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CONTENTS

IVANOVA,

Corponte ldentity

and Visual lnfornation. Desiw (CllD).

No.2,1984. p.8. Obiective conditions

for the evolv*

nent of co.porate identity- A system fot visual infomation: the principles of its sttuctun; prcblens and tequirenenE. The need of unified visual la nsuase. The function and neanins of The Visual Stategy of Benault,Atchitectu.e inErieu.e CREE, Oct. 1982, p.82-93. Design in the long-te.n ptogrcnme

lot bette/ auality of the Bulsarian Conmunist Pafty . -. -... -. -. Corponte identity and visual

connunication

.............

The visual strategy of Renault Psychol og y a nd the g.a p h ic

... .. .......... Corporate gftphics ..........

nessase

A result f.on the jolnt efforts of equa y capable designerc .. . News ..... .. ...... ...... Grcphic design fot evetyday life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meeting of the ICOGRADA

ciples of d ew lopnent of the corpotate identity of fi.ns having a wide scope of activities like the French state coDpany Renauh. The c.eative wotk

ptoduct design and

I 4l

includes thrce fields: gnphic design, architecturc. A Gtaphic Desisn Manual has been

intmduced. Aspects 45 4A

Analyis of the prcblens and prin-

4l)

Exeutive Connittee .. . .. ... 48 Household soods . . . . . . . . . . . 4A |NTERDES|GNE3.......... 48

of the

visual

coryomte stmtegy. construction problens and theh solution. CLIERORN, E., D.ga.oni. Psvcho'

lory and the Gnphic

Messase. The

Language of Graphics

nethod for scientific

apprcach to problems of typoqaphy. Conpu tet techn iqu es in graphic d6ig n. Computer sraphics.

CARTER, D. Corpoate G.aphicr CorcoEE ldentitv ManEh. fhe nateial is patt of the book Cot-

ponte ldentiry Manuals and is an exanple of the corpotate $aphics of the Mc Gtow Edison Conpany. The p.obtens of tnde nE* desisn and co. lou are deah with, as well as of the chatacten and their relation to the symbol and the positioning ot signs and lefteing on docunena, packing,

ipment, transpott vehicles. buildin6, wo* clothes etc.

equ

The intrcduction

of a

psycholosical

investiga tions

the spherc of visual perception. The "Gestah" group gave a primary momentum fot {ientific trcatment of this problen- Expeimenal analyns of vhual perception - what is vision? Five laws of perception vrere formulated by D.WKataldo, giving sraphic designers a rcliable psycholosical basis fot spatial otqnization of gftphic infornvtion. The neaning of colout fo. visual pe rception. Changt ing forn by neans ofcolout.Designer's

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33eMe peueHye: o6eahHrBaHerc Ha "Sepnre{aBreM". TpEoBa nx aa ce 3ana3rr aBere BprogcKh MapKr, aa ce npeanoqere eaHara or aEere rn, nrK aa ce cuaalF eaHa eaxicrBeHa? "YrnS-On,rHc" fle caMo c!3aaBar roEapHrre kon{ ,,PeHo,, c npoMrrl,n€Ho npeaHa3HaqeHne, Ho onpeaensr eAHoBpeMeHHo c rosa u aa3yalr'Ha.ra 6uv Koaro qe nocn Yxx

Karo HenocpeacrBeHo r3firfa{ke nor'.{rrxara, nprnaraHa

rapaxrre.

6rpMara. lvapKara Ha kor"re "peHo,, c npoMxureHo npeaHa3HaceHre, B!BeaeHa 3a p€KopAHo KparEK cpoK or .!ecr M€ceqa a aBecra nyHKra 3a npoAax6a, Be4Hara nonyqu sceo6uroro

oAo6peHle, BrBer<AaHero Ha qf,nocr"

da rpao"qHa crcreMa e cneaBaulara MFpka, Koaro ce npenopuBa, Ho He ce Hansra- BnpoqeM 3a ra3r qer He e ornycHar HrKaKls cneuraneH 610axer, aKo He ce cMflra cyMara, KoF o ca npeAocraBa Ha acuqKu dunuanu u

AorMarhq-

"PeHo". npla Kocaq(rre "6epHap,

HaKpaa, eArH KolkpereH cnyce

Ha Gryx6ara 3a KoHcynrrpaHe

Koero qe ycKopx B!Eer<aaHero Ha "cnp3soqHrx no ryaduqeH ar3a;H", e slB Bp!3Ka c peanHo 3anBeHara HyxAa {a o,nranhre or KoA 3a pa3no3HaBaHe Ha O{pMara

BysaHx

'iai, no xonro cneuHo rof,6Ba ra

3BeHoTO sa KOMyHU-

xaq,l4 npx TeHepanHara AupeKqEfi,

qpe3 cflpasoqHrq, la peknaMH,r Marepxanl,1 3a ayayosl€yanHrre cpeacrBa, {pe3 oocrosh{ara cnyx6a 3a cuercrBre flo Bc'.r'1xr4 sMpocr/, orHacFul, ce ao ny6nrKvBaHero rn qrFr', aaHren Ko3aP, Koiro prKo,

Boa,

r.3,

flonxruKa, nocreneHHo yc-

niBa 4a v6erM u Hai-H€o Cpea rf,x ca 6!'HaHcosrre $rnqanh, Koxro 4rp)Kar aa 3ana3ir B raiHa 14KoHOMrqecKyre

oqe ornarar

c,.

Bpr3Kr,t

3ce

nprcEArHFBaHero cy

r(}M sy3yanHara 6rpMeHa npo.paMa.

Hai-Bpar(Ae6HrFr, Han-nporxBoflosraBaqrFr c€ orpaon e aBro" Mo6xnosrpoeHero - rpyAHo npreMs xAesTa aa c€ oTKaxe oT nrnHoBracT-

Horo prKoBoacrBa' Ha $npMara 14 Aa 6rAe nosraseH fiapas}lo c npor3BoacrBoro Ha roBapHx kon, c npoMriu-

ne}lo npeafia3HaqeHue, Ha rpaKroprl rarepr, To3l4 ceKrop rpyaHo qe ce pa3aenh clc aHaKa, Koiro npe3 aocneaHnre roahHr e eM6reMa Ha aBroMo6yna ,.peHo,.: qepefl

PoM6 Ha r{hrr OoH. C}npofiBara o6ae€, c re{eHue Ha sp€Mero orcna6sa: nocreneHHo MrpKara ce acrMrnrpa r Pa3BxBa 3}3 scr,lcK, orpacnr_ ManKM YtnO koHcrarHpa, {e rpasrqHo npMrcxeHre no3BonaBa

aa ce Bralr nprHaAnex-

Hocrra KIM drpMara, Karo B sbuo-

10 BPeMe clxanr8a, {F rPaoucHxre crMsonn ce n3flon3yBar ronKoBa Bceo6u{o

crcrcMarrqH

cMFra, qe npenopuaHara npocra Bl1. 3yanHa crcreMa qe craH€ /,no-ecrecl6aAe s}3,tp,l€ra karo "necfioaocrbneH e3rK". ner roAhH, cneA npoBerqaHe. ro L H€3aar cuMo or Bc,qKo, onepa-

qaFra 3a cL3AaBaHe Ha,,cnpaBocHuK no rpa6{qeH ay3a;H,, ce oqeHf,Ba Karo ycnex, ,t ro chqecrseH , konrcecrBeHo {3Mep,iM Er8

cBera. no-rpyan6 e aa 6!ae npeqeHer ycnexLr Ha arp€KqrFra no crrna s rlpceHfFra n ua ,,^sHAa Ha H3aenrara' Ha O"pMara. TaM Ha\e. no e Po6ep OnpoH c Konel<rxB or 120 ayur., r.e. roi pa3nonara c ea4H or 17

rat-roreMrre KoneKr$B,,'<orto pa' 6orFr BlB OpaHrrMa B o6nacrra Ha ar3aiHa. Ta3h LrxCPa o6a{e e no!

crc curypHocr e,

HopMrre, o6hcaisu

h3xvcrBara, aoKropr4 Ha 6h3xqecK"_ Ie HayKA, t^Hxe{eo,1, MareMarhqh, cKynnropr, x ce, 3a aa ce noaxpaaBa c uae, u aa u36e e orp B recHv paMKu, r}pcl4 3a ctrpyaHll_ qecrBo hai-ao6prre KoHcynraHr!1 or cseroBeH Mauta6: f.HAvHr, Koaxona, Axyaxapo. Ao6eHep (Xbon'ae3)

roMo6rnocfpo{renu ri

orpMn:

"Onar", qriero npoh3BoA

pa3nonara

Ha "PeHo c 25O

ayllja.

AhpeKqHnra no c]rna "PeHo" e B npFxa Bp!3Ka c TeHepanHara 4'r' peKqHs,

rop4rer

r,e.

Ma eaBaxBo.onaM as_ KaKro npea

rlpr

npea rexHrrq€cKxre arpeKqrr' SepHap AHoH c!3Aa6a ra3, Arpexuun npe3 1 980 r., pa3BrBa ouHaHcoBr4te n cpeacrBa, Ka-

norBrprqaBa 3Ha_ oraasa fia Ah3aiHa npoMhunesara

lrpeKqurra no crrna

uMa ABa asroMo6ureH 14 npoMr.tir_ reH; x3rne)xaa pa3nonara clc aHaqrrenHk ovHaHcoBu cpeacrsa 3a ,3cne-

orAena

Pa3soita aenHocr x npbrexaBa B o6nacrra Ha o6opyaBa'

AosarencKa

Hero rslpae cnoxsh 14 MoaepHu clo_ prxeHtss, c KaKsnro HenHrre KotsKy_ peHrli iioxe 6, He pa3nonarar' "Mo_ xe 6q", ftn Karo flPoMhuneHrFr unroHax np,lHyx<aa8a xrM a6co_

nErHa ranHa. MrrqanxB, HeBqatM,

clc aa6paHa Blpxy h3non3yBaHero Ha ogroKonrpHu MauuHr4, B Ao6pe oxpa|sBaslre Ka$rera_ p{u Ha I'PEe;'l\,4anMe3oH srr Ha a4peKqusra no crhna earH' crBeHo xMa npaso aa npeacraBa h HeaocrlneH,

14306pa3nBa H3BecrHa

Hule v,aeu Ba oopMot3rpaxAaHero

roBa h3cneAosa_ ce plKoBoar,r or cne'

qhanrcrl. {Mo3uv) no tcropnF

no Brnpochre fia cruna, naHKno

qBeroBere,

18 --

xera,

K,aphH, KoHpar

ar3aiHa; uHleoBtohpa xyAoxsvllr Karo: ApMaH, TloaH, lVoP"clH, OHerep. aoKyMeHraqrira Ha arpeKqxira

srpxy cr{na , ecreruKara ocesraHo e no.6orara or ra3v H6 npoMhurneHor!pfoscKara nanara B "6o6yp"- KoH_ rponvpaoru o-rnrqHo 6raeulure reH' aeHql,r, "Mo3rqure" npoaexAar aHa. nx3h, Korrro npelaBar Ha aH3aiHepnre. 3a flpoeKraHrckara ae:i'Hocr au' 3anHepMre 06rxroseHo p.3norarar c rpx Briaa ,HoopMaqrFr npoy{BaHuF B o6nacra Ha cr6na. Ha Mapxer,lHra. an3atBep''fe ca ra u '|a rpF6Ba aa ocMtcnF | peanr3xpar haenre. Te ca oKono rpu'

pnaecer-neraecer Makera 3a peanr3r_ paHelo Ha earH eaudcrBeH Moaen u npeaMer Ha npoyqBa$ Ha o6cbxaaHna

Melqy aupeKqrrre, npeau EepHap AHod aa s3eMe okoH{arerHo peuieHre. O6qo a3ero KnacMcecKa cxeMa. Ho rln Karo aopi 3a Ee're pea_

nn3[paHrre Moaenu

ratHa orHocHo

npeaBaprrenHvre npoyqBaHxF h pa3nv'rHrre BapraHrr, Hanara ce aa npaBrM 3aKnsqeHrF 3a

Ar3aiHepcxara nonsruKa 3a "PeHo" oT BCeKv MOAen nOOrAenHO,

nlpBara KoHclaraqhF e,

MexAy "P€so 4", "PeHo 5", PeHo 9", "PeHo Oyero" u "PeHo 16" HFMa HhKaKBo cxoacrBo. Po6ep Onpoh o6icHFBa, ce 3a pa3nvKa or

apyrvre aBroMo6rnocrporrenr, "Pe!o" pa3B Ba xopr3oHtanHhre

nhHv14 Ha

Mocr or pa3nn{H4re

r3,len$Fra, Karerop,

l4o c€ orHacn ao dopMara, 3a pa3nrKa or "PeHo 4" t nt "PeHo 5", KoHcrpyupaH, chorBerHo np€an 20 |4 10 roAhHr, np,r nocreAHaia raMa "PeHo

ce 3anara Ha aH

TexHvre napBr pe3vnra_

Ha 6aHanHocrra. Ta3h kona, aKo ce BrneaaMe no-or6n!3o, npeAcraBnFBa

HAMA'PH MAUTA6. AKO ,leFra ce f,DreMe, u3pa60r6a ce Ma_ Ker B Maura6 l:1. TofaBa ce HaMecBar

ayKr, npeaHa3HaqeH 3a HaclPtxHana cPelry BcFKo HoBoElBeaesre KnheHcbrqara KnheHrena, Kouro HaMrpa v6e){ !r€ BrB .banu.jl.rBure do;Hocrr4 fla Heop€flrosanHara apxrrekrypa M s Me6enrpoBx.ra crut "ny 6utun". fonKo8a ranHcraeHocr, 3a 4a ce nony'r, raKlE pe'

aecer

lyurr'

Tl.1rKxqu cKopo ce npesFqar s cBprxp€anhcrv{H[ ceprex'i, a nocne

MaurxHr.r, po6orure x neraecer ayur, alpsoaenwr, oxono xyaoxHrltx, unoceph, x€ne3ap, v ap., Koriro n3pa6orBar ffncoB Mo_

aen E46HcrBeHoro,

no"kcrr{sclfl of Aeicrs4ren_

HrF. noHsKora ca Heo6xoAr4Mu qerr-

MapxertrHroB npo-

Or.oBopHrre Aeiq,, He caMo Ha a, or apyrqre aBroMo6hro-

Ha aeH,

npo€KrrpaHero Ha Kouro yeacrBysa orAenrr, He caMo Ao6rxa o6nrKa Ha "PeHo", ro o6hKHoBeHo nonyca8axa kaTo HarpaAa aeHre. npexBapnFHo npiKo or Hai. MoaepHrre u3cneaBaH,lF B o6nacrra

o6rkNoBeHo ce npeHe6persa daK,

Ha asroMo660€rpoeHero- a43anHepure or rdh or,

"PeHo",

crpourenHr KoMnaH'4r, o6srHFsar 3a EcrecrBeHo, Koraro ce kacae 3a npo-

y3soacrBoro Ho

ftr,

ce npu

rpeukh h

ia xrnaau koru

r8x cruro ce aonycKar rBlpae nouu,

qe HanpxMep

nonpeerxa 3a ,ron6 OonKcBareH" Aa HanpaB, Kaprcpa. Ho Aa ce BlpHeM Ha aHKerara,

Bu 14HrepecyBa,

u aa ce

Korro

3anhraMe, 3aeMa 6'4pMes'4Fr cr4n

"PeHo", np'1 nonoxenBe, ee "PeHo" 3arMcrByBa eaHoBpeMeHHo or

aen, oco6eHo Karo ce ,Ma npea Bua Aonrnr M ao npeBa3xoaHaia 6aHaaHH, Ha o6e, a HeHrero, pa6omr MHoro ro-6!p3o no€6e'(rb3'|o or Kosro r., aa e '4 qacrHa kaHropa. TBlpaeHue, Koero pe3yrrarrre aencrBrren Ho norBlpxAaBar. CrpeMerer KlM npreMcrse-

nprHaArexHocr

u or'tAaart','1A ot "EMB", h or. "l'exo , a u or Apytu

K]'M 6uPMara, Kolrro rps6Ba aa xapakrep 3r par h3aenHFra? BcrulHocr

foBop, ce, qe 3anacrre Ha ArpeK(uf,ra no crrna clalpxar clKpo,

ce ocu.lecrBFsar eaHoBpeMeHHo qpe3 npqnaraHe Ha chcreMaryqHx rpas'4qHx craHAapru u alse)lqaHe Ha HBKo,

"OonKcBare8",

B4qa or HoBoalBeaeHyF

Ier,

rsopcecKu

Kor4To HrKora HFMa

6Fn cBFr, aoKnro n3Bar. A aKo "PeHo" ce oKaxe nap-

sara o'4pMa,

npoc

4a suaFt

koaro lre Hapylll4 ro-

lepeH

.reyrpanr3aqrlF c Ha BcreK4 cneA, or 3a-

MrpcFBaHe nph npoMhurneHara o6pa

6orKa Ha.Konure oqBeruBare B FpKy

Oraerur 3a npoMrurneH, 4opMra, plKoBoAeH !oKa3a, 're

pd-

BrBa ycneuHo ,1 6e3 x3nrraH48. nocraBeH B ycnyra .raBHo ra 6,naanu-

re Ha ttPeqo", renHa copMa,

Ho He Kato

rli

o6parHoro

x cBexu roHoBe

Kraero ce aaMrpa

X.P.Hoep,

a43aiHlr Moxe aa

3aalnxr-

Karo oaKrypupa yclyr4le cu, e B KoHxvoeHurn c qacrnrre areHqrur npe3 nooeaH$re roauHlr ro3r4 orAer aeiroHcrpr4pa 3a6ene3a rBopcecKa h33Ba. KocacxHre, rpaKropure, aBro-

6ycure. Aglirare^taft, po6orure, s

Moropl,r ,1 c4creMrre 3a ynpaBne,

Hie.

l, OupMeH crhn rp36B3 aa 6;rar xapMo. AyBanA, npou3soacrso

Tperara o6nacr, oclqecrBaaa nor'4rqkara

Ha 6rpMara, Kaxro BanpaBhxa Orp-

Mure "Onn'4nc", "ArtEkEM" u, "OtuBerr". l4aeira 6e npocra, Ho no.raB, noa 3aonaxa srrpeuH}li p€a Ha r?PeHo'r, qr.ero npoMtruneHo crpohrencrBo aocera c€ pearx3hpaue {pe3 co6crBeHu crpourenHy opraH43auhu. Hanporus, doBara nonrrHKa npeaBulqa

Aa 6!Aar BKnoqeH, apxrreKrl or8lH, r36rpaHh no aaH{h xoHcynr s orpaHrceH xplr. no ro3H HaqhH ce ocbqecrs, Bpl3Kara c P'4urap l\/laiep 3a npoeKra Ha 6!aeurara anMuHr..crparrBHa crpa, Aa Ha OupMara - ceAanxure B 6rnaH,

Kyp; c Knoa BacKoHh 3a npoyqBase opf a{'r3aqrnra Ha npoMruireHu np€anpffiruf, B SYroH-ErnaHKyp; c HopMaH Oocrrp 3a qeHnpa 3a p€-

nphHqxnh, cBrp3

qBtr

Mara aa ce BKnocu Bcr{Ko cr3aaaeHo ao ro3u MoMeHr l,, aa ce ,3non3YBa Karo MerqyHapoAeH peKnaMeH cqMBon 3a pa3rD3HaaaHe ahHaMrKara

drpMe-

apxhreKrypara. opEH-

coa Sape Ce6acryeH Abo na C€n ycnFxa aa y6eAffr BepHae nanue, a nocne 14 SepHap AHoH,3 KoHqenuuFra 3a "o6ura uaealuq{ocl". r,e. 3a o6qara npuHa4nexHocr KiM O4p-

3epBH' qacru

B cyuHArH (BenuKoi 6pna{usl u c PuKapao leropera

3a 3a3oaa B lvleKcuKo.

Karo ce ,3Kroq,

npo€r<rlr

"[4anep", Konro 6e u3ocraBeH B

Ha-

qanoro Ha 1982 f. npea 8ua rpyaHara KOH(,HKTVpa, npoeK"BacKoHr,r", 3aBr,p-

rrre "Oocrrp" y

ueHh npe3 1983 r., AonprHecox.3a cpa6orsaHero na ABara KonexrlBa -

eaHHrfrT BrrpeueH, nphrexasau "Hoy-xayt' u HecpasHuMa oyHkquoHanHa rdxHrcHocr, apyrl,r8r - BrHureH, BHacnq Heo6xoarMoro

qeHHo

o6oraraBaHe 3a no-Ao6pl1 rpyAos14

ycnoBrF v

cxMsonrqHoro np.r3Ha-

saHe Ha nDoMlurneHaTa [rHaMnKa.

llo

ce orHacE Ao ,KoHrponupa19

He" npeacraBara 3a 3ana3eHara Map_ qe cruec'tByBa, npea4 BcrcKo or crpaHa Ha arpeKuxFra,

neKrr!!M: Hrre

HanpaBeHxsr ll36op Ha ap'

no ceft c, e tBlPAe HanpotuB, np',j pa3nre-

rlpceB Hrro ro' Hrro xapMoHrt B

npo€Krx He e

Tpv rp@Kra, or Korro

ear_

3VaneH KOOpAvHaTOp",

rBlpae ManKo,

prM

qo,

aa MoxeM aa roBo3a drpMeHa nonrruKa. Ero 3a' 3a

3a aa ce raKrrKara Ha "36erHe SepHap AHoH "earHucHxre yaapr", q3nparu npe3 Meceq anprn Hora ao BcmKli cBoq cnyx6h, c KoFro r3rcK_ ara crpourercrBo, Bcn'

KaKrB BhA 6naroycrponcEo 3aHa' nper aa 6!ae h3cneasaHo.3a ao6po Kacefiso, Karo ce npeac

Arp€xrHBara Ha EepHap AHoH e rslpae KpanHa, nn He caMo

flpoMruneHure14 rrproBcKrl_

re noMeqeHuF, Ho cruro raKa crpaaHre, KaHqenaprure, u3noxE€Hure nnourr; nnaHrr 3acnfa Aoprl BltpeuHoro pa3np€aeneH'4e u o63aBerqaHe. Iiprnoxera xrv BcucK, +bpMeHv c,1MBo,lB Ha "PeHo", ra3r crpot4rennpeacraBnaaa aonrn' HeHre KrM npenoFKMre Ha 'vuo OnrHc", cBlp3aHH c rpaCHcHere 6paxeHr8

H3o-

3'{aqrre,

qecrassaHero Ha qanocreu KoHrpon BlDxv KoHqenqrFra 3a "eal4HeH drp-

RtrNAIJLT

RtrNAUIT RENAUI;I If,SNAIJLT En@ @

nEruItfijt

NENAT]LT

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I E@ RENAULT E

6tsts-

LlqrocreH KoHrpon. ToBa cx rYpHo n'1 e? ce6acrres 4Eo nacen, no_ rrqecKr .36paHu3r "Br3yaneH KoopauHaIop", re e MHoro flpc€s;

14KoHo_

M q€cxara KoHoHKrypa He 6naronFr_ FrcrByBa yBericaBa{ero 6pot Ha npoekrqre. Karo arr 3a nporl3soacrBo Ha aBdraren!1 B qeHDpa Ha lvleKcrKo, qrflro pear{3aqrs HeoraasHa 6e noBepeHa Ha PM' KapAo tlerop€ra, APYrqre npoMxu'

neHh npoeKrh BrB OpaHqlt8 !,1 B qyx6uHa speMeHHo ca 3aMpa3eHu. tUo ce orHacF ao rlp.oBcKuF ceKrop/ raM

ponsra

"Br3yaneH r(ooparsarop", Ho aepoFrHo Msoro rlproBcK, 6naroycrpot'

crBeHh AeiHocru sce oqe y6Fr$r or florneAa. l43BecrHo n,r e scrurHocr

|orro, -b

Krae 3anocBa ,

cBlpuBa

3a "YlnS-OnuHc" rlproBcKara MapKa

Kora

koHrponar Ha npeaciaBara 3a Shp-

pa3BuBa

npaBne,tkA

u +aKrrqecK, scu,rko e Manxu ytn$ pa6oru

MapKa. Koraro

no npo6neMrre Ha crcreMara or cp€a-

sr3yanHa ,HsopMaq{a r Ko_ MYHnKaqrF s Ploet-tt anMe3on, ron oco6eHo noapo6Ho opruH'43npa'rero Ha np ocrpaHcrBo ro sLo6pa3Ho HaqrHa Ha xxsor 14 ycno-

crsa

sxara

Ha rpya. ylro

nocraBn 3a pa3rnerqaHe aaaeH (oHrekcr c ornea as

np,lnoxu cnpFMo Hero onpeAeneHa crneM. or cpeAcrsa 3a Br3ysnHa uH_ $opMaqxF a KoMyHrKarrhf,, rLn Karo ca My MHoro ao6pe h3B

qecKnre r.3rcK3aHrF Ha cnpaBoqH.{Ka no ax3aiH apxrreKrypHrF nnaH.

rn,

A BcurHocr ,3srH re3a rpla cer(Topa, HaMrpaq, ce ,.noA KoHrpon,,, €tpxv

rpy raKls

He ce

Crrnlr e flarbnHo evr(!

or ,,oopqe e earH or ene,

.rp@Kl4paHero Ha konrre Myna

1",

np/,t Bc€

MeHrrTe, HocrTen{

MapKa, r!fi Karo ce cratpxa BrB BcrrK, cpeacraa 3a MacoBa '4HoopMaqrF y e B q€Hrlpa Ha cnoprHoro qB6hrre. PeKnaMHrre Aen{u cluro He ce 6o6pa3Bar slc cnpaBoqHuKa no .PaOrqeH Ar3anH { Ha Aparo clpqe ,3non3y*r ManKori3secr{, 6yxBeHn 3Haqr{ no adrujnre, np€aHa3Haqedh 3a

Ae';Hocr 8!pxy npeacraBara 3a Map, Kara Ha O6eAhHeHrero? ArpxaBHara OypMa "PeHo" e Heuro K crpaHa hnx ronaMo nrry8aHe,., Kak_

ro ce

,3pa3Asa [4anK!r yrr6.

HeorAaBHa aalMy,a

t"",

crpara c e3rK H crporrenHa"o"urop"*u rpaal,rqr4n BceK, e cso6oAeH, aKo xenaer ,ha 3an€3x hpEoHa,{anHHfi e3{K h crapala dac.Aa", karo Bc€ naK e AnrxeH

Aa Ao6aBu h H€l4o HoBo.

u3aEn!4q c xnnaaA npoMsuueHar. SrpMa,,peHo,, or nlpauTe MecTa B cBe.

3aeMa e,qHo

ra. B HeiH{le OpaHqrF H BrB Ha pa6or8r

npeanprFrua B}B

ornrarrre s qyx6r-

23) 000 avu.,y. pa3Hoo6pa3Hlar acopl,rM€Hr or r3aenHf,i1 ycny e xapaKrepeH 3a HeiHara ae;tloct , et i\o roArueH croKoo6opor 9l3rr3a Ha m Mrnhap4a opaHKa.

IELlcg$sr E4!EE!IE-

ffiH HH Rf,NAIJI,T

If,NAIIIT

E;ElrE=!!E

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rljrpoKara ny6nrKa.

Ohnxanrr

CEpt4

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,,feqer!r. ce np, aor, rc€ro re MoxaAd 6!4e €eMy_ aaMrqHs c ryaura , 36 HenHa 6opM.nr. crpy(ryp6, $ .lpsreeH , ocHoEdH eneMeHr Na nc,x,k'r6ecq,rarreyce Ha ,HA's4aa 4ao6oa3yEE !o6pr", r.o. npocir, yp.sHose. n sr6opeH, o,ryp". Te np,leeBar xokctHrHof, ydotc6soc e r36ecfta oeneH pa3{eHeHocr. fsuranr-ncnxorornFra r3nkB. sa o@ae| nnah Ka€dBerc cBoeo6pa3{ri, q..c n€H rap.Kr0p Hd6!3nprF e'or nphaHe, p.Herc My BbBeaaa pearia qoEh repMrHb k.'o: O.ryp6, OoH r apytu. UinocrHoc' ra xa sBhp,ar"ero o6aqe, r€qd',6,E o6iF hn6€r Be . qinocrHrF rap6Krep Ha sa3nphe@Hrre o6e nsxreec<ara crpyxrypa ktM yp.snoE€eHo cwoiHne,. Makap s rr rukysa Nenpt nprFrrero- lt€tHa € $dyrara, 3a orKphBanorc Ha €ahH or q€HrparH!rc remHn3M! Ha MrseHero -pasRprBaro ia ao6, cipaH, da o6€K re $e3 MrdsHoro trMBkrEcEse B Bp!3k' e orHoueHn,i. 'l pF o6icHr€.4 Ha Mexaar3MrE E 3p.rrdHoro Er3hprfl, 'oE6 3a Bnon.yBaHeE , nprnoxsara rpaocka. stnpeKn ce o6FcHesira $ n rrq*kr, rdyrara 3. @Moro rM p.3kprBass ao roniMa cro.eH nB4sann.xu Ha y€H!re, npualpxeHrq, tsa r@a H.np€6rexreE ncrxorodFra. n p.Anar:Har6 cra i "nc,xoro ir., rpa€,{Hoio cF6ureH"e,, rpeupa rolHo

to., np6krrcecxN rcne<r Ha 6arpk BlpAs,HEp€ceH daKrdorrcec(, Malspnrn N ! ce !.HnMaEdr c npo6n.MrE Ha 6n3yanhsra ,H{bopMaqrh , koMy&kaq,i, To6a 6 ocsoEaHniia, nop€a; xo"ro rEAaK_ q,Fra na 6Ene HIA,3anr" creE $ nore3roaa nt6r,(ysa farnffa_ i6€n,pea.) 2A

I Ha,{anoro Ha Braer(qaHero Meroa, HayqHxre y3cneaaaHl4a Baa scrqKl acneKt, Ha BHXAafletO n St3. npl|Fr{ero frony{hxa HoB rnacrK, nprqrnara 3a roBa 6e no-3aarn6o{eHoro O'4nocoocKo [3yqaBaHe Ha €c-

rer" Kara, rLn ka7o 1o e cBlp3aHo c tucroprFra , KpyrhKara Ha nrreparvpara h BcuqKr4 r43KycrBa, Koxro ce

s!3np4eMar sEyanHo. aokaro Bonrep, KaHr, XroM H PrcKrH ca r$,r, qnrro l4ae,r aonpnHecoxa 3a peuaBaHero Ha re3h srnpocr, npe3 20-re foarHl4 tra HaLllha Bex ,l.A.PxeapAc 6e ea{H or napBrre, Ko'4ro np'rnoxMxa ncrxonorycecKu noaxoa npl4 oqeHiBaHero 14 KPr,li4Kara Ha n,rreparypaEaHa xoHKperHa uKona ha nch-

Mrcbr

xonorl4ara

reuanT-ncr-

e oco6€Ho BaxHa 3,

ari3anHepa-rpa6!K. rnaBHure r3pa3hrenu Ha reuanl-ncrxoro ata ca MaKc BeprxaiMep

reHru Kypr KoOK6 !1 Bon+raHr Kborep, Korro pa6orFr 3aeaHo B TepMaHhala npe3 1910 r. npoBer<aar peA,l rra

excnepuMeHrn Brpxy op.aHr-

3aqrFra Ha Bt3nphsrrero c noMoulra

Ha crpo6ocKon. Kbonep

1,3non38a

aHanorrFra c enexrpoMa 3a 4a onrue Bp!3Kara Ha aaaeHa drrypa c oxonHara cpeaa. o6L4onpuer Or qeH 3aKoH cera e, {e B uHrerpupaHo none - noao6Ho Ha eneKrpoMarHrrHoro nore oKono 3apeaeHo rano - BceK, 3ap6a B Koaro 4 aa e oraenHa HeroBa eacr npu{rHFBa npepa3npe4ereHee Ha eHeprtrFra x npo-

Mf,Ha BaB BciKa Apyra qacr.

YrBlplqaBaHero Ha reuranr nocnyx, Karo rnaclK 3a pa3Bhrrero Ha HayrHara Mrcln, Aororasa HayKara HL1lrHh

"3non pa3rnexAa BcFMOAenr, 3a Aa

kaKBB KoHspyKqnh Karo KoM6'4Ha uM or rexHrTe cLcraaH, eneMeHTri, a npeHacoqsase KrM

,PRESSA.-

:1:"' 29

HA HHAUBI4AA. KAKTO o6FoHFBa AHa SepnrHep, "BrrqaHecaMo or cpeaara, Ho, Ha nuqHocrrar" B!3-

npuaruBfa

qFnocrHara oKonHa cpeaa. oco6eHo npuMep 3a roBa, KaK Moxe aa 6aae HacoqeHo BHnp arrcro. e cnycaFr c ry3eMqhre or HoBa rBnHea, Ha Koyro noKa3any doro'

{e rosa, Koero BDKIaMe,

Blnp€xx

aenHvre

reprr

tracrrr,

B KoBro xapaK-

byHKquFra 3a

XOHTEKCT.

TCPM'HIT

"reulanT" Ha HeMcK,

tbtltyla ut\

o3aaqaBa qf,na MoAen-o6pa3eu. EaHa

npocra aHanorha Moxe aa noMorHe

reoprara Ha reuranrcrpyKrvpara Ha aaaeHa MenoahF He Moxe aa 6LAe o6Fcqpe3

Ha oraensrTe ; Bpt3K4re Me)(Ay

npeaBaphrenHoro

npx

BnxFe oT

eKcrepM-

MeHra Ha EnM3 ce h3no13y3a aedopMupaHa craF,

nponopquoHanHo opa3MepeH'l pl,l. ycraHoBiBa

orry-

o6ncHeHne, qe roBa e noprper Ha no3-

eoBeKa rc6upa no3Harara 6opMa

IC HE MOTN'I A No3dAf,T ro3h Her3BecreH o6pa3 Ha no3Haroro

BcrcKu

HAT l,1HAMBI4AI

EArH 406pe u3secreB excneprMEHT HA AMEPI1KAHCKY

Ealn6lpr Eiffi oHarneaaBa OaKra, {e B!3nplrFrrira He ca orKphruF, !1

cHHMKa.

noopraH4rHu Meroax, np'1 Koero

3eMqrre ocraHaff pa3o$po3aH'r.

Ho c8w3a3n c raKrBa saKropl4 Karol o{aKBaH

aeicra4e, qen h

qsrara crcreMa ce npsaaBa ronkoBa

nvue, aoKaro He rrM nocoqen, xapaK-

repHure qeprvr a aopri u ro.aBa ry

pa3Hoo6pa3Hx

raKa ce aopr. e r43Kphse8a, $uryp,lre npoArnxaBar aa My r3frel(Iar c norpeuH, pa3Mepr. lvo3rKrr orKa3Ba aa npleMe, qe craFra He e npaBolnnsa. t43Knloce' Hue ce nonyqasa, Koraro or4rypara e

nrqe! nGHar Ha 3pgrers - clnpy. rhr !rn,i hnpyrara Morar aa orpeKar np€acraBeHhF npea norneaa vM 06Ha

pa3 (ro3u

rexHuF naprssop) Karo

, qpe3 rosa Ia craFra e pa3KpnBeHa. frcHo e. ce 3a ryaMqure or f,neMero xrBeur B 'tyny" B AOp'aKa, '(ohro lfnn u yC" oKonHa cpeaa 6e3 npasu

axyaxe hnr ruraHr

nopeaHh nhHux !1 nopaau roBa HaMat

HaaerqHa MnPKa 3a nepcnei<rr3a, {o-

HanpxMep, BvcoqrHaTa Ha oraenHxTe Horrl Moxe aa

seuKure o!4ryph 3 eKcnepuMeHran-

MenoalFra,

Me-

ManH , a npocTpaHcTsoTo ce Br3npueMa (aro HenpaBolfrtrHo. ToBa 4oKa3sa,,re yqacrMero Ha Ha6np4arenF e Heo6xoarrMo ycnoB$e 3a pa3quraHe Ha nepcneKrrBHrre o6pa3, a eMn,rpr3

BL3np4Fruero e xeaeruMa cacr

rpaohqHure cp€aclBa 3a flpea-

61ae npoMedeHa, Ho MexAy Horrre,

Horrre B

"reqarr" 30

ocraHe crqara,

cnycaF

qf,nara ovrypa

EiM3

3rner<aar Hop-

3a rHrepnperaq4Fra.

crasf,He Ha nepcneKrrBara ca orKpx_ r cpas*lrrerHo KrcHo, npe3 8t3pax_ AaHero 3 3ana4Ha Eepona u BepoFr_

Hre He Mox€M Aa CIAHM Ha aaaes npe4Mer,

3a pa3Mepa

napBrre onrnqecK, np46op, , Ha "KaMepa o6c<ypa", nph Korlro o6€K_. 'rhre onrrqecK, ce npoeKrrpar srpxy

Hf,xaKBa MFpKa 3a pa3ctoaHrero t o6parHo. lvlo3lK!r rpi6Ba aa nprre_ xasa cnoco6Hocrra aa onpeaenF pa3_ Mepa $ pa3crof,Hxero, a nepcneKlu' Bara e cpeagBoro, c xoero Moxe aa

pasHa noBlpxHocr.

Ho ca

cB!p3aH, c KoHctpwpa|eto

orrrno

SpyHe_

r3s!pu, raxtB

aHanr3.

ro pa6o

B ncrxonorHqecKara na6o_ paroprlF B KeM6PAX, or6€nF3Ba. qe or rne4aa ToqKa Ha B*nprATreTo "KaprrHrre ca eAl,4H 8ra aBoiHa p€anHocr, KoFro e xapaKrepHa 3a BcrqKtr phMBonu'r. o6pa3rle xn, 6yKBr1re, Karo 6ene3h slpxy aareH Ooi/ca flpeAMern, Ho B 6uloro BpeMe re ca H npeacraBtr 3a Heura, pa3nuqH, or TaKa HantraMep, pacyHKara Ha 6aHaH He e 6a3aH. 14 noHexe

3HaqHre crMsonu3upar Heqo apyro

t,nho3HaqaBaTnoBe{eorfoBa,KoeTo ca, re npurexaBar u oco6eHa cvna. neurepHure prcyHKh Ha KpoMaHhoH-

@ @

HanpaBeHh npeAH n ose-

9e oT ABaAecer xrnaall foar4Hv, ca Hai-paHHoro cBxaerencrso 3a nrp-

KpaF Ha Kpahqara aoae)qar ao op' raHh3rpaHo HayeHo MrcneHe. Tpa.

OhqHrFr cuMBon, Konro x3non3yBa Karo ocBo60x'

aara 3peHrero or Heflocp€acrse{ara aeicrBxrenHocr, claapxa 3a nlpBo6{rHra coser( nepcnexr,{sara 3a c}3AaBaHe Ha oopManeH

o6FcHFsa fperopl, Her36exHo oraane'rasa qoBeKa or 6xorore qHrF My npox3xoa. nonoMrenHo eycrsoro 3a nep-

necxr, npoeKraHftr Ha Kareaparara 8iB onopeHudF, e Banpaarn nrparre nepcneKrrsHr pr.rcyHKu. KprrrcHara xapaKrepHa cepra Ha repcneffrBara MOxe aa Bux'aa 3aa

rrrvre,

a caMo no flpaBa nrHnF, Koe'

ro e npxchHa BaHe

nprBraHoro haMans'

|la npeaMervre s

aaneqrHara,

npeacrasrHero Ha nepcneKrrsara {rpuMepHoro npocrpaHcrBo) arpxv paBHa nosrpxHocr hn, aByMepHa paBHuaa e napaAoKcanHo, Ha

ro,

e BpoaeHo, a npuao6n_ ycBoeHo pearxpaHe no orHoueHue

cpera, To e no-€Kopo Karo orHoueHhero Ha pa3nrcH, Kaprh KIM eaHa l,l €a4a c,lcreMa or n!-

Kaprrre rBlpae MHoro c{ Kli Karo Kaprure, repe-

oKoro ce npeanarar a3e reoM€rprh: Kapr[Hara ce arrqa nnocKa Brn'1 3a peK, rosa ce cr3aaBa ,rnlo3rFra

rrir.qa

atr6ocrHa. Phcapa fl.rperopu, Koi

reopuFra Ha reqanr-rcuxonorurra

nprnr,rar, Ha

crqo

MHoro cl1 npvnvcar. cnop€A

8re HsMaMe Hru]o apyro

ocBeH Kap, Ha TepeHa, 3a aa o3racdM, ee Toi

c!!lecrBysa, 3a caMrs repeH, e caMo crpyKrypHo-

ro noao6re Mol<{y noBrapsltrre

ce,

,3Mearql4 ce Kaprh 3a

cnyxar, 3a aa H, y6eaFr, qe repeHrr e aencBrreneH. To3a, Koero e peanHo, He e repeHlr, a crpyKrypara - "reuranr", repeHa u re

Kakro e onucaHo B Karano.a Ha ,r3nox6ara, nocBereHa nprpoaara r r3Kyctsoro, crcroFna ce npe3 1973 r. B lhcruryra 3a clB peMeHHo r3Kycrao s IloHAoH, "sr-

Al1MYFT CBFJ HC C BENOCPEACTBEHO HA

Bauie pa3nonoxeHre. Hre nonyeasaMe aoclrn ao Hero qpe3 Hauihre cenpoqecure Ha Mo3rKa. Koraro crpeuxM orHo€ho npor3-

xoaa

oflTrrqecKoro

HuKsar 8f,Kor 4no3hr". BeprxaiMep

reuanr-ncuxono.,Fra npe3 1923 r. cny6nrxyBaHero Ha pBynrarkre Ha

Ka c opraHrl3alMFra Ha Br3nprF-

rrero

Ha 6a3ara Ha 613ronorMqs,re

oko.

BeBPodt3,ono3", Karo

MoxHocr 3a BBnpyeMaHero u pa3nr1-

pa3nuqMre npoMeHnr-

Bll Karo: qs8r, rbopMa I aBuxeHre. tlHdopMaqr8ra or ABere ocx ce o6e, a{HrBa or no-Bucoxrre KnerKB Ha clcellaure KonoHx, l4Ma aBa sraa norpenBaHlrF 3a onpeAen

o6eKr,1 no-c6nHM aBxxeHrs eKpaHhpaHe Ha aBrxerlure ce

Ha aaaeH

o6eKrh. Hec*Hareft,lre norpenBaH'A C}3AABAI rpenrFrr e6eKr, 6ue opeacrasea o6€Kr, scras€H or Haccro pa3nonoxeH, $pru. Te3u neK, aBrxeHl4F Ha ocMre npeqar Ha

o6pa3a ,qa u3qe3!e BcneaqBre aAanraqrFra Ha doropeqenroprre, Koero

BnpoceM

cerrBfl

opraHu

3h, Koqro npeaasar 6on

HFKoM

,Mnyncure np,

HanpMMep

HenpeKlcHaro crsMynrPaHe. Tosa 03. Haqasa, qe uMnyncl4re no aaaeH Heps

A.X.Xy6en r T.H.8h3en, Koraro flpe3 196g r. nyonMKyBar clsMecrHa cTa,,Hei,rlp,,, npoarnxasar Aa r3cneaBar Haq63a, no konro Mo3aKlr e npnroaeH aa aeicrByBa BH)raahero [peAcraBnFBa noperuua or dt3,l0noruqHri a ltecrBnBaHe,

u.ranr". Koraro

crpyKrypa aoKocHe pecHxrKrre Ha KoHycrre Ha pelrHara, Br3HnKBar 32

rcpBHr4 xMnyncr, xorlro ce npeaaBar no onrrcHrs HepB Ha Mo3rqHara Kopa B 3aAHara lacr Ha Mo3lKa. Te3, HepBHu pa3loaapsaHta ca opraHy3xpaHu s nporyecrBHo ycnoxHsaaqa ce crcKOITO AABAT B}3

alrro

Bpe-

Me, a ornaaar, Br,npeK, nocroFHHoro

crrMyrypaHe, HoBx crlrHanu Mofar aa 6!aar nonyqeH, o6parea cnycai Moxe ra 6!ne cMe-

rctcH, npuq,rM ce G3aaBa 3a aByxeHre ,rh 3aMaisaHe.

hnlo34F

Han-clurecrBeHrre orKprrrn reuanT'ncxxororqFTa,

ao ai3aiH4 ca

rbopMynrpaH,r or AxoH Y.Karanao B pearqa 3aKoslr Ha ar3np4Frqero, npeaHa3Ha{eH,. !a aaaar Ha ar3aiHeoa-rpadrK Harex(lrBa 3a npocrpaHcrBeHa opraHr3aqrF Ha rpacxcHara rHdopMaqxFr" nlpBuFr 3aKoH e ro3, 3a paBHoBecrero n ce 6a3,rpa Ha

{Hryur,lBHara reHAeH4ra Ha BarerHrre npo4ec! npocroTa, paaHoBecye

To3,

tro3Ha

3aKoH o6xBaura sceo6urrF crpe-

opraHu3M4 KrM c}BrpueHo pasHoBecre u aekclaw4 HanpxMep xoraro KanKa Boaa ce npe-

Bpllra B c+epa, a ocrarleHr4Fr o6pa3 Ha eaxH Ksa4par c ocrpx !rnl4 nocreneHHo npueMa 3aKplrneHa $opMa.

BroptrFr 3aKoH

3arsope{ocr" - o6xBaqa apyr ac, neKr Ha opyKryprp?Ne Ha Bunpuarrero, noaqepraH or npxBrpxeHyqr,ara.3arBopeHure nnoLrrh ce BBnpreMar Karo no-ycroic4Br, raKa {e chqefiBvBa ECTCC'BEHA

TEHACHq{F KLM 3ATBAPFHE

Ha npa3HrHMre u

aoBlpril

durypaqrxre, Konro ca orBopeHu. 14 o6par{o, He3aBrpure! rc, HaKrcaHl1 o6pa3, npeax3BrKsar eyscrBo 3a Bpat<ae6Hocr, Koero. aKo e cLeeraHo

.uqa or pa3c€tuaurh OaKropx. O6hK, aB4xeHrs xMa ,3-

c HflKaKBo eMoquoHanHo clo6ureHue,

aecrHa KoMneHcaquF, cr3aasaqa Bne-

eoeKr B pexnaMara.

3 cneqrar$r

cra6rrcH o6pa3. Axo cnyea{ norpeBaHuFra

He ce KoMneHcrpar, nopaa, ace oue

Mo)r€ aa ce x3nor3yBa TperrFr

3akoH

ronsM

rperrpa opraHr-

3aqxsra Ha BlByarHoro Bt3nprflrre, Koero e raKoBa, ce KpuBara nMHhF H,

or Kprr, a

3rnexaa xaro {acr

npa-

sara nuHuF npoAu)€aaMeaa BrxaaMe Karo npaBa, Blnpek, ar3MoxHrre anrepHarHBr4. ToBa

oftroFrencrBo

"3aKoH Ha Ao6poro nPoAuxedve", B1B Ep$Ka c ro3[ 3aKoH e crpo6ocKon'.qM'r e$eKr,

cBlp3aHa

pa6orFr B o6nacrra

neTnn

nerMFr 3aKoH Ha KararAo, no, BnxaH or reqanr-ncy AOnYcKa qe "npx Bh3varHoro B!3nphFrhe roBa, Koero e Han'6nmKo,

Brpxy npoeKrupaHe Ha

earHea

o6pas 3a OrpMeH Kopnopaq n. TonFMa cacr or r3cneaBaHvFra,

peah3Bu

an, noaHoatBaHe ci lr3Brpue.

Ha uHrepeca KaM qBera,

H or xyaoxH'tqr (raro ranpruep Ba3ape ), Kouro u3rpaxaar reo-

arHu crnMyra ce norBiBar B 6!p3a

npoEBFaa cknoHHocr aa c€ o6eAl4H3Ba". O6pa3rre Ha npe4Mervre, pa3. nonoxeH, 6nrco eauH 4o apyr, 06. pa3yBar rpynh n ce Bxxaar nporxBo-

nocneaoBarenHocr. pa3sroFHhe earH orapyr, o6pa3!r

Bo. To3u r,{3soa e 3rB BpEXa c earH

crceaHxre qaeTose,

Kotuo e B ocHoBara Ha KuHeMarorpaOu{Hara rexHonorr8: aKo Aaa Bh3y-

Hr1

u3rnerqa raKa, Karo ce rn ce flpe Mecrsa or 3oHara H6 nrpBoro crrMy. nupaHe KIM ra3y Ha Broporo. lllHoro6ponHrre o6pa3r,ABrxeuu ce nocneAoBarenHo, o6pa3yBar OynMa. Kora'

ro MHoro6ponHrre o6pa3u ca crarr{HH,

re Morar aa 6]aar KoM6i4HupaHn

6 aa ce nonyqu ooroMoHrax, c!3' AaBa4 Bne{arreHhe 3a AByxeHrer tlAerre c nocneaoBarenHocr BrB

BpeMero MeHrx Ha ah3aiHa

BrseAoxa

HoBr4

npelcraB, 3a KoMno3rqva Ha crpaHrqrre. MynrunnrqhpaHt Bh3yanH, crpy Kryprl Morar aa ce r3non3Bar npeaHaMepeHo, 3a aa np€ax3BrKBar y 3p renF oqaKBaHara peaKqrF q ra3h

orpoMHa noreHu4arHa chra h3npaBF an3ariHepa npea cePo3Ha Mop€nHa , coqranHa orroBopHocr, qerBlprrar 3aKoH e "saKoHar 3a noao6re", cnopeA Koiro "En3yanH'rre earHrlqv, xorlro cu npuffcar no

OopMa, F3Mep, q8rr , nocoka, ce surqar saeAHo Karo xoMoreHHo rpynrpaHe'r. To3, 3aKoH ce 6a3upa Ha Ha okoTo aa opraHr3rpa sn3yarHure crrMyrr s noapeaeaa

crpyKrypa. Ta3q

prxre cl1 Ba3 ocHoBa Ha ao6pe v3_ ecrH F OaKr, ce lrBerosrre croinoa BnxFHte {a

apyr nprHq4n Ha re4snr.nclxonofrFra, cnopea Koiro np{poAara

sa3npueMaHara orrypa 3a8rcl, or xa. paKrepa Ha 3ao6yKansuroro 3 none, aopH Kofaro nocneaHoro BKrbcBa q apyri 6rrypv. Cnopea onpeaene{re'

ro, Onrypure l,Mar

HaKo{ rHrepecfl h excflepuMeHce ao BnnfrHrero Ha

cneqM$rcsa

OopMa, aokaro OoHrr e 6e36opMeH. Ta3, oco6eHocr e rBlpae 3HacrMa B o6nacrra Ha rxnorpaoxFrs, Kraero ayMyre Ha eaHa crpaHrqa ce onPeae-

n3r or npociFHcBeHrr

HrF Mersy

qBera h crpyKrYpara Blpxy B!r4a

Xai!

npoBeaeH, or 506 h HeroBqre cryaeHre s Konex€

npeaMera,

fro r43KycrBo "yrM6rrurH" 3 Haqa_ noro Ha 6o-re roaxHh. Tli Karo {oBeurkoro 3peHve e M36.4parerHo, a tr

c uen aa noanox,l naerre c,

Ha Hai_

cBo; Moaen qoseurKara drrypa, 3a_ uloro roBa e dopMara, Koaro Hal;-

ce pa3ndHaBa or xopara. l\IHoro nneMeHa or qan cBFr pxcyBar c 6oh slpxy renata cu np, u3-

xuqHn-

,MUT|4PAT AYXOBHI4TE N3FBY HA TPAAh.

qrre. TaKls Bra KaMyonax ycfleu' Ho ce nprnara BIB BoeHHo BpeM€ 3a 3aq4ra Ha xopa 4 MarhHu. qecro n!r'1 qBeTbr e pa3rnexaa eaxHcTseHo Karo AeKopaqra Ha o€i'oBHara 6opMa, loKaro scbr.uHocr roi Moxe aa cnyx[ Karo 4HcrpyMeEr 3a r3Me e-

qr4oHHrre o6uqau, 3a aa cKPuFr no

pa3nvqHrre cacrh. qBerrr s npvpoaara o6xK{ose'

Ho ce y3noruyBa 3a 3aMacKrpaHe rpnMepH'4F o6pa3 npeana3Bar

necHo

prryanr, npx Kotro

HaqqH nrcHara cu hHAhBtayanHocr. Ar3anHeprr ,3non3sa crqoro

ro3v

qsera, 3a aa 3MeHu c qer aa nonyq/ 06_ parHEF e$eKr np, ct3aaaaHero Ha

cp€acrBo

OopMara, Ho

Hhe Br3np,eMaHero Ha sopMara, 6e3 ae;crBhrenHara CopMa aa ce npoMe-

HoBa hHAhBrrayan}]ocr 3a u3aen{ero, npu eAuH or Hai-BaxHhre eK€nepuMeHru Ha Xana oKoro Ha Ha6nloaaBa-

aH3aiHeph. Korro

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HF. nprnaraHhHr qaFr np4ao6MBa

urna 3ary6Ba paBrosecrc,

noHexe

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yHrqoxasar. Hai-npocrrsr

rcpr,

METOA, KOTATO

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cBo, npoeKn ce onrrBa aa AeorH pa

ap{aMep

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cxynrre Ha niqero.

nop3Arl csffira noasr4xHocr v

aa ce pycyBa Blpxy r8x, oqrre ca ooKyca Ha n!iuero, re My nprlaaaa HArBrAyanHocr. Xaia flpoBeAe Ao6pe n04rorsefi eKcnepuMeHr, 3a aa ycraHoBr. aanh oqeBradara rpvaHocr

ta3k pa3no3HaBaeMa xapaKrepucrrKa nnqero Moxe aa c€ orcrpaH r roi flpeMaxHa serqrre HFKonKo nxqa r crea roBa HapxcyBa okono ocxre Hosl, rbopMu clc crqara Ha

crpyxrypa xaro apexxre, raKa qe re B o6qara aoMrHrpaqa

crpy'oyPa r o6xeanioro pa3nhqre Merqy rfrnoro h apexrre h3qe3Ha, npu opraHr3ypaHyre or XaiA 6aneru ce x3noffBa B!3AeicrB,rero Ha o6urara crpyKrypa nrynaraHe 'rpe3 Ha npoxeKropHd cBernrHr, $,reraBo c 6oFAxcaH, rprKa, 3a Aa ce aKqeHrHpa Brpxy pa3nrqHure aBxxehHF Ha

rf,noro. no noao6ei Hyre npoeKqrh Blpxy noaa "ncrxonotulecKv" npoMeHar yaapeHrero npy B!3npreMaHero Ha ra+r6opdre. npe3 1966 r. O'apMara "Pua 6'0-

o6uloro flpocrpaHcrBo, BMecro Aa i3non3Ea rpaArqroHHxre snryp, Ha OoHa Ha Hap{acysaH,i 3aseca.

l4HrepeceH nphMep 3a

rlpros-

cKo r3flon3yBaHe noMourra Ha qsera dopMa e HaqrHrr, no Konro pa3nr'rHxre aB

Ul,1, NPMAO6{BA YATNXCH BUI, AOKA. clulhn Hoc, oqBereH Ha uByutr c

pa3Bu no'paarKanHoro tr

6nx3K, qseroBe [3rnoKAa no-koMnar{reH. ocBes roBa xana rl3onrpa sr3yanHo onauiKara

paKrepHara ch xpoHyf, NlaK

noMor.rra Ha caMonerlth Moaenn xaia noKa3Ba, 're Hoclr ra caMonerar Koiro e oqBereH c Ko/rrpacrhpaq[ {BH-

oqBerFBa Kprnara r4uf, rlBFr v no ro34

ra{rH

nony'raBa

H3AlnxeH ErHLlleH 6ra, 3a

nocrHfHe o6parHoro * Bh3yanHa KoMroi AaBa Ha kpaiBrre

eneMeHrr clulrre qBerose. Te3u edeKrh ca ocHosa 3a ,3EerqaHe Ha BaxHl1 nprHqunu a ar3ariHa 3a 4ene6AAa Ha l,|sAe-

Hrero l<rM cneqro,qH, qeprr, Karo HanprrMep 6YroHx 3a ynpaBneHre

Koro aBbxeHre

or "Sayxayc" B pa3rrcH,

OcKap UlneMep, Konro 34

Ko,

Xatr-Eu6lpr B CaH onrcaHo c xaproHa

npe3 50-re

x @-re roarH,

"ncuxonor[qHoro" AeneHre Ha 6yHr

cpeqy

aHa.

x OopManuaMa 3Haqure, r3non3BaH or

yceHxre.l/13aBure Ha aHrrKynrvpara rrpcexa cerxBHa cruMvnaus or Hai-

OpaHqrc-

ro3r

ne-

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(6oKryK). c xa.

pa or rBa npo)r€Kropa clorBercrBysa

ao)(rrrxlr-xopeorpad

crTe, aocrurHano anofes s4 c xrnrTa-

qBeroBere ce npeBrpHa s qacr or no.LirrFD'

r3noffsaHrre KocrEMh. nono6Hu l4ae, .43non3sa MHoro npeali roBa xy-

Moqra aa HapKorrqr. o6nacr Ha h3KynBoro. BdHara BIB BnerHaM ce Bl3np{eMaue Karo l,|3. pa3 Ha cryaeso n MexaHniHo orfloi!e, H,re xaM Heurara or crpaHa Ha re3r, 6 roBa aavxeHre/ 3anoqHano Bepof,rHo c Shrbn-

nocrhrar pa3nMqeH BTHUeH Bua 3a eArH 11 clur caMoner qp€3 npHnaraH€ Ha qseroBe s pa3nyqH{ crpyKryprr. c

)trbH" O,nMrpa eahH 6aner Ha XanA, Konro noKa3sa KaK raHqbop{re u cpeaara ca ax3yanHo Mr, Koraro.o6ea HFBaqara crpyKryHa

l,liTeH3rBeH AUA.

3a:

"xlrrara

flylH

roaBoaHrqa" Ha

xa-

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al,rr, noaHeceH, cnonYqnrBo c roBa eneKrpoH11 Ka

Raro npororynrll/

KoMyHhKaqxFra

OyHKqrn Ha HanycaH,E 6yxsu, cBrp3aH, B ayMr4. crpyKrypara Ha 6yKsenrre OopMq aaBa B!3MoxHocr 3a xyaoxecrBeB H3pa3, He3aBuc',tMo , B6npeKt1 qe

Han{nonycru6010 Kan'irpa+xqecxo ,3KycrBo oarKHoBeHo e roBa, Koero cBrp3Ba onrrcecKxre cMucnoBl{Te. l4aeorpaMnre npeacraa-

nFBar oco6b|o eKcnpec"BHa oopMa Ha rrnorpa+cK, ax3aiH, Konro B!-

nnlrFBa KonqenqvFra Ha rexcra. Te

3a fllpB, nlr npe3 VllB., a nocne noBropHo B Hacanoro Ha xx 3. c nosBara Ha nncaren$re tr

xyaoxHv{rre{yryprcr4, aaaaxcTt1 B fepMaHxF, OpaHqva i l4ranrF. B no€Mara Ha ruioM AflonhHep "Arx.A" 6yKBxre

Kanro no noBrpx_ Hocrra ra crpaHrlrara. oyrypr.icrrre npeanoqrrar BB6yrqaltara n a6kaTo ar)r(AoBH,

crpaKrHa ooPMa 3a

oe3

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rvno_

Karo re nPr3HaBar HAesra Ha HanpaBneHuero "rerpaocKa OopMa,

qanr", ce 'lrlarenFr ao6aB3 BaxH,

O$o6orqaEale

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qrlFra u npeapa3cLAlKa; orxBtpnFHe Ha apxau3Ma l, axaneMr3 He or aeKopaqrFra; HrxaKso yBaxe' Hrle KaM axaaeMlqHrre x rpaarqn_ oHHrre npaBHna, aKo rc He ca floa-

KpeneH, c Br3yanH, ocHo8aHrF 2.l,136op Ha no_ctBrpueH tr q€rn,B upxor, Kotro ce xapaKrepr3rpa c no-roniMa^areoirer$cHa npocrora; pa36rpaHe ktM ayxa Ha noaxoasur4 uprsro8e, Korro rpF6Ba aa ce npunarar cho6pa3Ho xapaK'

repa Ha reKcra; xoirpacrhpaHe Ha r'4norFocKva Mareprar c qen Aa ce

clo6ureHrero noPaax cBo€ro pa36xpaHe no Konro ro e olHacF KaM Herosoro ToBa flo.aqepia8a_

noA{eprae craapx€Hxero. 3. HenpeKlcHara oqeHKa Ha nocraBeHara qen u lreo6xoalrMocrra aa

HC HA AYMIiTE,

cneqnorqHu qenr. P€KnaMHara rpa-

HopManHara KoHcrpykr]rt Huero rMa oco6eHo 3Hac

'la

h3peqe-

pIKaHcK4n noer E.E.KaMrnrc

EArap

l,1

AftH

apY-

no,

AxeiMc Axoic t^ Yortr YvtrMrH. Bcu{Kr1 ,rDcrpa4r,r B ra3r rnasa roHa xaerre Ha 8H

LlxxorA 3a rrnorpaoxFra, mnoxeHl4 3 Herosara "EneMeHrapHa rrnorpaC F" or 1925 r., or Kosro ce npoaaaoxa asaAeceT 1, oceM xunfra, eK3eMnnspa 3 qf,n c8Fr. apyr 3HacrreneH asrop B o6nacTra Ha KoHcrpyx_ BHara rynorpaoHF, kaKro cecro Ha' pu'rar HeroBara HoBa r'4norpaovF, e

Kapn

Tatre or npara. Ton cbcrash

6opMvnhposKn'Ha ro3u noaxoa KaM rhnorpadc-

Krre npo6reMr, oure ce qwcrsysa

B crEpeMeHHrF ar,r-

6!Ae y3nlnHeHa; Auoepe qrpaHe lla 6nKa, KoFro e npeAHa3HaqeHa aa 6t4e rneaaHa oT ,3BecTHo pa36oFHre, 143rcKBa rperhpaHe, pa3nrqHo

or roBa

npy Hay{Hara pa6ora xn, flpu c6op-

rcn, cne44arM3aqxFra 14 pa3aeneHrero Ha rpyaa ca cLu.lo ronKoBa Heo6xoatMu, KorKoro x rFcHoro crrpyaHai-KpacHope,rss .rpyMep

npffarafero Ha ro3, noaxoA

np€acraBnFBar rcneooHHrre yKa3aren, c

o6eM rHoopMaqxn, pasnono)KeHa

creMa

no npasolrLnHara

cH-

pa3Hoo6pa3Hr pa3Mep, h

t(oMno3rqroHHl1 noa6paHl,1

npe-

qM3lio KoMno3upaHr Br aoee uphsr, nyHKro8H pa3Mepu Ha 6yKsxre,6en, nonera { pasH6BaHnF. HacanHrlFr Mnync aa cHAaBar,tnorpaotrF {HaprcaHa noHFKora apxrrekrYpHa) rA8a or "6ay)€yc", or crpeMexa Ha HeroBrre apxrreKrv l<rM "srpryaneH (6.np.

eSeKrrBeH, a€ncrBrrenei) o6e

npocrpaHcrBoro. BaxHo BnhiH"e o(a3axa KoHcrpyKrhsrcrtrre n rpynara "Ae crv'". KaKro l, Syrypcr'4re

4. XapMoHvqHo pa3aoraraHe Ha TEXCTA B CIOTEETCTBYE C OSCKTHBHII.

re sr3yanH,

saKoHh;

- MaH'4dFcrbr Ha rexHrs ayxoseH Boaa,r Oxnuno ToMaco lvapnHerr 6€ ny6nrKysaH oure npe3 1909 r. B "fle

nperne4H a

crpyKrypa}1 reoMerpr{Ha opfa!r3a5. 143ronsBaHe Ha Bcr{K}r cpeAcrBa, chqecrBysaql|

AHcqhnnuHara "r uflor odbuA" pesonroqHoHysnpaHa npe3 nerAecefie roauHlr c BlBex(qa

MauuH'r; ooceros"Fr ne'1ar

6e 3aMe-

c ooroxoMno3rqxoHn, Meroax,

pe3ynrar Ha 6taeuv

HeH

Kprrha; cleeraBaHe Ha |4nlocrparqBreKcra no soro-

h3non3EiaHt 6 cleeraH're c E14lV. TexHoBocrrr, kalo na3epHa

HUF Marepnan

6. XenarenHo e Hai-rFcHo cbrpyaHrqecrBo Merqy n norpadhre cneqsanhcrrre nB4 xoMflo3ypaHero," apxrrer(Trr-flpoeKraHr

fx6orx clBMecrHo c h Hr(eHepa{rpor,r -

Macrrno HanocrearK np€ah3BrKaxa

raKrB npei

pa3r-bpcBaul

edekr, xarGBro

B. e hMaro 3a^reHFHero

r,r'

pa'(onncHBre KHlnrl4

norpasha

MeranHara

ryreH6epr35

EneKrpoHrrre nnoa Ha xenaHxero

4rl3srKa ,crhHcKa ceH3aqlni Karo noHa

cneqrurcrrre-rrnorpa6 HrKHaxa a orrosop Ha HenocpeacrBeHrre eyxar4 BaB Bp!3Ka c oclqecraMeprKaHcKara KocMr' qecKa npofpaMa npe3 1957 roarHa. Ll3cneaoBarenure x yqeHrre He 6flxa

aa@cnpaBFrco.poMHoro KonuqecrBo a3HHr, o6pa6orBaH' or aaneKonrueurure ycrpo;crsa.

or KoMnaHrFra "l\IlpaxeHranep InHorain", nonoxeHuero 6e cnaceHo

KoFro ch3Aaae MaurHara "nxHo-

6rnM",

cnoco6Ha

AAHHUTE

rpaHcKpr6rpa

OT EX[4 3A

O6BXHOBEH

EayapA PoHAranep, fluoHep Ha

rlproBcKr,ri soroHa6op, npe3 1936 r. ocHoBa s HE liopK O"pMara "Ooro-

nerepuit

HK.'', a npe3 1960 r. npe'

T2+

a 5

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Ip, xuraau up"sra B cBoF

re3aypyc". B npoalnxefoayH}1 crea orxpurrero Ba ryreH6epr 6yKBxre ce npoeKtrpar or neqaraprre rl ce ',3paborBar B neipHr. qecro nlih neF" prre ca earHcraeHhre npoeKraHfu Ha qFnara npoayKqrn fia rpasbopy , B ia{anHrF nepuoa npo^BaiHePk. 4ectr Ha orrrBaHe Ha aales ulpror orHeMan aHu, Mecequ, foarHtr q Hanarar cepro3Hu "A36yqeH

B aHeuHo BpeMe upudrlr Moxe Aa ce npoeKrhpa npenpaBr 3a xparKo '4 BpeMe HeorpaHr€H 6po; nrru,3a aa crorBer€rByBa Ha pa3r cH'rre Ha6opHh crcreMr.

cllrecrByBal

ce npoaaBar Ha MaKcrManei 6pot

ApoH ElpHc

, Xrp6 Illo6antH

Bce

o'Ae ca qmHoBe Ha MexaYHapoaHara

rhnorpaocKa acoqharuu

(AT[nh],

r.'lpe3 rnxHara co6cEeHa KopnopaqhF ("rl{reprc. LllHtn Tainoenc KopnopeturlH"), ocHosaHa np€ 1970 r., re x3urpaxa ocHoBaHa npe3 1957

BaxHa ponF 3a Hanpealxa Ha rBop-

{ecKara rpadrqHa rexsonofuF B

pe-

3vnrar Ha Bcrqr.r qrrrpatsu 6yHAa' MeHranHu npoMeH, s rnnorpaocKoro

AnaH Orecep, konro B KHHrara

cr "neHrorpaM" nvue

MapKr, Ka3sar "EMdreMara 3a 6r,p' Mara Moxe aa 6!ae cnequanBo npo-

eKr"pa8a,3a aa orPa3FBa HeiHara Ae;Hoc nx 3aHfnne; ce pa3Brsa Br3 ocloBara Ha xePanai-

I >91.*. # A t(:,F 7 4/ r4Nr tt, A ,t')?< rsO. -\9r rk Fr "\ -\9\ o

'.o aa 36

cne!]:ran'r'--

3xpaHx arenrera 3a pucyEane y np ra)(AaHe Ha HoB.4 up'.1oroBe, Ko"ro

npor3Boavreru Ha Ha6opH MarllrHv. PoHArarep u Herosure clapyxnuqk

KHr4rrre, AoKaro pa3nhqHure Kny60'

'recK,,3ro9aqq{ cnvLraiHo. OceMAecerroauuHara 3a.a3eHa MapKa

"5ytoH4yM"

OllpMara

ryMa u KaprorpaofiF) Karo c MarxcecKa npa' cvLra or KynqeHa crap, aBroMo6rnH, ryMl4 or 6parFra I!4uurneH, xor4ro c!3-

"M"uneH"

13a

6e npu3oBaHa

aaaoxa Cnopea

npoqyrri s q8n cssr

3HaK,

qcropuFra HeBeponrHoro hMe

"irlen" BoAl.

Haqano-

Prcro'<Par'

or roBa, repMxHrr

"3ana3eHa MapKa"

o6rxHoEeHo ce tr3nor3yBa 3a Bc/qkr1

MapKu, cBap3aH, c rlproBrFra'" B cBoFra KHxra "OnpM€Hara u{AreuAyanqocltt Yonx OnrH3 Kpr-

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Ha a6crpaKrHl, 3a OrpMeHM 3Haau ,1 onircBa

no.xlcHo nerpoftr

KoMnaH4Fra BHnprena rMero, aq3aiHa, norFKora MapKrre

BrHaru ce 3a6erF3Ba". ToM Yynd

M8cro,

ito

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pa3rosopHara crMBor4Ka. TaKa Ha'

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cacrer AerekrrB) flpor43xoxaa or eM6neMara Ha npo,ryrara HaqnoHansa

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"Hre HaKora He cnuM". Onecep npoauxaBa: "EM6re-

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c, ,

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6yKBeHHre 3Haq,

rn, "Xeru"

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peMeHeH, a3

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aonpl4Hacn,

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np Mep clqecrsyBa

Ha "KoKa-Kona"

OaMunH/ rep6o8e. He3aB,cr4Mo

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ro c,1 or aHrlre, Ko.aro Kopa6rre np, 3aBpluaHero c, or TboroBcKh KypcoBe Ha Ll3roK xaro 6a'i3non3Banr? (sHrn. "L!en") ; iacr MraeHy vepynKr

"CokoH BaKyyM",

crarrara

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neraecer€raxHara ch crpaaa, He oKa3sar a6conlorHo aeicrare - cBHarenHo xntr He$3-

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Ha MHAhEuayan-

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rapaHrrpa e+eKrrBHoro t npeacrasaHe - onpocrFBaHe Aerainyre 3aa ocesnaHoro. ysenrqasaHe Ha Ape6Horo

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eAporo. ocBeH roBa, pa6orara o6xsaura uhpoK cneKrap,

HarenHo

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ta Ha-

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laH-

OopMaqn8ra c€ra ce nrynara noBece or BcaKora. Kapru,

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fiTA

HA NOHAOHCROTO MCTPO XEHPH

6eK peutr aa npeHe6pe.He ynr{H.ra Mpexa, KoFro h 6e3 roBa He clBraaa

(ka. Mrqera) . MexaHrqHvre cpe.Acrsa npo.

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fropK,

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npe{Merx, aop{4 caMo o6rKHoaeHara

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c nrlHrriTe Ha MeTpoTo, e BM€cTo ToBs

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or rpiqKara avMa "KanKynu"

prKonrcHa 6yK8a

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roaHhe aa 6opaBFr cac aHaqr c HapacrBaqa cnoxHocr, aa o6pa6orBar nHooPMaqhn M aopr.{ aa ce y{ar or

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raprr

r.,

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He e cnoco6eH aa cl3aaBa a6_

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pa3lutrpr4 Bt3MoxHocrure Ha yMa

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HA KOMNETPI4

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ra,

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u nor

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