6apurrre Ha aBro. TpLhnacroeuat npa3opeu naManssa

pa3xoduf-.

3a orant*ue c

25a1.

Mo64nqre ce npeBlpHa B AoM!H, paua reHAeHqrF B nocreaHhre ro. 43

atrN, B CAUI; oqakBa ce B pe3yn ao 1985 r. aMepuKaf

AHcrata\qv,

cKara ,KoHoMtrKa aa peanq3fpa .nec

rFBaHhF

pa3Mep

Mrnrapaa aorapa roa|1!rFo, C!L!eBpeMeHNo ycrreHo ce rlp cexa nprFqhfHo HoB'1 l,laeh 3a npeo aonsBaHe Ha npo6reMtrre cBlp3aFu c

rpaHcaopra pa3xoaa sa ropuBo

oKonNara cpeaa. no.

Far\a ce aphfuaatNu npoekrr, nroa Ha A|3atHepckoro MrcneHe. ar3ai Hepqre l\4epKen h crMoH, 3 c!!4o 4 cryaeHrrre lxesanre, l4ay6ax or

QPf

ca3aaaoxa eBrqNo, Ne3aMapcF. Baqo npeBGHo cpeacrBo Na 6a3ara Na aenocxfeaa,

Hoao npeaNa3HaqeHxe, koero nphrexaBa noqrtr tseorpaHrqe

3a Mo6unfocr. HapeeeHo e rperMo-

6qn ,

lanoao6FBa Ha aBroMo6una clsaaaa qvacrBoro 3a

3aKprro npeBo3Ho cpeacrBo.

3aas!1

Nero. llaeFra Ne e HoBa aopf ca npoBexaaHu crcre3aNra c noao6Hu "aBroMo6knu" k e nocrhrHara p€'

koPAHara ckopocr or 80 KM/qac. 3a cBoero npeaNa3HaqeHhe o6ace, He e Hyxtso rperMo6fnlr aa 6!a€ MHoro 6!p3 ron e nprroaes 3a orpafreets, pa3croFfrn u e fanln No noaxoAHLq 3a nprastrxBaHe a rpaaa u oKonHocrure My.

EHeprrnHara kph3a crqMynrpa , ekcnephMeHrure 3a

u3cneaBaHhFra

cn!fqeBara eHeprus

3a 3aMFHa Ha',rpaarqroHHrre eHep tuhHu u3roeHqtr.u clc cnlHqeBu. BrB OPT BanpxMep npe3 1980 r. Beqe

4yHKu,oN,paxa 11000 crltsqeBr 44

a ce npeaaqxaa npe3

1990 r. Aa ce u3pa3xoasar 40 Mnpa cnnFqesa eHeprxF (3a cpaBseHhe, Konreec,soro Ha npou3 BeaeHara npe3 1978 r. eneKrpo€Bep rrF or aroMHhre ueHrpanq BlB oPT e 36 Mnpa KrnoBarqaca) . OcaKBa ce KaM 2000 roAuHa 5 10% or eHeprun' Fhre tsyxa, Ha crpaNure.creHK, Na

El,4O

aa 6raar

Be're 3HaehrenHh p€

3Vnrarh. llHrepece! e npoeKrlr Ha rvpcKara crvaesrKa no atr3arH cecxn

Carrp: nFrHa 6aHF layu Ka6rHa), B KOflTO

BOAATA

qeB KoneKrop. To314 ayu-Ka5r!6 hMa MHoro flpocro ycrpoircrBo , e noaxoaFll KaKro 3a ceprntso npou3BoacrBo, raKa ! 3a plqHa

3aroBonFBaHx or

cnl3seB, eneKrpoqeNrpan,

, clopr-

Ponflra Na Aq3atrNa B

fi3non3BaHero

eFep.hF

HeHa

cnoxeH npo6neMi 3a qf-

ero pa3peuaBaHe ronsM

nprNoc

6op6a.ra

eHeprqB 6eue oqe

pea4ua crpzHL4, B pe3ynrar

Na koero 6FXa opraHr3rpafh MNoxecrBo MeponphFrrr 3a crrMyn4-

ra ar3aiiHepckar ra3h o6nacr. npe3 1981

uMar u ah3atHeprre. Hackopo B CAl4

p2He

6Fxa f3BapueH, nLpBfre ycneuHh

r. sas OPf reMara Ha exeroats!F koHKypc aa ao6!p a,r3ai! "fyre OopM" 6eue "necreHero sa eHeprfF u A!,3airNa". B KoHkypca ylacr6axa 106 r3aenus. Ao6!p 4h3aiH 6Fxa ait,qe]u 13 6 oronnxren|x rena.

eHeprhn.

npoekrlr e cy6cqarpaF or

S,pMara AbnoN, a ycneuHara peanu3aura

ce arnxh ao

ronFMa

creneN Ha Herosks ar3aiHep a-p non l\,4aKprnAl,1. HoBxBr

ner e

HapeqeH "Conap'lenrtsA)rGp".

no nrrrurara Ba EBpona tr AMe. prKa Beqe ce aBrxar , "cnlHceah" aBroMo6xnu. C!3aaa€B e aHrnuicKx on reH o6pa3eq Ha €aHoMecreH enex'

rpoMo6hn 3aABhxsaN eNeprqa. AeroMo6hnlr

rex{ 60

MoAena npo3optlla

B qac h 3a eahH cnrHceB aeH Moxe aa u3MrHe 200 KM. l.,13pa6oreH e or d,6pocrlKno h 70% or MexatsanpaBeH,

or neKa anyMqHxeBa cnnaB.

AoKaro "cnrH,reBhFr"'paHc nop'r Bce oue ipaBu ilpRrre cq cr!nr(r, B apyrl o6nacrx - fanpu Mep u3non3Baf€ro eHeprrs 3a aoMaKhHcKu Nyxah -

h 2

Bxoa{'1

Bparr,. no4o6eH KoNKVpc 6eue npo BeaeN, 3!B BenrKo6pr,raHxfl . npe3 M Hanara roauHa B l\4oc KBa 6e op.aHr3qpaHa cneLruarf3rpa

Haia K.,

pa3BhBa MaKcrManHa cKopocr 20 KM

frqHhre My qac ca

ntox6a "OufeHeprx8-8l ", B y'racrrle 30 soAeL-Lf

drpMtr or OhNnaHAuB. Se3cnopHo npu peuaBaHero !a eHePru;Hure npo6neMu Ar3anHeplr He e Boaeura drrypa, Bo KaKro no ka3Bar nococeHrre rpnMepx, HeroBo.

ro yqa.rue

KarefoprqHo aonpuHacF 3a HaMtrpaHero Na onrtrManHh peueNh8. It4oxe Aa ce cqfra, ee B 6lAeure 3HaceHrero Ha a'43anHepcKara NaMeca

s ra3, o6nacr

HenpeKtcHaro

u.re

B rpaacKara cpeAz (neKropx: apx. Toaop SyneB or KHInflTYTA, apx.

xpoHuka

neH60 CronapoB

kvnrypa

qrnE)j

h aox.

KoMrrera

l,4Ba! cnaBoB or o6clxaaHe Ha peanr3rpaH,

3aaa'rq 3a ax3atHepcKo ooopMFtse

r6aacKara cpeaa B !vx6xHa {neKro.

prr apx. IloaM!1n auM rpoB t BeHuecraB BeNes or ll nE)j npo x€Kutr,

tsa

11 KlcoMerpaxN" c

4nMa,

cBlp3aHf ceMu!apa (oneparop: hHx 14BaN CynraNoB, arKropckh reKcr: Kp c, tqHa LllanBapaxxeBa, napacKeBa AykoBai PeHzre Tp/qkoBa) . CBo6oaHo-

TBOPYECK14 CEMI',IHAP HA

at43AiHEPI4TE HA

foarHa tse 6eue ocHosHa Aeifocr ce u3BrpuBaL!e or vqacrNrufre

'co30nofl'82"

prcyBaHe Ha ceMfHapa np€3 1982 u a

YAo6tso 3a rFx BpeMe.

AKryan!ocrra

0CHOBHA TEl\,4A : "ECTET l-43A

reMa Ba ceMuHapa "Ecr€ 3aLrrs !a .P. Co3onon" ce onpeAenF or f3uc.

utlfi HA |PAA CO3Onot" apx.

flrcaMxr

prKoBoaure,

24 nocraHoBnefu€

AxMrrpoB ql4nE

ol 6.5.1978 eaHo or octsoBfhre

CeMftsaplr ce nposeAe 3a rperu nopeaeH

nlr,

ra nporpaMa

ctrnacFo rHcruryrcKa. 3a

ii$rKauqFra Ha ar3ai!eprre or qt4nE u yrBlpaetsara or aupeKropa nporpaMa 3a ecrerv3at\ha Aa tpaa Co3onon. B ceMhHapa, clcroFn ce or 4 ao 18 0H/, B3exa yqacrre 20 ayuu: a/3anNepr, rp2dhuu

I xoaa Ba

pa6orara

6Fxa 13nuHetsa peA/qa Aeiisocr

l\,4C

Ha ceMuHapa

c3!p34ts, c ocHoaHara reMar nekuh!, rperrpau.rf npo6neMhre H2 crpyKryp

NanpaBnefrF

paoorara Na llr4nE

npoekrrpafe Ha o6urecrBeHara npea MerNo'npocrpaHcrBeHa cpeAa, B roBa

q!cno u .paacKara cpeaa. 6eue x3BrpueHo FrpBoHaqanHo cucreMa rh3rpare q dopMyn paHe Ha npfH. qrnrrre 3aaa{k Ha ryaoxecrBetso inacrfqNoro o$opMneH!e fa cBo6oa shre npoopaHcrBa B.paaa. ylacrH, uhre e ceMxHapa, pa3aeneH/ Ha rpy. ntr h kFArahAyanHo no npo6reMu, 3B!purxa npoyesaHe ararr3 Ha o6ekrhre, npeaMer tsa

Horo, coqfanHo /KoHoMxqecKoro t apxf reKrypHo xyaoxecrseHoro o6o

Af3aiiHepcKa H3Meca.

pMFHe Ha cBo6oaHrre npocrpaHcrsa

3aaosonxrenHoro

AHanr3ar

3yarNara koMyHhKaqrF B rp24a. ocBeH craHAaprNrre 3Haqh 3a aBrxe Hhe Ha lvlnc, rMa ManKo Ha 6po,i, pa3NopoaH,

NeecreryeHr Naanhcfi

yKa3arenk nocraBeHu Ha pa3nhqNx Mecra 3 rpaaa, noaxoaxre klM rpa aa He ca o6opMeH, noaxoaFLro or xyaoxecrBeHo-nnacrqqHa rneaHa roc.

Ka.36 rpaaa HFMa pa3pa6oreHa crc, r€Ma 3a Bq3yansa KoMyHrkaq',3. ,tlrncsar Aop, eneMeHrapH, NaAnf c,, yKa3saluu BaxNure HanDaBneHrF crapara qacr, nphcrats',ulero, K3.

x:p

nnaxo€e, ,clop, qecKqre 3a6enexrrenHocru. o6eK

noBeqero or 3otsrre 3a orAhx rpaaa ca seee cnonvqrhso o+op.

MeH/ K:ro apxrr€KrypBu npocrpaHHr.phMep neuexoaHara eacr

B crapqF rpaa,

npoMeHaaara kpai'

.paacKxF nnax , r.B. He Moxe 4a ce Kaxe cruroro o6aee 3a x3aenhF

ca o63aBeAeHh re3r Tosa Hanara ar3an HepcK, noaxoa npr rFXHoro nponpocrpaNcrBa.

eKrrpaHe, fsKox

4a 6!Aar peueH, h yHrKanHo, or

qrrank, cneqhdu{Hrre oco€eHofi, ora x. ll.lo ce Kacae ao eneMetsr,re 3a o63asexaaHe Ha Mtsoro+yHKuhoNarHhre npocrpaNcr. Ba B rpaacKara cpeaa hMa r3Becref

HzFpeA!K, oco6etso

Ha rpaaa, Klaero qacrrqtso e pe. ueH ipo6neMlr c yn/cHoro ocBer neNue, HaKof 3aB€aeH/a u ruproBcK!

o6eKrh. HFMa Hhllo Hoso no orHo 3a rlp.oshF

yc^ytu, cep.ulre,.\ao ts!Ha 4 ornaaaLl/, noueHckrre Ky v\

r f,

renedoHHure 6v.qKf. o6uroro

|rBeroso aentrFra

x rpadxcNo peueHhe Ha k3 | .pocrpaHcrBara.

OxpaHFeMure nnaxoBe ca cBa6aeH'l c Neo6xoaxMoro o63asexaaHe, koero o6aee Ne e Ha 4o6po N{Bo; B noeeqero cnyqau ereMe pf , HeecrerxqNu, rouro noaArpxaHri aopr HeoyHKqroHanHh.

ts rpaA

Co3onon,

peAkqa

clo6paxesu8 ao ce.a, nrncBa

HaMe-

ca B ecrerxqecKoro o6op

ux$"qHhq 3a BceK, KpatMopcKrl

rpaA o6eKr Karo

nphcraHxurero.

OopMyntpafu 6Fxa

ocHoBHure

Ar3atHepcK, npo6neMf 3a pe0aBaHe 3 .paackara cpeaa Ha co3onor: B,13yanHa KoMyHhKauxr; 30H, 3a or

avx;

eneMeHrx 3a 063asexaaHefo

tsa

MHoro+yHKq'loHanHxre npocrpaHc rBa Ha .paacKara cpeaa; nnaxHa qB, fi3n!rHFBaHero Ha

ra3f

3aAava

3rcK6a nprnaraHero sa xoMnneKceH noAxor np, npoyqBaNero r, npoeKrh-

paHero Ha orKpurtrre rpaacK, fpoc rpafcrBa h sKnEqeH4re 3 rFx npeaMeTf, crpvKrypu- apaacKara cpeaa ce pa3fnexaa xaro cucreMa or dvsKuuoHanHo o6Blp3aHu npeAMerHonpocrPaHcrBeH, cxeM'1, KoHcrpyKurr, nnacrrleHk, qBeroB, , rpaofeH,l

KoMnneKcHoro peuasaHe

ooer<rxre Ha rpaAcKara cpe4a Moxe

aa ce nocrurHe

qpe3 peuasaHero

Ha oraenH, h3aenhn

,.NETEH

CEMUHAP

'82' 8 AECAY

uHx. netKo MuLuee

YnpBneBuero na npoMuuneHa ecferuKa npu MuHucrepcKuq c6ee,

Ha r,qP AUA) opzaHBupa ra3u

zoduqa npe3 M. ae2ycr e 6ayxaq Aecay du3anHepcku ceMuHap. Uen. ra Ha ceMuHapa 6e Pa3Kpuea|e 3a Hoeu uaeu u npoektupaHe Ha Me6etu ar croMaHeru ry66u. cnopr Bu ypedD, u3detus Macara 3a xpaBede. B npodbtreHDe Ha 8 drD had 30 dBad9epa ar rAP, pa3denequ Ha 3 pa'orHu zpynu, nad PhKoeodct6afa Ha u3ftkraru du3an"

ot Peny5nuKa Agcryua pa3pa. Soruxa pedutla uHlepeclu npoeKtu. Bepu

Au3anHepute or n6p9ara zpyna c ph Kaeodurcn npo6. Kapn fi,lahz - npe 3udeHr Ha AecrpuncKuq uBctutyt 3a du3anH u3nm3eaxa rpaduquure Ba Sayxaw 3a cb3daeaBe Ha pa3nuc Hu eapuaHtu crcroee, Macu u op. of ctoMarcHu ,p66u, Kara 2u o6o2afuxa c Hoeu uHfepec4D peweHua 3a cB6p-

MeranHure fp.6u c Mafepuatu Karo d6peD, nnacrMaca, de4a

3anHep

u3eecrBuq aecrpuncKu du

AxenMc CKaB, pa3pa6orL

uHrepecHu npoektu 3a uHdueudyan4a nanarKa, paHuqa, npu6opu 3a xpaHeqe

npedMefu Beo6xoduMu 3a dsv' cedMueBa notrcKa Ha uHdueudyatHua fypucf. Tperara ?pyna cndade fena, npu'opu 3a xpz

ce o6eArfnBar no onpeaeneHf nprl3Haq'j pa3B Baltl4 ce chcreMu.

XapaKrcp4o 3a ceMuHapa s Ae

ca( 6e zaneMuR, eHrycua36M u yno

ot raP. tlaKanayeureneH € 6aKr6t,9e

Purccr Ha kone?ure 3ateneH

8 dHu 2pynaft Ha ,4xenMc CK1H u3ebpuu npoyeeaHero no 3aaaeara, 3a

npoeKfupaHera, u3p66ofea9"pfo

nporotunute

dn'opvaquotnure

Marepuatu 3a BtoY6ara,

KMrc 6e eian Ba 4rruhapa. n3nax6ara 6e arKpuE otnpof. )aRtop MapruH KetM, dhpxeseH ce Kperap u P.kaeoduren Ha An6. Ha arkpueaeeto npucrcreaxa o$u\ua'. Hu npedcraeuretu Ba npoMuuEeHoct ra ha rAP, kouto o6c6d

Hocrurc 3a 6aFa peatu3auuE Ha uH"

repIHute dnatlHepcku npoeKru.

lhp3eHo 6e MBehue, qe E3u xy'asa uHuuuaru.a

ra Aha

ute npodbnxu

u e 6.deqe, u se cheMa.tuaia pa6on Ha du3anqepure ar rAP u AecrpuR ae ce pa3euea 6tsranotysro u 3a

UHIEPA'13AhH'A2

Hanhcr,

EB.eHis KoMrcapeHKo

reopcecKo o6o.arFBaHe c HoB, hael4 4 peueHrs or MexayHapoaeH Maura6,

"rbopMa 3a

fllpBrtsr op.aHr3rpaN Bls OrH

npeAcraBnsB€ dropMa 3a

o6eAuHFBaH

'82" .e npoBeAe or 8 Ao 22 aBtycl 19A2 t. B rpaa PoBaFreMtr cronrqa Ha nan-

n04qepra npeacrasr.

ren8r Ha KCI.4A Tepr, 14

naHAfF, !2ii ceBepHus paro4 Ha crpa. 8ara. B NeroBara P66ora B3e yqacrqe

,r 6urapcKa rpyna cneu

anrcv or

CeMuHaplr 6e opraHu3!,paH or OrfnaHrc(ara op.aBr3aLlxF 3a nooMrLlnets ar3aits "opHaMo,,, cnsMec rNo c flexayHapoaHrF clBet fa op.

raHh3aqfrre

no npcMruneH ar3a;H

l\,4atep.

Pa60rHrre 3ac€aaHhs 3ano'rHa, c aByaHeaeH neKropcK, uuKln

rr,re, aeMorpadckare

UHC[,1.

Trp)xecrBeHoro orKpuBaNe ce chcroF e crpaaara 3a KynrypHq 4 06urecrB€Ho'nonf rrqecKla Mepof, prF

BfcoK npodecfoHanu_

ceMrHap 'tlHreparr3anN

npox3aoacrBe

npo6neM!j, xapaKrepHu

3a norFpN,re o6,ac'h. tlenra

Lrqr Ha cesepHure crpaHL ,,Hopa, $opM", KoM r€ra 3a nonFpH,re 06 nac Ha ckasatrNascKrre crpaHu,

[4rficrepcrsoro H3 cp.oBrFrala

npoMxun€Hocrra, ooHlauhFra Ha pa Ha orlHnaHAIF, BrcBrlF nHcrLaryr 3a npoM{uneH Au-

$!Baq/re c€ paioH! 3aiiN

JlannaracKqu yHrlBeDdrel.

B pa6orH'l.re sBeuaNfF yqacrre 43 af3aiHepa

s3exa

or 13 crpaHr, oraaneqeHxre cAt4

I tlrAtrF. Br3pacrosrFr crcraB

ylacrNrqxre 6e ar 22 ao 53 toarNu.

14HrepAu3anH'82 ce pa3r,reaBa or nonynnpH'1F run ceM4Hap!, koxro

rrpcFr npearlMHo o6yqaBaur e.beKr. Toi e npeaHa3Ha,reH 3a npodecho-

Kypca 6e pa3FcnnsaHe Ha couuanHara

nopbrKa Ha +,pMhre-3aFa!,re'K! or

(o8ai a AADraHa 9HKoBa 6e sknB rpynara no reKcr4n. Pa6orara ce npoBexaaue B flannaHAcKrF yHhBepcrrer, karo 3a Bcs. ceHa B

Ka .pyna 6e npeAocraBeHa 6raenNa 3ana. llporpaMara Ha ceMrHapa 6e ao.

6pe .!o6pa3eHa clc cneuudrKara Ha ar3aiiHepcKoro rBopqecrso. pa6orH4re 3aHrMaHxs ce npoBexaaxa or 9-12, 13 17

, 18 19 caca. 14Hrepec npeacrasnFBaxn Haqr_

oHanHxre eeeepf, nocBereH, fa crpa

nannaHAuF, OqHnaHAfs, lllBeqrF ,1 HopBe.uF, 813 ocHoBa Ha noaH€ceHara hH+opMaq're rocrxre Ha t/tNrepAu, 3anH'82 rpF6Baue Aa pa3pa6orar uaeh 3a Hoau x3aenrF, KaKro ,60p Mh 3a ycbslpileHcrBaHe Na clqecr-

Hrre ysacrsuqK! B vYreoaBaif',a2. Ha rFx ce npeacrasFure rNdopMa qxF 3a nocrrkeHrara Ha aq3aiNa B aaaeHa crpaHa,

CneA asyAHeB!rF neKropck,l quKln, aq3aiseprre 6fixa pasnpeae

xrpaHa ,3nox6a c Hat-Ao6p!re

TsopqecKrF

l14KCl.14), oprara 3a GrpyaHucecr

Bo Mexay ah3aiHepcKhr€ opraHu3a.

or rpuMa Ar3aiHepa

4HClVl: aBaMa or rsx yqacrBaxa B pa. 6orHara .pyna 3a KoxeHa q3AenrF FB.eHhF KoMhcapeHKo x irapas Hea

Hr Anai9epu or scxqKk crpaH,

naHAuF MexayHapoaeH ar3aitsepcKu

craBeNa

pa6orf, rpynr 3a: a!paercKh urpacKr, ona, plceH rpya, kaMrx , koxeHf h3aenhF, kaTo ce c!6nn aa8axa npodecroHanHara NacoeeNocr

qgAqe{ayaiHule

cneLlhanucrhre. EcFKa pa6orHa .pyna ,Ma0e cBon 6'lHnaNacKu ceKperap

OPHAMO, orroBopes 3a c63aa

BaHe Na Heo6xoArMrre ycnoEhF

rBopeecKa pa6ota. B .pynfre 6Fxa 6KnoeeH, eneHos€ c pa3nxqeH cou4a neH craryc. or arpeKropH no xyao xecTBeHrlTe srnpocx

KpaF Ha c€MuHapa 6e apaH.

pa6ork,

pa3

Ha yqacrHhqhre. TF 6e orkphra Ha 20 aBrycr. Bneq€rnFsauro q 6oraro Na uH $opMairre 5€ noceuleHrero Ha .pyna 63aeneF BlB 6!1pMara

"Ilanhf AirorypKric

OtO,, B Caana 6Fxa pa3.ne4aHu HsKoh depMr 3a orinexaaNe Ha aqBeq, npor3Boacol ro3, ahsec, KaK ro , crap4 o6pa3uu,

ce r3HacFr

, Kahara. claencrBa,

3!B QpaHqrs

Ta3, uHdopMaqrF

allpecrpaHo.r Ha npoekrure KlM nDoMrrjleHrre Br?-

Mnalr|4 cne

npuaruq Sr,nrapckara crpaHa 6e npeA-

filr

OrHnaHAcKrr€

v 6na sa

B!3 ocHo8a H3

npea_

cKaHAxHaseua.

HeF rpF6Baue Aa ce

pa3pa6orFr HoBu npeanoxes4F, Ko_ xro aa ca KoHkvpeHrHocnoco6H, Ha Barpelr8uF na3ap x aa HaMepsr MFc

quanucrq

B 'l4Hrepav3aia" naurYa aBroprrera Ha tunrapcKhF arcanH. 14N.bopMaquFra 3a paBHrlutero

eecKoro o6aecrco u Ha ecueKu rpy-

MexayBapoaHrF.3a qenra rpynara 3a KoxeHr r3aenrF B clc

Ha MexayHapoAHrfl a03aiH, norlyqe

uaHa uBbapMaqusra Ha E.Eape

Ha Ha ceMhsapa, claeicrBa 3a yc!'

pa6orara Ha UKCUA u Ha unhMu.

tae: EsreHrF KoMrcaPeBKo,

BlpueHcrBaHe Ha npooecuoHanr3Ma Ha ycacrHfqrle, Karo aoKa3a olle BeaHax, qe "6enxre nonera" B poa-

cs6paHue e XeftuHKu u 3a no)zotoeKara Ha 66dequq KoH-

ro fa

lvlaPrF

HeaKoBa, EeBa X6opt, Peno OFna

Kanch, pa6oreue" noa KoneKruBHo aeBr3 "lvloaa" 6e3 aBrop. 53xa onpeaeneH ,3r!Ksa aa c!3aaaeH, 120 npoeKra, or Korro 14 6ixa 636paHx 3a ,'3aetuq u 3a uaeiH/ HacoKu. Tpynara ce npea_ craB, Ha ,3nox6ara c 14 oKoH,a' renHh Bap,aHra Ha 10 nanra or ceKperapFr

nucu\u,4

rxa

HopKa

u 30

npeacraBrret rpynara 3a reK

crun pa3pa6orlr 15 Bap{aHra npoeK-. rf 3a plqHo nnerhBo h 10 npoeKra 3a Ma0uHa. tlerhpq or r8x 63xa Ha-

ecrecrBeHa roneMrBa h apaHxrpasu Ha h3nox6ara. l43BlH ceMrHapHara pa6ora Ha npaBeHu

''UNrcpanahN82' 6eue

npoBeaeH

KoHKVpc aa 113pa6or.aHe Ha eM6ne_ Ma 3a Haipaaa, KoFro ce BFcsa 3a

.onFM npuHoc s

srr,lero

pa3

Ha npoMulrneBocrra Ha nan_

naHAhf,. SFxa npeAcraBeNx o6uro l1 npoeKra- 3a io6earren 6eue u3_

KoxeH, u3AenrF c npoeKra i'3narHoro 3paHqe" MBo.ocrpaNHa cDKneHa ronKa, 06 6paHa rpynara 3a

pa3yBaHa

or plqe, 3

cpeaara 3a 3rarHo 3p!liqe, Harpaaara crMBonu3rpa crrypHocr ra, KoFro o6urecrBoro rapaHrxpa Ha Ycacr"ero 4a

peuar caMo c

xYAoxtshKa npoekraHr npu G3aaBa

6!nrapcK{re

cne

cred KaH2peca u

o6qato

2pec a ep. MunaHo

np9

1983 z. C66

paHueto noAeepra ponR Ha UKCI4A ycacfue e He2aeafa

Han-npocrure doPMh.

Ha c'eeuaHuero 6e BBeceHa uHbopMaqD4 or K.r.EypMancrep

sbPHO'82

3a dedHacrta Ha pa6orHata zpyna no Brox6ure D 6eue odo6peHa HedHo

nepcneK-

5!nrapcKhFr AapuaBa frHKoBa

HaTa .poMouneHocr Morar

C tonRMa e|uMaHue 6e u3cny

cnycan MexdyBaPodHara Btox6a "Cee|a Ha nqedMerute SbpHo '82" Ha 21 aRtoMepu 1 2 ,. 6eue npoeedeBo pa6arBo cbeeaaHue

4a npedcraBurenufe ue4rpanHLs uHcrufyf 3a npaMuulteHa ectetuKa IHPE), C'eera 3a npoMuune, 0u'

3an4 (YHP). YnpaereHuero 3a npo lrAP) , t4hctu'

ryra 3a npoMuu'e| du3anH (nHP) u l4Bcruryn 3a npoMuuteB dBanB

ro npednoxeHue 3a cijdaeaHe Ha Ho sa zpyna na KoMv1uKattuure c deere YeacrHuqure Ha chaeeaHuero a6c6Auxa cbqo pa6orara Ha Mexdy

Hapod1ota

xypu no

oue4Kara

u HaepawdaeaHero uM c

duntoMara "Ceera Ha npe)Merure". Te 6ta.odapuxa Ha

xn)uro

3a Heea

eara or?oeopHa pa'ora u npuexa pe ueguero 3a Ha2paxdaease Ha I u3

IqCCP). B c6eeutaHueto e3e veacrue

npedcrasuretsr Ha UKCUA, eneHbr Ha nn6rBurctBuq KoMurcr E. Yeact4uuute e cLeeaaHuero pa3MeHuxa uHfopMaqus 3a pa6ora apeaHBauuu u nod c-ppfaxa, ee npaMuuteHara ecreruKa

rryoea

da Drpae ece no-BaxHa ponR 6

crpeMexa 3a noeuuaBa1e Ba e6ek' hapo0Boro cronaHcrea u na

ruu

HacuH no do6pe da 3adoao

Seue HanpaseH ueoda,

,ox6ute "C6era Ha

1e u3-

npedMerute"

a ykpensaHe Ha csrpydBucecrsoro Mer<dy du3an.

Hepckufe apzaHrcauLD u Ha

Ha.

yeHo-rexHuqecKora cirpydHusecreo

Mexdy crpa|ure-enekKu Ha

CUA.

EucoKa oueBKa 6eue aadeBa Ba Bnox6ara "Ceera Ha npedMe-

rurc - 6bphoa2"

opzaHu3upaHero

nox6u u e 6hdeae.

PerakrroHHa

korerri

l1lrx. lMkHko Xa6McK, - riaBeH peAaKrop k.r.H. l4saH CraB@, apx. ToAop MnaAeHos, x{x. reoprtr K capoB, H.c. Cre$a'l BueB. a-p HrKoran fpaArHapG, BeHko Ul'ukoB, Ao6porE6 neunH, Koccratsr,H cMor$oB, PYMeH KrcknHoB, n'oaMur A{MurpoB,

lonunH Ta6akoB. KoHcraH H reopreeB, BareHrrH AHre,loB

P.adKrop: KprcrrHa lllansapaxreBa XyaoxHxKr qBeraH l4rres -

Kbpxqar LlBeraH

'lrneB Texs. peaaKrop: AnekcaHEap flyKoB CH|IMks: Hrkoran KyreB, Aacrrka

nbroBa,

co+'s

ApMeHko8a

qunE

Ha6op: LleHrrp 3a HaycHo-rexBM{ecKa

'HoopMaq,f,

np, Ul4nE

IMoHiaxvcr: KpacrMspa 9eqKoBa Anon "oocerrpa$uk" - K'oH r, co+rn

Trpax:1500