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METHODICAL PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMATIC

DESIGN IN FURNISHII{G OPEN

This aniclo tr66t! probloml, ralatad to town building 6ard furniahing. The hirtoric 6volution of th6 town, mark6d by clviliartion and culture of diltsront gpocha; thg town, as a place for poople communicationa; Particularly tho lmponanc6 of town turnllhing and its olgm6nts. Tho proels ol incrsaing urban comploxity ia ragardod .s s nocoasity in Iurnirhing th6 publlc spacss.

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npocTpaHcTBa ca npoMt4ujneH!,t t13aenxE, npeaHa3HareHl,t 3a ynoTpe6a oT qoBeKa !4 TpaAuql4oHHx o6eKTu Ha eproHoMxsTa.

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B!3pacreH

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rpaacKara cpeaa (Bx.Sxr.

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cnequdrrara

eJleMeHTx 3a o63aBe)t(aaHe Ha

1, 2, 3) . Ha rpaacKara cpeaa, or Koaro ce AeiHocr B paMKl4Te Ha

Ha eproHoMl'tqHara

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npoerr}rparero. TaKa HanprMep eproHoMl4qHrFr +aKTop npr npoeKrupa8eTo Ha rene+oHHa Ka6rHa e c no-ronFMo

orHochrerHo rerno, orKollKoro npx KoHTefHep 3a ornaAt4l4 npr4 nlpB14H cny,rai eproxourra!4sT KoMnpoMxc ce nocrrra

r,1

e c no-Bt4coKa crof HocT. xapaKrepHa 'iepra Ha chcreMara 3a rpaAcKo o63aBexAaHe e HeiHara aHoHuMHocr. Ta ce nopax<Aa or

no-TpyAHo

14HTepecHa

a4peclpaHocrra

HeiHure ereMeHT,.! KtM Bc!t{Kl4 xrreflt,t !t

nocernreJlh aa rpaAa. 06rrnoeeio npr npoe<rnpaHero Ha BcaKo npoMl,luJreHo l,l3aejll,le - opbaxe Ha Tpyaa - npea6aptlenHo e t,38ecTHo, rareu qe 6tAar xeroBxre norpe6xrefl,a no orHouJeHhe Ha HaKo{ ocHoBHn xapaKrepxcrxKn - non, a}3pacr, npooecxa. Eneuertrre xa rpa4cxlla grsair ce nor3Bar, KaKro 6e l43TrKHaTO, OT BCI4gKl4 Ab3MOXHrt rpyn[ XOpa AeUa, CIapqU, uBaan$Au t4 Apyrx, T.e. n!4ncBa ro'{eH noprper Ha norpe6[TenttTe Ha r3aelrara or cucteuala ga o6sagexAaHe Ha orKplr{re

rpaacKr.i npocrpaHcTBa,

llpaxurecrlrte usaoAx, Kolrro

creABar or ra3u oco6eHocr no

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r,r3[cKaaH[E KtM npoeKlrpaHua o6eKT Ha 6a3ar3 Ha npeaBaprrenH[ rpoyqBaH]la Ha {oBeuJKara aefiHocr c Hero. B no-ronFMaTa cl{ qacT Te3l,t ,t3vlcKBaHxa onpeaenaT aonHa h ropHa AonycrlMa rnjtHt4[a, 3aKnlo{Baglr onrrMyMa Ha aaaeH gproxoMlrqsH nspaMertp. flopaat ronealta 6poi n paanrura BltA Ha norpe6[rerrre Ha [3Aent4ala, c Kotlro ce o63aBex(aa rpaacKaTa cpeaa, B npoqeca Ha npoeKTrpaHero re3r rpaHrq!! rpa6ea reus6exxo aa ce pa3uJupaear. Toea, ot csoa ctpaxa, HaManBBa rapaHqrnTa 3a eaHaxeo yao6xo nonseaHe or Bcr,l.iK{Te Br3MoxHr notpe6[tenh, a rosa Hanara aa ce rapc!! TpyAHo ocbulecrBnM 6anaxc xa aaere nport'iBopeqrBu ll3llcKBaHua. Orrutareto Ha eproHoMr4qH[Te np]lHqxnt,lt,t ll3rcKaaHt.ra npll npoeKlrpaHero lt pa3flonaraHero tra rr3aerrara 3a o63aBexaale tla oTKpltTuTe rpaacKu npocTpaHcTBa Bo4l4 4() 14Mnnl,lq}lrHo flporpaMxpaxe Ha qoeeutrara aeixocr c tegr [saenlra. Toea aaga ab3MOI(HOCT 3a peuraBaHe Ha peal4qa co[uarHo-KynrypHx 3aaaqx Ha rpa4cKua ar3aiH, catp3aHlt c ocurypaBaHero Ha onpeaerleHo

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B ct6r16 paccMotpvBaetca flprMeflenrg

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ani

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ontrlMrtaqr{ {6noBg{6cxoi aeilensHocu

ANEKCAHAP TPEHAAO}TNO8

A]{D ERGONOMY II.IANA

The problema of applicalion ol achiovsmonlt in oroonomy to oplimita human activiliar in th6 condition. of town anvironmant at! artminad in thit article otpg,cially ir tha li€ld ot lrgohomic nudila, r!l6v6nt lo u.ban dgaign; appli€d bsaic charociorirtict ol urban daaign ta,vr to dala?mina thia

RISOVA

!p6cification.

UBBAN DESIGN

ALEXANDER TRENDAFILOV

TPAACKO OE3ABE)I(AAHE ANECAHAPO vSEPTAU14

YIK

onPEAEflEHUfl 3A rPAAA

Bcert cneqranlcr, KoiTo ce c6IlcKBa c npo6nourre la rpa4a. oTKpraa, {e Moxe a8 ro [3cneaBa oT rneaBa To{Ka Ha gLorBerlara cneqranHocr. CoqrororLT onpeAena rpaAa xaro qeHllp Ha qoaeulKxre AerHocrx. yp6SHr4crtr ce uHTepecyas or +x3xqecKure acneKTh H ro onpeAena Karo replrop]18 c lr3rpaAeHa coqxanHa }! rexHx{scKa xHopacrpyKrypa; HacoqBa aHl,lMaHleTo cx KtM rpaacKl,tle KoMyHxKaq,xx

7tt5:008:711

KLM Ha{XHa, nO

Koilo re pa3Aerar h cbeAuHaaar rpaAcKtrre npocrpaHcrBa. ApxlreKrbr ce HacoqBa KrM npo6neMllrc Ha spxlrekrypHxn o6nur ra rpaga, KtM Btnpochre

crpoxrencrBoro,

apxxreKTypHxa crl.ln, KtM oHe3x SyHKql4oHarHl,t KaqecrBa Ha crpaAure, KotlTo ocxrypFaar Hai-Ao6Ou Bt3MoxHocrt4 3a pa3rplqaHe Ha qoB€ujKrre aeiHocr[. 3a o6ulacreexla geeu rpaarr e qeHTrp Ha o6qecrBeHxa xrBor, MFcroro, KtAero ce o6MeHar MHeHxE, KlAero roi Moxe Aa ce ,r3aBl1, KaTO l.l3HaCA pe'i!,t l,l npoaexaa non}|ThgecK}l aKqXX. [,larycreoaeatr gl3npueMa rpaAa Karo pa3arBaul ce xcropl4,{ecKtr o6eKr, Koiro ctqeBpeMeHHo B}a BceK'4 MoMeHT

ce xapaKlept43xpa c qtrocrHocT, KonTo My np,rASaa croiHocTTa Ha

xyaoxecTBeHo npor3BeaeHle.

Or noslqtaute xa npoyqBaxusra

a!3MoxHocrrre

o63aaexAaHe Ha rpaAcKoro npocrpaHcrao ta Ha npoeKTrre 3a rpaAcKo o63aBexAaHe, Mora Aa onpeAena rpaAa Kato qeHlap Ha qoBer!KHTe KoMyHrKaqrlr, FpaArr ecLu{Hocr e Marep[anHa

crpyKTypa, KoETO qOBeK

flOCTeneHHO e cb3Aan, 3a aa

Centre

Ubartaai, Al. Arrodo urbano.

Iratia, Ottagono. ,t993, No 69, p. 18-38

Viile

-.-,...,lrotit

yaoBneTBopx ecTecrSeHara cu cKnoHHocr KtM o6ulyBaHe' Koralo Ka3a8M "o6utyBaHe", r4MaM npeA BxA He caMo cnoAerahe Ha MHeHlra }t qyacTBa, Ho x 6u3r4qecKo B3ahMoaeicrBt4e Mexay xopaTa B reorpaocKoTo npocTpaHcTBo. Haio6uloro onpeaeneHue, Koero Mora aa AaM 3a rpaaa, e {e roBa e qaroro npocrpaHcTso, Koero {oaeKlT npe3 BpeMero Ha cBoero cLulecrByaaHe e noxoprn, npeo6paun x onp€aMef[r B pa3rt,tqHx uarepranxx o6exr[ Ha cBonra aeiHocr, Karo e BJloxxr a rax

qoBeuKlt cMr,lcLJl caoxre 3aBeT]l -

ApxxreKTypHxir crr4r!

crpaauTe

rtu !1

6r4xlrte noronexua.

crttrt.ur Ha npeaMerllTe

rpaacKoro o63aBexaaHe nprHaanexar KIM atxtllllte Sopur xa rpaaa, Kol,lTo HaIcTt4Ha MoraT aa noBlrulaT KaqecTaoTo Ha rpaacKaTa cpeaa, Ho He x aa npeMaxHar Heroalre nporuBopellli. Ctueapeuexxo o6eKTlre Ha rpaflcKoro o63aBex.qaHe ],1

eKcrepropbr

Ha crpaal4Te MoraT

aa ce

pa3rnexlpr

KaTo

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NPOEKTbT 3A TPAACKO OS3ABEMAHE l.t3pa3tr "rpaacKo o63aBexaaHe" aeqe e Haanfi3lJl B e3rKa rr ce ao cDBKynHocrra or [3aenrF, Ko[ro aonpxHacar 3a

oTHacE

ycLBtpuJeHcrByBaHe Ha SyHKqxoHanHocrra x aocr.DnHocrra Ha

r aeiHocrxre, calp3aHr c rpaacKara yKpaca lr npeanpreMaHn rnaBHo oT rpaacKt4Te npocrpaxcraa. Tosx t't3pa3 BKntoqBa

rpaacKara 8aMxHncrpaqrF,

aa ce npnaaae Ha cpeaara

no-npxBeTnhB ara,

lrl3pa3rr "rpaacKo o63aBexaaHe" orpa3aBa cneq[6]tKara Ha o6qecrsexoro o6cnyxBaHe, KaKTo r,t crpeMexa aa ce npxaaAe Ha orKpr,lTtrre rpaAcrr npocrparcraa /ynrqr, nnoqa4r r r.r.l 2A

no-np[aneKarereH BxA, aa ce HanpaBFT "no€6xraeuu".loh.e

BtBeaeH no aHalorra Ha +yHKql4oHanHaTa opraHx3aqxa Ha

noKa3Ba, qe KaKro roBopxM 3a [Hlepxop Ha rpaacK, xHTepl,lop. He cnyraito a pa3nt4qHure e3xqx ntpBara qacr or 143pa3a "rpa4cxo o6aaeexaaHe" ce npeeexaa no pa3n14'{eH HaquH, Ho noHFTl,ieTo "o63aBexAaHe" ce 3ana3Ba Het43MeHHo.

xrlIlr,lqeTo

xxnxqeTo,

TaKa MoxeM aa roBopl,rM x 3a

B noEeqero

cry'{ar noa

u3pa3a "rpagcxo o6saaexgate" ce

paa6lpa crerynxocrra or pa3rr,tqHr4 npeAMerx, npolt3BeAeHx or pa3rr'{Hx npeAnpxBTla x no pa3rxqH[ TexHoflor,ir. MHoro qecTo Te3|t npeaMerx ce BHacaT B rpaacKara cpeaa Ha ocHoBaTa Ha

orAenHr aAMxHl4crparlBHl4 peuteHt,,ts, crnxulao, 6es npeaaaprreneB eAxHeH nlaH. B rosr cirlcbn rpaacKoro o6:aeexaaxe e aeiHocr, plKoBoaeHa no rpaa[!t!1F or !4Hcrl4Tyqxr4Te Ha perr.|oHarHoro yrrpaBneH[e - o6qxHcKo, o6racrHo !t raqroxanxo. HanpuMep, noAAtpxaHero x ycbBbpueHcrByBanero Ha rpaacKxre n.trxu1a /ac+anr, naBax, sacaxlpxlra/ ce ugBtpuJBa or o6ullHcKata ynpaBa; r,t3rorBaHeto Ha nrT8r4 3Haqr, KapTX, 3acnoHlr 11 KoIoHKl4 3a cn[pKt{Te H8 rpa4cKtaa rpaHcnopr e or KoMnereHq!4ara Ha o6racrHara yflpaBa; pa3pa6orBaHero Ha c[creMx or npeAMeru, o6cnyxaaqt4 noqxre

x reneQoHHrre clo6tuexra /or nouleHcKhre Kyrltx ao Tene6oHHt,tre ra6rxr/ e npo6nelt or xaqnoranex uaqa6, 06rrxoeeHo onpegeraM apxxreKTypara Karo HayKa, nocraBaqa Ha nbpBo MFcro npo6nelaa aa opranr!3a[xFTa Ha npocrpaHcrBaTa 3a qoaeKa, BKnro{r,rrenHo h orKpl1T14Te npoclpaHcTBa. oT Ta3h rneAHa ro.rt<a, npoexrrr ra rpagcxo o6:aBexaaHe e no cLulecrao apxxreKTypeH npoeKr, Toi rima 3a qeJ! cllcrouHolo opraHl13}rpaxe x ycbBbpureHcrByEaHe H8 rpaacKaTa TeprTop].tf, B cborBercrBue c nocroEHHrre h o6t{oaanHAHri 3a BclqKr,r rpaxaaHl,r x3xcKBaHl1B,

4pyrr 4yrvl,r, goraro noA " rpaAcKo o63aaexAaHe" o6rrxoeexo ce paa6rpa peaynrartr, gaxe Koraro rofi e cnyqa€H, ro noA " npoeKT 3a o63aBexAaHe Ha rpaAcKr,tre npocrpaHcrBa" ce C

pa36xpa gr3HarerHa t4 chHTerrqHa npoeKTaHTcKa AeiHocr, Onp€AenFq8 cTpyKTypara x opraHh3aqrETa Ha rpaAcKxre npocrpaHcraa, qL3AaBaula norr{Hhre ocHoBaHrH 3a Hai.npaBrnHo pa3npeAeneHxe Ha x3aer!|FTa a rpaacKara cpeaa,

llpoexrur sa rpagcro o6saeex4axe Moxe aa sMa 3a npeaMer h He3acTpo€Hx repxTopul,! Anti TaKuBa, Ko[ro Bce oqe He ca nphBneKnx [Hrepeca Ha rpaacKara o6u.tecrBeHocr. npoeKTtr He ce 3aH!rMaBa caMo c pa3KpacaBaHeTo t4 c]rcTeMaTH3rpaHero Ha npocTpaHcIBara, B KonTo ce npeaBxxaa aa ce pa3altBT pa3nxqHlr KoneKtxBHh rpaacKrl aefiHocrr4, a u c raK[Ba rpaacKx npocTpaHcraa, KoITo,14MeHHo 3aqoro ca o6q6cTBeHl,l, MHoro rccTo ce BL3npreMaT KaTo Hlrqra 3eMa u nopSax Ta3ll npl4tit4Ha ce 3aHeMapaBaT.

llpoerrur

aa rpaacKoro o63aBexAaxe '{pe3 MoAenxpaHe Ha rpaacKala cpeaa, qpe3 noBrulaBaHe Ka'iecTBoro Ha opraHh3aqr,tFTa x o6opygaarero Ha np(rrpaHcrBara, npecne4Ba

onpeaeneHx cor.tl,larHx qenl,|.

)

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cnyx6!1 npr,,r peuJaBaHe Ha npo6neMrre, cBtp3aH{ c rpaacKoTo o6sagexaaxe, xaxro l,t npu BusrlaraHe 8a npoeKTllpaHero x peuaBaHe Ha rexHltqecK{Te

-a

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Bcx'rK14 peuleHun, csrp3aHx c ipaAcKoro o63aBexaaHe, Ha 6a3ara Ha eAHHeH npoeKr. CtqeBpeMeHHo Karanorbr He e Heqo oKoHqarerHo, ycraxoBeHo BeaHtx :aalrlart,r. Toi noAltexta Ha ,3MeHeHre, KOpXrXpaHe x aonutsaHe, BHHarr Koralo ce oTKpl4ar HoBH Bb3Moxnocru 3a o6gagexaaxe ra cpeaara, xru'i Koraro ce cBAaaaT Bosx TexHonorrr 38 npox3BoacTao Ha ri3aeJl}lFTa. Enarogapexue xa Karanora, cDulo raKa, ce li3Knrcqga npt4eMaHero Ha 6e3npr,tHql,|nHx npeAnoxeHxa, ornpaBeHH or pa3nrqH!4 nporaeo4rrenr,,!,axe Koraro ce npeararar ereMeHTlr 3a rpaAcKo o63agexAaHs, Kolro ca qeHHx caM[ no ce6e clr, Te Morar Aa BHecar 6e3peAxe B rpaAcKara cpeaar aKo He orroBapFr Ha

Karanorut no3gonaBa aa ce ctrracyaar

qerocrtua

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flo,rrr nrncear clyqah Ha noprvKx Ha npoeKTx 3a rpaAcKo o63aBexAaHe, nrncBa t,l acHo a43pa3eHo xelatue or crpaHa Ha aaMrHvcrgaruaHur e ynpaBx aa ce 3aeMaT flocreaoBarenHo c Te3I npo6neMr, a nhncBar

r cneuhan{crl, Kouro Morar

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noaxoaaull,l MaTepharlx.

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o6saaex4are. CnopeA cnyqaa raKt,taa 3aaaqr ce Bb3rarar

sa yp6aHlcrlKa Ao orAena 3a Kyltrypa t,t oraera no o6qecrBeH Tpya/, AoKaro noHe nph no-BaxHuTe npoeKTlr KoMneTeHrBt,lTe opraH!1 no pa3nl4qH[ orAentt

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O6qecrEernre aaullHl4crparrBHu ynpaar4 ,tMar

3a 3aaara Aa

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llpoeKrrr

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opraHxqso crpyKTypupaHe

roPoAcKoE O6OPYAOBAHXE ANECCAHAPO YEEPTAI.I14

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npoakt

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trlaFHt;

TOWN

FURNISHING ALESSANDRO UBERTAZZI

noAcrc'toMbr.

Thia articlo troatr thooratical and practical problama, ralat€d to tha turnlthing ol opsn urtan tpoc6. Typ6 and t,ariotiai of 6lam6nts ol the urb6n dodgn 6nd thoir funclionol intarrolation. Four l€vgl! of ayn€matlc urb6n d6lgn. O6algning tho ayatom or rurnithing opon urban ap€c6a in cornoction with built-in tocial and tochnical infrartruc-turet. Principar d0cldont to. rpecializod operationa in furnishlng opgn urbon spacor;3yigm for lown furnirhing; subrynomt

r13

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aloiKoto

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:a HlrpaApxn Ha r{3nox66 ,a aptackx ataaiH.

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Te ca yn6cHexl46 K€Kto 3€

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cnoqroli{.lr crryei ot np6_ cr4{1r1, ot Kpra, ,l14xxs, xoalo i npalL 6BoaM rocH! !! r.aoBrrsrqrpallo.

no Mar€pranr or: cn. "OopM", lll66qri,1985, llo 9; cn. "l4 BAlctpnrn

AlrsliH", CAUI, 1986, o5; cn. "Mo6rn$4", AaHri, !981, rr 302

G$AbPXAHI,TE

,{,nr*ixrr

a orxprrrrru rparckt.r npocrpaxctBa

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Ba.

fpaacxl lnsaix r eprotoulF fpaacxo o6aagex[!fle, . . , . . l,l3 onrra xa crat4xtaBo<rrs lx3aiHapu s o6aaaexg6rcro ra rpaacttam cpaaa.

colEP)l{AHl,lE

.........11 ,......22 ......27 ... ..,,..41

Ar3aiiH o6opyAoBaHMF orKpsrThrx npocrpaHciB ropoaa . . ., . .3 Peanroaqna oAHoi pa3pa6orKu ..,....g IvleloArqecKt4e npo6neMbt cxcreMarrqecKoro AH3aiHa o60pyAosaHHF orKpbtrbtx npoclpaHcTa

ropoaa..

,,.....,...11 ,,,,.,22 ,.....,27

Ah3aiH ropoAa ll 3proloMuxa Fopo4cxoe o6opy4oaaHre . . l,'lg

CONTENTS

........,...3 ........9

onurta cxaxAlxaecxlx

4llaixepoa

o6opyAoBaHlr ropoAcKori cpeAbr

Dodgn in Furnithing Opon Urban

A Roalizsd D€lign Proioc,t. .

...

Space3

Methodical Problsms of Sy3Gmatic D6ign in Furni.hing Op6n Urban Spaco!. Urban Derign and Ergonomy.

Town

Furnirhing.

Achi€vomonts of Scandinavian D33ign€,r

in Fumishing

UrbanSpace...

........41 ,........3 ........9 ............11 . .., . , . .22

.. . .,.

.27

..,..,.41

AI,|3ANH 3A TPMA

NBOSNEM}I HA

TEOPXFTA X NPAKTXKATA J,blarxo Hr Uax?psrHxt

rllrctr?yt

npomrlulrGxa

*?.rxx8

1985

fraBa[ paaaK?op Ao6porp6 nsuxh Pcetxqromcn ctact: l,laur Cnaaoa /3am.rn.pegrrrop/, ToloP MmratloB. Gro0ltl Btrres, ]lsar Eernrroe, CnrncrsB KoxerxrxxoB, llnrana hrsoea Orroaopcr peqrxrop Csrt$ Aoloso Kopnua qas,afi llnxcs Xyloxsrgeno oOopunerr 8a:annnp fioerloa Toxtrxq€cxn pcalxrop

Ararcatutp rlyKo3

lltreup Ercs Cl{xrkx: Hxromi Kynee, Brouxr l}oroea - lll'tllE Ha6op: q€flrpenofl rrdrni*i ga nPorrrutrerl osl.rrt<a Trprx: 10(Xl Kop.Krop

Mol{rarorfi Kpacr xpa qeqkoBa AnOn 'OOCETfPAOIIK" - rnor CoOnn